《治愈性设计灾后和战后的城市规划和设计》（第十章）翻译项目报告.pdf

'■痴译专化学位硕±论文《巧余Ｗ殘种Ｚ失々和成々樣城市化巧和钱种》（第子章；？Ｉ种巧巧振告Ｕ吴玉莲巧导教巧，蒋天敏巧教巧）专化名巧Ｓ巧巧硕丈巧巧々巧：葵语巧译论文巧巧时巧：２０巧年４月论女巧巧时简：２０１６年５巧论交巧巧Ｓ２０１６４１２．＇？？．ｒ．．－．．？？ SichuanInternationalStudiesUniversityATranslationProjectReportofDesigningtoHeal:PlanningandUrbanDesignResponsetoDisasterandConflict(Chapterten)byWuYulianAthesissubmittedtotheGraduateSchoolinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMasterofTranslationandInterpretingunderthesupervisionofAssociateProfessorJiangTianminChongqing,P.R.ChinaMay2016 《治愈性设计：灾后和战后的城市规划和设计》（第十章）翻译项目报告摘要本文是一篇翻译项目报告。翻译原文来自珍妮·多诺万所作的《治愈性设计：应对自然灾害和战争后的城市规划和设计》的第十章，该章解释了治愈性设计的概念、参与者、设计对象、注意点和开展步骤。本报告分为五个章节。第一章为引言，介绍了翻译项目意义和翻译报告结构。第二章为原作的背景介绍，内容为作者简介以及文本的主要内容和语言特点。翻译原文属于信息文本，客观性强，并且多复杂句，体现出了英语书面语的特点。第三章介绍了译文遵循的翻译理论—动态对等，以及其在译文中的应用。由奈达提出的“动态对等”强调目标语读者接受的信息应与原语读者接受的信息相同，因此译者在翻译过程中，注重用合适的中文表达传达出原文的意思，不拘泥于原文的语言结构。第四章介绍了译者翻译过程中遇到的困难，以及解决这些困难所运用的翻译方法和翻译技巧。原文句子多为长难句，给理解与表达带来一定困难。译者在确保正确理解原文的基础上，为了使译文符合中文表达习惯，在翻译过程中使用了拆分，转换，替代等翻译方法。第五章为总结，总结翻译收获和有待解决的问题,希望此报告可以为同类型的信息类文本翻译提供一定的参考和帮助。关键词：信息文本；英汉语言文化差异；动态对等；翻译方法ii ATranslationProjectReportonDesigningtoHeal:PlanningandUrbanDesignResponsetoDisasterandConflict(ChapterTen)AbstractThisisatranslationprojectreportonDesigningtoHeal:PlanningandUrbanDesignResponsetoDisasterandConflictofChapterTenbyJennyDonovan,anexperiencedurbandesigner,theprincipaloftheurbandesignpracticeInclusiveDesign.ChapterTendescribesideas,participators,attentionpointsandtypicalprocessofdesigningtoheal.Thisreportismadeupoffivechapters.ChapterOnebrieflyintroducesthesummaryandsignificanceoftheprojectandthestructureofthereport.ChapterTwoisabriefdescriptionofthebook’sauthor,maincontents,andlinguisticfeatures.ChapterThreeexplainsDynamicEquivalenceanditsapplicationinthisproject,withaparticularattentionpaidtoitsemphasisonwhatreceptorsgetfromtargetlanguageshouldbethesameaswhatoriginalreceptorsgetfromsourcelanguage.ChapterFourisadiscussionaboutdifficultiesmetbythetranslatorandtheircorrespondenttranslationskills.Handlingthelongandcomplicatedsentencesisparticularlydifficultforthetranslator.TomaketheChinesetranslationreadable,thetranslatoradoptssuchtechniquesasdivision,conversion,substitutionandsoon.ChapterFivesumsuplessonsdrawnintheprocessoftranslationandproblemstobesolved.Itishopedthatthereportwillbeusefultothestudyandthepracticeofthetranslationonurbandesign.Keywords:informativetext;differencebetweenEnglishandChinese;DynamicEquivalence;translationmethodsiii AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,Iwouldliketoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomytutor,JiangTianmin,whohelpsmemostinthecompletionofthetranslationprojectreport.Withouthisexpertguidance,patientinstructionandconstantencouragement,thisreportcouldnothavetakenitsform.Second,Iwouldliketoextendmysinceregratitudetotheteacherswhohavetaughtmeduringthe2yearsofpostgraduatestudy.WhatIhavelearntfromthemhelpsmetranslatethematerialforthisreportfluently.Lastbutnottheleast;Iwanttothanktheotherpeoplewhohaveassistedmeinthistranslationprojectreport.Itistheirhelpsthatmakemeovercomemanydifficultiessmoothly.Inshort,thankyouallforhelpingmecompletemytranslationprojectreport.iv CONTENTS摘要............................................................iiiAbstract...................................................................................................................iiiAcknowledgments...................................................................................................ivChapterOneIntroduction.........................................................................................11.1ProjectSummary................................................................................................11.2ProjectSignificance............................................................................................21.3ReportStructure.................................................................................................3ChapterTwoBackgroundoftheSourceText..........................................................42.1AbouttheAuthor................................................................................................42.2AbouttheBook...................................................................................................42.2.1Content............................................................................................................42.2.2LinguisticFeatures..........................................................................................5ChapterThreeDynamicEquivalenceandItsApplication.......................................53.1DynamicEquivalence........................................................................................73.2ApplicationofDynamicEquivalence................................................................8ChapterFourTranslationDifficultiesandTheirSolutions......................................94.1TranslationDifficulties.......................................................................................94.2TranslationSkills..............................................................................................104.2.1TranslationofLongSentences......................................................................104.2.2TranslationofAttributiveClauses.................................................................114.2.2.1PrefixPosition............................................................................................114.2.2.2SubstitutionofAntecedent.........................................................................114.2.2.3ConversionintoAdverbialClause..............................................................124.2.3ConversionforImpersonalExpression.........................................................124.2.4SubstitutionforDemonstrativePronoun.......................................................13ChapterFiveConclusion........................................................................................145.1Lessons.............................................................................................................145.2ProblemstoBeResolved.................................................................................15References..............................................................................................................17Appendix1SourceText.........................................................................................18Appendix2ChineseVersion..................................................................................40v ChapterOneIntroduction1.1ProjectSummaryAtthebeginning,Ihadnoideaaboutthesourcematerialforthetranslationproject.Ononeoccasion,Iheardaboutanaturaldisasteronthenews,whichinspiredmetolookforbooksaboutdisastersonthewebsiteofLibraryGenesis,andthebookDesigningtoHealwasfoundfinally.ThebookwasnottranslatedintoChinese,itsideaisveryfresh,anditwouldbehelpfulforChina’srebuildingwork.Consideringthis,IchoseChapterTenoftheDesigningtoHealasthesourcetextforthetranslationproject.Tosomeextent,thesourcetextisdifficulttotranslatebutIfirmlybelievedthatitcouldbetranslatedwiththehelpofmyclassmates,mysupervisorandtheInternet.Asanoldsayinggoes,“Morepreparationmayquickenthespeedindoingwok”.Therefore,Imadeafullpreparationbeforestartingtotranslatethesourcematerial.Firstofall,referencematerialsareessentialbothinthereadingofdocumentationandintheprocessoftranslation.Whenevertherewereunfamiliartermsorknowledge,Ifiguredthemoutwithdictionaryorreferencebooks.Secondly,inordertoaccumulatesomeknowledgerelatedtourbandesigningandplan,whichwouldbehelpfultothetranslationproject,Ireadsomebooksabouturbanplananddesigning.Thirdly,translationtheorycannotbeignored.Beforetranslating,dynamicequivalencetheorywaschosenasthetheoreticalguidance.Lastly,thewholematerialwasredbymeagainandagaintoknowitslinguisticstyle,characteristicsandmeaning.Thepursuanceofdynamicequivalenceistheclosestnaturaltargetlanguage.TogetnaturalChinesetranslation,suchtranslationskillsassubstitution,conversionandprefixpositionwereadoptedinthecourseoftranslation.ThetranslationtoolIadoptedduringtheprocessoftranslationis有道,butsincetheaccuracyoftranslationsdonebytranslationmachinewasnotuptothestandard,mostofthesourcetextwastranslatedbymyself.Toimprovethequalityof1 translation,Iproofreaditseveraltimes.1.2ProjectSignificanceInrecentyears,moreandmoredisastershavehappenedinChina.Theydestroynotonlythingsandpeoplebutalsothephysicalhealthofsurvivors,unravelingthebondsbetweenthingsandpeople,splittingthefabricofcommunity.Thephysicalandemotionalinfluencescanaccompanypeople,months,years,evengenerationsafterdisasters.Tohelpsurvivorsrebuildtheirlives,rebuildingprojectshouldattachimportancetocuretheirphysicalproblemsandtorelinkthebondbetweenpeopleandlivingenvironment.Itisdifficulttocurepeople’semotionalprobleminlimitedtime,buttheideaofthinkingoflivingenvironmentasahealingtreatmentforsurvivorstoovercomephysicalproblems,putforwardbyDesigningtoHeal:PlanningandUrbanDesignResponsetoDisasterandConflictisveryneotericandmaybehelpfulfortherebuildingproject.Thebookexploresthesituationsofthecommunitiesthathavesufferedfromnaturalorman-madedisastersandthethingsurbandesignersandplannersareabletodotogivethosecommunitiesthebestpossibleopportunitiesofrecovery.Thebookisspokenhighlybyitsreadersafterpublished.Thefollowingisacommentforthebook:Thebookexaminesaspectsofurbandesignandlandscapearchitecturethatasdesigners,werarelydiscuss:dealingwiththeemotionalpotentialandconsequencesofourproposals.Neveristhismoreheightenedthanduringtheaftermathofadisaster,whenweareprocuredtohelpremainingcommunitiesrebuild.Thebookquietlyrevealsthatwhilewemayempathizewiththeemotionsthatmaybefelt,weactuallyknowlittleaboutthespectrumofthehumancondition.Moreimportantly,DesigningtoHealallowsustheopportunitytoempowerthislackofknowledge–touseourskillsasdesignerstofindotherwaysofdesigningwithinsuchlandscapes(DeborahKuh,LandscapeArchitectureAustralia,2013).Therefore,itisnecessarytobringtheideasinDesigningtoHealtoChinesereaders,forexample,throughtranslation.Whilethetargetreadersofthisbookarepractitionerswhoaremajoredinplanning,urbandesign,peoplewhoworkin2 developmentagenciesandstudentsinthesefields,itisalsowrittenforinterestedparties,whichiswhythebookavoidsanyjargonorterminologywhichwouldlimitittojusturbandesignersandplanners.Inthissense,thebookmaynotonlybehelpfultoChina’sresearchonlivingenvironment,butalsobroadenChineseurbandesigners’andplanners’horizonstobuildoptimallivingenvironmentswhichcangeneratehopeincommunitiesdestroyedbydisastersandtoensureplacesarehardwiredtoberesponsivetotheprocessofrecovery.Althoughthecontentofthetranslationprojectisonlyasmallpartofthewholebook,itishopedthatthetranslationprojectcouldoffersomereferencetoresearchersandtranslatorswhoareinterestedinplanningandurbandesign.1.3ReportStructureThestructureofthistranslationreportisasfollows:ChapterOne:briefintroductiontosummary,backgroundandsignificanceoftheprojectandstructureofthereport.ChapterTwo:backgroundofthesourcetext,includingbriefdescriptionofauthor,contentandlanguagefeaturesofthebook.ChapterThree:theoreticalguidancefortranslation,includingthebriefdescriptionofDynamicEquivalenceanditsapplication.ChapterFour:translationdifficultiesandtheirtranslationskills.ChapterFive:Conclusion,includinglessonsdrawnfromthetranslation,myproblemsfoundduringthetranslationandlimitationsofthereport.3 