• 13.60 MB
  • 102页

《户外医学》(第四部分)翻译项目报告.pdf

  • 102页
  • 当前文档由用户上传发布,收益归属用户
  1. 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
  2. 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
  3. 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
  4. 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
''一.;.一‘:-:.觀峭:齡巧.某讓:巧關禱.於:舅?養化|議;I至J’極'馨,;坤'.身疆謂<,.孫編索絶i聲广r尝'fIi編译硕?学位论^文.令證:屬?:%J-.寒.非遲巧:汾聽S:鍾隱v讀讀寮;梦参;V.識.舊..療'.叩修對铺齡輪W齡解项."^AII扣£^^它?苦M?:S巧的StT'V..-..咬帮公芝镇;梦I感嶺研琴£:知養苛;;指师'L端揖f^位:夕氣喔,1漏.&.;嫌纖獅々.-终M:義兀J间龍日,间I即?严;革伽、J::v—-靜..讀i\;;碧|i‘f’誘氏麵i:私蠢苔屬.舅怎破在麵'心式藻誦i. 学位论文独创性声明本人郑重声明;所提交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果。本论文中除引文外,所有实验、数据和有关材料均是真实的。本论文中除引文和致谢的内容外,不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中作了声明并表示了谢意。学位论文作者签名、;日親>仅。被学位论文使用授权声明研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属南京师范大学。学校有权保存本学位论文的电子和纸质文档,可W借阅或上网公布本学位论文的部分或全部内容,可W采用影印、复印等手段保存、汇编本学位论文。学校可W向国家有关机关或机构送交论文的电子和纸质文档,允许论文被查阅和借阅。(保密论文在解密后遵守此规定);;保密论文注释本学位论文属于保密论文,密级么保密期限为年。学位论文作者签名;指导教师签名;妹。护日期;15.八日期: 中文摘要自1986年起,《》,在医学领域户外医学这本书被誉为权威的随身携带的手册。作者保罗.斯图尔特.奥尔己克,医学博±,理科硕±,被视为户外医学的世界级权威专家之一。该书第五版的特点主要是更新了最新出现的传染疾病,最新的药物W及使用方法,着重强调了如何利用手边的材料。本书共有十位翻译员共同负责,并将由江苏某出版社出版发行。笔者作为该翻译一队伍的员:,主要负责第四部分的翻译任务,约1万4千字的翻译量,內容主要是在户外活动中,面临被昆虫(如赎蚁、蚊子、苍幡等)町咬时,可能会出现的状况及应急治疗方法;出行遇到電击、火山、雪崩等自然灾害时应采取的行动及自救方法。在此项目的翻译过程中,,笔者遇到的主要困难是医学英语中出现的专化词汇及长难句的处理问题。本项目报告力图从文体学方向出发,分析医学英语文体特点,并一一些可行的建议从这特点出发,对医学翻译中出现的词汇及句子问题提出。,笔者的翻译实践项目报告表明,对医学翻译这种属于专业领域的翻译应该在日常学习中注意积累相关的医学词汇、前缀、后缀、词根等,并且培养自己的句子分析的能力,化及将长难句划分成短句子的能力,化繁为简,更好地应对医学翻译中可能出现的各种问题。关键词:户外医学医学翻译业词汇长难句;;专;i ABSTRACTSince1986,Me成c/只e诚e妓?or及hasbeenho打0化das也emostau化oritative抑ha打dbookwhichpeoplecancarryabout.Theautiorof化isbookisPaulS.Auerbach,DoctorofMedicine,MasterofScience,whoisKgardedast;heleadingauthorityofmedcthewordTheter巧itiedttitions1:0uatehe打ewesiinei打l.characicofheffthipd*timei1hetmedi化cutdiseaandatthesametinfeciousdseasesand:newesicneiehoseses,emhasizehowtousethematerials.pTentranslatorswereresponsibleforthetranslationof化ebook,whichwouldbeublishedbacertainressofi.Asammberothetranslationt:eamthe^ansurovnceefpypgp,authorwasinchargeofthetra打slationofthefourthartwhichcontai打s14thousandwords.pThemttsareeoedointrsactivitiai打conenasfoliesarebtenblows:whenpplgoudooytssttthesi打secuchasceniedesmosutoesiesandsoonwhatemerencacionhouldpi,扫y,q,gyi打orlihiikest:akedertoreventi打fectionwheneoleoinoutsideencountertnnstr,p;ppgggg-vocanoesvaanchesandsoonwhatactonandse-me化odsshouldtakeinthel,alilfhelp,yordertosavetheirlives.I打化eprocessof化isproecttranslation,化emai打dificulties化ea山:horfacedare山ejproblemsoft:erminologyaeari打gint:hemedicalEnglishand化etreatmentoflongandppcomlexsentencesThilttttofMedicalp.sproecttries化anaze化eslisiccharacerisicsjyyEnglishfromthepointofstylisticsandtoputforwardsomeadviceabouttheissuesofwordsandsentencesintra打slatio打onthebasisof化isfeatu化.Theau化ordttttbecsethetranslationofmedicineiscovershrough化isproec:haaujbelo打stotheareaofexertisethetra打slatorsshouldaate打tio打totheaccumulationof呂p,py^'ttinerelativemedicalwordsfixfdmnwhiletheshouldiacice1:heiesufixanrootsea,y,p,pabilitiestoanalyzesentencesanddividethelongandcomlexsentencesinordertodealpwni1:htheemergingroblemsinmedicaltranslatio.pKeWords:M饼巧cmerOm/麻oramedicaltranslation1:erminoloy於;;gy;longandcomlexsentencespii Contents中文摘要iABSTRACTiit1Chaer0打eoecturvepPrjSy1-1Backgrou打dof化eProgram112IntducP1.rotionoftherogram1.3Processofheroram2tPgChapterTwoStylisticsandMedicalTranslation32.1Stlistics3y42.1.1Graphology2.1.2Vocabular4y2.14.3Syntax22MedcaTn5.ilraslationChapterThreeStylisticCharacteristicsofMedicalEnglish73.1StylisticCharacteristicsofWords73.1.1LoanVwordsinEnglishocabularyofMedicine73.1.2AffixesandSuffixesFromLatinandGreek73丄3TheEtmoloofMedici打alWords8ygy32ttCttt9.SylisicharacerisicsofSenencesChapterFourMaorIssuesandSolutions10j41MIAiT10.aorssuesearninMedicalranslationjppg4ttt11.2SolutionsoheProblemsofWordsandSenences41StPW11.2.oluionstotheroblemsofords4.2.2Solutio打sto化eProblemsofSentences124.2.2.1Passveoce13iVi4.2.22omaraveentences15.CptiS174.2.2.3Clauses4.2.2on-fmieerb22.4NtVsChapterFiveConclusionsandRecommendations2451Co.nclusions2452.Recommendations25Bibliography26Aendix29ppAcknowedement97lgsiii ChapterOneProjectSurvey1.1Backgroundof化eProgramWiththe拉StdevelomentofCQmniunicatio打betwee打countriestheexcha打eofp,gscience化chnoloandcultureraduallexands.Asaartofscience,medici打elasa,gygypppy’muchmoireimportantroleinpeoplesdailylife.DuringthelateMingandearlyQingDy打astywesternmedicinewasintrodu化dintoChi打awhichenormouslinflue打cedthe,,yatternofChinesemedicine.pTheintroductionofmedcinefromabroadserativewhichwlenrichtheiiimilp,medicalsys化m.Asaresult,thetranslationofmedicineisbecomingmoireandmoresinificant.gSinceSetember2013theauthorhasbeunthestudiesofMasterofTra打slatio打andp,gInterpretation,which打eedsalotofpractice.Thefourthpartof化ebookMe成c如er从e於加o伯isoneofthemainexercises.Theauthorhaslearnedalotfromtheroce%ofptranslation.1.2Intro加c村onoft;heProgram-M化//c/we/班£0M切oorsisabookabo山conditionandreactio打ofeolei打diepp於wildern斯s.Since1986,peoplewhowouldhavefieldtripshavehailed化isbookasa----takemanuailmustl.Itisfullofst:ebsteinstructionshowtoexlanationsandoetca,pyp,ppapproachestooutdoora打dwildernessemergencieswhichin抗rms出ereadersof化ebest,ways化respo打d化如lymedicalp防biems化eyarefacing.PaulS.Auerbach,化eauthorofMecZ/cme/or从e加or五isregardedasoneof化eworicTsleadingauthoritiesonwildernessmedicine.MedicineortheOutdoorsisintroducedintoChinaasaracticalbooktoheleoplefpppkeepsafeintheoutdoors.ThisbookisdividediiUo化nparts.Aso打eofthe化打translators,化eairthortakeschargeofPartIV.Thisartismainlaboutin化c1:sin化ewildnessandpy打aturedisastersandhowtodealwiththemwhileeoleca打noteta打helfromdoctors.,,ppgyp1 Inllinreaderswhattodoive打ca打savelifeincriticalsituations.化g,teIn化ess化eauorchoosesaboutisrsasesourcet肋tfor化eis出i化10000Englhwod化,,proectreort.jp13roceof:ram*Pss<heProgTheKaretenparticipantsi打化isworkoftranslation,oneofwhomis也eleaderof化etransatonteamrstettrtcomanandtdivideditinU)li.Fi化leaderohebookfomheyhen,gpte打arts.Thensheaskedeachofustochooseoneart.Afterwedecidedwhichartwepppwereoin化translatetheleader化Idusthereukementofthecomany:tobeaccurateg,g,gpfluentandfaithful.A打dtheallotedtimeforthetra打slationwasonemonththatistosa,y,wemu巧handleitoverinamonth.The1怎aderwoulddotheworkofintegrationand化ecoma打wouldaskoneersoneaminedcorct化emistakesinourtranslation.py化xanrepBeforetranslation,theauthorsearchedsomearticlesabouttheregulationofmedicaltranslation化at化etranslatorsmustabideband化echaracten巧icsofmedicaltranslation.yAfter化epreparation,比eau化orstarted化化ad化ewholepartofherworkoftranslationfbrseveraltimesandbegantranslating.Asthispartinc山dedmanywordsaboutinsects,medicinea打dill打糾s,someofwhichshehadneverheardbefo化,theauthormustobtainsomeinformatio打about化em.About20daslatertheauthorfinishedthetranslation.Thenextobwastocheckittoy,jmakesuretfiat化erewerenomistakesormisu打derstandmsthatmacauseseriousgy-ohandedhteamCO打seuencesleaderwho.Aftercarefulchecku化eauthritover1:o1:e;,qp,wou^ldtakechareofthenextstaeoftheroect.ggpj2 ChapterTwoStylisticsandMedicalTranslationSttit化tIlsondlkcs;sasubecStudthestleofwriinandlanuae.tdeveoieyjyygggpbasisoftraditionalwesternrhet:oricbutitwasuntil化ebeinninofl:he21stcen(:urthat,ggyitstarted化u化化e化eoryandanalysisme化odsofmodem至inguistics化explo化化estlisticroblem.Soinas化ictsenseitisa打ewsubectwhichhasustdeveloedforay,jjppshortperiodoftime.Transationthestli巧icschanewiththeorinalstle.Thelmu巧followyandgigytranslatorsmustensuirethatthestyleoftranslationaccommodatestothestleof化esourceytext.Fromthebeginningofthe1960sHallidaexlored1:herelationshibetweenstle,yppyandtransattteliontheorandtranslatonachinfroml:heointofviewslisics.SincyiCgofyp1970sresearchersoftranslationtheori打EuroeandtheUnitedStateshavedeeened,ypp化eirknowledgeofstylistics.This巧363化11onthetranslationworkhasconsiderablyracticalsinifica打cetotraosatio打itselfandsocialfimctio打aswellwhichoensua打ewpgl,ppiiifittway化exloirethetheoroftranslation.Thestudofstlstcssoreatmoranceopyyygpexorescourseanassandttranslatontheorandractice.pldilyiheiyp2.1StylisticsGene化llyseakingstlisticsincludes1:hefollowinfields:makinsureaticalp,yggypcharacteristicsofastlethrouhanalzindifferenthabitsoflanuaeuseexlaininthatygyggg;pga'steastsowractestcscassincharactersaccorto也eirlanuaeylhincharii;lfyigdingggfunctio打s.I打fact,difere打twritingshavedifferentlinguisticcharacterisdcs.Languagehas化reefunctionswhichareexKSsivefunctioninformativefunctionandvocativefunction.p,,"Newmarkextturelainsthe出reefunctionsinhisworkhemainfuncionsoflangageap,‘,‘,exressvorfoeescritiveori打formativetheitforma打dthepiethesubectiveIrmthd)(),j,p(,,4’vocatt妃rm1.ofttxtsiveordirectiveorersuasiveheou.Newmark988:41Allhee()(,)py*havetlit灶iton:het:hieefunctions.Overallerarworksmai打lfocusoneexressvefunci,yyp,wh-ttilenonlieraryworksmainlceneroninformativefunction.yRece打tlytherelatively打ewresearchfieldis化u化化e化eoryofstylisticstos化dy3 tra打slationanditsrules.After化eracticeoftranslationandtheoreticalresearchfbrmanypyears,scholarscombi打etranslatologywitiistylisticsfrom化eperspectiveofstylisticstoresearchtranslationanditsstyle,whichisanewtopicinaccordwkh化ereuirementsofqthetimes.2.1*1GraphologyGraholoincludescasesensitivitunctuationfontdivisionofsentencesandsopgyy,p,,"ontt-.Thebeinningofsentencesdisi打uishednamesandthesinularoft:hefirsersong,ggpro打ounsareneededtobei打theformofcaitalotherconditionsaree打eralllowercasepp,gy"lettefno化saretll化creatitirs.Iteentencesintenionaestlsticeffec.LiuShishenZhu,(yyg,Ruiin2006:.qg,巧Asfarasgraphologyisconcernedintranslationpractice,translatorsshouldfirstunderstand地efunctionofpunctuation,font,divisionofsentences,picturesaearin呂inpp化etranslationthenthinkaboutwhedier化ehavethesamemeaninsindietaret,yggttttla打uageandafterthattra打slatorsshouldfmdoumehodsandstrateiesodealwihg,g'theseroblems.Intheprocessoftranslationtranslatorstr化eirbesttobefaithful化thep,yoriginaltextandmakebothtextsinaccordancewitheachother.2.1.2VocabularyWhenitcomes化analyzing化echaracteristicsofthestyle,theaspectsrelated化vocabularincludetheartsofseechnewdsetloandthenefwordusin.y,wor,oraoppymgyggVocabularyis化esmallestunitofsentences.Asa化suit化eimdersta打dinof化ese拉ctors,gwoulddiwctlyinfluence化etranslationactivities.2.1.3SirtaxyAtthesyntacticlevel,地eanalysisofthes巧listicfeatuKsinvolves化efollowingaspects:thetenseandvoiceofsentencesand化estructurea打dcomone打tsofsentences.pFirstofall,Englisht:en化sareaffectedby化eLatingrammar,化eastisassociatedw脯化eppast,thepresentiswithnow,andthingshappeninginthefuturearewiththefuture,4 Generallseakinliterarworksuse貼therimar1:ensea打dscie打ce行ctionsoftenuseypg,,ypytheasttensewhennarratinwhatwillhaenin讯efuUireworld.Butin也estleofpgppyscienceandt:echnologytheresenttenseandtheast化nsearecommonlused.,ppy2.2MedicalTranslationSma-ince化ereforndoeni打guofChina化eexchaneofvariousfieldssuchaspp,gtechnoloscienceeducationandmedicinearebecomingmoreandmorefrequent比a打gy,,,a打timeinChinesehistor.Withtileimrovementoflivi打standardsChineseeoleayypg,pppymoreatentiontohealthroblems.EventhoughChinesemedicineisefectiveitis打otp,conve打ie打ttoCO打coctandcarranditssmellisawaimleasa打t.0打theotherha打d,y,ypwesternmedicinehasi化owndistinctiveadvantaessuchasconvenienceortabilitandg,,pyquickness.I打alobalizedworlditis打ecessarforChinatointroduce化eWesterng,y*medicine化e打richourow打mediclss化eiefbreheanslatio打ofwesterninaym,Thttr,medicineshowsreatimortance.gpButfbralo打gtime,medicinetra打slationi打Chinaisunsatisfactory.Even化oughEnlishhasswetChinalikeHurricaneeoleofallaesarestudinandseakinggp,ppgygpEnlishintheirdaillifeandtranslationofdifferentfieldsareswarminintoalltradesgy,ganduoofeaeasofexese1:〇化381〇113westillneeddomore化sh化erressthrrti,口,ppgpamongwhichismecHci打e.Weallknow化atmedicineisacomlexfield.No0打ecandeny化efact化at化erearep1tt化1lotsofrofessionaandexerienced(〇.en:houhmosofhemhaveaccess:hel1约〇巧Evppgoriinasternmeiciei打ishecanotimdersta打dthemallnthecorrectwa.glwed打臣nglthyni,ySi打ceanymistakei打化erocessoftreatme打tmacausedea化to化eatient,化emedicalpyptranslationisobviouslyvital.EarlyinHanDynastyChinesemedicinewasintroducedintoJapanandsou化ea巧il.Asian.But打別untilMingandinDnastieswas化ewest:ernmedicmebrouhtofficalyQgyginUrcaoeandaan.)China.Thenmanedicinebookscamein化ChinafoAmeriEurJym,pmpe*Aftr1;hefbundingofNewChinamoieand11〇巧workerscommit化emselves化medical,5 translation:whichperfectedthesystemofChi打esemedici打e.However,medicaltranslationconnec1dwithitt.Ttke:estylistcshasnobeenakenseriouslyheauhorhopes化masomesubdeCO打tributicmtomedicaltr泣nsiatio打throuhthisroect,gpj6 ChapterThreeSt州SticCharacteristicsofMedicalEn到ishBeforetranslationtranslatoirsshouldfirstu打derstandtheoriinaltextforonlin化is,g,ywaycantheymakegoodtransl如ion.Inorder化realizethisaim,化eymustlearnsomenaoueau化orifbrmtionabtstlisticcharacteri巧icsofonecertainenre.Inthischaterthygp,willta&about化estylecharacteristicsofmedical巨打gHsh,includingwordsandsen化nces,i打ordert:omedicaltranslation.3.1StyUs化CharacteristicsofWordsLoanwordsinEnlishVocabularofMedidinegyEnglishisalanguage出atabsorbslotsofloanwords.Ifwei打spectEnlishwordsgfrometmoloicalrootwewillfindthatsomeidiomaticEnlishcomesfromFrenchsuchyg,,gasdinnercustommasterandservant,andsomeareintroducedfromChinesesuchas,,,,kongfu,chinmingjiaozi,koutou.