物流成本控制研究【外文翻译】

'外文翻译原文LogisticsCostControlResearchMaterialSource:http://www.chinaqking.com/Author:AlanC.McKinnonAbstract:basedonthestatusofChina"slogisticscostisexorbitant,theauthorexpoundsthelogisticscostcontroltype,currentlylackoflogisticscostcontrol,thispaperdiscussesacomprehensivelogisticscostcontrol,supplychainlogisticscostofintegratedcontrol,basedontheinformationtechnologylogisticscostcontrolstrategy,putsforwardthemainwaysoflogisticscostcontrol.Keywords:logisticscost;Controlstrategies;wayAlongwiththedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandmarketcompetitionintensifies,logisticsmanagementiscommittedtoaslowaspossiblelogisticscost,toprovideuserswithahighleveloflogisticsservices.OurlogisticscostsignificantlyhigherthantheEuropeanandAmericancountries,thuscontinuouslyreducelogisticscost,strengthenthelogisticscostcontrolisourobjectiveinthefaceofaveryseriousproblem,butalsourgentneedtoaddresstheproblem.Logisticscostcontroltypeenterpriselogisticscostcontrolhavefourtypes:thewholemanagementprocessofthelogisticscostcontrol-beforehand,courseandafterwardsthelogisticscostcontrol,theformingprocessoflogisticscostcontrol-supply,production,salesandreverselogisticscostcontrol,logisticsservicefunctionscostcontrol,packing,loading/unloading,transportation,warehousing,distributionprocessing,distributionandbelieveCouponprocessinglogisticscostcontrol,logisticscostconstitutesthelogisticscostcontrolproject-costofrawmaterials,labor,fuel,poortravellingexpenses,office,depreciation,interestcharges,entrustlogisticsfeeandotherlogisticscostcontrol.ThelogisticscostcontrolshortageAtpresent,thelogisticscostcontrolkeyexcessivelyfocusedonlogisticsactivityorfasteningonlogisticsfunctionsitself,fromlogisticsoperationprocesscompressedcost;Meanwhile,theconsignorshallnotreducelogisticscompaniesrequirethelogisticservicelevelpractitionershealing,whichmakesthelogisticsoperation.Analysisofthecompositionofthelogisticscost,itisnothardtofind,thelogistics costisnotonlythelogisticsoperationprocessitselfwhathappened,butalsorelatedtothecostofotherfactorshavecloserelations,suchassocialmacroscopicallogisticssystemofperfectdegree,publicinformationplatformhorizontal,theenterprisestrategicoptions,theenterprisemarketingstrategy,themanagementleveloftheenterprise,theenterpriseinformationization,enterprisestandardizationconstructionetc,thereforeonlyfromthemanagementprocessorlogisticsactivityitselfcontrolthelogisticscost,itisdifficulttoradicallyreducelogisticscosts,orcannotimprovetheefficiencyofthewholelogisticssystem,tologisticssystemoptimization,reducelogisticscostpurposes.So,intheresearchthelogisticscostcontrolfromthemacroscopicallogisticssystem,andmicrologisticssystem,logisticsinformationtechnologyapplicationcomprehensivelogisticsaspectsofcostcontrolanalysis.LogisticscostcontrolstrategyanalysisofChina"sGDPlogisticscostaboutthe16.5percent,farhigherthantheEuropeanandAmericancountries.Analysesthemainreasonforthelogisticscostishigh,oneisourcountryhasn"tacomparativelyperfectadvancedsociallogisticssystem,2itisindustrylogisticssystemservicelevelislow,thirdpartylogisticsservicelevelthreeislow,andthefourthisenterprise"sinformatizationlevelislow.Toradicallyreducelogisticscosts,theneedforacomprehensivelogisticscostcontrol,supplychainlogisticscostcontrolandtheintegrationofinformationtechnologybasedonlogisticscostcontrol.