ChapterTwoBackgroundoftheSourceText2.1AbouttheAuthorJennyDonovanistheprincipaloftheurbandesignpracticeInclusiveDesign.Shehasgreatinterestincreatinglivingenvironmentswherepeoplecanovercomephysicalproblemsandthriveanddesigningtoaddresssocialexclusion.Herinsightsdescribedinthebookarenotonlydrawnfromworkinpost-warandpost-disastersituationsinEthiopia,KosovoandSriLankabutalsofromstudiesinAustralia,Montserrat,NorthernIreland,NewYorkandelsewhere.TheincentiveforJennyDonovantowritetheDesigningtoHealwastheexperiencesheobtainedinthelate1990swhenshewasanurbandesignerinSydneyforalargemulti-disciplinarypractice.Hercolleagues’performanceenlightenedtheideaforthisbook.2.2AbouttheBookDesigningtoHealispublishedbyCRISOPUBLISHINGin2013andhasn’tbeentranslatedintoChinesebynow.Thebookhasnearly80000wordsandcomprises11chapters.Thepublisherenjoysaglobalreputationforqualityproductsandservices,sothebookisworthytobetranslated.Chapter10waschosenasthesourcematerialofthistranslationprojectbecauseitexplainsthekeyconceptofthewholebook,designingtohealandisitsmostimportantcomposition.2.2.1ContentDesigningtoHeal:PlanningandUrbanDesignResponsetoDisasterandConflict“examinestherelationshipthatpeoplehavewiththeirsurroundingsandtheprofounddisruptiontopeople"slivesthatcanoccurwhenthatrelationshipisviolentlychanged;whenthefamiliarsettingsfortheirlivesaredestroyedandfamily,friendsandneighborsaredisplaced,incapacitatedorkilled.”(CSIROPUBLISHING,2013)Tosomeextent,theideaoftheDesigningtoHealisfresh.Themostimportant4 partfordeigningtohealistheinvolvementofsurvivors,soduringtheprocessofrebuildingproject,itisessentialtoencouragesurvivorstoparticipateinit.Theideaofthisbookiswellexplainedbymanyrealtypicalandpowerfulcasestudies,suchasrebuildingcommunitiesandbuildingsaftertheVictorianbushfires,rebuildingpolitical,socialandhumancapitalonMontserrat,givingnewmeaningtoatsunami-devastatedbeach,Hambantota,SriLanka,andsoon.Thestoriesareadoptedfromfivecontinentsandhavebeenworkedorstudiedbytheauthorherself.Inmostcases,informativetextisboring,butthebookIchooseisanexceptionbecausethecontentofthisbookissupportedbymanycolorfulpicturesandcharts,whichbringinterestingnesstotheboringwords.2.2.2LinguisticFeaturesThisbookisaninformativetext,soobjectivevoiceisusedtoexpressideaswithoutanysubjectiveemotion.Forinstance,thirdperson,“it”,appearsasmanyas470timesinthesourcetext.Besides,factsandexperiencesareusedbytheauthortoexplainheridea.Forexample,inordertomakeiteasyforreaderstounderstandtheideaofthinklaterallyaboutthechallenge,theauthordrawsonAndrewMacleod’sobservationgottenfromhelpinginthereconstructionafterthedevastatingearthquakesinKashmir,Pakistan,in2005.Whatismore,DesigningtoHealisaprofessionalbook,thereisnoterminologysoitcanbeeasilyunderstoodbyreaders.However,manyofthesentencesinthesourcetextarecomplexsentenceswithembeddedclauses.Forexample,Takenastepfurther,whenweactivelycareaboutaplacebyinstallingdecorativedisplays,refreshingtiredshopfrontsandlookingafterfrontgardens,naturestrips/vergesandadjoiningfootpath/sidewalks,weimprovethecontextwithinwhichotherpeopleliveandmakeinvestmentsincommunity.Inshort,thesourcematerialofthistranslationprojectispreciseinsentencestructure,objectiveinvoice,andformalinexpression.Whilethetargetreadersofthisbookarepractitionerswhoaremajoredinplanning,urbandesign,peoplewhoworkindevelopmentagenciesandstudentsin5 thesefields,itisalsowrittenforinterestedparties,whichiswhythebookavoidsanyjargonorterminologywhichwouldlimitittojusturbandesignersandplanners.6 ChapterThreeDynamicEquivalenceandItsApplication3.1DynamicEquivalenceThetheoreticalguidanceforthetranslationisDynamicEquivalence,putforwardbyEugeneA.Nida,aprominenttranslationscholarwhodevelopedtheconceptandprincipleofequivalencebasedonthestudyofBibletranslation.Theideaof“DynamicEquivalence”wasfirstputforwardinTowardaScienceofTranslatingin1964,andthenDynamicEquivalencewaschangedintoFunctionalEquivalence.DynamicEquivalenceemphasizesthatwhatreadersgetfromtargetlanguageshouldbethesameasthatobtainedfromsourcelanguage,thatequivalenceshouldbeachievedinnotonlythelexicalmeaning,butalsothesemantic,style,andliteraryform,andthattheinformationoftranslationcanbedividedintolexicalmeaningsandculturalinformation.“Naturalness”isakeyrequirementfordynamicequivalence，whosegoalisdefinedasseeking“theclosestnaturalequivalencetothesource-languagemessage”(Nida,1964,pp.166-168).Inordertoachievenaturalness,itisessentialtoconsidertheadaptationsofgrammar,oflexiconandofculturalreferencesfortranslators.AccordingtoNida,therearefourrequirementsforDynamicEquivalence,namely,makingsense,conveyingthespiritandmanneroftheoriginal,havinganaturalandeasyformofexpressionandproducingasimilarresponse.Itisdifficultfortraditionalnotionstogetthepropertranslationsbothincontentandinform,andNidaemphasizesthatsemanticcorrespondencemusthavepriorityoverstylisticcorrespondence.Thoughtheconceptandprincipleofequivalenceareheavilycriticizedbymanylinguists,theyhavebroadenedtheperspectiveoftranslationtheorywithareader-basedorientation.In1960s,Nidacommittedhimselftoresolvingrealpracticalproblemsoftranslationandtrainingtranslators"capabilitiesofworkingindifferentcultures,whichcontributedtohisunprecedentedachievementsintranslationfield.Heproducedasystematicanalyticalprocedurefortranslatorstoworkwithallkindsoftextsafterlong-termexploration.Thereceptorsoftargetlanguageandtheirexpectationsforcultureareconsiderationsforsystematic7 analyticalprocedure.Nida’ssystematiclinguisticapproachhadprovokedtheviolentcontroversy,butitindeedexertedgreatinfluenceonmanyeminenttranslationscholars.3.2ApplicationofDynamicEquivalenceAlthoughtheidealequivalencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargetlanguageiswidelyconsideredalmostimpossibleduetolinguisticandculturaldifference,inthisproject,Istilltriedtoachievemaximumequivalencebetweenthesourcetextandthetranslation.First,asthepreconditionfortranslationisthatthetranslatorshouldwellunderstandthemeaningofsourcetext,Imadesenseofthesourcetextbyreadingitagainandagain,consultingrelevantprintoronlinematerials.Besides,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,asexemplifiedinthesourcetext,werehandledwithextremecare.Forinstance,thesourcematerialofthetranslationadoptsformalstylewithimpersonalexpressions,complexsentences,andpassivestructurestodeliverinformation,knowledge,andattitudeobjectivelyandaccurately.ComparedwithEnglish,Chineseprefersshortsentence,activestructure,personalexpressionandsoon.Tobridgethesedifferencesandmakethetranslationnatural,Itriedtoimprovemyproficiencyinbothlanguages.Also,suchasdivision,conversion,addition,reconstructionandsoonwereadaptedwhentranslatingthecomplexsentences,asexplainedindetailinChapterFour.Naturalnesswasamongmytopprioritiesinthisproject.Forinstance,wheneverIwasnotverysureofanexpression,Iturnedtothereferencesforpossiblealternatives.Veryoften,Iputtheminsearchengineslike百度forabetterchoice.Frequencyandreliabilityofthesourcewerethemainfactorsusedtojustifymychoice.8 ChapterFourTranslationdifficultiesandtheirsolutions4.1TranslationDifficultiesInthecourseoftranslation,Imetthefollowingproblems.Firstofall,togetthemostappropriatetranslation,itisnecessarytorefertorelevantmaterials,toknowaboutcorrespondingcultureandbackground,andtocomprehendthecontext.However,inmycase,thesourcetextisapartofabookabouturbandesigningandplanningwhichIamnotquitefamiliarwith.Whentryingtounderstandthewholebook,IfounditdifficulttofindanswerstosomequestionsjustthroughsurfingontheInternet.Duetothelackofbackgroundinformationlikethenameofsomecities,people,andorganizations,Icouldnotdothetranslationsmoothly.Secondly,IfounditdifficulttohandlethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishasexemplifiedinthisproject.Forinstance,therearemanycompoundandcomplexsentencesinthesourcetext.AsChinesefavorssimpleandshortones,word-to-wordtranslationisnotawisechoice.Particularly,thesourcetextcontainsmanyattributiveclauses.AsEnglishattributiveclauseissocomplexinpatternthatcanbetranslatedintoChineseindifferentways,dealingwiththeseclausesappropriatelyprovednoeasytaskforme.Besides,Englishpreferstousedifferentkindsofpronouns,ellipsis,andconversiontoavoidtheunintentionalrepetitionofthesameword,whichresultsfromtheEnglishthinkingmode.ComparedwithEnglish,Chineseislackinginmorphologicalchanges,antonyms,synonymsandsoon.Then,theproblemformewashowtoappropriatelytranslate,forinstance,thedemonstrativepronoun“this”thatappearsveryfrequentlyinthesourcetext.Lastbutnottheleast,thesourcetextcanbeeasilyunderstoodaftertheelusivenouns,phrasesandsentencesareresolved,butsometimesIdonotknowhowtoputtheEnglishsentenceswithappropriateChinesewordsandwordorder.Generally,itiseasytounderstandthemaincontentsofthesourcetexts,butitisdifficulttotranslateappropriatelyinsomerespects.9 4.2TranslationSkillsDynamicequivalencemeanswhatreadersgetfromtargetlanguageshouldbethesameasthatgetfromsourcelanguage,andtranslatorsshouldaccuratelyconveytheinformationofsourcelanguage,whichrequiresthemtofullyunderstandthesourcematerialandemployappropriatemethodssuchasconversion,amplification,simplification,sentencedivisionandsoon.Thetargetlanguageshouldfollowtheobjectivestyleofthesourcelanguage.WhenencounteringsomeneotericEnglishsentences,IcanadoptliteraltranslationtoenrichtheChineseexpression.ToguaranteethatreaderscanhavethesameacquisitionsthroughreadingtheChinesetranslation,Imadegreateffortstonotonlyunderstandthesourcetextaccurately,butalsocompletethetranslationappropriatelywithflexibleadaptionofdifferenttranslationskills,especiallythefollowingones.4.2.1TranslationofLongSentencesSentencesofformalwrittenEnglisharelong-winded.AsR.Eastmansaid:“TheEnglishsentenceisextremelyplastic.Itcanbeenlarged,combined,adjustedwithalmostanydegreeoffinenesstoaccommodateawriter’sthought”(Eastman,RichardM,1984,p.184).ComparedwithEnglish,Chineseprefersloosesentence,compressedsentence,ellipticalsentence,andcoordinationsentence,anditspatternactuallyissimple.InordertoproduceidiomaticChinesetranslation,wecandividelongEnglishsentencesproperlyintosomesimplesentencesorsensegroups.Example1:ST:Takenastepfurther,whenweactivelycareaboutaplacebyinstallingdecorativedisplays,refreshingtiredshopfrontsandlookingafterfrontgardens,naturestrips/vergesandadjoiningfootpath/sidewalks,weimprovethecontextwithinwhichotherpeopleliveandmakeinvestmentsincommunity.TT:进一步说，我们可以通过行动来关心某地，比如做些装饰，更新旧店面，打理屋前的花园和自然带，以及邻接小径。这样我们也就改善了别人的生活环境，同时也为社区投资。