打gG打glishvocabularyofmedici打e,mostloanwordsarederivedfromLati打andGreek,someofwhichhave打otchangedatall.Latinhasbeenthemai打languageinWesternEuropefbralongtime,whichisstill化ebasicofFre打ch,Italian,Spanishando化ermainlanguageseve打化oughitwasnotwidelyusedinEuropesi打ceMiddleAges.化La-ClosetinGreekisthemostancientlanuaeofIndoEuroeanfamilso,ggp乂*tundeistandinthederivationofEnlishvocabularhasreatinfluence0打theranslationofggygednemici.3.1.2AffixesandSufHxesFromLatinandGreekAffixesandsufixesofLatina打dG化ekplaysanimportantpartinEnglishvocabularyofmedicine.Amonten1:housandmedicinalwordsabouthalfcomesfromLatinandseveng,presentfromGreek,whichshowsthatLati打andGreekareimportantformedicinalwords.Theyhaveabundantaffixesandsuffixeseachofwhichhavearticularmeaninandcan,pgformnewwordswitho1;herwords.Enlishwordsofmedicineinheritthischaracteristic.g7 ",【,,""",(Fottt-srexamleaffixauomea打s白己身a打dhewordauoantibodmea打自p,,自y"""",,""""体抗体suffixtommeans切除术andthewordastrectomis胃切除术;ygyKnowingtheafixesandthesuff化6SofEnglishwordsisCO打ductive化medicaltranslation.3.1.3TheEtmoloofMedicinalWordsygyostEnsrsoftndGIntmsoft:heMglihwodmedicinederivefromLainareek.:erevotnomtouluioftheeaninofacertainwordherearefrcases:deeeni打widening,,,pggreducingandtransferrin.A打di打化etermsof化eevolutionof化enumberofacertaing,wordsmeanings,therearetwocases:increasinga打ddecreasing.MedicinalwordsderivingfromGreekandLatinremai打theiroriginalmeanings.Buttrttinheocessofevolutionhemeaninsofsomewordswiden.Forinsancetricholo^ip,g,gy(",,*发学-?Thiswordisformedbthreearts:Gieekroottricktrixtrichoshair),(毛发)yp,",,",,""vowe--l〇andGreeksu街Xologylogosword学?InGreeksuffixolomeans(),gy",,""w……wordteanstonofsociettemeannsi单词?Wihthtriihiidened化学论()y,,,gsuchas如:biolo生物学hysiology生理学harmacolo理学)gy(),,p()pgy(药,anesthesiolo麻醉学?gy()Afterevolution化emeaninsofmedicinalwordsarereduced.Forexamle,gp,nucleomicrosome.ThiswordCO打sistsof化化eartswhichaainroot(核微[求立reLt)p,,""",",,eoGm?tsnucl核andreekwordicrossmallandsomabodInhiword(),(小)y(身体),""""""",,化eminofsmalieanlsreduced化andbod化?g(小)微y粒Duringtheevolutio打ofmedicinalwords,themea打hgofsomecommo打wordsisdeeeedracterizedwtnwhicharechaihmedical化rm.Forexamle化eword,p,p",,",,"hematoctoen血细胞减少-yiaiscomrisedofhematoblood血Greekrootctp()p(),y,’,",,",kytoscell细胞andeniaovert贫穷?TheoriinalmeaninofhemaU)ctoenm()ppy()ggyp"",’is血细胞贫穷whileitwasdeepened化血细胞减少?I打化eprocessofevolution化ecommonwords也atireresientsome化ina化,pgtiransferredtoindicatesomethingelse,whichoftenappearinmedicinalwords,suchas",,w",,chondromyxosarcoma软骨牠液瘤hichcomrisesofrootchondro软骨(),p()(),"’,",G*,reelcwordxamucus牠液)andsarxsarkosflesh?In化iscasesarxm(,(肉,肌),y,8 ""sarkosfbshisansferred),肉,肌)tr^瘤(3*2StlisticCharacteristicsofSentencesyInmedicalEnlishassiveaternisu化dmostfreuentl.Thereason;s1:hatg,ppqyscientificE打glishisparticularaboutconcision,fluencya打dclearnessoflanguage.Scie打tificarticlesmai打exoundobectivefactsandscient巧cassertiona打dtrtolypjiyemhasizeandhtheu化化atscussedsaartofscncnshmedicalpighlighttridis.AietifiEli,pgEnlishalsohas化isarticularfeature.呂pInorder化exress化eloicalrelationshibetween化insaccuratel化esentencespgpgy,oftenincludeseveralclausesa打dverbphrases,makingthemselveslongerand1111〇化comlex..pBecau*menseof化ereq山ietsofconcisionand化elengthlimitationinmedicalEnglisharticlethewritershavetoillustratetheresearchresultsandconclusionsinthearticle.,*Therefoietheymu巧tr化makethese打tencestructureconciseandreciseavoidinoryp,gireducin化eu化of化ecomlexlonsente打ce.Asa化suit,in化emedicalEnlish,化egpgg打on-redicateverbhrasesinfi打itivehraseserundandarticiialhrasesandphrasespp(p,gppp)of化ositiona打d打ou打如:eusedmoire.ppnoaeconven?Irder化nrratie打tlexi的sclearlandbala打cethesentencestructurey,py,,""medicalE打glishoftenuseit貼化eformalsubjectandadverbsoftimeasadve此ialto",""",,"",makesurethenarrationisdear,suchasfirstofall,firstly,secondly,then,""finallyandsoon.I打medicalEnglishconu打ctio打sareu化d化conn说ttwosimilarwords化makesu化,j化edescriptionofconceptioncompleteandaccurate&omallaspects.TheabovefeaturesarecommonlseeninmedicalEnlishwhichmake化emethodofyg,transittlatondifferentfromohersles.yt9 ChapterFourMaorIssuesandSolutionsjIntiischapter,maorksueswhichaearedi打化etranslationofthet说twillbejpppoirrtedout,classifiedandanalyzedthoughexamples;solutionswillbeputforwardandilminaedblisroueslutyanays化hexaml,gp4.1MaorIssues乂earinginMedkalTranslationjppIntranslationfromEnglish化Chinesetra打slatorsoftenfaceoneroblem;wh1:he,pytranslationofChineseissodifficult化read.InEnlish化xt:s化erearelo化oflong,gsentenceswhichmakethereadersconfused.*woAs化emedicalEnglishieferst:omanytechnicaltermsloanwordsrdsfromLatin,,andGreekandchangingofwordsinevolution,itisnotconvenient化uessthemeaninofgg’tile打ewwords化rouhthetranslatorsexerience.Andat化esametimethetechnicalgp,,twhtrttt:eraremostlabstrusedifficultanddullich打eedanslatorsaiencea打daentionms,y,p化devils.Englishlanguageoftenpresents地emostimportantinformatio打directlyin也emainclause,whileotherinformationisexpressedinsubordinateclause,adverbialmodifierandsoon,whichmakes化eEnglishsentenceslongandcomplex.ButChineseIan呂uagedoes打othavesubordinatedauseand化estructureof化etwolanuaesis化tallydiferent.ggThereforehowtotransformthetwolanuaesaccuratelbecomesabiroblem.,ggygpInEngKsh,subect,predicateandobjectarethecentralpartsofasente口ce,whichjreflectsthemaininformatio打.Allthese打te打ceelementsarearrayedin化eshapeofatree,allconnectedwitheachother.However,Chineselanguageisdifferent行omEnglish.Ghi打eselanguagepreferstouseparallelphraseswithoutconnectingwordswhichcan*indicatetheielationshibetwee打wordsrlaionfmedcanissofaceallp.ThetanstoilEglhhatthesecharacteristics.了ra打slatorsmafindithardtotransformwordstoassurethatthese打te打cesmakesensey,whichistheessentialt:hingintranslationas化decideswhedier化ereaderscanunderstandthetranslation.10 42oons.Sluti化sofordndSentence化e化oblemWsas4,2.1So化tions化化eProblemsofWordsThewordsofmedicalEnglishcanbedividedintotwocategories.Thefirstcategoryistheindependentmedicalterm.Ge打erallyspeaking,thiskindofwordsismol打oimsandtheonaearnartclesrelatedtomedicine.styliiyypp""Example;KillerbeesareanAfricanizedraceofhoneybeescreatedbyinterb化edingoftheAfricanhonebeebme/。r幻文的(broughtfbrexerimentsy却於pintoBrazilwithcommo打Euroeanhonebees.Seeendixonae9)py(AppP2g)""Tran一slation:杀人蜂是种非洲蜜蜂,是非洲的东非蜜蜂(为了进巧实验而引入己西)与常见的欧洲蜜蜂进巧杂交而产生的品种.""",,Themeaningof令地me/巧fera惦化舶isonly东非蜜蜂?Example:Asevereallergicreactio打mayfollow化esting(s)ofa巧化(red)an*t筑?知化wwmv/c放becauseitmarchesalontiievictimandleavesatrailofsmall,巧g,painfulblisters.SeeAe打dixonPae31(ppg)Translation;在被火峡(红妈蚁),也就是红火蚁藝过后,会出现严重的过敏反一应,因为它爬过伤者的身体后留下连串很小但是刺痛的水泡。""""Themeaningof麻/6/?〇公加/m加化isonly紅火蚁?Example:目eprepared化dealwithasevereallergicreaction(seepage66).Ifthevictimdevelopshives,shortnessofbreath,andprofoundweakness,andappearstobedeteriorating,immediatelyadministerepinephrine.(SeeAppendixo打Page31)Translation;要做好准备应对严重的过敏反应(见第66页)。如果受害人出现霉。麻疹,呼吸急促,和全身无力的症状,,并且有恶化的趋势应立即皮下注射腎上腺素"",,Themeaning〇r坤inephrineisonly肾上腺素.Theseco打dcategoryisthe化rmsformedbymedicalmorphemes,whichincludeworddnume*rootrefixandsufixl.Thiskindofwordsarearcanea打rousbuttheareieuar.,pygAccording化1:heresearch,if化etra打slatormemorizesfivehu打dredmorphemesand化emethodofmorhemeanalysisandcombinationhecanknowthewordsustbreadinp,jyg化em.]] Exame:ersmallercentaeofavalanchevictmssuccumbothermiaplAvypgitohyp,probablybecausesufficientlhothermictoexire.SeeAendixonPae89yypp(ppg)T一可能是因为在温度足够ranslation:雪崩遇难者中很少部分人会死于低温,很低么前,遇难者邑经由于受伤或者窒息而死亡了。",,‘‘"",,。Hereho-isanafixwhichmeansandthewordthermicmeans热的,yp,低,,"",,由热造成的热量的,Thetwoartsconnectedt:oe化ereans.m低温,pgExample;Thetreatmentforarterialgasembolismis巧compressio打inahyperbaric’oxygenchamber,whichpressurizesthevictimsenviro打mentandshrinks化ebubbles.(SeeAppendixonPage94)Translation;对于动脉气体栓塞的治疗方法是在高虚氧气室再次压缩,其中给伤者的环境加压并牧缩气泡。",,",,",,ntenc-eaneansI打化isseeherirefixwhichmsand化6wordbaricm,ypsa,髙,p"""气压的Thetwoartsconn说tedtoethermeans高压.pgExample;Oncel;hevictimisinthehosphal,化edoctorwillhaveanumberoftherapies化use,whichinclude;ntravenouscalciumsolutionsa打dmuscleirelaxamtmedicinesformusclespasm;antihypertensivedrugsfbrelevatedbloodpre巧ure;painmedicine;and,i打veryseverecases,antivenom化thevenomof化eblackwidowspider.eeendxone巧AppiPag巧)—T一ranslation:旦伤者到达医院,医生会有些治疗方法射锦,其中包括静脉注和肌肉松弛药用tJU爱解肌肉痊擎的治抒方法;降压药物用于应对血压升高;止痛药;而且,在非常严重的情况下,使用能够治巧黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的抗蛇毒血清。,""’"""",,A打t-memniisanaffixa抗,反?Antihertensivemeanand,gyp統高血压的"antivenom抗蛇毒血清4.2,2SolutionstotheProblemsofSen1;encesEnglishse打tencesarecomlicatedandvariable.I打thisparttheauthorwilltalkaboutp,solutions化theroblemsofsentencesinmedicalEnglishaccordingto1:hefeaturesofthispproectwhichincludet:heassivesente打cest:hecomarativesen化ncesclausesincludinj,p,p,(g",,c-lausewihiasesubectredicatilauserestrcveatributvecausett化jvecnonitiil,,p,12 adverbialclauseofcondtiotvecauesndadvrsesofreasonandin,atribuilsaebialclau,),打on—fmiteverbs.4,2.2.1PassiveVoicePassivevoiceisusedmostwidelymmedicalEnglish.Whenitis打otnecessaryornotposs化le化indicate化eactor,passivevoiceischoseninorder化emphasize也epassiveactittothetextcoheThtdealwiththeivyormakerent.efollowingarehewasusedtoytranslationofassivesentences.p,,",",,“,,",First,put被,给,由,受andsoo打before化eve曲swhiletranslatingintoChinesesentenceswi化assivemeanin.pgExample;Avictimmaybestunfrom50化mo化化an1000timesitisclimatedg,;化at500stingsachieves化ele化al化i:eshold.Thebees3巧establishedi打Arizona,NewMexicoandCaornaandunfoateaeartobe打creasintirhabitatasthelifirtunlihe,,yppgyadatocoeremerauresendxonaeptldtpt.SeeAiP30(ppg)",,ereareeeeearetra打ssTh化rassivsentencesin化isexaml.Ifllalateda被,pp‘(’’eolewillfeelboredwhlttesceiereadin.Thefirsassivevoicebesimisusedtodribppgpg化esituationofpeopleandcanbeeasilydiscove化d化at化eactorsare化ebe巧.In化e",,seco打daternisestimatedreadersareabletouessthattheactorisaerso打,whohasp,gp‘""‘lt巧化saThoneJsare化eabiiy杞eimate,Butitisim打ecessaryyitout.e化ird’,established化eairthoronlfinds化ereciientofbehavioranditisnotclearwhois化e,ypactorthenvironmentortheclimae.et,Translation;受害人可能会被蠻50次,甚至多达1000据估计,蠻500下就会致死。这些蜜蜂己经在亚利桑那州,新墨西哥州和加利福尼亚州稳定地生存下来,但是,不幸的是,随着它们适应了更加寒冷的环境,它们的栖息地正在扩张。""Aswecansee化e巧rstassivesentenceistranslatedintheformof被the,,p‘‘,,second;sthititthtandthelastoneischaned化anineiniatvesenenceais据估计,,gntaetttransatoniiitivoneinwhich化eriientfbehaviorbecomesheacor.Inli,ecpo,translate巧mustconsidertieconventonofChineselanuaeand化eabilit化accetbiggypyChinesereaders.13 Secondasitisnotconvenie打ttouseassivevoiceinChi打esela打uaetranslators,pgg,,",,",oftenuseo化ermeithodswhe打translatngmedicalEnglish.Putprepositions把将,,‘',’使be仿化subectreciientofbehavioroftheoriinaltexta打dtranslateintoChinesej(p)gininitiativesentences.Examle:A打yo打esuspectedofhavinsufferedanairembolismshouldbelacedinapgp-tw--theaddownosiio打i化化ebodata15化30dereetilturnedontohisleftsidep(yg),,assistedwithbreathinifnecessaryseeae29andimmeciiateltra打sortedtoang(pg),ypemergencyfacilit.SeeAendixonPae9y(ppg苗""Intiissentencefiveverbsareusedinassivevoice.The巧rstissusectedusedas,pp""""""""atr化ute.Thenfourverbsacedturneassan过ansortedareusedtoldistedtrp,,p""narratethesituation.Anyoneistfiereciientofaseriesofactionandt:heact:ormustbep,someonebestidehimwhichisnotcertai打.Soitisimossibletoaddheactorduri打,pgtransition.Translation:如果怀疑某人因空气拴塞而经受痛苦,应把他放置在头向下倾斜的位置(与身体倾斜15度到30度),向左侧卧,如果有必要的话,进行辅助呼吸(见第29页),并立即运送到紧急救助站。"‘"Theauthortranslatedthefourerbsasv把他放置V响左侧卧V进行辅助呼吸,",,a打d迄送重!),whichshift化eoriginalpassivevoiceasinitiativesentences,deliveringall化einibrmationandmakinthetransiatio打accordwi化化ecustiomofChinesereaders.g"""""""’,Thirdassivesentencesmodave此canmmustshouldcanbewi化la,p,,y,translatedintoChinesei打化eformofsente打ceswi化outsubect.jExample:Fordosi打giuroses,theE巧e打andTwi打ect0.3mautoinectorshouldpppjgjbeusedforadultsandchildrenover66lb30kinweiht.Children66lbandunder(g)gshouldbeinjectedwith化eEp巧enJr.orTwinject0.15mgauU)injec化r?巧eeAppe打dixonPae巧g)Inthisexamlet:herearetwoassivesentencesandbothincludemodalverbp,p",,"should.Throughanalsis化eauthorknow化attheE巧enandTwinect03my,pjg""autoinectorisforadultsandchldre打overlb打wehtandtrrji6630kgiihe£piPe打J.o()gTwinect0.15mautoinectorisfbrChildren66化andunder.Whiledealinwkhsuchjgjg14 sentencestheauthorshouldreco打izethattheactorofbehavioris打otimortanta打dthe,gpkeointis化translatetiieinfbrmationetextofers.yp化Translation;定量的目的规定0*3毫克腎上腺素自动注射器及自我注射器应该用于成人和体重超过66磅(30千克)的儿童。66磅(30千克)及!^下的儿童应该使用0.15毫升的腎上腺素自动往射器(少年)或者自动法射器进行注射。""""",,Theauthortranslatesshouldbeusedforandshouldbeinectedas应该用于jw,’and应该使用.InavoicH打gtheactorofdoeroftheactivity,theauthormakessu化that化etranslatio打makesisenseandreaderscangeUhemai打pointof化etranslated""Forthitisoftenu化dasformalsubectand化e扣sivevoiceasredicate,fbllowed,jpp",,bysubjectiveclau化ledb化at,whichisvercommonandaccurate,fbr化emedicalyyEnlishemhasizesonfactsandtruths.Thsfsenencescanbetranslatedasgpikindotinitiativesentenceswhichistoutthesubectivedau巧oftheorii打alsentenceinthe,pjgpositio打ofobjectinthetranslation.Somesente打cesdo打otneedsubject,whilesomeneed,"’,",ofotoaddsubectwhichhasaeneralrefers打cesuchas有人人们rinthermofjg,,。