(1)AcomprehensivelogisticscostcontrolAcomprehensivelogisticscostcontrolincludesthreelevels:sociallogisticscostcontrol,tradelogisticscostcontrol,theenterpriselogisticssystemcostcontrol.Sociallogisticssystem(circulationnetwork)isthelifebloodofnationaleconomy,thelogisticssystemplanning,distributionchannelsoftherationalityoftheinfluenceofthelogisticscostclearisveryimportant.Mustbeonsociallogisticssystemarescientificplanningandeffectivemanagement,theuseofadvancedlogisticstechnologymeanstoensuretheentirelogisticssystemwithhighefficiencyandlowcostoflogisticsoperationandachievetheeconomicbenefitandsocialbenefit.Industrylogisticssystemcostcontrolinvolvingindustrylogisticscostofsystematiccontrol,maincontentincludes:constructioncommonpartswarehouse,implementjointdistribution;Effectiveuseofvarioustransportationmeans;Oldandnewequipmentandpartsestablishedthecommoncirculationcenter;Establishthelogisticstechnologytrainingcenter,unifiedtrainingoperatorandmaintenancepersonnel;Theunifiedindustryequipmentlaws Case,theunifiedsubpoena,unifiedcommodityspecification,unifiedregulationspolicy,unifiedtrayspecifications,showcasesandpackingmodular,etc.Continuetopromoteindustrylogisticssystemsrationalization,standardization,realizeindustrylogisticssystemoptimization,tologisticscosteffectivecontrol.Enterpriselogisticscostcontrolistheintegrationofenterpriselogisticscostcontrol,suchasmanufacturingenterprisesupplylogistics,production,logisticsanddistributionlogistics,reverselogisticscomprehensivecontrolofcost.Callingforaconsistentwithcorporatestrategy,thelogisticsstrategyofenterpriselogisticssystemdesign,differentfunctionaldepartmentsclosecooperation,achieveenterprisebetweenthewholelogisticssystem,highefficiencyandlowcosts.(2)SupplychainlogisticscostintegratedcontrolSupplychainlogisticscostisfullyintegratedcontrol,usingthetheoryandmethodofsupplychainmanagement,supplychainlinktogethereverynodalenterprisefromthesupplysource,finalconsumptionbegantosourceoflogisticsnetworkplanningandlogisticsactivitythroughoutthesupplychain,fromchanneldesignactivitiesgrasplogisticssystem,realizetheminimuminventorythroughoutthesupplychain,tosupplychainlogisticsoptimization.Supplychainlogisticscostcontrolistheintegrationofenterpriselogisticscostcontrolmoreadvancedstage,theeffectalsowillbecomemoreprominent.