Thissentenceisrathercomplicatedintermsofmeaningandstructure.I10 foundithardtosqueezealltheideasinoneChinesesentence,andevenwhenImadeit,thesentenceisverylongandawkward.Therefore,IsplititintotwoChinesesentences,eachwithacompletesensegroup.Specifically,thesubordinateclause“when---,”wasseparatedfromthemainclause“we----”and“这样---就”wasaddedtobridgethetwosentences,indicatingtherelationshipbetweenthetwoclausesoftheEnglishsentence.4.2.2TranslationofAttributiveClausesEnglishattributiveclausescanbeverylongastheyfunctionnotonlyasdecorationandrestrictionbutalsoassupplementaryinstructionandhierarchicalnarration.Incontrast,theChineseattributescannotbelongastheyarealwaysbeforeadjuncts.Therefore,EnglishattributiveclausesneedtobehandledcarefullyastheyaresocomplexinpatternthatcanbetranslatedintoChineseindifferentways.4.2.2.1PrefixPositionExample2:ST:Wealsodesignforthosepeople–thestakeholders–whoseresponsibilityistomanagethelandorwhoownit,haveinvestedinitandseekareturnonthatinvestment.TT:我们设计服务的对象还包括那些利益与土地相关的人，比如土地管理者或拥有土地并追求回报的投资者。Attributiveclausescanbechangedintophrasesbeforeadjuncts.Inthisexample,“Whoseresponsibilityitistomanagethelandorwhoownit,haveinvestedinitandseekareturnonthatinvestment”arepostpositiveattributiveclausesfor“people”,yeteachofthemcanbetranslatedintoprepositivephrasesinChinese.4.2.2.2SubstitutionofAntecedentExample3:ST:Thesurvivors’painwillrelatetotheiruniqueexperienceofloss,whichcannotbeassumed.TT:幸存者的痛苦可能来自失去珍爱之物的特殊遭遇，这些遭遇无法猜测。Therelativepronounsinnon-restrictiveattributiveclausescanbetranslatedintotheirantecedents.Example3issuchaclauseselectedfromthesourcetext.AccordingtotheEnglishgrammar,the“which”inexample3referstothe“loss”11 soItranslateditinto“这些遭遇”.4.2.2.3ConversionintoAdverbialClauseSomeclausesseemtobeattributiveclausesintheirforms,butinfact,theyareadverbialclausesintheirroles.Adverbialclausesmayberesults,conditions,purposes,reasons,orsooninlogicallevelforprincipalclauses.Inthecourseoftranslation,thoseattributiveclausesweretranslatedintoadverbialones.Example4:TT:Thisshouldincludethosewithatrackrecordofrunningsuccessfulbigprojectswhoareofteningovernmentandbusiness–whohavepowerandfinancialcapital–andthelocalcommunitywhohavegreatreservesofemotionalcapitalandbringinsightssuchasunderstandingwhatgrowsbestandwhatmaterialsworkbestinlocalconditions.TT:规划活动需要以下这些人的参与：经常成功完成政府和企业大项目的人，因为他们拥有权力和金钱；当地居民，因为他们拥有强大的感情资本；富有洞察力的人，因为他们了解什么是最好的发展，知道什么样的物质在当地情况下能起最大作用。Inordertotranslatetheabovesentenceproperly,theattributiveclausesinthissentenceweretranslatedintoadverbialonesofreasontoexplainwhythoseparticipatorsareneededbysuchurbanplanninganddesigning.4.2.3ConversionforImpersonalExpressionImpersonalexpressionandpresentationexpressionarecommonstructuresforinformativetext.Ifthesubjectofasentenceistoolong,“it”willbeusedtoserveassentence’sformalsubject,andtherealsubjectwillbeplacedtotheend.TherearealsoimpersonalexpressionandpresentationexpressioninChinese,buttheyaremoreflexibleinstructures.Themethodofconversioncanplayagreatpartintranslatingsuchsentence.Example5:ST:Itisworthtakingthetimetoidentifyandconnectwiththosenetworksandtobuildonthepre-existingstrengthswhereverpossibleandthatiswhatwetriedtodointhosefirstweeks.TT:花时间来识别及连接社区互联网并尽可能以先前的优势为基础进行灾后社区设计是值得的。我们第一周的工作就是做这些。ThereisnoformalsubjectinChinese,buttheformalsubjectexistsinEnglish.“Takingthetimetoidentifyandconnectwiththosenetworksandtobuildonthepre-existingstrengths”istherealsubjectintheexample5,and“it”isits12 formalsubject.Whentranslatingthissentence,Ichangedtheorderof“takingthetimetoidentifyandconnectwiththosenetworksandtobuildonthepre-existingstrengths”tothebeginningofthesentence,sothatthetranslationcouldaccordswithChineseculturalenvironment.4.2.4SubstitutionforDemonstrativePronounOnthepremiseofexplicitexpression,Englishpreferstousedifferentkindsofpronouns,ellipsis,andconversionstoavoidtheunintentionalrepetitionofthesameword,whichcanmaketheexpressionconciseandconformtotheEnglishthinkingmode.ComparedwithEnglish,Chineseislackinginmorphologicalchange,synonym,nearsynonymandsoon,andittendstorepeatthesameword.Thedemonstrativepronoun“this”isfrequentlyusedinthesourcetext.TogetcommonChineseexpression,“this”shouldbesubstitutedbyitscorrespondentmeaning.Example6:ST:Respectingthefamiliar,valuedcharacterandidentityofaplace–inorderthatwhatisbuiltafterwardsretains(ifpossible)andenhancesthequalitiesthathavebeenerodedandthatmadetheplacespecial.Thismaybetheactivities,landscapesandarchitecturalcharacterorthesocial,recreational,educationalorspiritualopportunitiesaplacehad.TT:尊重某地为人所知且值得珍惜的特点和标识,这样是为了让重建后的某地能够保留已逐渐消失的特点（如果可以的话）并让这些特点得到强化。这些特点和身份可能来自活动、风景、建筑风格或某地曾经拥有的社会、娱乐、教育或宗教方面的机遇。Accordingtothemeaningprecedingsentence,“this”maybethesubstitutionof“valuedcharacterandidentity”sotheChinesetranslationfor“this”issubstitutedby“特点和身份.”13 ChapterFiveConclusion5.1LessonsIhavegotmanysignificantlessonsfromthetranslationproject.Translatorsarebridgesforreaderstoexperiencetheexoticculturesandwhattranslatorsdocanexertinfluencesonalotofpeople.Therefore,translationpracticesshouldbetakenseriouslytoensurequalitytranslationsfortargetlanguagereaders.Preparationisofgreatimportancetoproducegoodworks.Duringtheprocessofpreparation,theelusivenouns,phrasesandsentencesshouldbemarkedandthentheirmeaningsshouldbefoundthroughdictionaryortheInternet.Butfinallytheirmeaningsshouldbedeterminedbytheircorrespondentcontextsinthesourcematerial.Togetaccurateunderstandingofthesourcetexts,translatorsshouldreadthemagainandagain,referringtootherrelevantmaterialsItisalsoimportanttoproofreadthefinishedtranslationstoaddressproblemslikemisspellings,misunderstandingsandinappropriatesemanticcollocations.Preparationandproofreadingareguaranteesforaqualitytranslation.Translatorsshouldkeeppacewiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Intoday"sworld,informationflowssoquicklyandthelevelofglobalizationbecomeshigherandhigher.Thisiswhythedemandforpracticaltranslationbecomesincreasinglylarger.Practicaltranslationrequiretranslatorstoaccumulateknowledgeofdifferentfields,suchasmedicalscience,internationaltrade,chemicalengineeringandsoon.Now,theInternetplaysagreatroleintheworkoftranslation.Thenetworkhelpsmealotandsavesmuchtimeforme.Forexamples,theofficialwebsiteofthebook’spublisherofferedmemuchusefulinformation.WhenIwasnotverysureofthecollocations,Iputtheminsearchengineslike百度forbetterchoices.Afterfinishingthetranslation,Irealizedthattranslationskillsaredeterminantsfortranslations.Iusedmanytranslationskillswhentranslatingthesourcetext.Iftheywerenotadoptedappropriately,Icouldnotfinishthe14 translationsmoothly.Theaccumulationoftranslationskillsisinseparablefromdailytranslationpractice.Translationtheoriesarefoundationsfortheseskillsandmethods,sotranslatorsshouldbefamiliarwiththemandcomplywithcertaintranslationtheoryduringtheprocessoftranslation.Translatorsshouldkeepintouchwithothertranslatorstoshareexperienceontranslationandtofindhisorherownweaknessesintranslationpractice.Forexample,whenoneclassmatereadmyfinishedtranslation,shepointedoutsomeobscureexpressionsinmytranslationandsheputforwardbettertranslationsforme.Withthehelpofmyclassmatesandsupervisor,Iwasabletoovercomesomeproblemsasfastaspossible.5.2ProblemstoBeResolvedTherearemanyproblemslefttobesolved.Firstly,IwasnotgoodatEnglishgrammar,whichrestrictedmefromunderstandingthesourcetextaccurately.However,asthefunctionofinformativetextistoconveyinformation,onlytranslatorsgraspthemeaningofthesourcetextscantheyfinishthetranslationsmoothlyandaccurately.Secondly,somesentencesarenotappropriatelydealtwithduetomypoorChinese.Lastly,inadequatetranslationpracticeresultedinbadtranslationhabitsandunsmoothtranslationprogressinthisproject.Knowingthesedeficiencies,IhavetooffsetthemwithmoredailypracticesinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,readingofgrammarbooksandcontinuousaccumulationofknowledgeinvariousfields.15 ReferencesDonovan,J.(2013).DesigningtoHeal.Australia:CsiroPublishing.rdEastman,R.(1984).Style:WritingandReadingastheDiscoveryofOutlook,3edition.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.Munday,J.(2001).Introducingtranslationstudies:theoriesandapplication.London:Routledge.Nida,E.(1964).TowardaScienceofTranslating.Netherlands:E.J.Brill.Leiden.Nida,E.(2007).Languageandculture:contextintranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Pinkham,J.(2000).TheTranslation’sGuidetoChinglish.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.Reiss,K.(1977).Text-types,translationtypesandtranslationassessment,translatedbyA.Chesterman,inA.Chesterman(Ed.1989).ReadingsinTranslationTheory.Helsinki:OyFinnLecturaAb.CsiroPublishing.(2013).WebsiteofCsiroPublishing.3January,2016.Available:http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6780.htmKuh,D.(2013).LandscapeArchitectureAustralia.30December,2015.Available:http://Architectureau.com/articles/designing-to-heal-planning-and-urban-design-response-to-disaster-and-conflict/冯庆华.(2008).实用翻译教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社.连淑能.(2010).英汉对比研究.北京:高等教育出版社.杰里米·蒙代.(2010).翻译学导论—理论与实践.北京:商务印书馆.夏廷德.(2006).翻译补偿研究.武汉:湖北教育出版社.张南峰.(2004).中西译学批评.北京:清华大学出版社.章振邦.(2001).通用英语语法.上海:上海外语教育出版社.16 Appendix1SourceTextDesigningtohealDesigningtohealisaboutcultivatingthechangesneededinheartsandmindsandonthegroundtohelppeoplerecoverandcommunitiestorenewthemselvesafterdisasters.Thischapteroutlinesawayofthinkingabouturbandesignandthestepstogeneratingaplanthatmaybehelpfulinachievingthisgoal.Thesesuggestionsarebasedonascenariowhererebuildinginsituisbothpossibleanddesirable.However,itisrecognisedthiswillnotalwaysbethecase:forexample,sealevelriseandincreasingfrequencyofbushfiresmayrequirepeopletoretreatfromhighlyvulnerableplaces.Itishopedtheideasembodiedinthisbookmayapplyinthesecircumstancestoo,butwillneedcarefulandcriticalassessmenttoestablishtheirrelevanceonacase-by-casebasis.Whoisresponsiblefor"designingtoheal"?Inasenseeveryoneis.Bysimplyoccupyingaplacewechangeit;forthemostpartbyjustbeingtherewemakeitsaferandmoreinteresting.Wedothisbyaddinglifeandactivitytothatspaceandofferingpassivesurveillancethatcanreassureotherpeople.Takenastepfurther,whenweactivelycareaboutaplacebyinstallingdecorativedisplays,refreshingtiredshopfrontsandlookingafterfrontgardens,naturestrips/vergesandadjoiningfootpath/sidewalks,weimprovethecontextwithinwhichotherpeopleliveandmakeinvestmentsincommunity.Likewise,choosingstreetartordisplaysthataresensitivetotheemotionallandscapeofotherscaninfluencehowtheyfeelabouttheirsurroundingsandwhethertheyfeelcomfortableandwelcomethereornot.Urbandesignersandotherprofessionalsinvolvedinproducingthebuiltenvironmentcannotalonemakeaplaceconducivetorecoveryandrenewal:itneedstheactiveparticipationofthepeoplewhowilllive,ownandotherwisecareforthatplace.TheStewartstownRoadshoppingcentreinBelfast(Chapter6)isagoodexampleofhowcarefulmanagementandthebuy-inofthelocalbusinesseswasanessentialpartofcreatinga"vibe"thatchangedperceptionsoftheprecinct.Thishasensuredthatitisseenasagenuinelysharedspace,equallyaccessibletobothadjoiningandpreviouslyantagonisticcommunities,despitebeingan17 