……"掘?Example:Itusedtobetaughtthatpullingthesti打geroutwithfi打gersorforcepssueezedmorevenominto化evictmt也isiscrretlnotbelieved化beiTue?eeibuun巧q,yAppendixonPage33)""",,Intheexamleitisusedasfbrmalsubectused化betauhtasredicateandap,,gpjsubectiveclauseistiherealsubectof化isSentence-jjTranslation:出将会挤压出更多的过去人们得到的指导是用手指或者缀子将刺拉毒液注入到伤者体內,但目前证明这种说法是错误的。""",,Theauthortranslatestobetauhtas人们得到的指导是addinonesubect化g,gj"comple化也esente打ce.Thesubectofclau化山linthestineroutwUhfingersorjpgg","""’fbr化psistranslatedas用手指或者镶子将刺拉出andisutasredicateof认为inpp化etranslation.Thistranslationismucheasierforreaders化accept.4.2.2.ZComparativeSentencesThecomaratlwihbutivedereeofadectivesandadverbsareusualleastodeat,pgjyy15 somesiUiationsareabitcomlicatedinmedicalEnglish.p"*"mmeThecomarativedegreewiththanisused化coparethesasubect.Thisfbrmpj",,。,,canbetranslatedas而是而不是whichhast;hesamemeanin不,g,",,asratherthan.Examtrsacoutofith化esknofele;Soitisbetertoflickorullastingeandvenomp,pvictimusintweezersorour打打ersthan1;owasteirecioustimesearchingforagygpstr-edoaeaaeraihtedobectsuchasakn化esti打.Seeifeorcreditcardtscrw呂呂j,g(,pyAendixonPae33ppg)",,ttrstotheThissente打ceisatypicalo打ewith".beter.??than".whichellshereadedo,",formerrae-化thr化an化elater.Searchingforastraightedgedobjecthereisatr化lUeexlai打towasbtitttrltithauthoemhasizest:heformerart.meodowha.Inansaonerp,ppTranslation;所科,最好是用綴子或手指将毒刺从伤者的皮肤和毒囊找出或拉一。出,个直边物体,而不是浪费宝贵的时间寻找,如小刀或倍用卡用来刮掉毒刺。Intranslation化eairthortranslatesthesentenceinsuchaform最女子而不,Th是eatributeartistra打slatedastheobectinChinese.pj‘,,""‘Sometm化etnca打transatedas.If1:hereiescomaraivedereewi化thabel不仅,pg"tttrtsisanegativewordbeforetheComaraivedegreeica打beanslaeda不比p,Ex过mle:ThevenomofanAfricanizedbeeis打otofreatervolumeorotenc化anpgpythatofaEuropeanho打eybee.SeeAendixo打Page29(pp)"",,"**I打thissentence1:heieisaneativewordriotbefbiethecomarativedegreebetter.,gp"’,Aswhat化eairthorsaiditcanbetranslatedas不比.,T-ranslation;只非洲蜜蜂的毒液并不比欧洲蜜蜂的毒液的量更多或是效力更大。""""Inl:heoriginalserUe打ce,greaterisU化d!;〇describetwowordsvolumeand","",,‘‘,otency.Butifwe0打ltra打slate化as更大or更多thiscannotdeictbothwords.py,pSohere,theauthoraddsonewordintranslationtomakeitmorefluent.Examle:Thehobosi过ermacauseareactio打similartobutlesssevere化anappy,,brow打reclusespider.Thebkewoundshouldbetreatedaccordingly(seepage380).巧eeAe打dixonPae44ppg)16 Aswecansee,tiiepartofcomparativedegreeisaninserteddementintheexample.""The化*mainpartisareactionsimUarabrownieclusesider.Soweshouldaattentionppy化化emain化ntence.T一ranslation;流浪紋蜘蛛也会引起和褐皮花蛛类似的反应,但症状要较为督微些。对伤口也要进行相应的处理(见380页)。""Thistranslatio打putsthepartofcomparativedegreebeside化epartofsimilar化.A""ndtheassiveseniencewiaverbsansatedatesentenceustt化modlhouldistrlasinitiivjpasheauthoraedabouttlktbefore.4.2.2.3ClausesClausesarewidelyemployedinmedicalEnglish.Theyareused化explain,replenishorillustratef:hemfbrmationwhichhasnotbee打statedclearl.Atypicalclauseiscomo化dypofasubecta打daredicatewherethewdicateisusuallaverbhrase.Thiskindofjp,pypsentencesisalsousedinmedicalEnlishg.T""hefirsttypeis化esente打ce化atu化sitas化eformalsubject,whichiscommonlyseeninmedicalEnglish.Suchkindofsentencesca打bedividedintotwoarts:the打rstisinp",,((化efbrmofitas化efbrmalsube別十subectiveclauset:hesecondisitasriieformal(j)j;("subject)+inSnitive.Example:Whentransportinavictimofairembolismitisrecommendedthatoug,yuse-30anaircraftthatca打beressurizedto1atmosheresuchasaLearetHerculesC1pp(,,joress打atCCitationorkeeheflihtaltiUide打a打un化ssurizedaircraftbelow!000ft),pgp),片(305m)?巧eeAppendixonPage%)Here化emai打clauseisapassivesentence.Whentranslatingsuchclause,translators""【"",,oft‘化化enu化tileactivevoice.Sometimes,addsubject,suchas有人,大家,我们e"""sentenceaccordin化化esituation.Itrefers化youuseanaircraftthatcanbeg*ressurmos-izedatheiesuchasaLearHercuesornaiaionor化1巧lC130CessCttpp(,),j,’,*keetheflightalthudei打a打uniessurizedaircraftbelow!000fl305m.Becausep(p),()",,usi打suchlo打hraseasthesubectistoocomlexEnlishchsesittosubstituteit.gj,oogppgTranslation:当运送因空气栓塞而受伤的人的时候,建议使用可加厘至1个大气17 一-压(如里尔喷气飢,,,大力神C130或塞斯纳奖状)的飞机或保持飞行高度(在个非加压飞机)低于1000英尺(305米)的飞祝。Example:Itisunwisetomakearoughincisiontoremovethelarvabecauseifthe,creaUiireismtweditwillleaksubstancesintothewoundthatcauseinflammationandp,romo1ecp:einftion?巧eeAppendixonPage63)Thissentencebelo打gs化the化condkind.At巧巧t,translatorsshouldtra打slate化asasentencewtsuectaubecttesentenceihoutthebt.Thenaddheloiclsasthesubecofthifjgjjnecessary.Andatlastadustthestructureandutthesubecttotheositionwhereit,jpjpbelons.g一Translation;随便弄出口取出个粗略的巧幼虫是非常不明智的,因为如果该生,它会在伤口处排出物被弄破裂,从而导致伤口发炎,进而发生感染。The化CO打dtypeisP巧dicativedausewhichislocatedbesidetheverbandactsas化eredicativeof化esentence.Whentranslatintranslatorsoftentranslateitinorderu巧aspg,jtheoriginal化ntence.Example;Thehazardfromthesebeesisthattheytendtobemoreirritable,sensethreatatadistancegreaterthantheirEuropeancounterparts,swarmmorereadily,defendtheirnestsmoreaggKssivelyandstayagitatedaround出enestfordays,a打dimposemassattacks0打humans.SeeAendixonPae29(ppg)",,Thissentenceisatypicalredicativeclausea打dtheclauseis化eredicativeofis*pp""TheclauseCO打sistsofsheve此sandsixcomparativedegrees,comparingth巧ebeeswHh""*t:heirEuroeancounterartstrapp.Whennslated化issentenceshouldbeconsideredmoie,abouttheorder.Translation:迭些蜜蜂的危害是,与它们欧洲的同类相比,它们往往更加狂躁,能从更远的地方感知到危险,能够更加地迅速的群体移动,为保卫它们的蜂巢而更加好斗,能在峰巢周围激动地守卫好几天,并且会对人类进行大规模的攻击。In化etranslationaboveitustfollows化eorii打alorder化dealwkh化eredicative,jgpclausea打duUhecomarativeartbefore化esierbswhichistranslatedasadverbial.,pxvpp,*Theth-irdtypeisnonrestrictiveattributiveclausewhichhasielativelloose,yrelationshipwithitsantecedent,anddoesnothavealimkedeffectonit.Intermsofits81 mea打i打sometimesitiseuvaentacoordinaecause打化esenence.everitisg,qil化tlitHow,打ot-correcttoig打ore化esignificanceoftheno打res化ictiveatr化utiveclauseintranslation.Example:O打ce化evictimisin化ehosital化edoctorwillhaveanumberofp,化e^raiesU>usewhichindudeintravenouscalciumsolutionsandmuscleielaxa打tp,medcnesformusc*ssreaniilesasmant化ertensivedrusforelevatedbloodieui;p;ypgppedsermicineandinverseverecasesa打tive打om化化evenomoft:heblackwidowid.;,y,peeAendixnPae39巧ppog)-化I打eneralhenonresiciveributiveclauiIdomtranslaedas化eatributivegttrtattsest,hrasebutcanbesetaartfromthemaindau化asanindeende打tclause.I打化issentencep,pp,""""whichrefersanumberof化eraesutsfbrwarddiferentwas化cu化化e化piandpyvictim.T-一ranslation;旦伤者到达医院,医生会有些治疗方法,其中包括静脉注射钩和肌肉松弛药用缓解肌肉痊率的治巧方法;降压药物用于应对血压升高;止痛药;而且,在非常严重的情况下,使用能够治疗黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的抗蛇毒血清。*-Theaboveis化emostcommo打attern化disosethenoni:estrictiveatributive.Heie,pp",,‘‘"lttrtt化treaders:heauhoranslaeswhichas其中whichissuccincandlainshowhe,pthestrategieswhen化eyface化esamesit;uation.Example:Thisrouofinsectsincludeshonebees,bumblebees,wasps,hornets,andgpyellowacketseachossessesastinerwhichisusedtointroducevenomink)tievictim.yj;pg,Moststinsoccuro打theheadneckarmsa打dks.SeeAendixcmPae29g,,,g(ppg)Translation;这姐昆虫包括蜜蜂,熊蜂,黄蜂,马蜂,和小黄蜂;它们各自都长一有,根蠻针,手臂和腿,用来把毒液注入到伤者体内。大多数蜜伤发生在头部颈部部。*-whAscanbeseenthenoniestruecaueconansavevoceichictiveatribtivlstissii,,p"’,shouldbetra打slatedasindeendentclause.Theassivevoiceistranslatedas把.pp*We-tacanalsou化arenthesisordash化seara化化enoniestriciveclauseand化eminppcau化l.Examle:Inotherwordsasadiverasce打dsfromthedethstheair1打hisluns,p,p,gwhichwasdelive巧dfrom化escubatank化roughaKgulatorataressureeual化化epq19 surroundingwaterpressure0打thelu打gs,therebyallowi打glungexpa打sion,expands.(SeeAppe打dixonPage92)ran一Tslation:换句话说,当个潜水员从深处上潜时,在其肺中的空气(这是通一过)个调节器,在等同于肺周围的水的压力的情况下,从潜水罐输出,从而使肺膨胀膨账。Bv-tirtueofarenthesisheauhordealswithhe打onrestrictveatribuiveclausey,ttti,pwhichisemloe过toexinemansenencepyplathit.Theforthteisadvert)ialclauseofCO打ditio打.Theconu打ctionsofiJiiskindofypjsentenceareasfollows:if(如果),unless(除非,如果不),prov胤ng化at(假如),solongasoncond:aeon只要)iton1hatsuose化tincas如果),lif只要if(,i(条件是)假如)y,,pp(,(()o打…and.Wtrsatn化oitonitiy(但愿,要是就巧了)soonhenanligadverbialdaufcondi,canbelacedbeforeorafterthemainclauseandsometimesconu打ctio打scanalsobep,,jomittedaccordntot:hecontextig.Example;Ifaersonisbittenintenselandsuffersaseverereactionhemaybenefitpy,fromacourseofrednisonesimilartothatusedtotreatoisonoakseeae234),orpp(p呂applicationofsuperpo化打ttopicalcorticosteroidcreamorointment,suchas0.05%,clobetasolappliedthinlyseveraltimesdailbutfor0打lafewdaysduratio打.Seey,y(AendixonPae50ppg)ran一Tslation:如果个人被严重哎伤并有剧烈的反应,那么强的松可能会减轻伤者的痛苦,强的松也用于治疗毒葛(见234页),或使用超高效外用皮质类固醇激素一0霜剂或软膏.05%,例如每日在伤口处涂上薄薄的层的氯倍他索,但只能涂几天的时间。"The打fthteisattributiveclause\VhichistoconstricttheantecedentTherearetwoyp.,me化odsotra打sateatr化uivecusetlttla-Firsttranslate化eclauseintheformofatributiveclauseustEnlish.Theme化od,jgisverysimple;打0m旬tierwheret:heantecedentisi打t:hemai打sentenceandwhere1:herelativeisinatributiveclauseuttheclausebeforethekewordwithChinesecharact:er,py‘‘,的Thisisaoodwatodealwi比atributiveclausewhichisnotlong,gyExample:Thenumerousbristles化atcover化ebodiesofthesespeciescauseski打20 *irritationwhe打il化ecaterplarisdirectl化uchedorwhen化eieiscontactwUhd巧achedy,bristlesdeposUedo打outdoorbeddingorhunclothes.Shortlafterexosure化evictimgyp,suffersarashwith化d打esskchinburnindiscomfortandhives.SeeAendixo打Pae,g,g,(ppg57)T""heattributiveclauseiscoverthebodiesofthesespecieswhichisshortandcanbe,translatedasatributivenisenuaessentstoadveirbacausesiChnelagg.Thienceincludewill",,"化*,ledbywhe打expiessthemeaningofaclauseledbif.yTranslation:如果身体直接接触了或攘触了粘在在室外的被瓣的软毛或悬挂的衣服上的逸种毛毛虫的软毛的话,会导致皮肤发炎。在触碰到迭些软毛不久么后,伤者会遭受皮疹红帥,发難,灼热不适,專麻疹。",,",,WecanS说化at化eclauseartistranslatedasatributive的.And化ewhenp",,causelsareutas女口果化exlain化eco打seuenceundercertainsituation.ppqSecond,generallyspeaki打g,lo打呂atributiveclausecanbetra打si耳tedascoordinateclause,andat化esametime,translatorsshouldalsoconsidersemanticsof化eoriginalsentencetomakesureofthedyn幻micandmeaningeuivalence.qExample:Thestingmechanismforaho打eybeeiscomposedofadoublyba此ed巧ingeratachedto泣ve打omsacthatumsvenomintothevictim.SeeAendi义onPaepp(ppg30)Theattributiveclauseisali行lelongertha打thatintiiefbrmerexample,whichisnot",,roerorasate打theottrasien抗rmaton.ppttnlifrmof的■Anditisimportan化nfertiiiran一Tslation;蜜蜂的刺痛机制是由带双倒钩的蠻针连接到个毒液囊而组成的,毒液囊将毒液注入到伤者体内。、.Heretheauthorhandlethisattributiveclauseasacoordinateclauseandapp!ythe""me化odofamplification化addasubjectof化ecoordinateclause毒液囊化併ake化esentencenternstruceandigityituirmeanmg.Thelastteisadverbialclausesofreason.InEnlishconu打ctio打sofadverbialypg,jclausesofaonasfblia1:hatiresi:ealows:because因为snce既然s因为)now既(),由于),,,(((然seein化atconsiderinin化atinviewof化e),g(既然)在某方面),g考虑到,因为),(,拉cUhat(盗于),intihtat(在某方面),inviewofthe拉ctt;hat(鉴于)?21 Examle:Becausethebiteofthebrownreclusesiderticallcausesseveretissueppypydestruction,化evictimshouldseeaphysician,whowillprescr化emedicineoranother化erapyassoonaso巧化le.SeeAendixonPae42p(ppg)Thisisarepresentativeadverbialclauseofreason.Translation:因为褐色蜘蛛的叮咬通常会导致严重的组织破坏,伤者应及时看區生,医生将会尽快开药或提供其他治疗。-4.2,2.4NonfiniteVerbs-fUtttverbsThenonineverbsirefer化heverbs化aarenotiredicaei打thesentence,pincludingmainlyinfinitive,gerundandparticiples(presentparticipleandthepastart-tticile打amelthenon巧打iteformoftheverbs.Theca打besubecobecadverbialp),p,yyj,j,et;c.excet化eindeendentredicateverbs.Asmedical巨nglishcontainsalotofdificultpppwordsand-lonsentenceswhichmakeithard化u打dersta打dnonflniteverbsaireofteng,,usedtx)simplify化etexts.AsChinesedoes打othave化iskindofverbs,1;heau化orpointsoutseveralways化transla化化eseverbsinmedicalEnglish.rs-Fit,translatethe打o打fmkeverbsasverbs.Examle:Anoneknown化haveinsectallergieswhotravelsin化ewildernesspyshouldcarryei口ehri口e.SeeAe打dixonPae32pp(ppg)"。It-t打itwhtstricttehisexamlethe打onfi打Ueverbknownactsasarbueichisorehp,,",,rangeofeolewhotravelsin化ewildernessshouldcarreinehrineppyppTranslation:任何知道自己对昆虫过敏的人在旷野旅行应随身携带肾上腺素。Seco打d—translatethe打0打finiteverbsasindeendentclause.,pExamle;U打treatedmosteoleirecoverwithouthelover化ecourseof8hours1:op,ppp2das.SeeAe打dixo打Pae39y(ppg)"""Inthisse打tenceuntreatedshouldhavebeenaCO打ditio打alsentencethatisif化e,y"areuneaedtrt.Translation:如若不治挣,大多数人在未获得帮助的惰况下,从送种状况中恢复需要8小时到2天的时间。""。,,In化etranslation,untreatedistranslatedas如若不治疗,whichbelongs化an22 indeendentclauseinChinese.pThtr-irdanslate化enonfiniteverbsasatribute.,e-Examl:Ano化erexcellentwatoremoveatroovedorVshaedpyickiswUhapgdevicedesignedtoslidebetwee打thetickand化eskintotrap化etickandallowittobepulledfrom化eskin.(SeeAppendix0打Page55)"The化ne打cebovenc-wh妃tailudeanonfmi化verbichhasanatributein化eformof""do--andmitnenoneedoeewhaofshaedakelog.ThfinitverbisemploytdscribtkindVp*device\Thereforeitcanbetranslatedasattribute.ran一Tslation;另种很好的去除轉虫方法,是用巧^在婢虫和皮肤么间轻便移动的带糟或V字形的工具,将婢虫从皮肤中拉出。I打e打eraltranslatinaccordin化thestlisticcharacterkticsofsourcelanuaeisg,ggyggvital.AboutmedicalEnlishtranslatorsshoutthetititeristicswUhgldconnecslsccharac,y:hertttt1chaacteristicsofargelanguageinorder化makebeertranslaion.