(3)BasedontheinformationtechnologylogisticscostcontrolInformationtechnologypromotedthedevelopmentofmodernlogisticsindustryandimprovetheefficiencyofthelogisticsoperation,realizedthelogisticscosteffectivecontrol.Theadvantageofusingnetwork,informationization,throughtheentirelogisticssystem,optimizeresourceintegrationforsociallogisticssystemprovidesforthecarrier,Sharedinteractionenterprisetoprovidehighquality,highlevelofvalue-addedservice,improvetheutilizationrateoflogisticsresources,torealizetheoptimizationoflogisticssystemtothewholelogisticsprocessworks,thelowcosts.Moderncommunicationstechnologyandnetworktechnologydevelopmentandapplication,makecross-regionaltimelyinformationexchangeandtransmissionbecomepossible;Onlinepaymentistobecomeareality,constructingcross-regionallogisticsinformationsystem,makelogisticsoperationinwiderange,andgraduallyreducelogisticscost.Theinformationtechnologytothelogisticscostcontrolflowofhavethedecisiveeffect:replacedthepartslogistics,shortenthedistanceofthe carriageofgoods,reducingtheaverageofthelogisticscapabilityofmarginaldemandandresourcedemandelasticity,acceleratethemailnon-foodtendency.Withtheinformationtechnologyofwideapplicationinlogisticsindustry,thelogisticsinformationtechnologyeconomywillbemoreapparent.ThelogisticscostsystematiccontrolthemainwayOntheregionallogisticsplanningandjointdistributionacrossregions.Logisticsinfrastructureresourcesisanational,regionalextremelyscarceresources,buildanational,regionallogisticssystem,needtheinvestment.EventrillionsbillionsAtpresent,variousprovinces,cities,andlocallogisticsplanningthemajorityinvariousprovinces,cities,andlocalprimarily,lackofregionalcooperation.Mustbreakisboundedbyadministrativeregionsofthelogisticsplanning,changethefragmentedsituation,avoidlogisticsinfrastructurestructureandfunctions,redundantconstructioncoordinationagencyestablishedlogisticsplanning,relatedareadevelopmentandreformcommission,transportationdepartment,therailwaydepartments,economicandtradecommissiondepartmentsjointparticipation,activelycarryoutregionallogisticsplanningorcrossregionallogisticsplanningandconstruction,realizestheareaandacrosstheregion,formingradiationjointdistributionofthewholesocietyanddistributionnetworks.Accelerateindustrylogisticsstandardizationconstructionandlogisticsintegration.Currentlyexistingindustrylogisticsthefundamentalproblemisthelowdegreeoftheindustrylogisticsstandardizationanddiversifiedmanagement,small,leadtothelogisticscostistoohigh.LogisticsstandardizationincludingJavacommoditypackaging,logisticsinformation,seriation,loadingandunloadingofthebarcodeoperation,transportation,storageChanYuanHuacontainers.Shouldbeinaccordancewithinternationalpracticeandthenationalpopularstandard,regulatingthelogisticsfacilitiesstandardsformulatedrelevanttechnicallogisticsfacilitiesandequipment,toindustrylogisticsintostandardterms,unifiedtechnicalstandardandtechnicalmanagementstandards.Toindustrylogisticssystemintegration,throughtransforming,optimizingindustrylogisticssystem,establishtradelogisticscenterorcomprehensivelogisticscenter,makeindustrylogisticstoscalethedirectionofdevelopment,thusobtainslogisticsscale,reducelogisticscost.Speedupenterpriseinformatizationconstructionandsocialpublicinformationsystemconstruction.Formanyenterprisespeaking,atpresenttheenterprisesupplylogistics,production,logisticsanddistributionlogisticsetcinarelativelyindependent