otherwiseundistinguishedshoppingcentre.Whoarewedesigningfor?Wearedesigningforeveryonewhoshares,orwillshare,aplaceandlookstothatspaceasasignificantpartoftheirlives.Thismightbebecauseitiswheretheylive,theirfamilyorfriendsliveoritistheirworkplace,recreational,spiritualorculturalcentre.Thisbookdescribesthepeoplewhoshareaplaceinthiswayas"thecommunity".Itisrecognisedthatthisisafarfrommonolithicgroupanditmaycomprisemanysubgroupsofdifferentperspectives,ages,andsoon.Wealsodesignforthosepeople-thestakeholders-whoseresponsibilityitistomanagethelandorwhoownit,haveinvestedinitandseekareturnonthatinvestment.Inreality,thedistinctionbetweenthesetwogroupsisoftenblurredbuttogethertheyencompassthesometimesdiverseperspectivesthatpeoplebringtotheirsharedsurroundings.Designingtohealisaboutreconcilingtheseperspectivesandcreatingplansthataddresspeople"sfearsandalignstheiraspirations.TimeAplacehasachronologicalstory-itisgoingfromthepasttothefuture.Adisasterwilldisruptthatnarrativeandchangethestory.Whetherthisistheendofthestoryoristhepreludetothenextchapterthatpromisesahappyendingwilldependinpartonwhaturbandesignersandothersdo.Wesetthesceneforthestory,framingtheopportunitiesthecommunityhaveandinfluencingthebarriers,physicalandpsychological,thattheyface.ThebalanceoffactorsthatencourageordiscouragecommunitylifeAfterdisasters,thecatalystsforcommunitylifemaybelost,economiesdisrupted,placesmaylookstrangeandthepositiveassociationsandmemoriesthatplaceshadwillbeoverlaidwithnegativeones.Thefactorsthatdetercommunitylifewillhavegrownandthosethatsupportitwillhavediminished.Thiscanlockplacesinacycleofdeclineanditmaywellbeeasierforsurvivorstoleavethanstay.Designingtohealisaboutgivingpeoplethebestpossiblecircumstancestodecidetostayandparticipateincommunitylifeandrenewal.Urbandesignersneedtobeawareofhowtheiractionsarelikelytochangethispsychological,andoftensubconscious,balancesheetthatinformssurvivorswhethertheir18 surroundingssupporttheirqualityoflifeordiminishit.Thisrequiresactionsthatreducesthedeterrentsofcommunitylife(e.g.dereliction,negativeassociationsandpainfulemotionallegacies)andbolsterstheopportunities.EfficiencyLandistooprecioustowaste.Whenitcannolongermeettheneedsofthecommunitywhoinhabitit-eitherdirectly,byenablingthemtooccupyit,enjoyit,findshelter,growfood,seeksolacefromit,andsoon,and/orindirectlybyprovidingecologicalgoodsandservicessuchasmaintainingahealthyecosystem-thenthestockofresourcestheycancallupontohelptheirrenewalisdiminished.Tothisend,thisbookseekstoidentifyhowurbandesigncanensurethatlandisusedasefficientlyaspossibletomeetthewidediversityofneedspeoplehaveandthedemandsweplaceuponoursurroundings.Thisdoesn"tnecessarilymeanalllandshouldbedeveloped;ratheritscontribution(s)shouldbeexplicitlyrecognisedandconsideredandinterventionsdesignedtoequipplacestomeetmultipleneeds.BuildbackbetterThephrase"buildbackbetter"isopentomanyinterpretations(Kennedyetal.2008)andraisesquestionsofwhatdoes"better"mean?Andbetterforwhom?Thisbookinterpretsbuildbackbetterasgivingpeoplerealisablehopethatwhatisproposedwillprovidethemwiththefoundationstorebuildtheirlivesandstrengthen,reneworformnewconnectionstoeachotherandtheirsurroundings.Inessence,thistypicallyrequiresacarefulbalancingactoftwoobjectives:Respectingthefamiliar,valuedcharacterandidentityofaplace-inorderthatwhatisbuiltafterwardsretains(ifpossible)andenhancesthequalitiesthathavebeenerodedandthatmadetheplacespecial.Thismaybetheactivities,landscapesandarchitecturalcharacterorthesocial,recreational,educationalorspiritualopportunitiesaplacehad.Addressingtheplaces"problems-"catastrophescanbeacatalystforpositivechange.Historyhasdemonstratedthatcatastropheshavegivensomecitiesablankslatetorebuildaccordingtoamoresustainableplan:ChicagoaftertheGreatFire,HalifaxaftertheExplosionorWarsawaftertheSecondWorldWar.Naturaldisasterscanofferthiskindofopportunity"(SustainableBuildingsCanada2005).19 Reconcilingthesetwoimperativescanpresentmajordifficulties,ormayevenbeincompatible,ifwhatisvaluedisalsothesourceofvulnerability,suchaslivingintheforestinabushfire-pronearea.Inpost-disasterrecovery"thereispressuretoactratherthantoreflect"(SustainableBuildingsCanada2005)whichcanlockinpre-existingproblems,andsoprovidethecommunitywithsurroundingslessusefultothemthantheywere,impedingtheirrecoveryandthesuccourtheydrawfromtheirsurroundings.Ratherthantakethe"theywillgetusedtoit"approachofimposingsolutionsthatare"better"butdifferent,andoftendistressingtoasensitisedcommunity,thenextsectionofthischaptersuggestsanapproachtodesignthatseekstominimisedisruptionandnurtureasenseofownershipandcontinuity.Thisapproachseekstoreconcilethesegoalswiththeotheraspectsofgoodurbandesignthataresynergisticwiththisbookbutoutsideitsscope.TheseincludereducingthedemandswemakeontheEarth"sfiniteresourceswhilestrivingforamoreequitabledistributionofopportunityandcreatingplacesthatarewalkable,healthy,affordable,inclusive,inspiringandbeautiful.PlanningtohealAtanypointintimeduringtherecoveryprocessthepeopleaffectedbythedisasterarelikelytobetravellingatdifferentpacesdowntheirownuniqueroadtorecovery.Thismeansthatthepeoplewhosesurroundingsarebeingrebuiltwillbelookingattheprocessofurbandesignandtheresultinginterventionsfromverydifferentperspectives.Theyarelikelytohavedivergentneedsandabilitiestocontribute.Questionsofhowthepastshouldberemembered,ifitshouldberememberedandwhatisthewayforwardcanbecomemoreimportantthantheywouldhavebeenbeforethedisaster.Somepeoplewillwanttomoveonandputtheirtroublesbehindthemasmuchaspossiblewhereasotherscannotorwillnot:holdingontotheeventortheirlifebeforetheexperience,unwillingtoseeanyfurtherchangesintheirsurroundingsthatwillmakethatworldslipfurtheraway.Forplannersandurbandesigners,thiscanraisechallengesabouthowthesedifferingmindsetscanbereconciled.Theprocessislikelytobeconductedatatimewhenmanyoftheparticipantsareonanemotionalrollercoaster,comingtotermswithunfamiliarandoftenrawfeelings,wherepassion,anger,fearanddistressallplaytheirpart.Thesepeoplemayalsofindtheyhaveareducedabilitytoconcentrateforlongperiods,theymaybesufferingfromexhaustionandtheirstandinginlifemayhavechangedasthedisasterhascrackedtheircarefullycraftedpresentationofselftotheworld.Underthesedifficultcircumstances,ifsurvivorsareto20 participateinmakingurbandesigndecisionsandbenefitfromthespacesthatresult,theprocesswillneedtobeclearandaccessible,itsprogresstoasolutionlogical,broadlyagreed,brokenintodiscreetandeasytounderstandsections,respectfultoeveryoneandfrontedbyapersontheytrust.Furthermore,afterdisasters,peopledon"tceasetobethepeopletheywerebeforethedisasterandwhatrepresentsgooddesigntothemmaychange,butitwillprobablycontinuetobeinfluencedbytheirage,gender,tastes,valuesandtheotherexperiencesoftheirlives.Thismeansthatdesigningspacesforpeopleneedstoconsiderbothwhotheywerebeforethedisasterandwhathashappenedtothemsince.Aprocessthatisdesignedtohealwill:manageexpectations;betransparent;beaccessible;berespectful;understandthepowerofwords;thinklaterallyaboutthechallenge;empowerpeople;buildabroadcommunityofimplementation;understandhowtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandplacehaschanged;safeguardagainstappropriation;lookbeyondoutputtooutcome;thinkaboutlegacy;getrunsontheboard;andidentifythecommonground.Eachaspectisdiscussedmorefullybelow.ManageexpectationsHopeisafragilething:itiscriticalforthehealingprocessbutwhenitisbasedonunrealisticexpectationsandisraisedonlytobedasheditcanbebitterlydisappointingandcansetpeopleback,wastingtimeandscarceemotionalenergy.Mostpeoplewillbeunfamiliarwiththeplanningprocessandwonderwhyitseemstotakessolongbeforeresultsbegintoappearontheground.Ofthosewhowerefamiliarwithpre-disasterplanningprocesses,theprocessmayhavechangedinresponsetothedisasterandthiswillneedtobeexplained.Rebuildingtendstobealong,slowprocess,withmanystepsalongtheway.Afteradisastertherearelikelytobemanyfactorsthatrequirecarefulandtimeconsumingassessment,suchasstudiesofstructuralcondition,contaminationorsearchesforunexplodedordnance.Thentherearethingssuchasunderstandingwhoownswhatlandwherepeoplehavebeenkilledordislocatedandbureaucraciesdisrupted.Thedisastermayalsotriggercommissionsofinquirythatwillrequiretimetodrawconclusions,whichinturnmayleadtochangesintherulesgoverningrebuilding,theresourcesavailableandeventhestructureofauthority.Implementingthesechangeswilltaketimeandmayinitiallycauseconfusionuntilpeoplebecomefamiliarwiththenewsystem.Furthermore,theavailableresourcesarelikelytobestretchedandsubjecttomanycompetingdemandsthatmightalsoslowtheprogress21 down.Itisimportantthattheseissuesareexplainedtothecommunitysotheycanunderstandthecontextwithinwhichtheprocessistakingplaceandhaveanalternativetotherumourandspeculationthatmayotherwiseinfluencethemwhenformingaviewaboutwhatisorshouldbehappening.Anotherinfluenceonpeople"ssenseofsatisfactionwiththeprocessofreplanningandrebuildingrelatestotheirsubconsciousexpectationsofthebalancebetweenindividualandpublicresponsibilities.Afterthe2009bushfiresinVictoria,HelenLeggoftheBushfireSupportCentreinHurstbridgefoundthatsomepeoplewereangryanddisappointedbytherecoveryprocess.ShepointedtoHollywoodandtelevisionandspeculatedthatAmericanfilmstypicallyhavea"happyending"thatmakesagoodoutcomeseemalmostinevitable.Helenfurtherspeculatedthatthismaycontributetoanexpectationthattheherowillcomeandsavetheday,asif"savingtheday"wassomeoneelse"sresponsibility.Helenwonderedifthiscreatesadistortedviewofwhathelppeopleshouldexpect.Shefeltthatsomepeoplehaveunrealisticexpectationsofauthority.Sheobservedthatpeoplewhowaitedforotherstodothingsforthem,ortellthemwhattheycoulddo,tendedtogetfrustratedanddisappointedwithperceivedgapsbetweenwhattheyhavereceivedandwhattheyhaveaskedfor.However,peoplewhoexpectedtoorganiseandtodothingsforthemselvesweregenerallyhappierwiththehelptheyobtained:"theywereverygratefulandappreciatedallthesupportreceivedandjustgotonwithit"(pers.comm.2011).Afterabroadplanhasbeenestablishedandagreedwiththecommunity,thatplanwillalmostinvariablycontinuetodevelopasissuesbecomeapparentandotherexperts-suchasarchitectsandbuilders-improvethedesignandturnitfromaconcepttosomethingthatcanbebuilt.Consequently,thenewpost-disasterbuildingsandspacesmaylookquitedifferenttotheformenvisagedbythedesignerorthecommunity.Itisofgreatimportancetoensuretheparticipantsinthedesignprocessunderstandthismayhappen,ifithashappenedwhythatissoandhowtheconstructedbuildingorspacestaysfaithfultotheunderlyingcommunityobjectives.Thiscanhelpthemembersofthecommunitywhodevelopedasenseofownershipofthepreviousconceptfeeltheeffortandemotionalcapitaltheyinvestedintheprojecthasbeenrespectedandthatitremains"theirplan".BetransparentInapost-disastercommunity,securingandenhancingpeople"sconfidenceinthedesignprocessis22 