巧 ChapterFiveConclusionsandRecommenda村onsThetranslatio打ofmedicalEnglishisoneof化emainroe巧sthattheau化ordid主〇pjthestudinofMTIttthyg.TheauthorchoosesiasherproecreportforthereasonatjmediciiltdEnshneplaysane巧entialroleindailylfeand化etransaionofmeicalgliCO打打ectedwithstylisticswouldmakesomecorUribution化1;hemedicaltranslation.5*1ConclusionsWiththedevelomentof化eeco打omourCO口ntrisfurtherinteratedintotilepy,ygtrinternatio打alcommunity.Accordinglythemedicineislainamoresi打i行canolein,pyggourHfewhichneedsknowedendinfomaifroabroad.n化isrocesstranslatilartonmIon,gp,showsitsgreatinfluence,Butanymisundersta打di打goforigi打allanguageormistakeoftranslationwillcauseabadresult.TranslationisarocessofdeUveri打打ew也ins化rouhlanuae.Sometranslatorspgggggo打touthaonsaut打ueasedcmhestleofthepittttralteistorecreate,gttra打slaiosholdbbtyoraThEoftmustrecseliginllanguage.emedicalnglishasoneartech打icalEnlishiy,pg,ptransmitknowledge,wi化outanyadditionormissing.Owing化t:hefeaturesofmedicalEn呂lish,translatorsmustpaymo化attentiontoaccuracya打d打uencyratherthaneleganceandtry化eirbest化kee化estlesim^ar化orsamewkht:heoriinallanguae.pyggAs化therarewordsappeari打gi打化eoriginaltext,translatorsshouldbepatiente打oughtocheck化etnthroughdictionaryorInternet.At化esametimetranslatorsshould,ao*accumulslateielatedwordsindailystudyinandtranslation.gTra打slatorsfaceabigroblemin化anslatio打thatishow1;oshiftthetwolanguagesp—flue打tl.良ecauseofthedfferentruesa打dse打te打cestructures打d打cmcorreso打de打ceofyila,p’words*ccowkh化ereadersitis化uhfortranslators化sentatranslation比atards,gp化*readinersectveovitattrwthefeauresofvariousstles.gi.Sitislforhemobe拉miliakh;typpForexample,化epassivevoiceis1:hemo巧commonfea化reinmedicalEnglish.However,tttttomustiis打ousedveryofe打i打Chinese.Sowhe打translaingsuchaaterntranslatrsp,*emakesutttitttstta打uaIthsroectiha化era打sktio打isi打l打ewihhehabioftheargelgge.打ipj24 report,化eairthorputsforwardsfourme化ods化solvethisproblem.Sincethestartofthetranslationoftheforthartof01//分〇〇尸文,thepau也orhasdedicatedherselftoitforseveralhourseverdasearchinforinformationyy,gaboutill打essmentionedinitandtngdici打ethatisu化fulbutnotsoldinChi打aetc.The,authorhaslearnedalotfromthisrocess.p5.2RecommendationsAftertheracticei打化etwoearsofMTItheauthorfindstiiatitisimortant化py,pitminlainoccurchecktranslatonfbrseveraltimes.Misakesistranslatinandmissntrast,g,ggt"rnshfrominime1:otime.Thereforeitisessential化readandcheckthetranslationafte巧i,g*-eemoieit.Itwouldbebetertohaveitdoublecheckedb化eartnersforothereolaryp,pplikely化打打dthemistakes.Atthesametime,partnerscandiscussrtiepoints化at化eyareno*tsosureabout.Itisofieatsin巧cance化haveatranslation化am.ggetranstThlatorsmustiaUzeattihefulfr化emfbrmss化ms化dealwihre化islpb化ydiferentstyesoftranslation.AtranslatormustbeaJackofalltradesfbrheshouldnotdol,translatio打usti打o打efieldwhichhindersdevelome打t.Accumulatio打ofinformationj,p,aboutallfields打ot0打lyenrichesatra打slatorsknowledgesystembutalsobecomesthebasisofhiscareerwhichwillbenefithiminthelo打run.,gTheauthorexectsdiecone山sionandrecommendatio打wouldbeuseful化thosewhop*ewanttomaketranslationastheirfuUucareer.25 Bliorah化gpy?2004-1iladelhi:.CohenB..Me成ca/?巧/化幻似/Gwz旋M.Pha,纷[]pncoams*sLippitWilli皮WilkinsPies..hbachransnandeicineserda:ohnenaminsPublishin2Fis.1998.TlatioMd\M.AmtmJBg]jCo.3.Hatim,B友LMason.2001.Dbcwwyeaw?城e7hms7公化r[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiFo化ignLanguageEducaticmP化ss,4.Katharine,R.2004.TranslationCriticism:ThePotentials&LimitationsM,Shanhai:[]gShanghaiForeig打LanguageEducationPress.'5.McWhinney,I.I997.^7fejirf600A:o/Ffl7m7yAferfzc/we[M].O>cford:OxfordUniversityPress.6.MundayJ.200乂巧化s献及化7>vmy於伽打reviewM.Amsterdam:John,()[]BenaminsPublishinCo.jg7.Newmark,R2001.化7>wwto/0WM.Shanhai:ShanhaiForein[]gggLa打guageEducatio打Press,-M*M:JBenamins8.egarrd.1997.7>佩1从诉0打Amsterdamohn,jPublishingCo.9.Shutleworth,M皮M,Cowie.2004.D切/〇灼幻作如於口巧五/口化况w成[M].Shanghai:^化ShanhaiFoieinLanuaeEducatggggion?35.W'ub10.Trrel.2005.MdicalTerminolo.Beiin:PelesMedicalPlishiny,egy\^ogjgpHouse.ILTytlerA.2007.EssasonPrincilesoTranslationM.Beiin:ForeinLanuae,ypf[]jgggg了cachinga打d氏csearchPress.220061.蔡苏勤,,英文药風说明书的词汇与句法特征及其翻译叫,《宁波大学学报》(-1);9093。13.陈宏薇,1998,《奴英翻译基础》M。上海:上海外语教育出版社。[]()-。14.陈莉,1998,普通词在医学上的特殊涵义[J],《中国科技翻译》4:4950200615.陈新,,英汉文体翻译教程M]。北京:北京大学出版化。[26 16.戴文进,2003,《科技英语翻译理论与技巧》M。上海:上海外语教育出版社。[]17.T美娟,2〇01,医学英语文体特点及英译次技巧阴,《金华职业技术学院学报》-(3):123128。18.方梦之,2011。,《英语科技问题:范式与翻译》M北京;国防工业出版社。[]19.冯庆华、穂雷,,19%《英汉翻译基础教程》[M]。北京:高等教育出版社。20-.冯颖,2008,浅论医学英语中的被动语态J《》;547550。[],川北医学院学报(5)21.韩其顺、王学铭,1990,《英汉科技翻译教程》[M]。上海;上海外语教育出版社。22.华仲芬,1999,《医学英语构词纵览》[M。北京:人民卫生出版社。]23.黄忠廉、余承法,2012,《英汉笔译全译实践教程》M。北京:国防工业出版[]社。24.贾德江,2008,《医学英语阅读与翻译教程》[M]。长沙:中南大学出版社。25.姜凌,2009(),医学英语词汇在翻译中的应用阴,《牡丹江师范学院学报》5:55。26.李俊梅,2002。,医学英语词汇词义的演变J,《河南大学学报》(1):21[]27.李亚舒、张明,1994,《科技翻译论述集萃》[M]。北京:中国科学技术出版社。281.文1,987,《英汉翻译技能训练手册》M。上海:上海外语教育出版社嘘庆[]。2义刘盛化1998,《文体与翻译》[M]。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。30.邱陶生,2008M。;,《新编临床医学英语》北京中国协和医科大学出版社。[]31.沈蛛,2007,从英语词源角度分析医学英语词汇特点[J],《医学教育探索》6(4);3巧-扣0。32-.宋雅智,2008基于科技文体特征的翻译策略J》3)69。,[],《中国科技翻谭(;33.孙吉男,2003,医学文献翻译方法和技巧初探阴,《化丹江医学院学报》24(1):53-55〇34.唐金凤,2007,浅谈科技文的文体特征及其翻译阴,《华中师范大学研究生学报》,-14(3):6568。35.005王文秀、王颖,2,《医务英语翻译》M。北京;人民卫生出版社。[]36.王燕,2006,医学英语词汇的特点及翻译阴,《医学教育探索》5(4):319。.王佐良37,1986,《英语文体学论文集》M。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。[]27 38.徐有志,2005,《英语文体学教程》[M]。北京:高等教育出版社。39.阔佩衡,2005,《英汉与汉英翻译教学论》M。北京:高等教育出版社。[]40-口。.余,2012(1)1朝琴,医学英语的文体特点及翻译原则化《科教文汇》1:H140051.张美芳,2,《翻译研究的功能途毎》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。42.张志鸿,1980,《医学英语汉译技巧》M。北京:人民卫生出版社。[]43.赵营、郑仰成,2006,《科技英语翻译》M]。北京;外语教学与研巧出版社。[,21重组与翻译阴44.郑尉01,《海峡科学》00:,医学英语中长句与复杂句的82-83。45医学英语文体的若干特点-.郑艳艳,1998,U,《温州医学院学报》280);8384。]4618-.周铁成,199622。,论医学英语的文体持点师《中国科技翻译》9(3):47-.朱(7)2203。广菩,2011,略论医学英语翻译的特点和方法闲,《海外英语》:0228 AendixppIn化ctandABitrthropodes慶虫和节肢动物的叮咬Bees,Spiders,Scorpions,andOtherSmall蜜蜂,蜘蛛,蜗予等咬人的动物BitersB巧sWassHonietsands蜜蜂,Ant,黄蜂,马蜂和蜗蚁,p,Thisgroupofinsectsincludes这级昆虫包括壑蜂,熊蜂,黄蜂,马honbeesbumbebees一lwasshornets,,,pand,和小黄;它们各自都长有根蠻针巧,,蜂蜂yellowjackets;eachpossessesastinger,用来把毒液往入到伤者体内。大多数靈伤chsuswhiied化intro加cevenomintothe发生在头部,颈部,手臂和腿部。victtim.Mossti打gsoccuron化eheadneck,,arms,andlegs."",,"一KilelrbeesareanAfrica打izedrace杀人蜂是种非洲蜜蜂,是非洲ofhoneybeescreatedbyinterbreedingofthe的东非蜜蜂(为了进行实验而引入巴西)AfricanhoneybeeApismellifera与常见的欧洲蜜蜂进行杂交而产生的品scutellatabrouht化rexerents(gpiminto种。这些蜜蜂的危害是,与它们歐洲的同Brazil)withcommonEuropeanhon巧bees.类相比,它们往往更加狂躁,能从更远的Thehazardfromthesebeesis化at化巧tend地方感知到危险,能够更加迅速的群体移化bemoreirritable,sense化reatata动,为保卫它们的蜂巢而更加好斗,能在distan化greaterthan化eirEuropean蜂巢周围激动地守卫好几天,并且会对人一counterartsswarm。p,morereadildefend类进行大规模的攻击只非洲壑蜂的毒y,theirnestsmoreaggressivelyandstay液并不比欧洲蜜峰的毒液的量更多或是agitatedaroundthenestfbrckys,and效力更大。然而,非洲蜜蜂的特点就是送imosemassatacksonhumansp.Thevenom样,它们可能会追踪伤者远达M英里(即ofanAfricanizedbeeisnotofgreater1千米),并且可能会集合其他攻击性蜜volumeorotencythanthatofaEuroean蜂,数量可达成千上万只。受害人可能会pphon巧bee.However,thepersonalityofthe被蠻50次,甚至多达1000次上;据估Africanizedbeesissuch化attheymay计,蠻500下就会致死。这些蜜蜂已经29 pursueavictimforup化%mileykm),and在亚利桑那州,新墨西哥州和加利福尼亚1ma化£加:otherattackyingbeesby出e州稳定地生存下来,但是,不幸的是,随hundredsorthousands.Avictimmaybe着它们造应了更加寒冷的环境,它们的栖stu打from50化more化an1000timesitis息地正在扩张g,;。estimated化at500stinsachieves化e1別halg化化sholdebee.ThsareestablishedinArizo打a,NewMexico,andCalifornia,andunfortunatelyapeartobei打creasin化eirp呂habitatastheadattocolderemeraues.yptptrThestingmechanismforahonebeeis蜜蜂的刺痛y奶制是由带双倒鞠的藝coosedofadoub一mlybarbedstiner针连接到个毒液囊而组成的毒液囊将pg,atached化avenomsacthatpumpsvenom毒液注入到伤者体内。当蜜蜂蟹人后试图into化evctmthii.Whenebeeatemts化逃跑时p,毒刺和毒液囊会留在伤者体内escapeafterasting,化estingerandsac(这会使蜜蜂致死),并不断注入毒液。rema一inin化evciitmthiskills化ebeeand因此次,(),蜜蜂只能够蟹而黄蜂的餐针、continue化inectvenom.Thus,the化较光潛,不会被卡住,可政蜜多次,小jhon巧beecanstingonlyonce,whereasa黄蜂,马蜂,和雄熊峰也是如此。waswkhasmoo化sttti打er化adoesnop,gbecomeentrapped,cansti打gmultipletimes,ascaneowyllacketshornetsandj,,bumblebees.Painfromabee,wasp,orhornetsting被蜜蜂,黄蜂,马蜂蜜后,即刻会感stiimmediaewithraidswelinrednessl到刺痛,并且被蠻的部位会迅速肿胀,发,pg,,warmth,anditchingatthesiteofthesting.红,发热。还可能会出现水泡。有时伤者Blistersmayoccur.Sometimesthevictim会出现恶也,呕吐,和/或者腹部绞痛和w一illbecomenauseatedvomitand/orSU祗r,腹辑的症状。如果个人对的昆虫毒液过,abdominalcrampinganddiarrhea.Ifthe敏,会迅速出现致命反应(几分钟内,但personisallergic化化einsectvenom,a偶尔也会延迟长达2小时)。坟种反应包dangerousreactionmayfollowrapidly括尊麻疹,呼吸急促,呼吸困难,舌头肿30 (withinminutesbutoccasionalllaed,ydey胀,乏力,呕吐,低血压,和昏厥。如果by叩化2hours).Thisconsistsofhives,伤者己经吞咽了蜜蜂(在饮料瓶中未被发shortnessofbrea化difficureah。ltbtin),壑针会,yg,现钉在食道上,这会极其疼痛swellingof化eUmueweaknessvom扣ng,,g,lowbloodpresswe,andcollapse.Peolephaveswallowedbeesundetectedin(beveragebottlesandsustainedstinsofthe)gesophagus,whichareenormouslainful.ypAsevereallergicreactionmayfollow在被火蚁(红妈蚁),也就是纽火蚁化esting(s)ofafire(red)ant况瓜《巧戚證过后,会出现严重的过敏反应,因为它’一zMvZcecauseitmarchesaonvtm爬过咕blgtheici伤者的身体后留下连串很小但是andleavesatrailofsmall,painfulblisters.刺痛的水泡。火蚁用其蟹针紧紧抓住伤者’Thefireanthansonhev、gtotictimsskin的皮肤,然后W此为中屯,用其后部的毒W她pincers,andthenusesaposterior刺,对伤者蜜多达8次。这种叮咬会引起s一tinertodeveruglito8stinswhile化重,pg瘦痒和肿胀。妈蚁咬伤!1两天后水泡vo化a一roundpi.Thebi化Sandstingscause里的疮液会变源浊或发白,然后出现个ch細d一itingswelling.Adayortwoafterthe无菌旅包。送可能会导致持续星期或者antbite,thefluidintheblisterturnscloudy更长时间疼痛或是痊痒。被西方收获蚁叮o一rwhiteandasmallsterileustule咬。,p般产生较少轻微的反应develops.Thismaycontinuetobepainfulandi化hforaweekormoK.Harvesterantsgenerallyroducelessseverereactions.pTreatmentforInsectSting昆虫叮咬的治疗方法1.Bepreparedtodealwi化asevere1.要做好准备应对严重的过敏反应aerceaconttllgirtiseeae66.Ifhevicim(见第66页)。如果受害人出现等麻疹,(pg)developshives,shortnessofbreath,and呼吸急促,和全身无力的症状,并且有恶profoundweakness,andappears化be化的趋势,应立即皮下注射肾上腺素(见deteriorating,immediatelyadminister第474页)。成人的剂量为0.3至0.5epinephrine.Thisis邮ectedsubcutaneously毫升儿童的剂量按体重0.01毫升/千克31 seeaenao(pg474)idseof0.3to0.5MLfbr(2,2磅),且不稱超过0.3毫升。肾上aduts1.l可切存储在过敏包中并根据说明书land0.0ML/kg22bofbod()y腺素weightforchildrennot化exceed0.3ML?使用。任何知道自己对昆虫过敏的人在旷,Epinephrineisavailableinallergykitswkh數旅行应随身携带肾上腺素。需要特别注trtinsucions化ruse.Anoneknown化have意小也处理预装的注射器y,抖避免不愼注*insed:aUeieswhotravelsinthe入手指。进行注射时巧,伤者么间不能共用wUdsmcssshou过n0ld0einehrine?了akc针头yppparticularcaretohandlereloadedsyringespcarefully,toavoidinadvertentinjectionint;oa巧ner.Whenadministerinangginjection,打evershareneedlesbetweeneoeppl.Thedrugisavailableinreloaded这种药物可存放在预装的注射器psyringesincertainallergykits,which里,包括肾上腺素自动法射器(0.3毫克tincludeheEpiPenautoinjectorandEpiPen剂量)和皆上腺素自动法射器(少年)Jr,autoinectorDeeect(0?巧毫克剂量)(戴伊)jy)thTwin,自我注射器(,jautoinjector(Verus:03mgor0.15mg(韦鲁斯:0?3毫克或0?1日毫克剂量,每doses2doseserunt-iand化eAnaKit?单位2剂,;;p),)从及阿德伦克里克(盐野义I打structionsoruseaccomanefpy化kUs.The0?3毫克或0?巧毫克〉。这些套件都有配Ep巧enandTwinectepinephrineproducts套的使用说明。自我注射器配备了足够的jaregenerallyeasierforlaypeople化use,肾上腺素W共二次(重复)往射,在某些because化eyrequirelessdexterit化时候这是非常必要的。自我註射器在首次y一accomlishinectthpionwithem.The剂量注射时是个真正的自我法射撤而j一Twttt-inecauoinecorandAnaKitsrine第二剂量往射时要使用jjyg个隐蔽的注射areconfiguredwithenoughepinehrinefor器禾日针头。paseco打d(repeat)dose,whichissometimesnecessary.TheTwinectisatruejairtoinector化r化efirstdose化esecondj;doseisdeiveelrdasaroutine主却^对记打from32 aconcealedsrineandneedle.ygFordosingpurposes,the邱巧enand定量的目的规定0.3毫克肾上腺素自Twinject0.3mgautoinjectorshouldbeused动法射器W及自我注射器应该用于成人forad山tsanddiildrenover66化(30kg)in和体重超过66磅(30千克)的儿童。66weight.Children66化andundershouldbe磅(30千克)及W下的儿童应使用0.巧inectedtheEtjW她iPenJr.orTwinec毫升的肾上腺素自动注射器(少年)或者pj.0.15mga山oinjec化r.自动注射器进行注射。2.Administerdiphenhydramine2.曰服药物苯海拉明(苯那君),成(Benadryl)bymou化,50化100mgforan人剂量为50至100毫克,儿童的剂量按a加Itand1mg/kg口.2化)ofbodyweiht体重1毫克/千克(2.2磅)服用。这种抗gforachUd.Thisantihistaminedrugmayby沮织胺药物在较轻微的过敏反应时单独usedbyitselfforamilderallergicreaction.使用。局部抗组胺药洗剂或乳膏剂也是有Topicalantihistaminelotionsorcreamsmay效的。bebeneficial.3.Stingersorpiecesofstingersleftin3.残留在皮肤上的蟹针或碎片,也应theskinshouldberemovedasquicklyas尽快移除(图203)。过去人们得到的指po扣化le(Figure2(B).。used化betaught导是用手指或者錶子将巧!]拉出将会挤压thatpullingthestingeroutwithfingersor出更多的毒液注入到伤者体内,但目前证forcepssqueezedmorevenomintothe明这种说法是错误的。所最好是用辕vctmiibut比isiscurrentlnotbelieved化子或手指将毒刺从伤者的皮肤和毒囊拭,ybe一true.Soitisbeter化flickorulla出或拉出,而不是浪费宝贵的时间寻找,pstingerandvenomsacoutoftheskinoftihe个直边物体,如小刀或信用卡,用来刮掉victimusntweers。此外,,igzeoryourfingers化311毒刺粗暴的抓烧将会弄断整针化wa一steprecioustimesearchingfora有遗留在皮肤里的风险。另种方法是尝s-traightededobectsuchasaknifeor试拔出毒刺,然后使用抽出器(图204),gj,c一reditcardtoscraeawathestiner.如果身体里确实有,那么在被蟹,pyg根壑针I^irthermorecrudescraingru邮出erkkof之后应立即进行此种方法。,pbreakinoff化estinerandleavinitgggembeddedintheskin.Analternativeisto33 trtoullouUhestinera打d;henal化eypg,1ppyExtractordeviceiure204ifouare(Fg,y)carryi打goneanditisavailableimmediatelyafterthesti打ghasoccurred.圍圓巧gure203.Honeybeesting.Becauset:he图203蜜蜂的蠻针。因为毒液囊仍连接到ve打omsacisstillattached化化estiner,g,蠻针应尽快从皮肤里刮出或拉出毒液囊*bothshoudbesiaedoruedfomlcppllreefr和藝针。化eskinassoo打asossible.p;.咖嚇1Figure204.ApplicationofExtractor化a團204使用抽出器拔出蜜蜂的刺毛。beesting.4t。.Applyicepacks化化esieof化e4.用冰袋冰敷被蜜部位sting.5.Home1:opicalremedies,suchas日.