operationstate,theintegratedoperationlevelislow,andthemainreasonisthatourcountryenterprise"sinformatizationlevelislow.Perfectandeffectiveinformationsystemisenterpriselogisticscostsupplychainlogisticscostintegrationbasedandkeycontrol.Theenterpriseinformationprocessisenterprisemanagementmodeinnovationprocess,isaresourcedrivenbydemanddrivemanagementmodetotheprocessofthemanagementmodechangesisfore-and-aftfunctionmanagement,tohorizontalbusinessprocessmanagementtransformationprocess.Noperfectinformationsystem,enterprisedepartments,andeachlinkinformationbecameisland,thereisnoenterprisemanagement,theefficiencyofthelogisticscostoftheintegrationofmorenocontrol.Informatizationconstructionisasystemsengineering,cannotovernight,needenterpriseinformationstrategy,informatizationexecution,informationtechnology,asetofeffectiveimplementationplan,andconstantlyimproveinformationsystem.Meanwhile,graduallyestablishsocialpublicinformationsystem,includingroadtrafficintelligentinformationsystem,customsclearanceinformationmanagementsystem,portmaritimeinformationmanagementsystem,suchasindustrialinformationsystemofpublicinformationsystem.Withtheimprovementofsocialinformatizationlevel,dependingonperfectandefficientinformationsystemcontinuouslyimproveoperationefficiency,reducelogisticsinChinalogisticscosts,significantly,thelogisticscostwillshareinformationbringsusthehugeeconomicbenefits.Speedupenterpriselogisticsoutsourcinganddevelopmentofthethirdpartylogistics.Enterprisetakevariousformsoflogisticsoutsourcingiseffectivetoreducelogisticscost,improveenterprisecorecompetitivepowerinaneffectiveway.ManyEuropeancountriesthatlogisticsoutsourcingofenterprisesuccess,logisticsoutsourcingforenterprisestofocusonthelimitedresources,acceleratingthedevelopmentofcorebusinessenterpriserestructuring,realizingthescalebenefits.Tospeedupthedevelopmentofthethirdpartylogisticsenterpriselogisticssocializationandspecialization,istherequest,isthebasicwaytoreducelogisticscosts.MostAmericanenterpriseusingthird-partylogisticsservice,somesegmentsofthelogisticscostcanreduce62%,servicelevel62percent,corebusinesscouldconcentrate56%,fundscanreduce48%.Atpresentourcountryforeigncapitalenterprise,jointventureenterprisesusingthefirst.Tripartitelogisticshigherproportionofgeneralenterprisecoastalareas,higherproportionofinland,italsofromoneaspectshowsthatChina"slogisticscosthigh reason.Therefore,acceleratingenterpriselogisticsenterprisesis,externalizingespeciallysmallandmediumenterprisestoreducelogisticscostinevitablychoice,anddevelopthethirdpartylogisticswillplayacrucialrole.译文物流成本控制研究资料来源：中国期刊网作者：艾伦C·麦金农摘要：针对我国物流成本过高的状况，作者阐述了物流成本控制的类型、目前物流成本控制的不足，论述了全面的物流成本控制、供应链物流成本的一体化控制、基于信息技术的物流成本控制策略，提出了物流成本控制的主要途径。关键词：物流成本；控制策略；途径随着经济全球化的发展和市场竞争的加剧，物流管理致力于尽可能低的物流成本、为用户提供高水平的物流服务。我国物流成本明显高于欧美国家，因此不断降低物流成本、加强物流成本控制是我们客观面对的一个十分严峻的问题，也是迫切需要解决的问题。