importantifthatprocessistobenefitfromtheirinsightsandtheyaretobenefitfromit.Thisrequiresthatthedesigneractswithintegrityandopenness.Thistypicallymeansbeingclearabouttheprotocolsbywhichdecisionsaremade,thevaluesthatthedesignerwillapplyandthelimitationssetbytheclient.Tothisend,itmaybeusefultodocumenttheissuesthatthedesignerhasheardateachstageandexplicitlyidentifyhowtheyhavebeendealtwith-andifnotwhynot-andtoreportthisbacktothecommunity.Thiscanreassurepeoplethattheirissueorideahasbeenconsidered.Evenifanideaisultimatelynotincorporatedintotheplan,byrespectfullyexplainingwhythatisso,theindividual(s)whowerethesourceoftheideamaystillbeabletosupporttheprocessandfeelasenseofownershipovertheoutcome.Thisalsoallowspeopletohear/seearecordofwhatotherpeoplethink,helpingthemtowidentheirperspectiveandpotentiallyopentheireyestothediversityofviewswithintheircommunity.However,thissharingofinsightsandissuesneedstobedoneinawaythatmaintainsallindividual"sconfidentiality,particularlywhensensitivitiesareheightened-astheyarelikelytobeafteradisaster.Transparencyalsorequiresthateverystepofthedesignprocessisrevealedtotheparticipants.Thiscanhelphemunderstandwhytheircontinuedparticipationisworthwhileandtheycanseehoweachstepandeachcontributiontheymakemovestheprocessnearertoachievingafinaldesign.Bytakingthetimetoexplainandshowrespecttotheparticipants,membersofthecommunityaremorelikelytounderstandtheneedformultiplemeetingsandlesslikelytosufferconsultationfatigue.Figure10.1providesdetailsfromapresentationpreparedforanon-disasterprojecttoexplainhowaprojectwillprogressandhoweachstagewillbuildontheprevious.Figure10.1.Detailofpresentationexplaininghowaprojectwillprogress.UnderstandingthechallengeSettingadirectionGettingthebestresult23 BeaccessibleThisisaboutreassuringpeoplethattheycanparticipateinthedesignprocess.Survivorsmaywellbeexhaustedfromthecompoundedstressesofrecovery.Inthesecircumstances,itisimportanttomaketheirparticipationaseasyaspossible.Thismeansusingclearlanguage,avoidingacronymsandindustry-speak,ensuringcorrespondenceclearlycommunicatesitsintent,andideasarecommunicatedsotheycanbeeasilyunderstood.DarylTaylorsuggeststhat,formany,readingcirculars/mailoutsinthesecircumstancesis"liketryingtoreadantsmovingacrossapage":thewordsallappearjumbledandthemessageisunclear.Drawingscanbeaveryeffectivewayofsharingideasandhelpingpeoplegetasenseofthedesignintention.Perspectivedrawingsareusuallymosteffectivebecausetheyportrayhowpeopleseethingsinreality.Othertypesofdrawingssuchasplans,elevationsoraxonometricsarealsoneeded,butthesearetypicallylessabletobeinterpretedbymostlaypeople.Withanyvisualisation,itisimportanttheyarepresentedwithacorrespondingwrittenqualificationsopeopleknowwhattheyarelookingat.Forexample,itisimportantforpeopletounderstandiftheyarelookingatoptions,draftsorfinishedproposals-andifitisafinishedproposal,isitasketchofapossible,desiredoutcomeorisitarenderingofadetaileddesign?Anotherkeytoensuringaprocessisaccessibleistoprovidemultiplemodesofengagement.Publicmeetingsdon"tworkforpeoplewhocan"tattendthemandtheyriskbeingappropriatedbyaminority.Generallymostpeopledislikefillinginforms.Theinternetcanbeuseful,particularlyforascatteredcommunity."Inmanyofourcommunitiesweestablishedcommunityownedwebsitesandblogs.Theseprovidedagreatmechanismtogetinformationoutquicklyandbroadlyandalsohelpedpeoplewhoweredisplacedtostayintouchwithnewsandinformation"(BillGale,CommunityRecoveryCommittees2011a).However,noteveryonehasaccesstotheinternet.BerespectfulThesurvivors"painwillrelatetotheiruniqueexperienceofloss,whichcannotbeassumed.Inseekingtounderstandthedisaster,thedesignershouldbewaryofappearingtoputlossintoahierarchy,withtheattendantrisksofseemingtobeapplyingsubjectivestandards.Isthelossofalovedpetgreaterorlesserthanthatofahouse?Isthelossofaphotocollectionmoreorlessimportantthanthelossofa24 business?Othersmaybeabletomakesuchajudgmentbutdesignersshouldtryandavoidsuchconclusions.Iftheprocessofdesigningistobeasuccessfulagencyofhope,thedesignerwillneedtoacknowledgethesurvivors"sufferingwithoutseemingtopretendtoshareinit(unlessofcoursetheyhave).Thiswillrequirethemtolistensensitivelyandpolitely,reportbacktheirunderstandingofwhattheyhaveheardatfrequentintervalstoreassuretheparticipantsthatthedesignerand/orfacilitatorhastheirfullattention.Itmaybeusefultomake(andkeep)anexplicitcommitmenttothecommunitythatplacestheirinterestsandwellbeingattheheartoftheproject.Respectingthesurvivorsalsorequiresthatthedesignerunderstandstherhythmsofpeople"slivesandappreciatesthatatcertaintimes,suchasanniversariesofdisasters,birthdays,plannedeventsthatdidn"thappen,andsoon,memoriescancomebacktothesurfaceandpeoplemaybemoresensitive.Whenthedesigner/facilitatorisunawareofthesedatesandtheirsignificancetheycanseemdistantanduncaring.UnderstandthepowerofwordsInthehighlysensitisedenvironmentthatexistsafterdisasters,wordscangainnewandheightenedmeanings.Thereisaneedtoensurethatthelanguageusedinthedesignprocessshouldrecognisethissensitivityandseektoembraceallthepeoplewhowillbeaffectedbythemattersbeingdiscussedsoasnottoalienatethem.Forexample,politicisedphrasescanbecomestumblingblocksthatimpedeprogresstowardsreconciliation.InthenegotiationsoverthePeaceCentreinNorthernIreland(Chapter6),eventhenameofthecentrewasacontentiousmatter.TomanyCatholics,itisknownasLongKesh,asitwasknownwhenitwasaninternmentcamp,recallingitsdubiouslegalstandingatthetimeandtoProtestantsitisknownastheMaze,itsnamewhenitwasaprison,reflectingthetimewhenthelegalstatusofthepeopleincarceratedwasclearer.Consequently,thedevelopmentmakesuseofthe"NorthernIrelandstroke"torespectbothtraditionsandsonowisknownastheMaze/LongKesh(muchasNorthernIreland"ssecondcityisknownasDerry/Londonderry).Furthermore,reflectingthecommunities"understandingofwhatrecoveryandrenewalisforthemmayrequireusingtherightwordandavoidingwordstheyhaverejected.Forexample:Survivor/victim:Formanyoutsideadisaster,therelationshipbetweenthesetwogroupsisambiguous25 where"survivors"areasubsetof"victims".However,formanywithpersonalexperienceofdisastersthereisaveryrealdistinctionbetweenthetwo.Thetermvictimsuggestssomeonewhodiedorsomeonewhoisapassivesubjectofanoutsideforce,whereassurvivorsuggeststheyarerespondingtoitandhaveovercome/areovercomingit.Assurvivorspeaksmoreofagencyandself-determinationitisoftenthepreferredterm.Recovery/renewal:AsthecommunityrecoverycommitteesfoundintheaftermathoftheVictorianbushfires:"Recoveryisperhapsanill-fittingterm.Wehighlighttheword"renewal"asusefulforus(CommunityRecoveryCommitte2011b).Implicitinthisisasensethatrecoverymerelytakesthecommunitybacktowheretheywerebeforewhereasrenewalallowsthecommunitytogobeyondwheretheywerebeforeandcreateanewandbetterplacetolivetheirlives.Consequently,thisbooksuggestsusingthewordrecoverytodescribetheprocessindividualsgothroughtoovercomethedisasterandrenewaltodescribetheoutcomeofcollectiverecovery.ThinklaterallyaboutthechallengeAndrewMacleod,seniorinternationalhumanitarianofficialandpost-disasterrecoveryexpert,spoketomeabouthisexperiencehelpinginthereconstructionafterthedevastatingearthquakesinKashmir,Pakistan,in2005.Duringthattimeheobservedthathislocalcolleague,GeneralNadim,headoftheEarthquakeReconstructionandRehabilitationAuthority,sawtherebuildingasanopportunitytoachievebroaderhumanitarianaims,suchastoprovidebettereducationaloutcomesforgirls.Throughobservationandengagementwithlocalpeople,theyconcludedtheproblemoflowlevelsofeducationforgirlswasasmucharesultoflackoftimeasofopportunity.Oneofthemainreasonsforthiswasthatgirlswereresponsibleforcarryingwatertotheirhouses:ataskthatcouldtakeupseveralhoursofeveryday.Consequently,theapproachtakentoaneducationalproblemwasoneofensuringallrebuilthouseshadanearbysupplyoffreshwateraswellasimprovementstoeducationalfacilities.Andrewtoldmethisnuancedandintegratedapproachprovedeffectiveinraisingtheenrolmentofgirlsinschoolby50%.EmpowerpeopleFormanysurvivors,oneofthemajorimpactsofadisasterisafeelingoflosingcontrolovertheirlives.Theymayfeelvulnerable,notknowingwhattodoandmaybeforthefirsttimeintheirlivesarewithoutthemomentumgeneratedbytheirowndecisionsandactions.However,empoweringpeopleto26 takeanydegreeofcontrolovertheirsurroundingscanbedifficult.TheexperienceofrebuildingaftertheVictorianbushfiresof2009suggeststhataccessibleexpertswhocan"unlockdoors"-suchastherebuildingadvisorsappointedtohelppeoplerebuildafterthebushfires-canproveveryeffectiveinguidingpeoplethroughthischallenge.Peoplecanalsobeempoweredtotakecontroloftheirsharedsurroundingsbyincrementallybuildingupexperienceofdesigningandmanaginginterventions.Thismeansstartingwithsmalltasksthatallowthemtoestablishlinks,buildsocialcapitalandgainabodyofknowledgethattheycanthenuseonmoreambitioustasks.ArthurAcheson,chairoftheNorthernIrelandArchitecturalMinisterialAdvisoryGroup(MAG),toldme"continuinginvolvementbylocalpeopleinmaintenanceandrepairoftheirplacesleadsnaturallytotheirinvolvementinlocalmanagementofthoseplaces(theyproduceexcellentideas)andcreatesasuperbcapacitytointegratetheirplaces,thusprovidinganexcellentbrieftodesignersasvariouspublicandprivatesectorinitiativesemerge,whichwouldotherwisebe"donetoplaces"inanuncoordinatedway"(pers.comm.2012).SuzanneVallance,anacademicandresidentofChristchurch,suggeststhat:"althoughitmayseemanunnecessarydistractionwhensomucheffortneedstobeputtowardsthegreaterrecoveryeffort,thereisenormousvalueinveryquicklyinitiatingsmall-scale,easilyachievablecollaborativeprojects.Thisessentiallyallowssomeinstitutionalandcommunitycapacitytodevelop,newnetworkstoconsolidate,andtrusttobebuilt.Ifresidents(andbusinesses)seethatrecoveryauthoritiescansuccessfullyundertakesmallprojects,theyhaveconfidencethatthelargerissuescanalsobedealtwitheffectively.Thecollaborativenatureoftheseprojectsdoesnotneedtobetooonerousforauthorities;myobservationisthatmanyresidentsandbusinessrepresentativesreallycravedsomethingconstructivetodoandthetaskismoreoneofenablingthanactivelydoing"(Vallanceinpress).Anexampleofthisisthetemporaryinstallationoflandscapeandaformercommercialfridgeusedasabookexchangethathasgivennewmeaningtoanotherwisevacantlotandhasengagedthelocalcommunityinmanagingtheirsurroundings(Figure10.2)27 Figure10.2."Thinkdifferentlycommunitybookexchange"inChristchurch,NewZealand(photographreproducedbykindpermissionofGapFillerNZ).BuildabroadcommunityofimplementationGettingtherightpeopleinvolvedintheplanningprocesscanbuildconfidenceinaproject,deepenthesenseofownershipofasolutionandavoidproblemsthatmightoccurlateron.Thisshouldincludethosewithatrackrecordofrunningsuccessfulbigprojectswhoareofteningovernmentandbusiness-whohavepowerandfinancialcapital-andthelocalcommunitywhohavegreatreservesofemotionalcapitalandbringinsightssuchasunderstandingwhatgrowsbestandwhatmaterialsworkbestinlocalconditions.Theyalsohaveapowerfulneedtogetinvolvedtohelptheirrecovery.Recognisingeveryone"scontributionandidentifyingandworkingwiththeexistingcommunitychampionsandknownleadersareessentialelementsofachievingthisgoal(CommunityRecoveryCommittee2011a).Furthermore,ifthepeoplewhoholdtheseskillsaren"tcalledupontohelporarediscouragedfromhelpingtheycanfeelfrustratedanddis-empowered(CommunityRecoveryCommittee2011a).Servicesmaybevolunteered,materialsdonated,peoplemaybewillingto"rollupsleeves"andgetthingsdonesuchascleaningupafterdisasters,attendingmeetings,fillinginforms,lobbyingauthority,28 makingthingsfromimpromptushrinestopocketparks,organisingneighbours,andvolunteeringprofessionalskills,labourand/ormoney.InDesigningforPost-DisasterReconstruction:ACanadianResponse,SustainableBuildingsCanada(2005)offerthefollowingadvice:"Keeptheimplementationplansimple.Thinklocalandlowcost.Asimpleplaninvolvingthelocalcommunityandlocalresources,andadesignconceptthathonourscultureandsustainabilitypracticesoftheregionhasabetterchanceofsuccess