居家局部巧法,如阿司匹林,20%〇s2-airina0/>alt,^uminumsalcontainin制剂(包括许多家用止汗剂)p,g的侣盐复合rearationincludinmanhousehold小苏打,或含有木瓜蛋白酶鲜肉嫩化剂pp(gy34 antiperspirants),orasteofbakinsodaor(如阿道夫的生肉嫩化剂),或者水直接pgaa-incontainnmeatt]5)ppigenderizersuchas冲洗伤口(不得超过l分钟,但是这(,Ado*hsumeasonedmeattenderizer)and些都是未经证实的方法。不要作无用功。waterdirectly化thewoundfornomore商业产品蚊虫叮咬消肿止痒膏(招标公(化an15minutes),areofunprovenvalue.Do司),是氨氧化锭和貂油的很合物,能够notapplymud.Thecommercialproduct适度有效的缓解由于昆虫叮咬而引起的AfterBite(TenderCorporation,amixture疼痛和癌痒,但不会终止过敏反应。斯)ofammoniumhdroxi舶andmnkoyiilis下爱斯(StinEze)洗液(威斯康星州医,gmoderatelyefectiveforreliefofainand药品)是棒脑,苯齡,苯佐卡因,苯海拉pchitin化llowininsectbitesbutwinnot。能很好地控制昆虫叮咬盾引gg,明的混合物abortanallerreacton%gici.StingEzeliquid起的癌痒和轻度疼痛。局部使用浓度4WisconsinPharacalisamixtureof利多卡因(m),可能有助于减少不适感。camhorhenolbenzocaineandp,p,,邮henhydramine.Thisisaoodaenttoggcontrolitchinandm"dainfollowingangpytinsectbie.Lidocaine4%appliedtopicallymaheldiminishdiscomforty.p6.Ifapersonsuffersanextensiveskin6.如果患有各种皮肤和软组织疾病andsofttissuereaction(swelling,itching(红肿,痒,水抱),可1^1服用皮质类固,bm一listershemai(),ybeneftfrothe醇,如强的松第天口服60毫克,在adminstratnofiioacorticosteroidsuchas接下来的5天每天减少10毫克)或甲基,一rednisone巧0mbo山hdaone的松龙(第口服24毫克,在接下pgymy,强天―taperedby10merdaoverthenext5来的5天每天减少剂量)。gpydaysormethlrednisolone24mb)yp(gymouthdayonetaeredoverthenext5,pdas.y)7.Ifapersonstungbyaninsect7.如果被昆虫垫了,从轻度反应发展developsmorethanamild化moderatelocal到中度的局部反应,此时需送往医院。reactiontransorthim化ahosi化1.,pp35 一8—,Abeestingineneraldoesnotose8.般被只蜜蜂壑过并不会有感gpati.ltlargeriskfor化化nusinfeconAhough染破伤风的风险。虽然在很多情况下,伤deeimctur的ofothervarietiesdosit口很深的时候口会感染细菌,其中破pp巧,伤bacteriaintothewoundswhereC伤风菌能在无氧条件(),下迅速繁紀但是蜜挺的m‘canthriveintheabsenceofoxena蜂并不能刺伤娜么深。整针可能会将细簡yg,bee*,stingpunchiieisnt化atdeep.The从皮肤表面带入伤口,送才是最大的风一stinermtransrctee。gightfebariafromthskin险如果个人己经在娃去的目年么内搔surface,whereinlies化egreatestrisk.Ifa种疫苗,没有必要預进巧破伤风白喉(或perso打hasbeenimmunizedwithinthepast破伤风白喉百日咳)加强免疫。如果自上化—5earst日iisunnecessaretaTdor年,但y,yg(次注射破伤风针疫苗己经趨过Tdap)boosterimmunization.Ifithasbeen还未超过10年,如果你需要按章办事,more化an5yearsbutless化an10years那么就要进行破伤风白喉(或破伤风白喉sincethelasttetanusshot,aTdorTdap百日咳)加强免疫或者法射破伤风免疫球()boosterisindicated.Ifithasbeenmo化化an蛋白。10yearssincethelasttetanusshot,bothaTdorTdapboosterandtetanusimmune()lobultginareindicaedifouobthe,ygybook.AvoidanceofStingingInsects避免被带盤刺的昆虫蟹饮1.Storegarbagearticularlfruitata1?,,要在远,py存放拴圾时特别是水果,distancefromthecamsite.离营地的地方。p2.Remove(carefully)beehivesand2.在儿童玩耍的区域(仔细地)移除,wasnestsfromchildrenslaareas.蜜蜂箱和马蜂巢ppy。3t-t.Wearlighcoloredclohing,3.穿浅色的衣服。深色服装能吸引昆*Dark-coloredclothingisatractive化insects虫,可能引起屢虫的防御(叮咬)的反应。andmaevokeadefensyivestinorbite保持衬衫的袖子的纽扣扣起来,裤子的裤(g)response.KeepshirtsleevesclosedandUjck腿披到靴子里。穿浅色的袜子。a打-ptsintoboots.Wearlightcoloredsocks.4sweta日.Avoidwearingefragrances化t4.避免贵香酣的香水,送会让你闻起36 akeou一msmelllikeaflower.y来像花样香。5.Donotangerbeesorwass.If5.不要激怒蜜蜂或黄蜂p。如果遇到了—confrontedbaswarmcoversourfaceyy群蜜蜂或者马蜂,护住面部(眼睛,鼻(eyes,nose,andmouth)andmoverapidly子和嘴),并迅速离开这个区域。如果有fromea一threa.Ifnecessarythrowablanket,,必要的话在你的头上盖上条毯子或毛ortoweloveryourhead.Runifoumust.巾y。如果需要的话就跑起来。跑的时候要Runthroughbushesorweeds化confusethe穿过灌木义或杂草丛,|^?此来迷惑蜜蜡。’beeson—.Dtumintoaoolthebeesma中,蜜蜂可能会等着你jppy不要跳进池水;在itforouandasevereallericreactwaionyg水中的时候,因叮咬而产生严重的过敏反fromastingwhilein化ewaterm巧be应是非常危险的。不要用梅棒戳或用石块extremelydanerous.Donotoke巧icksor投。gp掷蜂孔throwrocksintobeeholes.6.Avoidrapidorerkmovements6.避免在蜜蜂周围快速或剧烈的运jyneareb化Donotswatat也em.动。不要扑打它们。SP瓜ERS蜘蛾Althoughmorethan20,000different虽然美国有20,000多种不同的蜘蛛,secesofsirspipideliveintheUnitedStates只有少数对人类构成真正的危害。制造麻,onlyafewposeanyrealh犯ard化humans.烦的是那些幢咬并将毒液注入到伤口的Thetroublemakersare化〇化thatWteand蜘蛛。对此反应的性质取决于毒液的类型introducevenomfromvenomlandintogs和量。化ewound.Thenatureof化ereactiondependsonthetypeanduantitofvenom.qyBlackWidowSpider黑寡妇蜘蛛IntheUnitedStatesthefemaleblack美国,雌,性黑寡妇蜘蛛(黑寡妇)体widowspider(Latrodectusmactans)is长大约是5/8寸(巧毫米),身体呈黑about%in(15mminbodlenth,blackor色或褐色,并且腹部的底面,有标志性的)ygbrownandW她achatti,raceriscredor沙漏形状,呈红色(或燈色或黄色)(图(orangeoryellow)hourglassmarkingonthe如5)。蜘蛛的背部有光泽,腹部肥胖,一undersideoftheabdomenFiure205.The(g)类似于个大的黑葡萄。最长的腿朝向前37 topsideofthesiderisshinandfeaturesa方。人们发现此种蜘蛛和其他品种的毒蜘pyfatabdomenthatresemblesalargeblack蛛散落在农村地区,在咎仓中,收获的作grape.Thelongestlegsaredirected1:oward物中,和户外的石墙。有?是栖息在树上化efront.Thisspeciesa打d〇化erLatrodectus的。speciesarefoundscatteredi打ruralregions,ttinbarnswihinharvesedcrosandaround,p,outdoorsto打ewas.Somearearboreal.ll晴義纖喔20日Fiure205Felackwsidwk,gmalebidowperh图雌性黑寡妇蜘蛛在腹部的底面有tcaourassmaonundeeypilhglrking化ersid标志性的沙漏形状。of化eabdome打.Thebiteoftheblackwidowspideris被帷性黑寡妇蜘蛛叮咬后,很少会有一irarelyverypainfblusuallmore1化ea疼痛感(通常伤口更像是个针眼),虽(yinrkllippicandoftencausesitteswellnor然被咬的地方有可能会发热发红,但是很)grednessaIt;houh化erecanbeawarmand少引起肿胀或红肿。如果已经沉积了过多,g一reddenedareaaround化ebite.Ifmuch毒液,伤者会在小时内出现典型的反venomhasbeendeositedthevictim,特别是腹部和背p,应。症状包括肌肉癌擎developsatypicalreactionwellwithinan部;肌肉疼痛;肌肉抽摇;手掌和脚底麻hour.Smtomsincludemusclecrams木yp;头痛;眼脸下垂;面部浮肿;流口水;p,particularlyof化eabdomenandback;出汗;躁动和焦虑;呕吐;胸部肌肉痊舉musclepain;muscletwitching;numbness并引起呼吸困难;发热和高血压。男人会andtinglingofthepalmsofthehandsand持续阴茎勃起(异常勃起)。小孩可能会—bottomsof1;hefeetheadachedroo直哭泣。孕妇可能会发生宫缩和早产。;;pyeelidsfacialswellindroolinsweatiny;g;g;g;38 restenetlssssandanxietvomiinchesty;g;musclespasms,causingdificultyinbreathinfeverandhihbloodressu化?Ag;;gpmanmaydevelopapersistentpenileerectionriaism.Asmallchildmacr(pp)yypersistently.Apregnantwomanmaydevelouterinecontractionsandjrematurepplabor.Untreatedmosteolerecoverwithout,大,pp如若不治疗多数人在未获得帮助helpover1:hecourseof8hours化2days?的情况下,从这种状况中恢复需要8小时However,verysmallchildrenandelderly到2天的时间。然而,如果伤者是年纪较victimsmasufferreatl乂withoss化le小的儿童和老人,巧P么可會接会受賣]很大的ygpdeath.Thereisanantivenomavaiable化l影响,有巧能会导致死t。执业医生有能medicalpractitionersfortreating化ebiteof够治疗黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的抗蛇毒血清。它theblackwidowspicter.Itisused化rsevere,适用于严重的,有时甚至危及生命的症t-someimesHfethreateni打smtoms.状。g,ypTreatmentforaBlackWidowSpiderBke应对黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤的治好1?Applyicepacks化化ebite.1?用冰袋冰敷伤口口。2.Immediatelytransportthevictim化a2.立即将伤者送到医疗机构。tmedicalfacUiy.—一.Once化iciisehosal.旦伤者到达医院3evtminthit3,医生会有些p,thedoctorwillhaveanumberoftheraieps治疗方紀其中包括静脉注射帮和肌肉松U)use,whichincludeintravenouscalcium弛药用切缓解肌肉痊擎的治疗方法;降压solutionsandmusclerelaxantmedicinesfor;止痛药药物用于应对血压升高;而且,musclespasm;antihypertensivedrugsfbr在非常严重的情况下,使用能够治疗黑寡elevatedbioodpressure;painmedicine;and,妇蜘蛛咬伤的抗蛇毒血清。inveryseverecasesantivenom化1:he,venomoftheblackwidowspider.4.Ifyouwillbeunable化reacha4.如果伤者正在经受着严重的肌肉39 hospi化1withinafewhoursandthevictimis疫事,却无法将伤者在几个小时内送达医sufferinseveremusclesasmsoum),g,如果p,y巧院恰巧随身携带理地西泮(安定administeranoraldoseofdiazeam可W服用口服剂量。只要伤者仍然清醒,p(Valium),ifyouhappentobecarrying比并且能够正常地吞咽,对于不经常服用该Thestartindoseforanadultwhodoesnot种药物的成年人的起始剂量为5毫克,Wgreut5glarlyakethedrugismgwhichcan2.5毫,可W每30分钟增加2.5,克为单位beaugmentedin2.5mgincrementsevery毫克,但总剂量最多为10毫克。2岁至530mimit閒up化atotaldo化of10mg,so岁的儿童的起始剂量为0.5毫克;6岁至longasthevictimremainsalertandis12岁的儿童的起始剂量为2毫克。儿童服capableofnormal,purposefulswallowing.用的总剂量不应超过5毫克;服用过镇静Thestartingdoseforachildage2化5years剂的儿童必须有人照看。is0.5mg;forachildage6化12yearsthestartingdoseis2m.Totaldoseforachildgsho山dnotexceed5mneverleaveag;sedatedchildunatended.BrownRecluseSpider褐色蜘蛛Atleastfiveseciesofreclusesiders在美国至少发现了五种隐±蜘蛛。褐pparefoundin化eUnitedStates.Thebrown色蜘蛛(踪隐±蛛)是最有名的,最常见recluseseroxosceesecstidlrluaishe于美国的南部和中西部的南部。然而p(L),州bestknownandfoundmostcommonlin际贸易已经为褐色蜘蛛及其它蜘蛛在全ytheSouthandsouthernMidwest.However国其他许多地方创造了栖息地。迄种蜘蛛,tttinersaecommercehascreatedhabitatsin是。褐色的,长度大约为半英寸(10毫米)o一"'manytherartsofthecountrforthe它的背部的顶端有t黑色的小提琴形py"brownrecluseandrelatedspecies.The状的标记,非常特别(小提琴状的花。spiderisbrown,withanaveragebody纹)(图206)。褐色蜘採经常会在1lenthofustunder/2in10mm.A黑暗,隐蔽的地方出没gj(),如在口廊下,在charac-teristicdarkviolinshapedmarking柴堆里,在水果箱里等能发现褐皮花蛛。""fiddebacks(li化undon比e化ofthe褐色蜘蛛大多数是在夜间活动。通常在被)PersectionofthebodFiure206he,叩py(g).T困住时才会喔咬但是对人类不具有攻击40 brownreclusesiderisfoundindark。p,性shelteredareassuchasunderorchesni,p,woodilesa打di打cratesoffruit.Itismostp,act.iveatnightItcommonlybiteswhenitistraedbutisnototherwsearessvepp,iggitowardhumans.一F206Bdetigure.rownreclusespirwih图206褐色蜘蛛在头胸部的顶端有个t-i1typicalvolinshapedmarkingon;he;op明显的黑色的小提琴形状的标记。sideof1hehalotho;ceprax.Thebi化of化ebrownre加化spider被褐色蜘蛛咬伤后,开始可能会引起maycauseverylitlepainatfirst,orasharp非常轻微的疼痛,或是感觉到尖锐刺痛。stinmabefelt.Thestininsubsides6至8小时后,接下来的是gygg,刺痛会消退over6化8hours,andisreplacedbaching疼痛和癌痒。在1到日小时内,有时候会y一anditchihinhouilin.Wt1化5rsaanfu,周g,p出现红色或者紫色的水泡圃圈颜色redorpurplishblistersometimesappears,变淡,为浅蓝色,偶尔伴有会肿胀。红色surroundes-eeofwh-dbyabulPyitishblue的边缘可能扩散成不规则煎鸡蛋的形状,alediscolorationwithoccasionalsliht,(p),g受重力的影响使得原有的水泡仍然靠近swelling.TheredmarginmayspreadinU)an病变的最上部。伤者可能逐渐开始畏寒,-wirreularfredeateth,giggprni发热乏力和全身皮肤出现红色斑丘疹。,ravitationalinfluencesucht:hatt;he被咬30分钟内严重的过敏反应的情况g,后orIiinalblistorremainsnear1:heuermost很少发生。日至7,gppj天后毒液会使得周围一partofthelesion.Thevictimmaydevelop组织变成紫色并会溃烂,从而导致个开chililsfeverweaknessandaeneralzed放性溃扬,这可能需要几个月的时间才能,,,g41 i:edsknmshevereaericreacto打s痊愈。,i.Sllgi如果反应很严重在伤口的中也的wi出in30minut:esof化ebiteoccur姐织将会被破坏,发黑,甚至坏死。infrequentlver5to7dasty.Oyhevenom,causesavioetdiscoloratio打a打dwnlbreakdoofthesurrou打dingtissueleadintoanoen,gpulcerthatmaytakemonthstoheal.Ifthereactionhasbeenseverethetissueinthe,ce打terof化ewoundbecomesdestroyed,blackensanddies.,"A"—rarereactionissystemic种罕见的反应是系统性踪隐i蛛""loxoscelism,inwhichrilevenombitulst;o中毒,这种情况下,在24至72小时内redbloodcellsandinducessevere其毒液将与红细胞结合,并引起引起严重symptomswithin24化72hours.These的症状。这其中就包括俾有发热的类似感ncudeaflu-eresenilliktationwithfever冒的症状,寒战,头痛,疵劳,乏力,恶p,chtuS,illsheadachefaieweakn巧nausea也呕吐,肌肉关节酸痛,尿中带血,皮,,g,,,vomitinmuscleandointachesbloodin肤变黄(黃擅),肾脏衰竭,甚至休克,g,j,1l,;heurineellowskindiscooration,需,y惊厥費迷等。这些症状多见于儿童aundicekidnfailureandevenshock要紧急药物治疗。(j),巧,,seizurea打dcoma.Thisismorecommonin,childrena打dsquiresintensivemedical化6邸^3Treatmeni:foraBrownReduseSpickrBite应对褐色蜘蛛咬伤的治巧Because化ebit;eofthebrownrecluse因为褐色蜘蛛的叮咬通常会导致严重spidertypicallycausesseveretissue的组织破坏,伤者应及时看医生,医生将destruction化evictimshouldseea会尽快开药或提供。在此期间,,其他治疗physician,whowillprescribemedicineor应用棘袋冷聲伤口,送是非常实用的,并another化erapyassoonaspossible.Inthe使用抗生素(红霉素,阿奇霉素,或是头meantimealcoldacks!:〇化ewound抱氨节或)。不能使用加热壑或进行热敷。,ppypforaslongasisracticalandadministeran根据反应的严重程度,医生会建议使用药p42 antibioticerthromcinazithromc((inory,y,物或是切除被咬伤的部分。氨苯讽用来cephalexin).Donotapplyaheatingador抑制某些细菌)也是应对炎症反应的有效pho一tacks.Deendinontheseveritofthe药物。些临床挖生建议遁过高压氧治ppgy*ieactniothedoctorwilleitheradvise,疗。icmedinesorsurgicalexdsionof比ebite.Dapsone,adrugusedto案打11化itcertaincellsthatareartoftheinflammatoryresonsepp,hasbeenusedeffectivel.Herbaricyypoxygen化crapyisrecomme打dedbysomecli打icmns.Untilyoureceiveotheradvice,treat&e直至收到其他治疗建议,那么在伤口woundw一itha化inlayerofmupirocinor上涂上层薄薄的莫匹罗星软膏,杆茜肋bacitarcinointment,ormupiocmcream,软膏,或者莫匹罗星霜,每天换药。不要underneath舶ily(kessingchanges.Donot使用外用类固酵。有些人夸大了外用硝酸aocapplytpilsteroids.Someersonshave甘油的作用,但目前还没有足够的科学证ptouchedapplicatio打oftypicationoftopical据来支持常规送种疗法。nitroglycerinbut比e化isnotetsuficient,yscie打tificevidence化routinelysuort化ispp化erapy.0化erSiders其他蜘蛛pOe'thrspiders化atmayroduceainful其他能造成疼痛和少量的局部组织ppbitesandasmallamountoflocaltissue破损的其他蜘蛛包括塔兰圓拉毒蛛,狼breakdowninckulethattarantulawolf蛛,跳蛛,黄囊蜘蛛和流浪汉,,黄金蛛,sideruminsiderellowsacsider蜘蛛。被叮咬后应该用棘袋冰敷,服用止p,jpgp,yp,0此weawr,andhobospider(Tegenaria痛药,和标准的伤口护理治疗。agrestis).Thebkesshouldbetreatedwi比eacksticainmedicineandsandardp,p,woimdcare.Some化rantulas(Figure207)carry有些塔兰图拉毒蛛(图207)长有壑43 hairs化atcanirritatetheskin,eyes,and毛,会刺激人类的皮肤,眼睛和粘膜。当mucousmembranesofhumans.When化e蜘蛛受到威胁时,它会在腹部摩擦自己的siderthihindlisreateneditrubstses,p,g后腿对敌人抽动自己的蠻毛。这些垫毛overitsabdomenandflicksthousandsof可1^^^穿透人体皮肤并引起肿胀,可能会癌hairsatitsfoe.Thesehairscanenetrate痒几个星期。如果任何垫毛或垫毛砕片留phumanskinanscauseswollenbumpswhich在皮肤上,可使用胶带,将其剥質去除。canitchfbrweeks.Ifanyhairsorhair么后口服抗组胺局部用药,如斯下爱斯洗frainmen化remain化eskin化巧can液清洗。外用抗姐织胺或类固醇制剂可能g,removedwUhreeatedaicationan。pppld会缓解疼痛eelttAftttttpinsofsickyae.terhareamengp,iswithanoralant化stamneandt:ocaiipiltmedicaionsuchasStingE之eliquid.AEpicalantihistamineorcorticost:eroidpreparationmayrovidesomerelief,pThehobospidermaycauseareaction流浪巧蜘蛛也会引起和褐皮花蛛类一些similarto,butlessseverthan,abrown似的反应,但症状要较为轻微。对伤reclusesider.Thebkewoundshouldbe口理(见380页)。p也要进行相应的处treatedaccordinglyseeae380.(p呂)...纖麵巧gure207Tarantula图207塔兰图拉毒蛛SCORPIONS蜗子Scorionsarefoundindesertsand人们发现蜗子多数栖息在沙漠和温pwarmtropicalclimateshiddenunder度较高的热带气傾地区,它们经常隐藏在,stonesfencesandarbae.n化enited0,IU,围墙,或是垃圾堆里在美国,,gg石块下下44 States化emo巧danerousseciesis化0,gp最危险的品种是夜间活动的树皮曠(墨西nocturnalbaricscorionCentruroides哥)只在美国西南地p雕像木蜗,这是几乎exilicauda,whichisfoundahno巧区发孤体长可达到2英寸(5厘米)长。exclusivelyinthesouthweststatesandcan这种黄褐色(稻草色),体型健壮的或带beup化2in化(5cm)bng.This条纹的身子修长物种,在其整刺部有小结e--llowishbrownstrawcoloredsolidor,y(,节(尾节)炫点使其与其他蜗子区别开)ri一stpedspeciesisdistinguishedfromother来(图208)。尾部的最后段有毒刺,scoronsbsenrandasmapiyitsldebodyll被刺伤么后,立刻会感到极大的疼瓶如Uibercletelsonattheba化of化8stiners果敲击受伤的部位。()g,疼痛会更加盾4烈其(Figure208).Thestingisinflictedwi化化e它症状包括兴奋,唾液分泌增多,多汗,lastS巧mentof化et:ail,anditis麻木,嘴臣周围刺痛,恶也,视觉重影,immediatelyexquisitelypainful;theainis精神紧张,肌肉抽擅和疫擎,呼吸急促,pmaidmuchworseby邸pingon化6siteof呼吸急促,血压升高,抽摇,雜姨和崩溃。