物流成本控制的类型企业物流成本控制有四种类型：整个经营过程的物流成本控制——事前、事中和事后的物流成本控制，形成过程的物流成本控制——供应、生产、销售和逆向物流的物流成本控制，物流服务的功能成本控制——包装、装卸搬运、运输、仓储、流通加工、配送、信息处理等物流成本控制，物流成本构成项目的物流成本控制——材料费、人工费、燃油费、差旅费、办公费、折旧费、利息费、委托物流费及其他物流成本的控制。1.物流成本控制的不足目前，物流成本控制的重点过分集中于物流活动或物流功能本身，一味强调从物流运作过程压缩成本；同时，货主企业要求物流从业者不得降低物流服务水平，这使得物流经营勉为其难。分析物流成本的构成，不难发现，物流成本不单是物流运作过程本身所发生的成本，而且也与其相关的其他各种因素有密切的关系，如社会宏观物流系统的完善程度、公共信息平台的水平、企业战略选择、企业营销策略、企业管理水平、企业信息化程度、企业标准化建设等，因此只从经营过程或物流活动本身控制物流成本，很难从根本上降低物流成本，或者说不能提高整个物流系统的效率、达到物流系统优化、降低物流成本的目的。所以，在研究物流成本控制时，应从宏观物流系统和微观物流系统、物流信息技术应用等方面进行综合的物流成本控制分析。物流成本控制策略分析我国物流成本约占GDP的16.5% ，远远高于欧美国家。分析物流成本居高不下的主要原因，一是我国还没有建立比较完善发达的社会物流系统，二是行业物流系统的服务水平低，三是第三方物流服务水平低，四是企业的信息化水平低。要从根本上降低物流成本，必须进行全面的物流成本控制、供应链物流成本一体化控制和基于信息技术的物流成本控制。(1)全面的物流成本控制全面的物流成本控制包括三个层面：社会物流成本控制、行业物流成本控制、企业物流系统成本控制。社会物流系统（流通网络）是国民经济的命脉，物流系统规划、分布的合理性，流通渠道的畅通对物流成本的影响至关重要。必须对社会物流系统进行科学规划和有效管理，采用先进的物流技术手段，保证整个物流系统高效率、低成本运行，实现物流的经济效益和社会效益。行业物流系统成本控制涉及行业物流成本的系统化控制，主要内容包括：建设共同的零部件仓库、实施共同配送；有效利用各种运输手段；建立新旧设备及零部件的共同流通中心；建立物流技术培训中心，统一培训操作人员和维修人员；统一行业设备的规格，采用统一传票、统一商品规格、统一法规政策、统一托盘规格、陈列柜和包装模数化等。不断推进行业物流系统的合理化、标准化，实现行业物流系统优化，达到物流成本的有效控制。企业物流成本控制是对企业物流成本的一体化控制，例如对制造企业的供应物流、生产物流、销售物流、逆向物流的成本进行综合控制。要求制定与企业战略相一致的物流战略，进行企业物流系统设计，不同职能部门之间密切合作，达到企业整个物流系统的高效率和低成本运作。(2)供应链物流成本一体化控制供应链物流成本一体化控制，在于充分运用供应链管理的理论与方法，将供应链各节点企业联结起来，把从供应源开始到最终消费源的物流活动物流网络规划和渠道设计，从整个供应链系统把握物流的各项活动，实现整个供应链的最低库存，达到供应链整体物流最优化。供应链物流成本一体化控制是企业物流成本控制的更高级阶段，效果也将更加突出。(3)基于信息技术的物流成本控制信息技术有力地促进了现代物流业的发展，提高了物流运作的效率，实现了物流成本的有效控制。利用网络化、信息化的优势，通过对整个物流系统资源的优化整合，为社会物流系统提供共享交互的载体，为企业提供高质量、高水平的增值服务，提高物流资源的利用率，实现物流系统的优化运作，达到整个物流过程的低成本运作。 现代通信技术和网络技术的发展和应用，使得跨地区的及时信息交流和传递成为可能；网上支付正在成为现实，构建跨地区的物流信息系统，使物流在较大范围运作，逐步降低物流成本。信息技术对物流成本控制有决定性的效果：信息流替代了部分物流，缩短了货物运输的平均运距，减少了对物流能力的边际需求和资源需求弹性，加速了邮件的非实物化趋势。随着信息技术在物流业的广泛应用，物流信息技术的经济性将更加明显。2.物流成本系统化控制的主要途径（1）开展区域物流规划和跨区域共同配送。物流基础设施资源是一个国家、地区极其稀缺的资源，构建一个国家、地区的物流系统，需要上千亿甚至上万亿的投资。目前，各省市、地方的物流规划绝大部分都是以各省市、地方为主，缺乏区域性合作。必须打破以行政区域为界的物流规划，改变各自为政的局面，避免物流基础设施结构和功能方面的重复建设，组建物流规划协调机构，相关地区的发改委、交通部门、铁路部门、经贸委等部门共同参与，积极开展区域物流规划或跨地区的物流规划与建设，实现区域内和跨区域共同配送，形成辐射全社会的配送网络。（2）加快行业物流标准化建设和物流整合。目前行业物流存在的最根本的问题是行业物流标准化程度低，分散化经营，规模小，导致物流成本过高。物流标准化包括商品包装的规格化、系列化，物流信息的条码化，装卸、运输、储存作业的集装单元化等。应按照国际惯例和国家通行标准制定物流设施标准，规范物流设施和有关技术装备，对行业物流实行规范的物流用语、统一的技术标准和技术管理标准。要进行行业物流系统整合，通过改造、优化行业物流系统，建立行业物流中心或综合物流中心，使行业物流向规模化的方向发展，从而获得物流规模效益，降低物流成本。（3）加快企业信息化建设和社会公共信息系统构建。对许多企业来说，目前企业的供应物流、生产物流和销售物流等处于相对独立的经营状态，一体化运作水平较低，而最主要的原因是我国企业的信息化程度低。完善高效的信息系统是企业物流成本供应链物流成本一体化控制的基础和关键。企业信息化的过程是企业管理模式创新的过程，是一个以资源驱动的管理模式向以需求拉动的管理模式转变的过程，是纵向的职能管理向横向的业务流程管理转变的过程。没有完善的信息系统，企业各部门、各环节的信息就成了孤岛，就没有企业管理的效率化，更没有物流成本的一体化控制。信息化建设是一个系统工程，不能一蹴而就，需要企业信息战略、信息化执行、信息技术等一整套行之有效的实施计划，并不断完善信息系统。 同时，逐步建立社会公共信息系统，包括道路交通智能信息系统、通关信息管理系统、港口海运信息管理系统、行业信息系统等公共信息系统。随着整个社会信息化程度的提高，依靠完善、高效的信息系统不断提高物流运作效率、有效降低物流成本，我国的物流成本必将显著下降，分享信息化给我们带来的巨大经济利益。加快企业物流外包和第三方物流的发展。企业采取多种形式的物流外包是有效降低物流成本、提高企业核心竞争能力的有效途径。欧美等国的诸多企业成功的物流外包表明，物流外包有利于企业集中有限资源发展核心业务、加速企业重组、实现规模效益。（4）加快发展第三方物流企业，是物流社会化和专业化的要求，是降低物流成本的根本途径。美国大多数企业使用第三方物流服务后，一些环节的物流成本可降低62%，服务水平提高62%，核心业务可集中56%，资金投入可减少48%。目前我国外资企业、合资企业利用第三方物流的比例高于一般企业，沿海地区的比例高于内陆地区，这也从一个方面说明了我国物流成本高的原因。因此，加快推进企业物流外部化是我国企业、尤其是中小企业降低物流成本的必然选择,而发展第三方物流将起着十分关键的作用。'