Thisprinciplealsocreatesjobsandsupportsthereestablishmentoflocaleconomies".However,harnessingtheseresourcescanprovedifficult.IntheaftermathoftheVictorianbushfiresin2009,donatedmaterialsandskillsplayedanimportantpartintherebuildingprocessbutpresentedlogisticalchallengesintegratingthespecificpledgesintorealisableprojects.Thiswasaddressedbyprovidingadditionalprojectmanagementresourcesbythestategovernmentandthroughthegenerosityofmajordonorswhodonatedresourcesoverandabovetheirinitialestimationstoseetheirprojectsthrough.Afurtherkeycomponentofbuildingacommunityofimplementationistoensuretheresultingplanispresentedinsuchawaythatitexplicitlyrespondstotherequirementsofallthestakeholdersessentialtoimplementtheplansotheycansee,intheirterms,howtheplanrelatestothemandcanidentifytheirrole.Failuretodosocanalienatekeystakeholdersandstymieasolutionthatisotherwisebroadlysupported.Inparticular,theremayberesistancewithinthetraditionalauthoritiestoworkinthiscollaborativeway.Bypresentingplansasproposalsthatexplicitlyrespondtotheprioritiesandresourcesofthesestakeholderstheybecomeeasiertoadopt(Figure10.3).UnderstandhowtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandplacehaschangedPlacesthathavebefallendisasterscanattractorrepelpeople.Survivorsmaywellfinditdifficulttore-engageincommunitylife.Theplacesthatallowedthemtogettogethermayhavegoneandiftheyremaintheymayprovokememoriesthatmaybedistressingormaybeoccupiedbyanantagonisticcommunity.Thiswillchangethewaypeopleseetheirsurroundingsandmaycontributetothemwithdrawingfromthecommunity,physicallyoremotionally,diminishingtheirabilitytobenefitfromthesupportoffriendsandneighbours.Iftheyaretore-engageincommunitylifethenoneofthepre-conditionsisthatspacesaredesignedtobewelcomingandaccommodateactivitiestheyseeas29 relevanttothematthattime(forexample,communitydinnerswereaparticularlyvaluedpartoftherecoveryprocessafterthe2009Victorianbushfires).Figure10.3.DetailofaconceptforahospitalinSomaliathatlinksdesignsolutionstotheissuesraisedbythestakeholders(reproducedbykindpermissionofAustralianDoctorsforAfrica).Conversely,disastersitescandrawpeopleastheycanbecomeplacesofpilgrimagewheretheycanpaytheirrespects(Tumarkin2005)orexperiencehistory.Characteristicsoftheplacethatsurvivedthedisastermayacquireaheightenedsignificance,suchasthebars,restaurants,musicandarchitectureoftheFrenchQuarterinNewOrleansafterHurricaneKatrinaorthe"survivortree"atthe9/11Memorialsite.SafeguardagainstappropriationEvenundernormalcircumstances,engagingadiversecommunity,withdifferinglevelsofconfidence,understandingandlevelsofinterestintheprocess,canbechallenging.Afteradisasterthisbecomesevenmoredifficultastheangerthatcanaccompanygriefcanbedirectedattheplanninganddesignprocess.Whenthishappens,itcanskewthefindingsoftheprocessandbedisruptiveforothermembersofthecommunity,"draggingthemdown"asDarylTaylorexplainedtome(pers.comm.2011).Forthisreason,thedesignprocessneedstocarefullybalancearesponsibilitytoletthesepeoplebeheardwhileensuringthattheyarenotallowedtodominateandsoappropriatetheproceedings.30 Figure10.4."Whatweheard":thethemesandtheirrelativeprioritiesasunderstoodbyChristchurchCityCouncil(reproducedbykindpermissionofChristchurchCityCouncilandtheCentralCityPlan).Thistypicallyrequiresthatpeoplehavemultiplemeansofengagingintheprocess,allowingthemtoby-passindividualstheymayseeasdisruptiveordismissive(Figure10.4).Thisalsorequiresameansbywhichideascanbesharedinawaythatprotectstheconfidentialityofthepersonputtingforwardtheideabutallowseveryonetoseethediversityofviewswithintheircommunityabouttherebuildingprocessanditspriorities.ThiswillhelpeveryonegetamoreroundedperspectiveoncommunityfeelingsandvaluesFigure10.4."Whatweheard":thethemesandtheirrelativeprioritiesasunderstoodbyChristchurchCityCouncil(reproducedbykindpermissionofChristchurchCityCouncilandtheCentralCityPlan).andwillassistplannersandurbandesignersgivedueweighttoallopinionsratherthanjustthosepeoplewhofeeltheyspeakforthecommunity.AccommodatetheevolutionofplansThepassageoftimewillchangethewaypeoplefeelabouttheirsurroundings.Thisoccursasthe31 peoplewhosharethatspacechange;theymaymoveonemotionally,somemayleavetheareaandothersmaymovein.Externalforcessuchasglobalwarmingandpeakoilmaybecomemoreinfluentialandeconomiesmaygroworcontract.Thismayleavethecommunityfacingissuestheyhadn"tthoughtoforconsideredenoughandresultinaplanill-equippedforchangedcircumstances.Ifplansaretoproveeffectiveembodimentsofpeople"shopes,andnotbecomebrittleorleadpeopletoanunwantedfuture,theyshouldbeflexibleenoughtobeabletostayrelevanttothesechangingcircumstances.Thisrequiresthattheconceptrecognisesitslimits(itstimeframe,assumptionsandthetolerancesoftheenvisagedscenario)andidentifiesthetriggersthatrequireareviewoftheplanshoulditscontextchangesignificantly.Theplanshouldalsoidentifymechanismsthatassistthereviewingdesignertomakethenecessarychangeswithoutcompromisingitsessence.LookbeyondoutputtooutcomeOutputsarethetangiblethingsproducedbyadesignprocess.Outcomesaretheeffectthoseoutputswillhaveonthecommunitywhenimplemented.Thedesiredoutcomeofdesigningtohealisthatpeoplewhohavebefallendisastercanenjoysurroundingsthatfacilitatethemtoprevailovertheirdifficultyandthrive.Achievingtheoptimalcircumstancesforthistooccurwillmeanextendingthedesigner"sareaofinterestbeyondtheoutputofaplantoencompasswhatitsimplementationwillmakepossible.Thiswillrequirethedesignertoensuretheobjectiverequirementsofthebriefaremet(e.g.floorspaceandnumberofunits)butalsoquestionwhattheproposalislikelytomeanforthepeoplewhowilluseit,howwilltheyfeelaboutit,whatopportunitieswillitofferthem,whatwillitdenythem,whatpressureswillitrelieveandwhatpressureswillitplaceonthem.Animportantoutcometoconsiderishowadevelopmentcanchangeperceptionsofaplace.Pioneerprojectssuchasadvanceplantingorplanningfortransitionalusescanensurethatthesitesofdisastersacquirenewassociationsthatatleastpartiallyfreethemfromthestigmaofthedisaster,shouldtherebeany.Thesecanalsoprovideanattractiveandmaturinglandscapesettingfortheeventual,morepermanentredevelopment.Outcomescanalsobetheexperiencesgained.AsSuzanneVallancesays:"Myownview,basedontheChristchurchcase,isthattemporarysolutionsareimmenselyvaluablebecausetheypromote32 experimentationandinnovation;provideopportunitiesfortrialruns;giveresidentsandrecoveryauthoritiestheopportunitytodosomethinguseful;and,importantly,temporaryactivitieshelpbalancethehastydemandforprogresswiththetimeneededforcarefulplanning"(Vallance2012).ThinkaboutlegacyEveryprojecthasagestationperiodandalifespan.Thegestationperiod-thetimebetweeninspirationandinstallation-isusuallyshorterforatemporaryproject.Thismeansthatitcanbeestablishedmorequicklythanapermanentstructureandcanmakeadifferencesooner.However,iftheinstallationiscompletelyremovedwithredevelopmentthentheoutcomesoftheseinterventionsmaybediminishedandthereisarisktheredevelopmentmaynotcontributetothecommunity"swellbeingasmuchasitmayhavedone.Consequentlydesigningtohealsuggeststhateachinterventionconsidershowitmaybere-usedoradaptedtothechangedcircumstances,eitheronsiteorelsewhere.GetrunsontheboardIntheaftermathofadisaster,peopleoftenfeelapressingneedtodosomething,tomakesomeprogresstowardsovercomingtheirpainandrebuilding.Withoutthissenseofprogress,peoplefeelfrustratedandcanbecomedisengaged.Itisimportantthattheprocessofdesigningcanrespondtotheurgencyofthesituationandhelppeoplegetasenseofmomentum,andthatthingsarechangingforthebetter.AsDarylTaylorexplained,peoplewillonlybeabletoconcentrateforshortperiodsoftimebutwillbeintenselyfocussedonthetask.Thisandthelimitedcertaintiesthatexistimmediatelyafteradisasterreducetheextenttowhichdecisionscanbemade.Thereforeeveryopportunityshouldbetakentoeffectthedecisionsthatcanbemadeandcultivateasenseofforwardmomentum.Forthisreason,includingwhatactions/ideasthatcanbeimplementedassoonasitissafelypossiblegets"runsontheboard",givestherecoveryprocessmomentumandcredibilityanddemonstratestopeoplethattheirinvestmentisworthwhile.Theseneednotbebiginterventions.DavidEngwicht(2010)inhisroleas"placemaker"forthe"RuralCity"ofWodongainnorthernVictoriaprovidessomeinsightsintohowlittleactions,withinthedomainofcommunitymembers-suchasanorganisedshopfrontcleaningbee-canhelpgalvaniseacommunity.AlargerscaleexampleofthisisprovidedbytheCashelMallshoppingcentreinChristchurch,33 NewZealand,whereatemporarydevelopmentofaclusterofconvertedshippingcontainersandassociatedlandscapingishelpingtobringlifebackintothecity(Figure10.5).Dubbedthe"restarttheheartofChristchurchproject"(3newsNZ2011),thecentreisthefirstsignificantsignofrebuildingandreturntonormalityandcontinuesthecity"sassociationwithcafes,entertainmentand"retailtherapy".Theseearlyactionswillneedtobeconsideredinlightoffuturepossibilitiestoensuretheydonotprecludeanylikelyactionsdownthetrack..IdentifythecommongroundAsexploredinChapters3and6,dividedsocietiesisolatepeopleandthoseinteractionsthatdooccuroftendosoincontestedplacesthatdetercooperation.Forthisreason,itmaybehelpfultoidentifythecommongroundthatexistsbetweenthecommunitiesandusethatasastartingpointforengagement.Thiscanliterallybephysicalspacethatissharedbetweengroupsoritcanbesharedinterestsandrecognitionofwhatisimportanttobothcommunities.Forexample,heneedforapedestriancrossingontheStewartstownRoadinBelfastprovidedanissuethatthetwopreviouslyantagonisticcommunitiesoneithersideoftheroadagreedaboutand,inpressingforacrossingtheyestablishedthelinksthatweretogrowintomuchlargerprojects.Figure10.5.Re:start,CashelMall,Christchurch.Typical"designingtoheal"process34 