injury.Othersymptomsincludeexcitement,2岁(^1下的儿童在出现严重反应时特别危creasedst。inalivationsweainnumbness险如果是被非致命蜗种类蜜伤的话,贝0,g,andtingUngaroundthemouth,nausea,类似于蜜蜂壑伤。doublevisionnervousnessmuscle,,twitchinandsasmradbreahnitigp,gp,shortnessofbreathhihbloodressure,gp,seizuresaralsisandcollase.Achild,py,punderage2yearsisatarticularriskforapseverereactontsnonlethai.Singbylscorpionspeciesaresimilartobeestings.Ifsomeoneisstunbascorion,立gyp,如粟有人被蜗子壑伤即用冰袋冰immediatelyalaniceack1:0thewound口。不要移动受伤的身体。特别ppyp敷伤部位andimmobilizetheafectedbodypart.Seek是被墨西哥雕像木頓壑伤的时候,要立即immediatelycarearticularlforstinsof就医。,pygC.exilicauda.Topreventscorpionstings,becareful为了防止被蜗子蟹伤,在处理枯枝和45 whenhand,lingdeadwoodandworkingin树叶的工作时要小也。在使用服装,鞋一tilesofleaves.Clohinshoesbedrolls,pg,,,铺盖卷和睡袋前应该先抖动下并且进"andsleeinbasshouldbeshakenoutand行检查。在紫外线焚光灯(伍德灯或黑pgg"n*sectedefoieuse.C.Excaudas,ipbilii灯)下墨西哥雕像木蜗会发出绿色fluorescentunderanultravioletlight的亮光,晚上可臥送种方式进行检查。""(WoocTslamporblacklight)andcanbespottedglowinggreenatnightinthisr打过打ner.垂幽巧客11代208.Scorpion图208蜗子Mosquitoes蚊子Femalemosquitoesbit:ehumansin雌蚊叮咬人类中是需要吸血产卵。因questofbloodmeals,化layeggs.Because为它们在水中繁殖,所从多在沼泽,湿地,1ht1ht:eybreedinwaer;earemos或树木祭茂的地区发现它们。尽管在黄昏,yw一freuentlyfbundinmarshyetlandor的时候往往窝蜂的出现,但是不同种类q,,woodedareaslthouhman化nd化在。.Agy不同的时间进食昆虫被人体的气咪swarmatdusk,differentspeciesfeedat(远距湾),呼出的二氧化碳(中频),dheinifferenttimes.Tsectsareattracted化W及热量和湿气(短距离)所吸引。在叮hos-todorsy〇ngrangeexhaledcarbon咬时,蚊子的唾液往入到伤者体内。这种),d一ioxdemidtitiraneandheaandmosure液体包含导致传统反应的物质个(g),hort-Dusraneibimosili(g.rnateutosava会引起癌痒的小的白色或红色凸点,然后)g,qisinectedint;othevictim.Thisliuid消失。有些人由于叮咬而过敏q,可能会延jcontainsthesubstancesthatcausethe迟这些反应(12到48小时),其中包括c--lassicreactionasmallwhteorre。此外,idbump严重的肿胀和癌痒蚊子传播的疾46 化atinches,andthendisappears.Thosewho病,如拒疾(见146页)和各种类型脑炎havebeensensitizedbecau化ofrev。pious的bitescanhavedealyed12to48hours()巧actionswhichincludeintenseswellin,gandinching.Inaddition,mosq山化estransmitdiseasessuchasmalariaseeae(pg146andvarioustofencehalities.)yp的pTheraformos山化bitesislimited治疗蚊虫叮咬pyq仅限于冷敷和保持皮化coolcompressesandskinhygiene化肤卫生,(防感染。如果有人被严重咬伤reventinfections.巧someoneisbiten和遭p受强烈的迟发性过敏反应,那么强的intenselyandsufersaseveredelayed松可能会减轻伤者的痛苦,强的松也用于allergicreaction,hemaybene化froma治疗毒葛(见234页)。在暴露在蚊子出courseofprednisonesimilar化出atused化没的区域之前曰服抗组胺药,如盐酸西替treatpoisonoakseeaeU4.Oral,可能会减轻由于蚊子叮咬而容易发(pg)利嗦antihistaminessuchasiizi。,cetrne生过敏反应的人的痛苦hydrochloride,givenbeforemosquitoexposure,maylessen化ereactiontomosuiU)bhesinhihlsensitizedersons.qgyp化化ctreelentsarecussedona390。pldispge驱虫剂将在页进行讨论390.BITINGFLIES吸血蛹""Amidge(alsocalledagnator機(也称为蚊纳或称作找不到)一一no-see-umssmabtttiallitinhacreaes种吸血蛹,)gfly是,被其叮咬之后会出现apainfulredbumpthatseemsoutof个红色鼓包,有疼痛感,似乎与昆虫的大’proportion化theinsectssize.Afteryour小不成比例。之后,伤者的免疫系统开始immunesstemhasbecomesensitized化不起作用y,对这竖叮咬开始出现过敏反he化besoutttitrreacionsseemobecome应,对于这种连番攻击,,y伤者的反应似乎worsewithreeatedassaultsandouma,可能会p,yy变得越来越糟糕出现水疮或小溃developblistersorsmallsores.瘍。47 Blackflies,bufalognats,Uirkeygnats,黑蜡,水牛蚊邮,火鸡蚊蜗,和绿头-andreenheadedfliescreatelarer苍蜗叮咬后会出现更大的伤日gg,并且伤口puncturesthatmaybleed.TheImmediate可能会出血。并立即会出现疼痛,肿胀(伤pain,swelling(welt),andrednessare痕),发红,这些症状通常严重并且持久。usuallintenseandersistenty.Thesores如果有多处咬伤p,溃瘍可能持续数周,并maylastforweeks,andbeaccompaniedby伴有乏力及发热。淋己结可能发生肿胀,weaknessandfeverwhentherearemultiple小孩子尤其容易发生皮种状况。马蜗,鹿b一ites.Swollenlhlandsaoccur觸ympgm,斑化,微蛹,和沙蛹,y,般毒性较弱art.icularlinchildrenors抽deerfly.H但有时可能会很严重。此外pyy,它们可能传,,mangofly,breezefly,andsandflybites播疾病,例如利什曼病。eneralllessnoxoutgyisbumayonoccasion,besevere.Inaddition化ematransmit,yydiseases,suchasleishmaniasis.Treatmentissmtomaticsimilar治疗需要对症ypand,其步骤类似于在治疗化化atappliedunderstep5for化elocal昆虫叮咬而产生的局部反应方法里的第reaction化aninsectstingseeae376.五步(见376页)。(pg)FLEAS跳香Fleasareparasiticonmammalsand跳蚕寄生在哺乳动物和鸟类身上。无birds;.Thewinlewbodenablesthecriten翅的身体使得这种小生物跑搜巧如gy。它们化runandumwithea化.ThliveonW吸食血液为生。在温暖的气候条件下jp巧,blood.Thearemoreactiveinwarmer它们更加活跃y,并且通常寄生在家养动物c一limatesandarecommonlassociatedwith身上。被跳否咬伤么后通常会出现个暗,ydome如Can一imals.Afleabiteusuallyisa红色或紫色的小斑点,周围圈会发红、smalldarkredorurlishdotsurroundedb胀。常见的症状是瘦痒。如果伤者是过ppy肿accuairlrareaoflighterrednessand敏体质的祐症状可能发会展成水泡或溃swe一llin.Itchiniscommonigg.Thosewho瘍。搜蚕叮咬可能会出现大片无规贝的jhavebeensensitizedmaydevelopblistersor红点,多数是在腿,躁关节和脚上。ulcers.Fleabitesmayappearinunpaternedclustersmostcommonlonlesankles,yg,48 andfeet.Treatmentissmptomaticandsimilar治挥需要要对遮,其步骤类似于在治y化化ataliedunderS5for化epp邸local巧昆虫町咬而产生的局部反应方法里的reaction化annsectstn。iig(seeae376).第五步(见376页)pgThefemaleTungapenetransflea在美圍中部和南部及非洲,帷性穿皮(burrowing幻ea,chigo,sa打d打ea,ier潜茜(穴居跳蚕,沙番,跳還)引起潜蚕jgg)causestungiasisinCentalandSouth病。受精的雌還进入人体的皮肤,只有身AmericaandinAfrica.Theimpregnated体后部仍然是皮肤外部。穿皮潜還吸血’一femalefleaburrowsintoahumansskin后,身体变大,被叮咬处出现个硬硬的un,一tilonlythefleasposteriorendremains遙痒的,犹如就豆大小的鼓包,中也是汾lemal.Theinsectsucksbloodbecomes)。,个黑点(搜幡的后腿最常见的被叮咬larger,andappearsasafirm,itchynodule的部位是脚,W部,不穿鞋或是蹲在坐止化esizeofasmalleawhichhasadark飞扬的地上的人。己经进入皮肤的跳遙可p,sotinthecenterthehindendoftheflea.从用外用醇離杀死p();然后必须手术将其切Themostcommonsitesofinfestationare去除,否则会严重感染。feetbutocksorerineumofhumanswho,,p’dontwearshoesorwhosquatintodustysoil.Theburrowedfleacanbekilledwith*topicaletheritmust化enbesuricall;gyreovedorevereinfecioncanevemstdlo.,pCHIGGERS恙觸m一Chiers(redbugsharv朗titesare恙瞒(红瞻,收获瞒)是gg,)种令人头anenormousnuisanceaicularlindie,,prty痛的昆虫特别是在美国东南部。瞒的成southeaster!UnitedStates.Theadultmites虫会把它们的卵产在植被上(如产在草ael化iresonveetationsuchasrass。觀生的幼虫将自己附着到人类身上,yggg(g).上)The一newlhatchedlarvaeattachthemselves并进巧叮咬个鼓包y;因叮咬而产生的每化ahumanand一inflict化ebeseachisit都轉别氣开始是个红色的小圆点,二;erriblit日ty把hyandmarkediniiallwkha十四小时么后会。被X咬,y变成红色的伤痕smallreddotthatbecomesaredwe化over的圆点有成百上千个。可能会出现水泡,49 enesutht24hors.Bitesanumberinthe流脈。my,和严重的肿胀最容易出现这种情hundreds.Blistersweeinandsevere况的部位是脚和脚踩,pg,。这种皮肤损伤会持swellinmaaear.Thefeetandankles续2周^^gy>上,pp1并且伴有突发的剧烈痊痒和aremostcommonlyaffected.Thelesions不适。resolveover2weeksbutnotwithout,幻are-usoftinensei化hinanddiscomfortpg.Treatmentissymptomaticandsimilar治疗需要对症,其步骤类似于在治疗化thataliedunderste5fortheppplocal尾虫町咬而产生的局部反应方法里的第一reaction化aninsectstineeae巧6.五步(见376页)。含百分之的酷炉甘g(spg)Onepercentphenolincalaminetmybe石可能会有所帮助。对付恙蜡町咬的家庭helfulHomeeedes.rmiforchierbites急救方式很常见pgg,包括轻拍少量的透明指arecommonandincludealicati。,pponof甲油或肉品嫩化剂但是还没有证实这些dab一sofclearnailolishormeattenderizer.方法是否有效。如果个人被严重咬伤并pNoneareofprovenbenefit.Ifapersonis有剧烈的反应,那么强的松可能会减轻伤bitenintenselyandsuffersasevere者的痛苦,强的松也用于治疗毒葛(见234reactionhemaybenefitfromacourseof页),或使用超高效外用皮质,萃固酶激素prednisonesimilar化thatused化treat霜剂或软膏,例如每日在伤口处涂上薄薄o一isonoakS说aeU4oratp(pglicaionof的层的0.05%氯倍他索,但只能涂凡天),ppsuperotenttoicalcorticosterodre。icamor的时间预防是最关键的pp;带有氯菊酷的ointment,suchas0.05%clobetasolaplied透气的服装是非常有效的,类似击退壁風p化inlyseveraltimesdaily,butforonlyafew所采取的方法。d’aysduration.Preventioniskey;retreatmentofclothinw也tinpgipermehr,simdar化thearoachtaken化reelticksppp,isbeneficial.CENTIPEDESANDMILLIPEDES娱蛇和千足虫Centipedesbitetheirvictimswiththeir娱蛇是用它们的毒牙咬伤伤者的,而fansnotW化-g,theirfeetorrearend不是用脚或身体后部的附属肢体。据报appendages.Scolopendraspeciesbiteshave道,被亚马遇巨人娱蜡咬伤会引起烧灼般50 beenreorted化causeburna,。pingpin的疼痛肿胀,发纽淋巴腺肿大很少,swellinredssandlenlmh出现更加严重的反应。gneswol,其,,yp治疗需要对症lands.reseegMoverreactionsarerare.步骤类似于在治疗昆虫叮咬而产生的局Treatentissmtomaticandsao部(。mypimilrt反应方法里的第五步见376页)不也atappliedunderstep5forthelocal同之处在于使用巧品嫩化剂来缓解螺蚁reaction化anncnisetstiseeae376。g(pg),咬伤从来没有被确认wi化出eexcetion出at比eaHcationofpppmeat1;enderizerhasneverbeensuggested化beofbenefitforacentiedebite.pMillipedesdonotbitetheirhuman千足虫从不会把伤者咬伤;相反,它vctitimsinsead化eeectsecretions化at们排出的分泌物,可引起皮肤过敏。在热;,yjcancauseskinirritation.Intropicalregions,带地区据巧道,接触到千足虫的分泌物化ishasbeenreportedtobeginwWibrown时,开始皮肤被染成栋色,随后会出现水skinstaininfoowedbgllaburnin泡并伴有烧灼感。如果千足虫分泌物进入,ygsensationwithblisters.Millipedesecretions眼睛,可能会导致严重刺激,类似于角膜thatenterheeacaun。t巧mysesevereirritatio擦伤(见180页)但是没有具体的治疗smariil化acornealabrasion(seeae180).方法,除了用消毒的水或盐溶液迅速彻底pgThereisnospecifictreatment,otherthan化冲洗患处(特别是眼睛),然后当作烧伤rrate)iigtheafectedarea(particularlythe进行治疗(见第108页,或者,如果眼eyes)promptlyandthoroughlyW她睛受伤,可当做角膜磨损进行治疗(见180disinfec把dwateror说linesolution,and页)。化entreatasabumseeae10orifthe(pg巧,eyeisinjured,asacornealabrasion(seepage180.)TICKS碑虫TicksFiure209areubiuitousin婢虫(图209),在树木繁茂的地区(g)qwoodedregionsandfieldsandreadily和田野里无处不在,并可W随时会接触到,atach化theskinofvictims,most伤者的皮肤,最常见于腿部,下腹部,生■commonIlonthekslowerabdomen殖器,。它们也可能附着至j头yg,,背部和臀部51 genitals,back,andbuttocks.Theymayalso皮,腮下,腹股沟等(对于婢虫来说)媪attach化化escalp,armpits,groin,andother热的部位。它们喜欢树荫和湿涧的皮肤,一一cozforatickareas.Theeyylikshadeand并可能为了寻找个舒适的地方徘徊()moistskinandmawanderfbrawhilein。20%,y会大约婢虫附着在伤者身上是不能searchofacomfortablesot.U化20%of被发现的。婢虫是多种疾病的媒介,如洛ppt55ickattachmentsareinlocations化atcannot基山斑疹热(见1页),科罗拉多壁動b'53evsuazedbvctimt(15)(1),iliyisblood.化6ickis热见6巧,回归热见页1tlt(15,(;heinermedia:ehosfbr化evectorsof埃立克体病见9页)和莱姆病见manydiseases,suchas民ockymountain157巧)。其实,在美国,婢虫是最常见sottedffeverseeae155Coloradotick。p(pg),的引起的各种疾病的昆虫媒介feverseeae56reasnveseep1lifer(g),pg(page153),ehrlichiosis(seepage159),andLymedisease(化epage157).Infact,ticksarethemostcommoninsectvect;orsofdseasetttiin化euniedSaes.—'r巧—:VT习寶芳?驚顆画聊顆皆..麵隱難Figure209Tick.图209?魄虫Atickbhecancausealocalreaction碑虫叮咬可能引起局部反应,其范围tt:harangesfrom化ecommonsmallitch的溃荡。,y从普通的小的发痒结节到大面积nodue化anextenIlsiveulcer.tiscommon在被婢虫咬伤的部位,经常可切看到发1:〇化erednessswenandt,lliitchina化e红,肿胀,癌痒。有些婢虫的日器是刺,g,gsiteofatickbite.Sometickmouthartsare而且婢虫所分泌的粘液还可从将自己固p52 ba此ed,and化e化mayalsobe江cement定在伤者身上。如果被咬的部位很大的化cretedb化etick化anchorin化化yite话,伤者即使没有感染,也可能会发热,v一ictim.Wi化lareormultilebitesthe发寒和薇劳。般情况下gp,,被咬破的伤曰一v一ictimmasufferfeverchillsandfatiue到两个星期么后恢复个难臥消y,,g会在。intileabsenceofinfection.Normall化e除的肿块可能是反应性(对婢虫的唾液)y,bitewoundsresolveoveraweekortwo.A组织的积累,需要手术切除的送部分组persistentlumpmaybeacoUectio打of织。*reactivetoticksalivatissuethatrequies()isuricalexcisiong.TickParalysis魄雜擴e一一Ifaprson(particularlyaounchild如果个人(尤其是个年幼的,长ygtihlonhairistravelnwgiginorhasust着长头发的孩子)正在有婢虫的国家旅行)jreturnedfromtickcountryandbegins化或是刚刚从这个国家回来,开始袍怨疲劳comaoplinffatiueandweaknessouma和虛弱,你可能已经发现他得了婢擁摸。g,yyhavediscoveredacaseoftickaralsis.pyThedisorderismostcommoninspring这种疾病最容易在春天和夏天发生,andsummerwhenticksarefeedin,Certain因为在这两个季节,婢虫正觅食。某些雌gfemaleticksnorthAmericanwoodtk(,(ic牲魄虫北美洲的木峭虫,常见的狗魄虫,commo打dotckandiAustria打marsuial,g,p和輿地利的有袋婢虫)会附着在皮肤上tide)atach化化eskinandslowl(over缓慢地(数天)释放的神经毒素,这种毒yseveraldays)releasean州rotoxinthat素会引起伤者严重的嗜睡和肌肉无力的causesprofoundlethargyandmusck症状。送种疾病通常是在婢虫附着在觀者weaknessin化evictim.Thedisorderusually身上么后的5到7天才开始出现。起初伤begins5化7daysaftertickattachment.At者可能是烦躁和不安,并抱怨他的手和脚一first化evictimmbeirritableand化stless会麻木和刺痛。在接下来的巧,天或两天andcomlainofnumbnessandtpinglingin(但偶尔会在几个小时内),伤者会变得hishandsand耗et.Over化6nextckyortwo很虛弱,麻癖感逐额蔓延(脚上开始出现,butoccasionallasuickawtaw然,(ylsihinfe后逐渐向头部蔓延)进而变成全身麻qyhou一rs),thevictimbecomesweakwithan。如果婢虫出现在耳朵后面,脸部的,蒋53 ascendnnnnn化efeetand。ig(begiigi部分穿兄会擁娛advanci打gtoward也eheadaralsiswhich)py,canbecomeU)tal.Ju巧aortionof化efacepcanbearalzedIfatickislodedbehindpyg化eear,Searchtheskin(particularlytihe彻底地检查皮肤(尤其是头发覆盖的-haircoveredareasthorouhlyforticksand区域)是不是有婢虫附着,并正确地去除)gremovethemproerlyseebelow.它们(见下文)。在去除魄虫后,通常在p()ImrovementisusuallnotedW她inhours小时么内情况会得到改善,完全恢复则py,数andcomleterecoveroccurs。pyin24化48要在24到48小时但是,.如栗没有将婢hoursafterremovalofthetick.Howeverif虫去除,伤者可能会死亡。,theickis打otremovedhevicimcandiettt.,TickAvoidance预防魄虫Whentravelinin化restsand巧eldsit在森林和原g,每天彻底,野旅行的时候一isaoodidea化nsecttheod上是否有蜗虫gipby检查身体,这是个很好的thorouhl(particularlthehairlineroin做法(特别是发际,,販窝,肚脈gyy,g,腹股沟underarmsnavestlcalandoher)。也不要忘了,,p,头皮和毛发等覆盖的地区ha-tircoveredareas)forickseachday.Do刷掉所有的狗的皮毛上和歇畜身上的婢notforget化brushticksoutof化efUrofall虫。dogsandackanimals.pWearproperclothing化preventtick穿合适的衣服,臥防止魄虫附着在身atachment.Tcksvea。,ihamoredificulttime上如果穿的衣服面料光滑,编织紧密atachin化smoothtihtlwovenfabrics?。,g,gy魄虫很难附着确保衬衫扎进裤子里裤K1仇Pshi化tuckediiUopantsandtrousers脚塞进棘子里。穿浅色衣服会较容易发现CU能化eked-iirtosocks.Lightcolored魄虫。如果穿的衣服松散不贴身,不贴近cotiindislascklgpytis.Ifclo化ingisworn皮肤,送使得婢虫或其它昆虫不易叮咬并looselfitingitwillnotbeulledclose化。在准备网眼的衣服或防蚊罩的y,p接近皮肤eskinandtwibe?。化illmored施cultfora时候,网格的尺寸应小于03毫米戴谜,tickorinsecttobitet;hroughandreachthe色的宽边帽用W呆护头部和颈部。如果在54 一skin.Ifmeshclothinoraheadnetis衣物上发g现蛛虫,可W用块透明胶带或employed比emeshsizeshouldbet,lesshan使用胶带棉绒滚筒装置除去。如果使用的一0-.3mm.Wearaloihtcloredg,不是个热循环的衣物烘干机,洗过的衣broad-rbimmedhattorotect化eheadand物可能无法除去脾虫的幼虫。鹿碑虫会传pneck.Sticksareseenonclothing,化巧may染莱姆病的感染因子,它的体型非常小,beremovedbytrappinthemonaieceof特别是在幼虫阶段。氯菊醋(permanone)gpcellohanetaeorusina如detaelint是适用于ppgyp服装的最巧的驱虫剂,但是不适rollerdevice.Unlessahotcycleinclothing用于皮肤(见390页),避蚊胺也是很有dryerisemployed,washingclothinmay效的。gnotremoveticknymphs.Thedeertick,whichtransmits出einfectiousaentofgLymedisease,isextremelysmall,artcuilarlinuvenilestaespyjg.ThebestrepeHentiserme化rinermanonealiedp(p)pp化clothing,not化skin(seepage巧0),butDEBTisalsoeffective.TickRemoval去除畔虫Theroerwa化removeatickis化去除婢虫的正确方法是用缀子或用ppyras化cose化化moulthartsi化指甲接近它的曰器并捏住它gppw,缓慢而稳定w一teezersorwiththefinernailsanduigpllt将它直接拉出皮肤(图210)。另种很straightoutwithaslowandsteadmotion好的去除禪虫方法,是用可W在婢虫和皮y巧gure210).Anotherexcellentway化肤之间轻便移动的带槽或V字形的工具,removet-aickiswitharoovedorhagVsed将婢虫从皮肤中拉出。不要扭动婢虫。如pdevicedesigned化slidebetweenthetick果必须用手指将其除去,要使用纸巾或andtheskin化trapthetkkandallowit化布,(^^防止婢虫体液接触皮肤而感染。不bepulledfromtileskin.Donottwistthe要用灼热的物体接触碑虫(如媳灭火柴tide.IfoumustremoveitW她our头)也不要用矿物油,酒精,煤油yy,露营fingers,U化tissuepaperordo化toprevent炉燃料,或凡±林徐在峰虫身上;这些补skincontactwithinfectioustiids.Do化加救措施可能导致婢虫挣扎,使它分泌出液55 not1;ouchthetickwithahotobject(suchas体感染咬伤部位。浓度2%粘性利多卡因anextinguishedmatchheadorcoveritwith涂在婢虫上日分钟后,会使它无力抓住皮)mlineraloialcoholkeroenel,,,,s,camps;ove肤但如果婢虫分泌了液体的话情况就一fuel,rvaseline1:heseremediesmiht。o;g不得而知了如果只婢虫的头卡在了皮cause化etick化struggleandregu巧itate肤里,可用棉签沾上合成除虫菊脂(二infectiousfluidin1:o化ebitesite.Viscous氯苯離菊酉自驱虫剂),涂在魄虫的身体表idi2%litickfi1015,locaneapped1:0aor5mnutes面。到_分钟后,婢虫会放松能够willcauseit化detachitsributtt,iisno请仔gp,輕易地把它扯下来。婢虫被去除后knownif化etickregurgitates.Ifatickhead细检查皮肤的其余部分是否还有魄虫的iisburiedin化esknoucanal,,,yppy头的碎片如果有轻程地把它们刮掉。pemethrin(permanoneinsectrepellent),用貞E皂和水或使用防腐剂清洗被咬的部usingaCottonswab,tot:heerandlower位,同时,也要把手洗干净。叩pbodysurfacesof比etick.After10to15minu化s,化etickWillrelaxandouwillbeyabletoutfAftthtilliree.ereckisremovedp,*carefullinsecttheskinforiiypremanngheadparts,andgentlyscrapeAemaway.Washthebitesit;ewithsoapandwaterorwithanantiseticandalsowashourp,yhands.',I/1F.iure210Removeatickwithtweezers.210用摄子移除婢虫g图。56 Caterpillars毛毛虫Thepusscaterpillar,Megalopyge在美国南部发现猶毛虫,也就是壳盖opercularis(figure211),isfoundinthe绒蠢(图211)。在美国东北部发现舞毒southernUnitedStates.TheGmoth蛾毛虫也就是舞毒蛾(图212)yp巧,及法caterillarLmantradsar12iiure2兰绒蛾毛虫。如果身体直接接触了或接触p,y巧g)p,andtheflannelmothcaterillarM.irata,c了粘在在室外的被媽的软毛或悬挂的衣pp,arefoundnenotithrtheteritedStaes.服上的送竖种类毛毛虫的软毛的话asnun,会导Thenumerousbristlesthatcoverthebodies致皮肤发炎。在触碰到这些软毛不久之ofthesespeciescauseskinirritationwhen后,伤者会遭受皮疹紅肿,发痒,灼热不thecaterpillarisdirectlytouched,orwhen适,專麻疹水泡是不太常见的。如果渉,thereisconacW她deachedbrtttistles及大面积的皮肤,伤者会变得恶也,身体deosonoutdooitedrbeddinorhun。pgg虚弱,并且可能会发高烧如果小软毛被ctlohes.Shortlyafter放posurethevictim吸入人体,接下来的症状是呼吸急促或类,sufersarashwithrednessitchinburnin哮喘病发(见第45页)。,g,g似如果眼睛接discomfortandhives.Blistersarerare,ifa触到泛些毛发,症状包括发红,发痒,流,aelrareaofskinisinvolvedthevcmcan泪和眼险。giti,肿胀尤其是处理有毒物质可引becomenauseatedandweak,andcansufer起剧烈疼痛,头痛,发热,呕吐,淋己腺fromhi班fev化If化esmallbristlehairsare肿大。-inhaledshortnessofbreathorasthmalike,(seePage45)symptomsmayfollow.IftheeyescomeintocotUactwi化化的ehairs:smsincuderednenteyp化mlssi化hiarin,島g,andswolleneyelids.Handlingarticularlpyvenomousspeciescancauseintenseainp,headache,fever,vomiting,andswollenlymhlands.pgThetreatmentoftheskinconsistsof皮肤的治疗方法包括使用粘合胶带altinadhesivetaedustaeisbest化(,接ppygp(p)牛皮胶布是最好的)去除运些软毛mo一attemi;trevalofbristlesfollowedban。p,y着使用炉甘石洗剂另外个很好的选择57 ca一tpliionofcalaminelotionaood叩,g是使用面膜或层薄薄的橡皮泥,让它瞭alternativeis化applyacommercialfacial干,然后把它揭下来;软毛会被面膜或者eerorthinlaerofrub)bercementlowit橡皮泥带下来py,al。对于过敏反应的处理类似UtPee)drandhenlit0thersty,巧bilesWill于234页上描述的对毒橡树的过敏反应的becarriedW她it.Managementofan处理。如果红肿显著,伤者可能需要曰服aletlic化acionsimilaratfromoson5巧化比pi抗组胺药,如连续天使用非索非那定(60oak加一isdescedonae234化erednes.gifs毫克,天两次)和非留体抗炎药进行治pandswellingareprominent,出evictimm巧疗。如果疼痛严重,需要使用有效的止痛betreatedwithanoraantldhisaminesuch,药。asfexofenadine巧0mgtwiceadaanday)nonsteroidalantiinflammatorydrug化r5ds.Ifthepainissevereadministera巧,otentanmedppiicine.^Figure211Pusscaterpillar图211猫毛虫58 F*iuie212Gsmo化catgypy;erpillar图212舞毒蛾BEETLES甲虫Beetlesare化elargestgroupofinsects.甲虫是昆虫中数量最多的群体。幸运Fortunately,nobeetlehasabheofstring的是,虽然有些品种的甲虫产生的有毒的化atcanenvenomahuman,althoughsome分泌物会沉积在皮肤上,但是它们没有那typesproducet:oxicsecretions1;hatcanbe些会毒伤人类的壑或刺。depositedontheskin.BlisterbeetlesoftheEpicautaspecies在整个东部和南部美国发现亞完菁^13)0已(Figuie213arefound化roughout比e水泡甲虫(图2。这些昆虫通常是.)easternandsouthernUntetatesThese英寸长(1.3且极其灵。当idS.厘米),并/活一sectsart13c虫时ineusuallyabou1/2in.mlong它们与皮肤接角,它们会辞方文种化学()andextremelyagile.When化巧make物质(斑蜜素),会刺激人的皮肤。初次contactwtesereeaseaih化kin化l接触是不会痛的。在接下来的几个小时,ychemicasutlttver,lbsancecan:haridinhaisy内,会出现水疮如果水泡不是特别大或()itiIilW,irratng.nitialcontactisaness.i侃na是破开了的话不会特别疼。如果水泡甲p一fewhoutwhaenot,就会出现个巨rsblisersaearichr虫在皮肤上被压扁的话,pp,particularlyainfulunlessthearelareand大的水泡。pygbroken.Ifablisterbeetleissquashedontheskinanenormousblisterfollows.,Thetreatmentis化esameas化ra该治疗方法和治疗二度烧伤的方法""—-1化conddreeburnseeage108.If样(见08页)。如果甲壳虫体液巧(p)59 ""beetleuiceen化rs化eee化eeeshould进入眼睛,会严重刺激眼睛,可能会得雪jy,yb一eirrigatedcopiouslyand化einjury盲症,(见187页)。般情况下,最好managedasyouwouldsnowblindness(see是在与任何昆虫接触么后,用服皂和水清ae187neneratsatop呂.Iglii呂oodidea洗皮肤。),washtheskinwhhsoapandwaterafteranyinsectcontact.———-?r打—T厂…—?―-一—難雞Figure213.Blis化rbeetle图213水泡甲虫SUCKING目UGS吸血臭虫TheseinsectshavesuckingmoiUh这类昆虫有刺吸式口器,代表的昆虫""parts,andaretypifiedby化eassassinbugs是刺椿和锥猎曠亚科的群体(接吻虫,"""andtheirsubsetoftriatomidskissin轮背猎罐和墨西哥的臭虫)。水生吸(g""""buswheelbusandMexicanbe加us?g,g,g)血臭虫包括巨型水臭虫和水蜗子。Aquaticsuckingbugsincludethegiant“"waterbugsandwaterscorpions.Triatomids(Figure214)usuallybite锥猎曠亚科(图214)通常在夜间叮humansduringt;henightonexposedbody咬人类身体的暴露部位,町咬能长达30parts,andfeed化rup化30minutes.The分钟。最初的叮咬是无痛的,并且没有任initialbiteispainless,withoutany何即时反应。然而,轮背猎蜡,黑海盗船immediatereaction.However,l:hewheel或蒙面臭虫叮咬可能引起疼痛,技种疼痛bublackcorsairormaskedbedbuhunter类似于黄蜂巧咬而引起的疼痛呂,,g。bitemacauseansmartoaornetypiiilhsting.60 ------..a耀、—L一一1———山二!bs:—.""",,Figure214.Triatomidkissingbug.图214锥猎蜡亚科的接吻虫Atriatomidmaycontinue化bUeuntil锥猎曠亚可能会持续叮咬直至出现一—化ereisaclusterorlineofichbum,,迭种redts片或者排红色的发痒的肿块,yp化化化一atmaylast化rupaweek.Ife情况可能会持续长达个星期。如果反应react,ionismoresevere化erearelare淋臣,g较为严重,会出现较大片的專麻疹hives,swollenlymphglands,fever,and腺肿大,或者发饶,起水泡。臭虫叮咬后一blistersBbifti,个红.e加ugtesoencreat;eantchy经常会出现发痒的肿块其中也是bumwttrtpihacenalredspo.点。Treatmentis巧mptomaticandsimilar治疗需要要对症,其步驟类似于在治!thtl;〇aappiedunderstep5forthelocal疗昆虫叮咬而产生的局部反应方法里的reaction1atsti376(376。:〇ninsecngseeae.第五步见页)(pg)SKININFESTATIONBYFLYLARVAE侵染皮肤的蛹姐Skininfestationbyflylarvaeiscalled蛹姐侵染皮肤引起的皮肤感染称为myiasisandismostcommonlnotedin蛹,、中美洲和南美,y姐病并多见于墨西哥MexicoandCentralandSouthAmerica,the洲,在中美洲和南美洲,胃蛹侵染较为常t一laertwoW她l;hebotflyDermatobia见。苍蛹的卵很可能是由另个物种昆虫hominis.Theflyewhichmaactuallbe携带(如蚊子),置于人体皮肤,在那里gg,yycarriedbyanotherspeciesofinsect(suchas解化它的卵,使新出生的幼虫透过慶虫叮一化6mosu,itoisdeositedon1:ohuman毛囊或小q,p咬或另开口钻入皮肤(例如)skin,whereithatchesallowingdie的擦伤或划痕)。,emerginglarvatoburrowin化t:heskin61 throughtheinsed:bkeoranotheropeningsuchasahairfollicleorsmallscratchor(nick.)Thelarva化endevelopsw她ina在4到7周么内,幼虫的圆顶状的空-domeshaedcav、itsweli化atenlarpylnges腔(肿胀)迅速长大。中也的呼吸?L排出()gover4化7weeks.Acentralbreathingore透明的或微血性的液体。在破壳么后的两p加ainsclearorslightlybloodyfluid?周内开始排出液体。送遁常会引起红肿和Drainagemaybeginwithinthefirst2weeks癌痒。幼虫在扭动的时候,会感觉到皮肤afterpenetration.Thereisoftenrednessand底下有动静。因为幼虫有很多排平巧林立一itchin.Movementmabefendergyltuthe的刺,这种感觉有点像蠕动感爬巧感或skinas化elarvawiggles.Thisrmalso耗el巧而过的刺痛感。yeacrawliklingsensationorbriefflashofsharppainbecause化elarvahasman,yarallelrowsofbristlsines.pypThematurelarvawillatemt化exit成熟幼虫体将尝试通娃毛孔从皮肤peu一化skin化roh化eb化athinoreandisggp,中出来,人们发现有个小的白色物体在""""noticedasasmallwhiteobecteekn偷看。jpig通过毛孔为了测试看是否有幼throughthehole.Tote巧1:〇seeifalarvais虫存在,在毛孔处放置少量俩者的唾液resentaceasmatt,plllamounofhe,p如果出现气泡,幼虫很有可能存在^v…ietimssalivaovertheholeifitbubbles并且正在呼吸。你可妙让它窒息然后强制,化elarvaislikely化ereandbreathing.You将它从毛孔弄出来:用培根肉,肥猪肉,ca打forceit化exit化roughtheholeby肉条,日香糖,蜡,指甲油,石蜡或油脂suffocatingit:Cover化ebreathinorewi化塞盖化让它呼吸的毛孔。通常,十二小时gpbaconorporkfat,astripofmeatchewin的閱塞会致使幼虫从毛手L里出来或因窒,ggum,wax,fingernailpolish,parafin,ora息而死亡。湿涧的炯叶或尼古了液体会使一luofrease2hou。pgg.Usuall1rsof得幼虫麻蒋随便弄出个粗略的切口取y,occlusionwillcausethelarva化exitthe出幼虫是非常不明智的,因为如栗该生物holeordiefromasphyxiation.Moistened被弄破裂,它会在伤口处排出,从而导致tobaccoleavesornicotinedrosl口。pwil伤发炎,进而发生感染有时可^简单62 paralyzethelarva.Itisunwise化makea地挤压感染的皮肤,将幼虫挤出皮肤,但roughincision化remove化elarvabecause必须小也不要把幼虫弄破。如果不采取措,tifhecreatureisrutureditwillleak施,迫使幼虫脱离皮肤,在几个星期后幼p,substancesinfe)thewound化atcause虫也自动脱离皮肤,但是通常不建议这样一tiinflammaonandpromoteiirfection.Itis做,因为般会产生疼痛,并且可能会出sometimespossible化simplysque妨e化e现滕肿(见241页)。eslio打a打dforceextrusio打ofthelarvabut,ca化mustbetakennott:orup化化也elarva.Ifnothingisdonetoforce化elarvatoleavetheskin,itwilldoso0打itsowninafewweeksbut化isisenerallnot,gy*ecoimmendedbecauseof化epainandotentialfbrabscessseeae241p(pg)formation.Otherflylarvaethatcaninvade其他魄的幼虫也可侵入人体,引起魄""""humansandcausemyiasismaymirate,姐病,并且幼虫可科迁移,或者在皮gortraveunderthetlskinusuallselin下移动,但是通常会停留在头上或肩膀,yg肤over化eheadorshoulders.Th巧may上。它们可能会从感染的皮肤处出现或者emergefromthelesionsordiewherethey死在它们寄居的地方,这种情况下,就不a’reinwhichcase化edontneed化be需要将它们去除了。,y化moved.Woundmyiasisdescribestilesituation伤口蛹姐病描述了苍魄(包措绿蛹或nwht-)iichfliesincludinhereenor青蜗,(gg,家蛹,黑蜗肉蛹在鸡蜜的破裂bluebot口le打yhouseflblackblowfland处迸行了咬的情况,这些廟嗟组织就是幼,y,y,fleshflhaveckositedesntoawoundy)pggi,虫的饲料。这最常见于患有慢性疾病的老"where化elarvaefeedon化edecaying年患者。姐虫是非常难入目的,但一tissue.Thssseenmostcomn它们伤者无害。另iimonlyi方面,茗蛹的幼虫首eldervilyictmswithunderlyingchronic先在家畜中爆发,然后可能侵入人化尤",,diseases.Themaotsareunsihtlbut,会造gggy,其是当它们通过鼻予进入的情况下63 donotharm化evictim.Screwwomisone。,化成破坏性溃痛otherha打dwhichoriinatefromoiUbreaks,gamo打glivestock,mayi打vadehumansandcau化destructveuilcersarticularlif化e,pyyenterthroughthenose.Forwoundmyiasisconfined化化e治疗伤口觸姐病仅仅局限于皮肤,加skin,amixtureof5%chloroforminolive入浓度目%氯化的橄揽弛的漏合物能够杀oilkills化elarvaeso化at化canbe死幼虫,切使。女口,巧得它们可臥用手动去除'removedmanually.Intheabsenceofthis果没有这种源合物,简单冲洗并借助简单mixturesimleirriationechanca工具去除幼虫也是可的。andmil的,pgremovaofalthelrvaewillsuffice.INS巨CTREPELLENTS驱虫剂-Ininsectladenareaswherecontactis在昆虫比较泛滥的区域,接触是不可,inevtabeetwil化ravelermustearroer避免的,pp,游客必须穿着合适的衣服。用带do化ing,Cover化eheadandnedcwitha檐的帽子(带不带岡眼皆可)和圃巾覆盖fu-wllbrimedhathorwoutm(itithtneting部和颈部(如粟温度允许的话)。保护)头andscarftemeratureermt。iin.Shield脚驟和手腕把裤脚塞进棘子里。浅色的(ppg)化eanklesandwrists.TuckantCU能into衣服不会像裸色的衣服那么吸引昆虫来psocks-ih.Lgtcoloredclothinisless叮咬,也可封在蚊,婢虫苍蜗落在衣服g,atractivethandarkclo化intobiting上的时候,更容易地发现它们。ginsects,andalsomakesiteasier化spotanymosuitoesticksand打iesthathaveq,,lauded.Nylon(particularlydoublelayered)尼龙(尤其是双层)和帆布的料予对andsailclo化aremoredi街cultforins巧化于琵虫来说,很难挂在上面或者是穿透它hanon化o一grpenetrateandaregenerally们,般都优于编织松弛棉或布。用密织preferredovercotonorclothwithaloose的面料制作宽松的衣服且底层有T恤,并weave-tt。.Loosefiingclo化inmadewi化衫,使得上身得到适当的保护那些能紧g一ttwovw-ihlenfabricalonithaTshirt贴皮肤的衣服gy,只蚊子都能叮透。,g64 underlayer,makesft)rreasonableue-pprbodypromotion.Whereclo讯ingcanbeulledtightaainst化eskinamosuUopg,qca打biterou.化ghClothinneedsk)becheckedreularl服装需要定期检查ggy,并岛清除昆虫;andbrushedfreeofinsects化isisbestdone用胶带。;賴是最好的做法withthestickseoftyidadhesiveae.pPortableinsectscreensandbednets必要的时候应安装便携式防虫纱窗shouldbedeloedwhennecessar.The和蚊帐pyy,应尽量避免使用人工照明,否则U化ofartificiahlligtswhichdrawin化cts,引来琵虫。,会shouldbeavoided.Insectrepellentsapplied化clothinare适用于服装的驱虫剂非常有效,同时gextremelefectiveandavoidskttyinirriaion?可科避免刺激皮肤。在大面积使用杀虫剂Itisagoodidea化化St化6repellentona之前,应该在小块衣服上先进行测试,政smallfareaoclothinbeforeeneral确保它不会污染衣物gg。alication化becertain化at化willnotpp,blemishthefabric.Chemicalinsectrepellentsare每当需要穿娃蚊子,妙蛹,或婢虫聚mandatorywheneveryoutravelthrough集地的时候,必须要使用化学驱虫剂。不mosuitosandflyortickterritor.,q,同的驱虫剂通过不同的机制而起作用因,yDiferentrepellentsworkbydiferent此它们对不同类型的昆虫的效果各不相一mechanismsandhereforeheir同的些建化送些建议tt,但我可提出efectivenessvariesfordent。ifretypeof在大多数情况下是适用的insectsbutIca打makesome,generalrecommendatio打sthatwillbeaUcablei打ppmostkuastions.Effectivereellentscontainthe有效的驱虫剂含有的化学物质避蚊pchem---icalsDEET胺二这基3,,(N,N甲基苯甲號胺)---NN-d--iethl3methlbenzamI(4二氮2二甲基(idendalone避蚊醜32,yy)了基,,,65 ------(butyl4氣代2H邮:喃6綾酸乙醋),乙---34-d-t-----,ihydr〇A2dimehyl4oxo2Hpyran6基己二醇(2乙基13乙二醇),,?-caboxrylate),邻苯二甲酸二甲醋。派卡瑞下(也称为一Ruters6122-e--g(thyll3hexanediolDMP漠化钟30巧;)是,),品牌名称是贝瑞派尔(dime化ylph化date).Picaridin(alsoknown种较新的驱避齐!1,无味且不油腻,并且应asKBR3023brandnameBa-ree15%的lisa;yp)浓度使用。从早期的用户零星报newerrepellent化atisodorlessand告表明,它不如避蚊胺那么有效。巧犧按-nonreasandshou--二醇gldberesentina(薄猶烧3,8排斥砖樣梭驱避y,p;一concentrationof15aranecdo化)%.Ely1剂的油是另个日益流行的驱虫剂,普reportsfromuserssuggeststhatitisnotas遍认为其与浓度7.5%避蚊胺的效用相eecteafivsDEET.Oiloflemoneucalyptus同。但是梓犧梭的油实际上不是来自于檢-men--(pthane38diolReelLemon,,;p树而是来自巧樣梭树。该产物是从叶子EucalyptusRepellent);sanother上蒸僧下来的水;驱蚊剂就是其中已经失ncrea-isinloularreelentthats,二醇gypppli效的部分,也就是帕拉米松8〇化ought化beaseffectiveas7.5/〇DEET.It(PMD)。特别值得法意的是,真正的按isactuallynotfromeucalUisbutisa树油并不是昆虫驱避剂yp,。梓濛梭油可从用-productfromthelemonscentedgumtree在年龄3岁切上的儿塞。产品莫西加德内mb-CoricitroThypidora.eproductis卡尔含有异禍薄荷醇和香茅及梓樣wa-terdistilledfrom化eleavesandthe粮油。,repelle打tisfbundint:heentfractio打as巧ara-menthane--dp38iol(PMD.Of,)particularnote,trueeucalytusoildoesnotpworkasaninsectrepellent.Oiloflemoncue汪lypUismaybeusedonchildrenag说3yearsandolder.Alongwi化isouleolandpgcitronela1lloiloflemoneucal:usis,ypconanedt-tiin化eproducMosiguardNatural.-D--inpropylisocinchomeronate二正丙基(R236)己成为抵抗苍蛹66 -2取3巧hasbeenpromotedasuse化Iagainst巧咬的有效驱虫剂。IR3535(乙基下基bitinks.I民3535e比gfll石醜氨基丙酸石醋)所含驱虫剂的作用远(y一-but-yIacetylMninopropionatecontainin(小时是最大程度)g远不及避蚊胺的用处ree一pllentisfarlessuseful1hourmaximum的保护)。