Thereisnosinglerecipefordesigningtoheal.Therelationshipbetweenpeopleandplaceisinherentlycomplexandhasphysical(i.e.builtform)andsocialdimensions(i.e.howpeopleactandfeelabouttheirsurroundings)andtheseinteracttomakeeachplaceunique.Achievinggoodoutcomesrequiresgettingtheprocessofdesignrightsothatbothdimensionscanbeadequatelyconsideredandgettingtheproductrightsothequalitiescreatedwithinthespacesarerelevantandhelpfultothepeoplewhowillexperiencethem.Theprocessofdesigningwithpeoplewhoaredistressedandinastateofshockwillrequiretimeandsensitivity.Anexampleofaprocessforahypotheticalurbandesignprojectthatcanengagethecommunityinthiswayisoutlinedbelow.Itassumesaprojectcommissionedbyagovernmentagencytoassistacommunitythathasbeenstruckbydisaster:1.Projectinception:Thefirststepistoensurethecommissioningagencyandtheurbandesignersare"onthesamepage"andshareanunderstandingofwhattheprojectisabout.Incorrectassumptionsthatareleftunresolvedcanderailaprojectwhentheybecomeapparentlateinthedesignprocess,whenconsiderabletimeandefforthasbeeninvestedintheprojectandhopehasbecomeattachedtoit.Understandingtheresourcesandlimitsofthecommissioningagency(itsfunds,scopeandauthority,etc.)isalsoimportantifthedesignerisnottoover-promise.Allagencieshavetheirlimitsoflegitimacyandauthority.Makingsuretheseareunderstoodisimportantifthedesigneristoappreciatetheadministrativeframeworkwithinwhichtheyaretowork.Theidentificationandinvolvementofexistingcommunityleaders/championsatthisstagecanhelpgivetheprocesslegitimacyintheeyesofthecommunityastheprojectprogresses.Thisstepcanalsobeusedtodevelopandconfirmcommunicationstrategy.Thiscanoutlineandconfirmtheactionsthatwillbetakentoensurethatthereisabroadawarenessoftheprojectandno-onefeelsexcluded.2.Explainingtheprojectandagreeingtheprocess:Thisstepseekstoensurethecommunityandotherstakeholdersfeeltheyunderstandwhatishappening,whyitishappening,whattheirroleisandhoweachstepleadstothenext.Thisisrespectfulandsetsthefoundationsforfurthercommunityengagement.Thisprovidesanopportunitytosuggestandconfirmthestagesinadesignprocess,outlinethecommunity"sinvolvementandmakeacommitmentastohowthatinvolvementwillbeused.Lockinginaprocessmaynotalwaysbepossiblewheretheproceduresandstepsalongthewaycannotbefinalised;forexample,becauselegislation,andsoon,isbeingreviewed.However,wheretheseuncertaintiesexisttheyshouldbeexplainedtothecommunityandtheirleaders.Thisstepalsoofferstheurbandesigneranopportunitytoexplaintheirrole:itisasnottocompilea"shoppinglist"forthecommunitybutinsteadtoreconciletheobjectivesthat35 underpincommunitygoalswiththebroadersocial,ecologicalandeconomicobjectivesofgoodurbandesign.Meetingsheldtoundertakethisstepalsoprovideanopportunitytoaskthecommunitywhatmatterstothemandwhattheirprioritiesare,whichcanalsoassistinundertakingthenextstep.3.Understandingthechallenge:Thisstepenablestheproblemtobeidentifiedandresourcesdrawntoit.Thisrequiresunderstandingthesiteasaphysicalandsocialconstruct,identifyingthevaluespeopleattributedtothesiteduringandbeforethedisaster,howtheyvalueitnowandtherequirementsofanyplan/policyinstrumentsthatrelatetothatsite.Thisistypicallyexpressedthroughasiteanalysisandagraphicexplorationoftheissuesthatinfluencethedesignwiththeinputfromanumberofdisciplines.Ausefultechniqueistomapthe"sociallandscape"ofthecommunity,presentitbacktothem.andotherstakeholders,anddiscussittomakesureabroadlevelofunderstandingcanbereachedaboutthediversityofconsiderationsthatinformthedesign(Figure10.6).Anotheraspectofunderstandingthechallengeistounderstandtheresourcesathandtomeetthatchallenge.AnneLeadbeater,asurvivoroftheVictorianbushfiresin2009,toldtheRoyalCommissionthat:Theessentialelementofsustainablerecoveryistofindandengagewiththestrengthsandnetworksthatexistedinacommunitybeforethedisaster.Everycommunityhassomethingthatworksforthemandthattheyvalue.Itisworthtakingthetimetounderstandtheresourcesathandtomeetthatchallenge.AnneLeadbeater,asurvivoroftheVictorianbushfiresin2009,toldtheRoyalCommissionthat:Theessentialelementofsustainablerecoveryistofindandengagewiththestrengthsandnetworksthatexistedinacommunitybeforethedisaster.Everycommunityhassomethingthatworksforthemandthattheyvalue.Itisworthtakingthetimetoidentifyandconnectwiththosenetworksandtobuildonthepre-existingstrengthswhereverpossibleandthatiswhatwetriedtodointhosefirstweeks.It"shardtoimaginehowyouwouldfacilitaterecoverywithoutunderstandingwhatwasvaluedbefore.Todootherwiserunstheriskofdefiningthecommunitybyitsemergencyratherthanbythegreatthingsthatusuallyhappenthere"(2009VictorianBushfiresRoyalCommission2010c).36 Figure10.6.Exampleofasociallandscapefromanon-disastersettingillustratinghowthecommunitiessenseofconnectiontoplaceandthesignificanceofdifferentelementswithinthatcommunitycanbesummarisedandreportedbacktothem(reproducedcourtesyofColacOtwayShireCouncil).4.Settingadirection:Thisstepestablishesthedesignintentfortheprojectbasedonbroadengagementwiththecommunity(Figure10.7).Thiswillhelpgenerateacommonandgenerallysupportedvisionfortheareaandencouragepeopletoparticipateinitsdevelopmentandimplementation.Thiscanbedonebysetting,agreeingandconfirminga"designagenda"withthestakeholdersandcommunitythatexplicitlycoversthecommunity"sandotherstakeholders"concernsandfulfilstherequirementsofgoodplanninganddesign.Thiscanbeexpressedthroughplansthatexplaintheprioritiesthatarebeingpursuedandidentifyingtherolesthatdifferentareaswillhaveinmeetingthosepriorities.Theseshouldbepresentedbacktoallstakeholdersinorderthattheycanseetheyhavebeenlistenedtooandtoenablethemtosuggestamendmentsifrequired.Figure10.7.Detailofagraphicfromanon-disastersettingillustratingadesignagendathatusesathemeoftrafficlights,whichwouldbefamiliartoall,tocategoriseideasandhelpexplainhowtheywillinformfuturephasesoftheproject(reproducedcourtesyofColacOtwayShireCouncil).37 5.Outliningthemeasuresthatwilltakethecommunityintheiragreeddirection:Thisstepturnstheagreeddirectionintoarealisticandachievablesetofproposals(Figure10.8).Thisrequiresthebuilt-formimplicationsofachievingthevisionareidentifiedandconsideredfromarangeofperspectivestoensuretheyareeconomicallyviableandrelevanttotheneedsofthecommunity.Afterconfirmingthattheyarerealistic,theseactionscanbepresentedtothecommunityandstakeholdersfortheirconsideration.Thiscanbestbefacilitatedwhentheplansdemonstratehowcommunityobjectivesrelatetothebuilt-formoutcome,reassuringpeopletheyhavebeenheardandincreasingconfidenceintheprocess.Figure10.8.Translatingtheintentofthedesignintoproposals(detail)(reproducedcourtesyofColacOtwayShireCouncil).Althoughstillalongwayfromprovidingalltheinformationneededtobebuildable,suchaplan,wellarticulated,andconnectingsocialobjectivetothebuilt-formoutcome,canbeveryeffectiveingalvanisingsupportandcoalescingopinionbehindasharedvision.Realistic,meaningfulandthoughtthroughrepresentationsofwhatispossible(Figure10.9)canhelpproposalswinfundingandunlockresources,asfoundinthereconstructionofNarbethongCommunityHallaftertheVictorianbushfiresandintheEthiopianprojectscoveredinthisbook..38 Figure10.9.More-detailedexplanationofproposals(detail).6.Makingithappen:Aplandescribedabovemayfosterasenseofhopebutifitistodeliveronthatpromiseitwillhavetobetranslatedintoactionsontheground.Gettingthisdonerequiresharnessingthenecessaryresourcesandmakingeveryone"sresponsibilityclear.Tothisend,aplanshouldbeaccompaniedbyastatementshowinghowitistobeimplementedandbywhom.Itisnotalwayspossibletoidentifythisatthestartofaprojectbutameansofovercominggapsinresourcesshouldbeidentifiedsowhenthesegapsappearthereareestablishedstrategiestoovercometheseshortfalls.Intheaftermathofadisaster,"non-conventional"resourcesmaybecomeavailablethatcanmakethedifferencebetweenaprojectbeingachievedornotachieved.Principalamongtheseresourcesisvoluntary/donatedlabourandskills.However,asexploredabove,theseneedcarefulmanagement.Iftheprojectistemporaryortransitionary,thoughtshouldbegiventohowtheelementsmaybere-usedoriftheyaretoremain,theconstraintsandopportunitiestheywillofferthesiteinitsfutureuse.7.Reviewandrevise:Thisensuresthattheproposals,whenimplemented,canrespondtoevolvingcircumstancesandcancontinuetomeettheneedsofthepeoplethatexperiencethemastheirrequirementschangeandasthebuiltelementsageandsufferfromwearandtear.Thisusuallyrequiresthattheprojectmakesprovisionforongoingmaintenance,feedbackandamendment.39 Appendix2ChineseVersion治愈性设计治愈系设计就是做出有助于灾后灾民恢复和灾区重建的变化，这些变化不仅是人们心灵和情感的需要，也是地面建筑的需要。本章概述了一种思路，这思路与城市设计和草拟规划的步骤有关，这规划可能有助于实现上述目标的方法。这些概念基于一个前提，即原位重建是可能并可取的。然而，众所周知的是情况却并不总如此。例如,海平面上升和越来越频繁的森林大火可能需要人们搬离那些极易受灾地区。希望此书包含的理念也能在这些情况下运用,但需要跟据实际情况对其相关性进行审慎评估。治愈性设计的参与者从某种意义上说,人人都是治愈性设计的参与者。我们简单地占用一片土地，然后对它进行改造。大多数情况下,我们只是将原地变得更安全，更有趣。为了增加趣味性和安全性，我们将生命和活动加入此空间，并提供安抚人心的监督和管理。进一步说，我们可以通过行动来关心某地，比如做些装饰，更新旧店面，打理屋前的花园和自然带，以及邻接小径。这样我们也就改善了别人的生活环境，同时也为社区投资。还可以选择一些容易触发人们情感的街头艺术或展览，街头艺术和展览不仅能影响居民对生活环境的感受，也能左右居民自身的舒适度和适应度。如果仅凭参与建筑环境设计的城市设计师和其他专业人士，将无法建设出利于灾民恢复的生活环境，建设有益的生活环境也需要当地居民，物主，又或是喜欢当地的人的积极参与。位于贝尔法斯特斯图尔特路的购物中心(第六章)就是个极好的例子，说明精心管理和当地企业投资对改变人们的社区认知是非常必要的。虽然它只是个普通的购40 物中心，但是社区居民都能来此购物，无论是邻里社区还是敌对的社区，这样就能确保它是真正的共享空间。治愈性设计的受益者治愈性设计的受益者不仅包括已经与人分享或将要与人分享某地的人，还包括希望某地能在自己的生活中充满意义的人，会有此希望，可能是因为他们自己、家人或朋友生活在那里，又或者那是他们工作、娱乐、寄托思想或学习的场所。此书将上述的人称为“社区居民”，众所周知，社区是一个多元集体，它可能由许多在观念、年龄等方面存在差异的子群体构成。我们设计服务的对象还包括那些利益与土地相关的人，比如土地管理者或拥有土地并追求回报的投资者。事实上,社区居民和土地利益相关者之间的区别往往是模糊的，有时他们在共享的生活环境上持有不同的观点。治愈性设计就是来协调这些不同的观点，做出能消除人们恐惧并统一他们期望的设计。时代每个地方都有一部从过去到未来的编年史。灾害可能会破坏这部编年史的叙述并改变其内容。城市设计师和其他人员在一定程度上决定灾害是城市故事的尾声，还是开启下一场喜剧的序幕。城市设计师为这编年史设立场景,为居民创造机遇并帮助他们跨越生理和心理上的障碍。平衡影响社区生活的积极因素和消极因素灾后,社区生活可能失去了催化剂,经济遭到破坏,生活环境显得陌生，居民与社区的关系从美好的变成恶劣的，居民对社区的记忆也从美好的变成恐怖的。社区生活的消极因素可能已经增多，而社区生活的积极因素可能已经减少，这样不仅会将城市束缚在恶性循环中，灾民也将更倾向于离开而不是待在原地。治愈性设计就是将能够实现的最好生活环境提供给灾民使他们决定待在原地，融入社区生活和参与社区重建。城市设计师需要意识到自己的设计可能会打破社区生活中积极因素和消极因素的平衡，这些因素都是心理上的并且往往是下意识的。灾民能从这些因素中获知生活环境是否能保证他们的生活质量，因此要采取措施来增加积极因素而减少消极因素。消极因素包括灾民对生活的消极态度、灾民与生活环境间的恶劣关系，以及灾害在灾民心中留下的伤痛。41 土地利用率土地是如此的珍贵因此不能浪费。如果土地不能再满足其居民的直接和间接需求，那么土地就无法为社区重建提供资源。居民对土地的直接需求包括占有土地、享用土地、建造房屋、种植粮食和从土地中寻找慰藉，居民对土地的间接需求包括由土地提供的生态产品和服务－诸如维持良好的生态系统等。为此，此章余下部分将阐述如此的城市设计，它能够尽可能的提高土地利用效率来满足居民对生活环境的多样化需求。未必需要开发所有土地来满足居民的多样化需求，而应该充分认识和考虑土地的贡献并加以干预使土地能满足居民的多重需要。重建更美未来“重建更美未来”有众多解释，因此带来了什么是“更美”和为谁更美的问题。此书将“重建更美未来”定义为给与居民能够成真的希望，即设计方案能为居民提供基础让他们重新生活，加强和恢复他们与其他人和生活环境已有的关系或让他们与其它人和生活环境形成新的关系。实质上，通常以下两方面需要慎重平衡：尊重某地为人所知且值得珍惜的特点和标识,这样是为了让重建后的某地能够保留已逐渐消失的特点（如果可以的话）并让这些特点得到强化。这些特点和身份可能来自活动、风景、建筑风格或某地曾经拥有的社会、娱乐、教育或宗教方面的机遇。另一方面，解决社区面临的问题。灾害可能是美好变化的催化剂。2005年《加拿大可持续建筑》杂志提到：“历史证明，灾难为一些城市提供了机遇，让它们能够按可持续性更高的规划方案来重建，如1871年大火后的芝加哥，1971年大爆炸后的哈利法克斯和第二次世界大战后的华沙。自然灾害能提供上述的机遇。”如果社区的特色也是其弱点,那么要协调以上两方面就存在巨大困难,甚至无法协调。例如要在森林里生活，就可能遭受森林大火。2005年，《加拿大可持续建筑》杂志提到：“灾后重建的压力来自行动而不是反思。压力会将城市困于旧问题中，如此重建的生活环境将大不如前，它们对灾民恢复所起的作用将会减弱，灾民从重建生活环境中获得的帮助也会减少。不能以“灾民终将会习惯”的观念进行灾后重建工作，这不仅是错误和违反常规的，也会给敏感的灾民带来痛苦。本章接下来会介绍一种设计方法，争取减少影响生活的消极因素，增加灾民的归属感并让他们可以继续开始新生活。那设计方法力图将上述目标42 与构成良好城市设计的其它因素进行调和。此书介绍了许多良好城市设计必备的因素，但仍有许多方面未提及，如减少对地球非可再生资源的需求，争取更公平的资源分配方式和建造交通便利、绿色健康、经济适用、包罗万象、鼓舞人心和风景优美的社区。治愈性规划恢复过程中的每一刻，灾民可能或快或慢的以自己独特的方式在恢复。这意味着，如果灾民居住的生活环境正在重建，他们会从不同角度思考设计方案和设计成果。对灾后社区设计，灾民可能有不同的需求和贡献。如果需要铭记历史，那么该如何铭记。让灾民重新生活，走向未来的灾后设计要比灾前设计重要的多。有些灾民想尽可能的将痛苦抛诸脑后，开始新生活，但其他灾民却不能也不愿如此，他们一直笼罩在灾难的阴影中，坚持灾前的生活状态，不愿生活环境有任何变化，认为环境变化会使他们的生活面目全非。如何协调这些不同观念对于城市规划师和设计师来说是个巨大挑战。治愈性规划进行的过程中，许多参与者的心情像坐过山车，他们会败给一些陌生但往往直白的感情，快乐、生气、恐惧和紧张都会对参与者产生一定影响。因此社区设计可能要对灾民那陌生但往往真感情波动的参与者可能无法长期集中精神，会觉得精疲力竭。由于灾难摧毁了灾民用心塑造的自我社会形象，他们在生活中的身份也可能改变了。在如此艰难的情况下,如果灾民打算参与灾后城市设计并希望从建成的设计成果中获益，那么规划过程就必须明晰和可参与。确定规划的步骤就要逻辑清晰，人性化，获得参与者的一致同意，分成若干个严谨易懂的部分并由所有参与者都信服的人主持进行。此外,灾前灾后，人和优良的城市设计都会有所不同。但优良的灾后城市设计仍可能受人们年龄、性别、品味、价值观和生活经历的影响。这就意味着进行灾后城市设计时，设计师不仅要考虑灾民之前的身份,也要考虑他们在灾害中遭受的经历。进行治愈性规划时，要做到以下方面：管理期望，公开设计,简化参与方式,尊重幸存者,用词得当，横向思考挑战赋权于幸存者，构建具有高度可实施性的社区;铭记人与社区关系的变化；平等对待；透过成果看效果；考虑后续作用：民主决定设计；识别共同点。下面将充分地讨论以上各方面。管理期望43 希望虽然脆弱，但却对灾后重建工作至关重要。如果希望建立在不切实际的期望之上,就算产生了，最终也会破灭。希望破灭将会令人心灰意冷，倍感受挫和徒劳无功。决大多数人都不了解城市规划过程，因此他们会困惑为什么重建之前要花如此漫长的时间进行城市规划。对于了解城市规划的人，由于灾后城市规划可能有别于灾前，因此也要向这些人做出解释。重建工作往往是漫长的，其中涉及许多程序。灾后，需要耗时来审慎评估诸多问题,如检测建筑的结构状况,检测污染，或寻找未炸军火。问题评估完后，就要了解发生杀戮事件，居民迫离事件或政权垮台事件的地方是哪里，都是哪些人在那地方生活。灾后，评估委员会也需要一定时间来得出结论,从而对重建条例，可用资源,以及组织结构做出改革。这些改革的实施不仅费时，起初也会让人困惑,直到人们熟悉那些新体制。此外,因许多存在矛盾的需求而对可用资源进行限制也可能放缓重建工作的速度。重要的是为灾民解释以上问题，这样他们可以了解重建工作的实质，知道重建工作是如何进行的，从而对传闻和猜测做出正确判断。传闻和猜测不仅会影响灾民对重建工作的看法，也会影响灾民对重建工作的满意度，此满意度与灾民潜意识里期望个人和公共职责能够平衡有关。2009年，澳大利亚维多利亚州发生森林大火后，在森林大火救助中心供职的海伦·莱格（HelenLegg）发现许多灾民对灾后重建工作感到生气和失望。海伦指责好莱坞电影和电视剧，她认为美国电影通常都是喜剧，注定结局都是美好的。海伦进一步指出喜剧会使人产生这样的观点，即如果遇到危险，英雄会来拯救他们。似乎“拯救人类”是他人的责任。海伦感到困惑，不知道喜剧是否会扭曲人们的观念，是否会使人们一心期望获得帮助。她认为有些人对当局有着不切实际的期望。她观察发现，那些等待他人为自己做事或告诉自己做什么的人，往往易于沮丧和失望，因为他们得到的与自己需求的存在明显差异。反而，那些希望能够自行组织和解决问题的人，在获得帮助后往往会更加开心。海伦说：“这些人对他人的帮助充满感激和感谢，那些帮助也发挥了巨大作用。”当庞大的规划在完成并获得居民认可后，一定都能继续实施，因为问题已经明了，建筑师、建造师以及等其他专家可以改善设计方案并将它变成实体。结果是灾后重建的建筑和空间与设计师或居民心目中所想的存在巨大差异。重要的是，城市设计的参与者知道会产生这样的结果。如果真的发生了,参与者要知晓差异产生的原因，并懂得如何让居民接受重建的建筑和空间。这样才能让那些对旧城市充满归属感的居民认为他们在44 灾后城市设计中付出的精力和情感受到了重视，重建的建筑仍是他们所规划的产物。公开设计如果希望灾区居民能为灾后城市设计提供有用建议并从灾后城市设计中获益，重要的是灾后要保护和增强灾区居民对灾后城市设计工作的信心。这就要求城市设计师做出完整的设计方案并将设计公开给灾民。设计公开通常意味着充分了解设计的决定程序，设计师的价值观和灾民提出的问题。为了公开设计,有必要将设计师在各阶段了解的问题和这些问题的详细解决方案编辑成文，如果问题未能解决，要记录未能解决的原因，之后向灾区居民公开这些文件。文件公开后，灾区居民就会心安，因为他们提出的问题和想法受到了考虑，即使个人想法最终没有被纳入到设计方案中，知晓原因后，他们也会支持最终的设计方案，并认为自己为最终方案做出了贡献。灾区居民也可以通过公开的文件获悉他人的想法，拓宽个人思路，并下意识里关注同区居民所提出的不同观点。但当个人极其敏感时，例如灾后，应以一种能保护个人隐私的方式来分享观念和问题。设计公开时，也要将每一个设计过程公开给参与者，这样他们才会明白此设计工作值得继续参与，这样参与者也可以了解灾后城市设计是如何慢慢地由各个步骤和他们所作的贡献推进来得出最终设计方案的。为了表示尊敬，于是向参与者解释，这样虽然很浪费时间，但这样之后参与者（灾区居民）就极可能接受了应接不暇的会议以及不再厌烦各种各样的咨询。简化参与方式简化参与方式就是确保人人都能参与灾后城市设计。由于灾后重建的多重压力，灾民可能都已精疲力尽。如此情况下，重要的是尽可能简便灾民参与设计的方式。简化参与方式就要求使用清晰的语言,避免缩写和行话，确保通告能够准确传达目的和思想，这样才利于灾民理解。达里尔·泰勒（DarylTaylor）指出,对于许多已精疲力尽的灾民来说，读通告就像在读一整页字体如蚂蚁般渺小并会活动的单词，非常杂乱，信息也很模糊。图纸或许是一种非常有效的能够体现观念和帮助灾民理解设计的方式，透视图通常是图纸中最有效的,因为它能展示人们对事物的实际看法。其它图纸类型如规划图，立45 面图和三向图也很有用，但通常无法向外行人解释这些图纸。对于图纸展示来说，配有相应的书面语是非常重要的，只有这样灾民才会知道自己看到的是什么。例如,如果灾民要看备选图、草图或完成图,就必须了解看到的是哪种图纸。如果是完成图，灾民看完后就得明白此图能否实施，知道此图是否符合自己的心意以及它是否详细呈现了城市设计方案的内容。另一个确保参与方式简便的关键是提供多样化的参与方式。公共会议对缺席者来说毫无用处，它也存在这样的风险，即会议的决定权会落入少数与会者手中。大多数人通常不喜欢填问卷。互联网的用处很大，尤其是对分散的灾区。绝大多数灾区都设有网站和部落格，这就为广泛快速地传播消息提供了渠道，也能让流浪者了解新闻动态和消息。然而,并不是人人都能访问互联网。尊重幸存者幸存者的痛苦可能来自失去珍爱之物的特殊遭遇，这些遭遇无法猜测。设计师在尝试了解灾害时，不应该主观判断损失的大小以及这些损失会带来的风险。爱狗和住所，到底失去哪个会更心痛，相片集和生意孰轻孰重，其他人能自行判断，但设计师应该避免从中做出选择。如果设计师希望幸存者从设计过程中获得希望，设计师就应该感同身受，而不是假装分担幸存者遭遇的痛苦，除非是不得已。尊重幸存者就要求设计师聆听他们的遭遇时，要全神贯注并注意礼貌,之后将听到的内容连贯地复述给倾诉者，倾诉者会感受到设计师的诚心。只有尊重幸存者，设计师才能始终秉持灾后城市设计的核心宗旨，即做出能创造利益和福祉的设计。尊重幸存者也要求设计师理解他们的生活节奏，并认可那些特殊日期，如灾难纪念日、生日，失败纪念日等等。如果记忆中的事情再次发生，人们会变得更加敏感。如果设计师忽视这些纪念日，就等于疏远或忽视了这些纪念日的意义。用词得当在高度敏感的灾后环境中,一些单词的意思可能有所延伸和变得突出。灾后城市设计中的用语要高度重视这一变化。确保考虑到了所有会受语言影响的人，避免疏漏一人。例如,协调过程中，政治标语可能会成为绊脚石,阻碍协调的进度。第六章所提到的北爱46 尔兰和平中心,就其名称都存在争议。和平中心起初是集中营，大部分天主教徒称它为长基（LongKesh）监狱,其中关押的犯人没有明确的法律身份。后来新教徒称它为梅兹（Maze）监狱，梅兹监狱中关押的人员拥有明确的法律身份。为此和平中心在起名字时充分考虑了天主教和新教的传统，和平中心现在也被称为梅兹或长基，就如北爱尔兰第二大城市被称为德里或伦敦德里。此外,设计师在反映幸存者对重建和恢复的理解时，要用词得当，避免令人反感的词。例如:“幸存者”还是“受害者”。对于无灾难经历的人来说,他们无法区分“幸存者”和“受害者”,认为“受害者”包括“幸存者”。然而对于经历过灾难的人来说，“幸存者”和“受害者”有着实质的区别。“受害者”是指遇难者或者灾难中的被动方，然而“幸存者”是指主动应对灾难从而存活下来的人。幸存者更加喜欢提到“机构”和“自主”。“恢复”还是“改造”。维多利亚州发生森林大火之后，维多利亚州山火重建部门的委员说：“‘恢复’一词不妥，我们倾向使用“改造”，因为它能够产生良好的效果。”这就告诉我们，“恢复”仅仅指将社区还原成灾前的样貌，然而改造指创建一个更好的崭新社区供居民生活。因此,此书建议使用恢复描述个人克服并走出灾难的过程，使用改造指代集体恢复的结果。逆向思考挑战安德烈·麦克劳德（AndrewMacleod）是国际人道救援组织的高级官员和灾后重建专家，他与我分享了在2005年巴基斯坦的喀什米尔发生重大地震后，帮助喀什米尔进行重建的工作经历。重建过程中，他发现一起工作的当地同事，国家地震恢复重建局的局长杰那拉·纳迪姆（GeneralNadim）有着这样的观念，认为重建是扩大人道主义救援范围的机遇，例如为女孩提供获得更好教育的机会。通过调查以及与当地居民的交流，他们得出女孩们受教育程度低的原因是缺少时间和机会，因为女孩们每天要花数个小时为家庭提供生活用水。解决女孩们教育问题的方法就是确保重建的房屋靠近水源和改善教育设施。他说这个细致入微的协调方法将女孩的入学率有效的提升了50%。赋予幸存者一定的权利对于许多幸存者来说，灾难的巨大影响之一就是让人感到无法掌控生活。因此他们会感47 到脆弱，不知道该做什么，可能生平第一次失去自主决定和行动的能力。然而的确很难做到让幸存者全权掌控生活环境。2009年，针对澳大利亚维多利亚州森林大火开展的重建工作表明，重建工作经验丰富的专家能有效的帮助灾民完成重建工作。森林大火后，聘请重建顾问帮助灾区居民重建就是一个很好的例子。通过逐步积累设计和管理方面的经验，灾区居民也能有掌控公共环境的能力。这就要从能建立关系，累积社会资本和积累知识的小事着手，这些小事在以后的重大任务中能够发挥作用。亚瑟·艾奇逊（ArthurAcheson）是北爱尔兰住房行政管理机构的主席，他说社区居民持续参与社区维护工作能让他们自然而然的参与到当地社区的管理活动中去，在管理活动中居民会提出许多精彩的建议。社区管理活动能帮助社区居民获得整合社区的高超能力，居民有此能力后就能为设计师提供简明扼要的介绍，于是公共场所和私人场所就诞生了。如果没有居民那简明扼要的介绍，重建工作就不可能协调进行。苏珊娜·瓦兰斯（SuzanneVallance）是一位基督城研究学者，同时也基督城的居民。她在记者会上说：“为了重建工作能够更好的进行需要投入大量精力，但却在这时做一些易发起和易实现的小型协作项目，这些小项目虽然看上去是不必要的浪费精力，但它们却有着巨大价值。这些小型协作项目实质上可以锻炼一些机构和社区的能力,可以巩固新的社会关系网和建立彼此间的信任。如果居民和企业看到重建部门能够成功完成小型项目,他们会充分相信重建部门也能成功完成更大的项目。对于重建部门来说，小项目的协作性不需很强。我发现，许多居民和商业代表真心渴望做一些具有建设性的事情；完成任务需要的更多的是能力而不是积极性。这方面的例子是设置临时景观并改造旧冰箱来摆放交换的图书。图书交换活动使空旷的土地变得有意义，也让居民参与到生活环境管理中去。人尽其才开展灾区规划工作时要人尽其才，这样可以树立居民对重建工作的信心，深化最终设计方案的归属感以及避免以后出现问题。规划活动需要以下这些人的参与：经常成功完成政府和企业大项目的人，因为他们拥有权力和金钱；当地居民，因为他们拥有强大的感情资本；富有洞察力的人，因为他们了解什么是最好的发展，知道什么样的物质在当地情况下能起最大作用。这些人也极度渴望参与重建工作。48 要想人尽其才，就要承认每个人的贡献，找出为灾区服务的领导和其捍卫者并与他们合作。如果将上述的这些人从重建工作中排除之外或禁止他们参与重建工作，他们会沮丧并认为自己的权利遭到了剥夺。志愿者可能会提供服务，物资可能会得到捐赠,人们也可能任劳任怨的干以下这些事情,如灾后清理、出席会议、填写问卷、游说权威、让圣地变成街心公园、组织号召邻居和贡献自己的专业技能、劳动或金钱。2005年，《加拿大可持续建筑》杂志提到:“为灾后重建作城市设计时，要简化实施方案，要以当地居民和低成本为基础。如果方案简单，以当地居民和当地资源为基础，如果设计概念尊重当地文化，重视当地的可持续发展，它们便更能够获得成功⋯这样也能为当地创造就业机会，支持当地经济的重组。然而,困难的是如何利用这些资源。2009年，维多利亚州发生森林大火之后,捐赠物资和由技术专家提供的志愿技术服务在重建工作中发挥了重要作用，但整合利用这些物资和技术服务给后勤工作带来了巨大挑战，政府额外提供的物资和捐赠者数次的慷慨解囊减轻了后勤的压力使得重建工作顺利完成。对于人尽其才，更关键的因素是确保最终的规划明确满足了所有利益者的要求，这决定社区规划能否实施。如果规划满足了利益者的需求，它们就会认为此规划与他们息息相关，他们也能定位自己的角色。如果规划未能反映出利益者的要求，规划方案便会失去这些关键人物的拥护，重建工作就无法获得广泛支持，未能满足所有要求的规划方案尤其可能会使保守的当局不以合作的方式开展重建工作。以提案形式呈现规划时，要明确呈现出利益者重视的方面和资源，这样规划才更容易被采用。铭记灾民与灾区关系的变化灾区有可能受人喜爱，也有可能受人嫌弃。幸存者很可能觉得难以重新融入社区生活，认为与自己融为一体的社区消失了。幸存者也会开始厌恶自己所在的社区，因为待在原地会勾起痛苦的回忆。幸存者拥有的感受会改变他们对周围生活环境的态度，会使他们逃离所在的社区并也在情感上排斥所在社区。生理和心理上也无法再从朋友和邻居的支持中获得帮助。如果希望幸存者重新融入社区生活，先决条件是设计受欢迎的社区，在社区中开展能让幸存者觉得与自己有关的娱乐活动，例如社区晚餐。2009年，维多利亚州发生森林大火后，社区晚餐成了灾民恢复过程中相当重要的环节。49 相反,如果灾区成为纪念之地，就会吸引人群，因为人们可以在那里表达敬意和感悟历史。幸免于难的事物具有重大意义，如卡翠娜（Katrina)飓风过后，新奥尔良法国广场上顽强挺过来的酒吧、餐馆、剧场和建筑，或者那棵从“911”事件中幸存下来，现在位于“911”纪念碑广场上的梨树。安抚灾区居民即使在正常情况下,让多元化的居民参与社区设计也十分具有挑战性，因为他们在自信心、理解水平和个人利益上存在差异。组织灾民参与灾后社区设计会变得更加困难，因为在规划和设计过程中，他们一直处于愤怒和悲伤的状态，这些情绪会影响设计结果，对社区其它成员也会造成负面影响。达里尔·泰勒（DarylTaylor）告诉我要安抚灾区居民。因此，在灾后设计过程中要小心平衡个人职责,确保了解灾区所有居民的观念，做出合适的设计，但这并不代表灾区居民是设计的决策者。安抚灾区居民就要让他们能够通过多种方式来参与灾后社区设计，让他们能够融入集体而不是一个人，这样灾区居民就不会觉得自己具有破坏性或感觉到受了忽视。要安抚灾区居民也需要一种既能分享观点又能保护隐私的方法。所有人都能通过分享的观点了解灾区其它居民对重建工作的看法和侧重点。规划师和设计师也能全面了解灾区居民的想法和价值观，这样便能平等对待所有人的观点，而不是只听取几个社区代表的意见。提供灵活的灾区规划时间的流逝会改变人们对生活环境的看法，因为居民在流动：有些人出于感情原因会离开，有些新人会住进来，而还有些人会在原地继续生活。外部因素的影响力也在上升，如全球变暖，石油峰值的变化，以及经济的增长或萎缩，外部因素会使居民面对意想不到的问题，会使计划不周的社区规划无法应对环境的变化。如果要让规划成为人们所希望的有效实施方案，保证将来不会变糟或让居民面对意想不到的问题，它就应该灵活到能够不断适应变化的环境。这就要求承认规划的局限性，即涉及的时间范畴、前提和设想场景的容差，并找出修改规划的原因，做出有意义的修改后。该规划也应确定下设计宗旨，修改设计时，设计师必须遵从设计宗旨，但也不是一昧的遵从。透过成果看效果50 成果指设计过程中完成的有形建筑，而效果指那些有形建筑建成后对居民产生的作用。治愈性设计期待的理想效果是灾区居民能够享受其所在的生活环境，而那生活环境也能帮住灾区居民克服困难，让他们朝前看，继续新的生活。如果要建造能够取得上述理想效果的生活环境，设计师就应该关心重建的社区环境能产生什么作用，而不是设计过程中能得出哪些有形建筑。城市设计师应该确保灾后设计满足了人们的主要客观需求如房屋面积和房屋单元号，但设计师也要反问自己：建成后的社区对居民有什么意义，居民对它又是什么感受，建成后的社区能为居民提供什么样的机遇，又会给居民带来哪些不便，建成后的社区能帮居民缓解哪些压力，又会给居民带来哪些压力。发展如何能改变人们对某地的观点是重点需要考虑的效果。如果可以的话，一些先期项目如种树或规划临时生活环境，可以帮助灾区居民与他人建立新关系，新关系的建立至少能帮助灾区居民稍稍缓解历难后的痛苦。先期项目也可以为之后持久的重建工作提供具有吸引力的现成景观。效果也包括获得的经历。正如苏珊娜·瓦兰斯所说：“基于基督城的例子，我个人认为暂行方案非常有价值，因为它促进了实验和创新的发展，为试运行提供了机会，给灾区居民和灾后重建委员带来了做实事的机会。重要的是，居民及其希望重建工作可以快速开展，但精细的规划需要耗费大量的时间，临时项目能帮助平衡这两方面的需求。”建筑的后续作用项目都有自己的孕育期和生命。从设计灵感变成实体建筑的时间段属于孕育期，临时项目的孕育期非常短暂，这意味着建造临时建筑的时间要短于长久建筑。临时建筑很容易改造，如果因重建，就完全摧毁临时建筑，那么这些建筑的作用就会消失而且重建后的建筑为居民带来的利益也要小于预期的利益。因此，治愈性设计提倡每个建筑都能重复使用或者都能适应环境的变化。民主化的设计方案灾后,灾区居民往往都迫切的想要做一些事情，想要克服痛苦和帮助推进重建工作。如果不能满足灾区居民的迫切需求，他们就会颓废和无所事事。因此灾后设计工作要帮助解决灾区居民的迫切需求，让灾区居民获得动力，这样他们的状态会越来越好。如达里51 尔·泰勒所说,“虽然灾区居民只有短期的集中注意力，但他们能高度关注一项任务”。灾后，灾区居民的注意力和判断力也有所降低，这导致了他们决定力的降低。因此,应该利用任何机会帮助灾区居民做决定，并让他们产生向前的动力。出于以上原因，如果设计方案在获得一致认可后，可以既安全又快速地实施，重建工作参与者就会充满动力和信心，并觉得付出有所回报。2010年，大卫·恩格威特（DavidEngwicht）为沃东加－维多利亚州北部的一个郊区城市－做设计时，就非常重视在社区范围内做一些小事，如精心组织一场店面清洁，这些小举措可以激励居民。一个更大规模的例子是位于新西兰基督城的卡瑟尔购物中心（CashelMall）。基督城临时装饰了一些海运集装箱和开发了一些相关的美丽风景，使得人们愿意重新回到基督城生活。此项目的名称为“重振基督城”，卡瑟尔购物中心是最先重建的建筑，它的重建也标志着城市恢复了常态，之后基督城相继有了咖啡馆，娱乐场所和零售商店。为了确保早期项目将来能够融入其它后期项目，早期项目要接受全面考虑。找出共同点如第三章和第六章所探讨的，社会的分裂造成了人民的对立，有矛盾的社区往往它们的居民也是对立的，因此弱化了社区间的合作。出于这个原因，必须找出社区间的共同点并将这共同点作为社区交流的基础。共同点可以是社区间的公共活动区域，可以是所有居民的相同利益，也可以是社区对重要事务的共识。例如，贝尔法斯特，斯图尔特镇马路上的人行道就是在获得马路两边对立社区的一致同意后才建的，人行道的建立为在两个对立社区间开展大型项目提供了联系。治愈性设计的典型步骤治愈性设计的步骤都是复杂的。从本质上来看，人与生活环境有着复杂的关系，这些关系包括实体层面（即建筑形式）和社会层面（人们对所处环境的行为和感受）。地方特色来自于其居民和生活环境间的互动。要想重建对居民有益的社区，设计师就要充分考虑居民与生活环境在实体层面和社会层面上存在的关系，创造出合适的治愈性设计;建造师就要建造出合适的生活环境，这样生活空间才会有价值，它才能与居民产生互动并帮助居民。创作治愈性设计的过程中，历经危难的灾区居民正处于受惊状态，因此设计过程会很漫52 长。下文概述了一个虚构的社区设计项目在社区中的开展步骤，并假设此项目是受政府机构委托来帮助受灾社区的。.1.项目调查：这一步是为了确保委托机构和设计师能步伐一致，并在对项目的看法上达成共识。如果遗留的错误观念在设计项目的后期暴露出来，设计项目就会毁于一旦，但这时设计项目已经耗费了相当多的时间和精力，而且它已经给予了人们希望。如果设计师不想夸大承诺，就必须了解委托机构拥有的资源和它在资金、权限等方面固有的局限性，所有机构在法律和权力上都有其局限性。如果设计师希望能在自己认同的管理框架内工作，那么就一定得了解委托机构拥有的资源和其局限性。如果现有社区的领导能加入设计项目调查，那么设计项目的合法性在居民心中你就会大大提高。项目调查也能用于制定和确定沟通策略，这样即将实施的措施就能得到概括和确定。项目调查是为了确保治愈性设计方案能够得到灾区居民的广泛认同，并让所有人都参与其中。2.向灾区居民解释设计项目以获取认可：该步骤旨在确保灾区居民和其他利益者能够了解灾后社区设计项目的内容，了解开展此项目的原因，了解他们自身所扮演的角色，以及弄清楚设计步骤是如何环环相扣的。该步骤向灾区居民表达了敬意，并为灾区居民的进一步参与打下基础。在这一步骤中，可以向灾区居民介绍设计过程中的每一阶段，概述灾区居民需要参与的内容，以及承诺会好好利用灾区居民提供的帮助。如立法等的许多因素都还在审核，所以无法锁定设计步骤，其中的设计程序和步骤还有待敲定，但应该向社区居民和领导人就这些不确定因素作出解释。城市设计师也可以利用这个步骤阐述治愈性设计的作用，但不能像列购物清单一样一一作解释说明，而是应该以调和居民观念的方式作出解释，从而巩固社区目标。灾区居民会对良好的设计在社会、生态和经济方面持有不同的看法。在解释治愈性设计的会议上，设计师还能询问灾区居民的困扰以及他们所重视的点。这些问询有助于下一步骤的实施。3.了解挑战：这一步能够确定存在的问题以及解决这些问题需要的资源。做好这一步，就是要将社区当成一个自然的社会结构，确认社区在灾前和灾后对居民都有着什么样的价值，了解灾区居民对社区的看法以及弄清那些与社区相关的规划或政策。政策规定和许多其他问题都会影响灾后社区的设计方案，这些问题通常可以通过场地分析和图表显现出来。绘制社区布局图是个非常实用的方法，将社区布局图展现在居民和利益者眼前，然后就布局图进行讨论，确保经过重重考虑后得出的设计方案可以获得广泛认同。53 了解挑战的另一个方面是要了解手头有哪些资源能用来应对挑战。2009年维多利亚州森林大火的幸存者，安妮·利德比特（AnneLeadbeater）告诉（英国）皇家专门调查委员会（RoyalCommission）：“持续重建的必要构成因素是找到社区在灾前所拥有的优势和互联网并对它们加以利用。每个社区都有自身的特色和它们重视的事物。花时间来识别及连接社区互联网并尽可能以先前的优势为基础进行灾后社区设计是值得的。我们第一周的工作就是做这些。如果不了解社区在灾前重视哪些东西，就无法帮助灾区居民恢复，也就无法正确定义社区，社区定义就会以突发事件而不是寻常的美好事物为基础。”4.确定设计宗旨：这一步骤是为了通过与灾区居民的广泛交流来确定设计宗旨。广泛交流可以帮助灾区居民就社区的看法达成共识，可以鼓励灾区居民参与设计的制定和实施。设计宗旨可以通过设计师与利益者和社区居民一起制定，讨论和解决设计议程来确定。设计议程不仅要清晰涵盖社区灾民和利益者的担忧，也要满足良好社区规划和社区设计的要求。设计宗旨可以通过社区规划来阐述，社区规划解释了居民和利益者的优先追求，社区的各个区域在满足这些要求上都扮演了什么角色。为了让利益者亲眼看见之前听说过的设计概念，要将规划图展现在他们眼前，利益者看过规划图后，如果有问题就能提出修改建议。5.以灾区居民同意的设计宗旨制定设计方案：这一步骤是为了将获得一致认可的设计宗旨转变成实际设计方案。将设计宗旨变成实际方案就要从各种角度考虑能将设计方案变成实体建筑的因素，确保设计方案不仅在经济上可行，也能满足社区居民的需求。设计方案定好后，就可以将它展现给社区居民和利益者，供他们考虑。如果设计法案展现出了社区目标与实体建筑间的关系，就能以最简单的方式让居民和利益者明白他们的需求已得到充分考虑，也能增加他们对设计的信心。提供全部能够证明设计方案可实施的信息会耗时长久，但阐述明确并将社区目标与实体建筑联系起来的规划图不仅能有效获得社区居民和利益者的支持，也能有效的融合居民的不同观点。可行性设计方案的展示图能表现出设计方案的现实性、意义以及其中的思想，这样可以帮助设计方案赢得资金和无限资源，如维多利亚森林大火后，纳贝斯同（Narbethong）社区礼堂的重建以及本书提到的埃塞俄比亚项目就是很好地例子。6.将设计图变成实体建筑：上述社区规划方案可以给与居民希望，为了居民的希望就要将设计方案变成真正的建筑。社区的重建需要必要的资源，需要明确每个人的责任。为此，灾后社区规划应该附上确定执行方法和执行者的声明，但在设计项目初始阶段，54 往往无法确定执行方法和执行者，但应该明确制定出克服资源困难的办法，资源出现短缺时，就能立马解决。灾后，“非传统”资源可能派得上用场并能左右设计项目的成功和失败，而其中最重的就是劳动志愿者和专家志愿者。然而，正如上文探讨的，项目需要精心管理。如果只是暂时或过渡项目，就应该考虑到如何循环使用或保留原有的设计，未来，这些设计是会给社区造成困扰还是带来机遇。7.检查和维护社区：这一步是为了确保重建后的社区能够应对不断变化的环境，经过岁月洗礼和风雨侵袭后的建筑也能继续满足人们变化的需求。这通常要求人们对建筑进行日常保养，检查和修整。55'