种(莫斯己肥皂是国外销售的protection化anDEET\Mosbarsos,)叩ia产品含有20%的避蚊胺和0.5%合成除〇productsoledabroad化atcontasin20/〇虫菊脂。增效胺与避蚊胺(索耶产品金奖;"DEETand0-.5%ennethrn.Ntpiocyl南卡罗莱纳州约翰逊的除掉婢虫还是除"bicycloheptenedicarboximidesynergist去丛林)混合使用是碑虫剂,对巧人苍,combinedW她DEETSawerProducts,可直接用于皮肤Oy蜗和蜗也有效。棟树(印GSC’old;.JohnsonsTicksOFForDeep棟),在印度使用了几千年,据说有两种WoodsOF巧isatickreepllentalso杀虫剂和驱虫剂的性能。有时豆油与其他,efectiveaainstbitingflesandnatsgig,驱蚊物质结合使用时,可能会有驱虫剂的whichcanbeapplieddirectly化化eskin.性能。NeemAzad^iiach化indicausedin虹da(i),抗rmillennia,rep山edlyhasbo化in化cticideandrepellentproperties.Soybeanoil,some-tmbim的usedincoinationwi灶otherreellentsubstancesmaandoft-p,yiniselfhaverepellentproperties.口troneUaandvonSk--AinSoSo托b她香茅和雅芳的柔肤沐浴油或粉底笔oilorskinstckarefairlessefective15的效果并不显著Q5分钟的保护与浓度(minutesofrotectionversus6hourswith巧%的避蚊胺的保护6小时相比)。其它p25%DEET).0化errelativelyineffective相对无效(保护从几分钟到[很少能到]2(protectionfromafewminutes!;〇rarel2小时)的驱虫剂包括雪松[y],薄荷,怜濛香hoursreeens)plltincludeessentialoilsof茅,和天竺葵精油。避免叮咬的驱虫剂含ce一ckreermintlemonrassand直声称,,g有大豆,天竺葵,和挪子油W及ppp,geranium.BiteBlockercontainssobean效时间长达3.5小时的驱除蚊子的驱虫y,有geranium,andcoconutoilsandhasbeen剂。孩子专用的驱虫剂(大豆油,浓度为claimedeffectiveforupto3.5hoursagainst2%)提供约90分钟的保护。摄取维生素67 mosquitoes.BiteBlockerforKids(soybeanB能否防止被蚊虫叮咬还没有得到证实。oil,2%)providesapproximately90minutes维生素B可W减轻昆虫咬伤后对皮肤的刺ofprotection.IngestingvitaminB,hasnot激,但这将不会减少由于巧咬而引发传染beenproven!;〇deterbitinginsects.Itmay病(次数)的机率。吃大蒜也是不奏效的。decreasetheskinirritationthatfollowsaninsectbitebut化iswouldnotdiminishthe,transtmi扣ionofinfeciousdiseasesviathe()bi化.Inestinarlicisnotefective.gggTobeeffective,arepellentshouldbe为了使驱虫剂更加有效,应将驱虫剂ailed!;〇theskinliuidandctin(pp(q)lohg涂在皮肤上液体),喷在衣服上。在游一sra.Afterouswimbatheorere泳,,(py)y,rsi洗澡或出了很多汗么后重新再徐,ppexce一ssivelrealit.Ifouareben。,y,ppyyig遍如果被昆虫咬伤重新再涂遍。在bitenbinsectsrealiedthereellent.In刮风的,y,ppp天气里,驱虫剂挥发较快可能需一windyconditions.民epellentsevaorate要重新巧徐遍。2岁W下的儿童将驱虫puicklandmaneed化berealied,24,qyypp.剂涂在皮肤上在小时内涂抹的次Ch一ildrenunder2earsofaeshouot(ylldn数不应超过次无论如何,更有效的方haveinsectrepellentapplied化也eskin法是将驱虫剂喷在衣服上)。如果同时使more化anoncein24hours(itismore用了防晒霜和驱蚊剂,应该先使用防晒efective化applyit化theclothing,霜,便防晒霜的吸收,等待30分钟后,’一anyhow).Ifyourealingbotha然后使用驱虫剂。也有防晒、驱虫二合ppysunscreenandaninsectreellentalthe的合成剂,如水宝宝防晒霜。雅芳的驱蚊p,ppysunscreenfirstsothatitcanbe化sobed,r杀虫剂含有皮肤柔软剂(主要是矿物油),wait30minutes,and化enalytheinsect与香茅组合,增强防晒作用。pp,ree-pllent.The防arealsosunscreeninsectreellentcombinationssuchasCortonep,ppeBug&Sun.BugGuardcontains--mosSkinSoSofttlymineraloilin()combinationwithcitronellaenhancedba,ysunscreen.68 Withregardtx)DEETcontaining对于含避蚊胺的产品,6岁下儿童roductsdonotsuereeatedalicatiosrp,pppno不能反复使用或者使用的有效成分的浓concentrationsgreater化an15%inchildren度不能高于15%(斯基达德尔,护肤蚊怕underage6巧kedaddle,Skintastic,and水,封及其他席于对儿童的驱虫剂避蚊胺otherpreparationsintendedfbruseon的含量为6.5%至10%)。成人在使用浓chil加encontainapproximately6.5%化度较离(巧%至100%)的驱虫剂产品后,10%DEET).Inadultsskinirritationand/or可能会出现皮肤刺激和/或罕见的严重的,rareseveresideefectsmabeseen副作用y。权威人±建议避免使用轟浓度产follown6useofconcent50ig化rated(75%化品,并指出,在丛林中,浓度窩达%的100%)products.Mostauthorities驱虫剂的有效性。成人日常使用的驱虫剂*iecommendavoidanceofconcentrated30%50%产品的浓度应该不超过到,这才ro一pductsnotintheefectivenessofa50%是较为合理的。款产品就,g其中,推荐的concentrationinjunglesetings.A是防紫夕h线的驱虫剂(含避蚊胺的浓度为concentrationnot化exceed30%化50%fbr35%)。利用索耶控释避蚊胺公式可臥极routineadultuseseemsreasonable.One大她减少对产品避蚊胺的吸收,它用蛋白recommendedroductisUltrathonInsect质来锁住避蚊胺20%p,并减慢其(持续)Repellent(35%DEET).Aproduct化atmay的浓度释放。但应将其用到皮骄上的,而sin巧cantglydecreaseabsorptionofDEET不是衣物上。应注意避免避蚊胺与塑料,isSawyerControlledReleaseDeetFomnila,人造丝,氨絶,皮萃,油漆或清漆的表面ichusesaroin化atencasuestihewhp化plat的接触,因为避蚊胺可能会损坏这些材DE目Ta打dallowsslowssust:ainedrelease质。()ofts2i0%concentraton.Iouldeitshbaliedtosk打nooppitdthi打,Gareshouldbe,g化kentoavoidcontactofDEETwkhaplsticsraonsandexleatherorainted,y,p,,pandvarnishedsurfaces,because化eDEETmaycausedamage化化ese.Thefollowingrecommendationsare提供1^^^下建议,科避免毒副反应:offeredtoavoidtoxicity:69 1.Alreellentsarinlandonl1.于暴露ppyppgy,y使用驱虫剂时要谨慎,只用化exposedskinorclothing.Ke巧化outof在外的皮肤或衣服上。不要弄到眼睹里。theees.Donotareeenunderneaypplyplltth不要将驱虫剂用于内衣上。clothing.2Avo-idh.ihconcentratonroducs.gipt2避免在皮肤上使用高浓度的产品,ontheskinarticularlW胤children。.尤其是,py儿童3.3Donotalreellent化cuts.,伤口或发炎的皮肤处ppyp,不要在割伤wounds,orirritatedskin.Apply化faceby使用驱虫剂。需要在脸上使用的时候,先dispensingintothepalmsofyourhands,将驱虫剂倒在双手手掌上,然后在脸上涂and化一thenusingtheseala化inlaer化上薄薄的层。做完送些之后,把手然干ppyy化e拉ceerardwr.Aftwashouhands.净。,y4.Donoteorttsinhalingesrepellen.4.不要吸入或摄入驱虫剂。不要用喷Donotsprayaerosolorpumpproducts气溶胶或聚产品直接喷在脸上。应先喷在directlyonyourface.Sprayyourhandsand巧手上,然后再把驱虫剂涂在脸上,避开thenusethem化mbtherepellentonthe眼睛和嘴己。不要在食物周边喷洒驱虫faceavoidin化eeesandmou化.Donot,gy剂。sprayaroundfood.-5.Useneeved5logslclothinandal.用长袖衣物g,将驱虫剂喷洒在这些ppyrepellenUofabricratherthan化skin.衣物上,而不是喷洒在皮肤上。tD’’ontuserepellenton油ildrens6.不要在孩子们的手上使用驱虫剂,hands,whichm巧berubbedinthe巧esor他们可能用手揉眼睛或者把手放入口中。lacedinthpemouth.7.在腕带上喷洒驱虫剂不足W产生7.民centat巧lipplied1:〇awrisbancHs保护必须直接用在需要被保护所有no—tsufficientrotectionoumustal的皮肤上pyppy。化erepellentdirectly化all化eskinareast:oberotected.p8.Donotreapplyrepellentinnormal8.不要在正常天气条件下反复喷驱weathercondunessa-(itionsl化isnonDEET虫剂除非送种驱虫剂不含有是避蚊胺成(reellent。p.分))70 9.Wash化pellenton化eskinafter化e9.在不会被屢虫叮咬时把驱虫剂清insectbkeriskhasended.洗掉。Permethrin,asyntheticpyrethroid二氯苯離菊醋,根据包括来自东非除basedon1:henaturallyoccurrence虫菊巧(菊花)中提取的自然发生拟除虫re化roa化d一tatpyidsthreexracfromdieEasit菊醋,实际上是种杀虫剂也就是说,;Africanpyrethrumflower(a含有氯菊醋的产馬能杀死昆虫和婢虫。由ch一rsanthemutym)isacuallaninsecticide于氛菊醋对人体有垫潜在的毒性,因此,y;一化a-tisermethrincontainiroductskill,,pngp应该只在衣服(或鞋子,定的黙营装备inectsandckssti.Becau化eimethrin蚊帐等)上使用p,而不是在皮肤上使用。carriessomeotentialtoxicit化humansit例如,如果氯菊么py醋接触到人的眼睛,那shouldbeusedonlyonclothingoron这种化学品会导致眼。患然有时医(睛不适shoescertaincats5,mpinggearbedne师开浓度^的氯菊廳的乳液或面霜治疗,,etc.notonskntt))i.Forinsanceermehrinis蝴(如娇疮,送些,的侵扰医疗皮肤病制,pknown化causeeyeirritationifthechemical剂,不建议用作驱虫剂。过去,觀合避蚊’comesincontactwithaersonsesp巧.胺和氯菊醋(后者的浓度非常低)的肥皂Althoughpermethrinina5%lotionor作为驱虫剂己实地测试。虽然使用过语种creamissometimesprescribedby肥皂的人已经接受,送种基于此理念的商physiciansforapplication化skinfor业产品还没有进入市场。treatme打tofmke6scabiesinfestation(备,),化esemedcaeratildmtologicrearaionsa巧ppnotrecommendedforuseasinsectrepellents.Inthepast,combinationDEET-ermethrinthelattererowpinvl(yconcentratio打oashavebeenfeld化s化d)spiforsueasanmsectrepelle打t.Whiletheyhavebeenacceptable化1:heersonswhopusedthem,acommercialroductbasedonpthisCO打cepthas打otyetcometomarket.Thereisongoingdiscussionabout化e有关于氯菊醋相关的毒副反应可能71 toxicitessstthipoiblyassociaedwi正在进行讨论。讨论的问题包措致癌的可ermethrin.Theseincludeotential能性(。pp(^及免疫系统可能出现的异常适当cancer-causingpotentialanderhas地使用(例如,在衣物上使用,,pp而不是直abnormatiesolif化eimmunestem.接用在皮肤上)sy,氯菊醋尚未直接造成对Proer化ilusede.pyg.aliedclo出inand人类H乍用,所臥它对抵制J昆虫传(,ppg的严重畐notdirectl化skinermethrnasnotty),ihe播的疾病还是有效屏障,如莱姆关节炎病pybeendirectlylinkedwithseriousadverse和西盾罗河病毒。最好是在衣物上使用,efectsonhumanssoitremainsanefective并结合推荐的驱虫剂(如卡瑞了或避蚊,barr-ieraain巧insectborneinfectionssuch胺),。g,驱虫剂是用于皮肤上的asLyrnediseaseandWestNilevirus.Itisbest贴edincombinationini化alicationpp化clothinwithanapprovedinsectrepellentg(suchasicaridi打orDEET),whenthelaterpisaitppledoski打.Therearemanermethr-ypinwashin市场上还有许多用于衣物的防水的roduc一tsforcothinonthemaAn氯plgrket.菊醋产品。其中个例予是索耶菊醋洗—exam一pleisSawyerPermethrinWashIn衣治疗法。另种是驱赶昆虫的保护服,ClolhmgTreatment.Ano化erisBUZZOFF迭种服饰自称能对抵抗蚊子,壁諷I,妈蚁,InsectShieldaarelwhichisclaimed化苍蛹,,恙蝴,據和摇蚊,提便捷pp,供高效provideefectiveandconvenientrotection的保护。遵从标签上的说明是非常重要pagainstmosquitoes,ticks,ants,flies,的。滲透了氯菊醋服装在销售时宣称在多chiersandmides.Itisimortan25gg,gpt化达次的视緣后仍然有效(作为驱虫剂)。c一loselyfollowthelabelinstructions.如果你处在个(昆虫或节肢动物叮哎会Clothing化atissoldpretreatedwkh弓愼疾病的)高风险的情况下,为了确傑ermethrs12pinioftenadvertised化be安全,应假设其有效性会在洗緣次后efective(asarepellent)forup化25开始下降。此外,不应该认为它能保护贴washings.Ifyouaregoing化beina近衣物的皮肤,而只能防阻慶虫咬穿衣h-i呂hriskfora打insectorarthroodbite物。(pcapableoftransmittingadiseasesituation),72 tst化laiafeheefectivenessshouldbepy,assumed化begin化decireaseafterhalf化eadvertisedallowablenumberofwashins.gAlsoitshouldnotbeassumed!rotect,:〇pskinadacent化化edo优inonl化keejg,ypststtti打ecfrombiinghrouhheclothin.ggIfoudecide化alermethrinsrayppyppy如粟你决定在衣物上喷洒氯菊醋喷化一clothinecertain化do化efbllowin:雾g,bg,定要做到下几点:’1olowthem.Flanufacturers1.严格按照制造商的说明进行操作。strtinucionsclosely.Donotexceed不要超过建议的喷洒次数。recommendedsrayingtimes.p2Treatcti.lohngonly.Donotapplyt:o2?只用于衣物,并不适用于皮肤。skin.3.tihetApplypermehrinina3.在通风良好的室外区域使用氯菊we-ventatedoutdoollilrarearotectedfrom酷,并要防止受到风的干扰。,pthewnd.i4.Onsraeermethlypy化prinon化e4.只将氯菊酉旨喷撒在服装和鞋的外outersurfaceofclothingandshoes.部。5.Inaconcentrationof5%itcanbe5?5%,在浓度为时,可将氯菊醋喷sprayedonberthsideofclothing化lightly在衣物两面,轻轻打湿衣物的外部;没有moistentheOU化rsurfaceof化eckrthing必要将衣物完全弄浸湿(饱和的)。itemitisnot打ecessar化h化eclothin;yavegsoakedthroughsaturated.()6.Becertan化ailcomletelover6.口ppy务必要在袜子,裤子裤,和衬衫pysockstrousercuffsandshirtcufswhere袖口喷,,,,洒足够的氯菊醋防止霞虫试图nIisectsmaattemttocrawlor打rtirouh通过开日爬进或者飞委j皮肤上ypyg。oe打i打stooursk.pgyin7.Hangtreatedclothinoutdoorsand7.在户外,处理过的衣物(浸选氯菊gallow化dryforatleast2化4hoursin醋)在干燥条件下膝干至少需要2至4小巧 hum'idconditionsandforatleast4hoursin时,在潮湿条件下至少4个小时。humidconditions.一8.Treatclo化omoKofteningn化an8.至少每2周将衣服处理次。every2weeks.9.Laundertreatedclothingsesparately9?需要再次处理的衣物需要跟其他fromotherdo化ingatleastoncebefoire的衣物分开。retreating,10.Assumethatyourtreatedclothin10?假设处理过衣服能有效的驱虫持gise瓶ctiveforreellentcfor2weeksor2周臥上py续,那么只有当需要抵御昆虫和more.Wearitonlwhenouneed化rebel节肢动物的时候。yy巧穿它无需使用时,将一i打sectsa打darthropods.Store化inasearate其存储在个单独的防滲漏(氯菊醋)的pimpermeabletoermethrinbawhe打not包里。(p)ginuse.Permethrinermanonetickreellent;(二氯苯離菊醋婢虫剂;丢瑞(Pp氯菊醋Duranontickrepdlent)maybeapplied化弄婢虫剂)可科适用于服装,网子,和鞋c一lo化innetinandfootwear.Asinle类。使用次其效力可切持续1到2个星g,g,galicationisusualloodfbrHo2weeks20ppy,期,经受次清洗。在衣物或者网子上g一or20washins.Toalermethrin化使用gppyp氯菊醋时,在装有夸脱水的塑料袋clothingornetingadd2ouncesof中加入2盎司氯菊醋。溶液会变成乳白色。,ermethrin化auartofwaterinaastcpqpli将衣物或者网子放入媒子,封好袋口,并bag.Thesolutionwillturnmilkywhite.Put让衣物或者网子浸袍10分钟。浸泡后,化earmentornetinin化easeaegg.bg,l化用几个小时将衣物或者网子进行有效瞭baandlet1heitemkfotg:soar10minues?,干(在阳光下或悬挂)。氯燕醋能够有效A行er化esoak,allow?化eclothingorneting抵御甄子和蚊子。toeffectivelydry(in化6sunorhung)forafewhours.Permethriniseffectiveagainstticksandmosquitoes,PermaKill4WeekTickKillerisa泊马克4周婢虫杀手是浓度13,3%13.3%permethrinliquidconcentrate化atis氯菊醋的液体浓缩物,稀释(在巧盎司74 dilutedy/3oz,or10ml,in16ozor473ml,或473毫升水中稀释1/3盎司或10毫升,ofwater)(:〇besprayedfromapumpbotle.氯菊醋)后,用聚瓶喷洒。也可从在有1.5Itcanalsobediluted2oz(59ml)ml.5(355盎司(%5毫升)水的肺子中稀释2盎司ml)cupsofwater化soakabednet,shirt,(59毫升)来浸泡蚊帐,衬移,裤子,然anda打ts-drwhicha化化enairied.后。p,将其风干巧eashorsefliesblackfliessandflies跳蚕,耻;,蜗,沙魄,鹿魄,恙满,,,,,(166加63chtsiersnaandotherassorted,gg,蜗,1^^及其他各种令人讨厌的昆虫可能不,gnuisancesmaynotbedrivenawaybyinsect会被驱虫剂赶走。防护网从及拍打可能是一reeenotecpllts.Prtivenetin呂andalotof唯的防御手段。在蚊子侵扰的高发时swatinmabeouron!defenses.Ahead段重要。如果使用gyyy,头部的防护网是十分netmaybeinvaluabledurintimesofhih蚊帐,要确傑没有破洞,并且蚊帐的边缘ggmosutottqiinfesaion.Ifouuseabednet己经被塞进来,这种网霜要密集编织,每y,ttbecerainhatitisfreeofholesandhasits英寸(每6至7每厘米)要有;18根线。edgestuckedin.Thenetneed化bewoven如果网格过紧可能不利于通风,会导致环化atightness18化readsperinch(6化7per境不舒服。已经浸过杀虫剂的岡,(通常cm.Tightermeshmahinderventilation是。)y氯菊醋)更加有效andcreateanuncomfortablee打vironmentAnet化athasbeendippedinaninsecticide,usuallyermethrin,ismoreefective.pE-lectriclighttraswithelectrocution还未能证明带电网的电灯陷阱,超声pgridsultrasounddevicesandaudiblesound设备和音响装置能科学地驱除慶虫或降,,deviceshavenotbeenshownscientifically低其附近蚊虫叮咬的程度。捕蚊器,例如化repdinsectsor化decreasethe默加卡其普勒米尔捕蚊器或者灭蚊磁场,concentrationofbitinginsectsin化eir据广告说十分有效。它们发出的化学引诱vicinity.Mosquitotraps,suchasTheMega剂,二氧化碳,热量和水分把蚊子和其它CatchPremierMosuitoTrapor化e咬人的昆虫吸引到离吸入口足够近的地qMosuitoManeta化advertisestobe方qg,将其被捕获。effective.Theemitcombinatonsofyichemicalattractants,carbondioxide,heat,75 andmoisture化drawmos山化esandfqcertaino化erbiti打ginsectscloseenouh化agsucto打intake化ecaured.ibpt-Todatean-trotstrtlducanexacof迄今为止,植物产品,pp,檢树油的提取eucalyptusoil,donotappear化repelinsects物还不能像避蚊胺那样驱赶屢虫。虽然五asweas.seallDEETAlthoughallpicb,香微,海湾,香稽,雪松,肉桂,香茅,,ycamphor,cedar,cinnamon,citronella,天竺葵,薰衣草,肉豆體,薄荷,蘭椒薄geranium,lavender,nutmeg,ennyroyal荷,松树,百里香,马鞭草可能有驱虫的p,peppermint,pine,thyme,andve比enamay特性,但是与避蚊胺相比,它们在效力上havereelenroepltrti朗化earelimitedin有所限制。pp,yeecvenessncomron化EETftiipaisD.LEECHES水姪Leechesareparasiticannelidworms水幅是生活在陆地上或水中的寄生化atliveonlandorinwater.Theyatach化环节蠕虫。它们附着于人的皮肤,在不产humanskinwithapainlessbite化extract生疼痛的情况下町咬皮肤,然后吸取血b一一loodthrouhtheskin.Someofthem液。它们中的堅癖放出种称为水姪素gwh一releaseasubsta打cecalledhimdinichis的物质,这是种抗凝血剂(导致出血量,anantcoauantcausesigl(inc仿ased化nden巧增加)。在淡水发现水生水經,并且人们化bleed.Auaticleechesare化undnfre沈认)qi为其比在陆地上的水姪更加危险,因为waterandareconsideredmoredanerous,,,阴道,,g他们可科附着在口腔咽喉肺化a打化〇化onland,becau化化巧canatta地尿道,料及其它内部部位。nsideemouoavaithththrtlunsina,,g,g,urethraandotherinternalsites.,To'removealeechdontullit若要移除水經,不要把它短出来(残,pof—theresidualsoremaybelarge.Instead留伤口可能会很大),而是使用巧濛汗,applylemonjuice,salt,vinegar,tobacco盐,醋,烟草汁,或者驱虫剂。而使用点ueoicrinsectreellent.Usinalihtedor燃的或剛哪媳灭的火柴或灼热的余惦可j,pgg■1说entlextinuishedmatchorlowin能会导致皮肤灼伤。如采扯出的水經吸住ygggemb钟maycauseaskinbum.Ifthe了手指,用手指卷捻它。如果水輕接触到76 detachedleechsticks化yourfingers,rollit某人的眼睹,用手电筒照近它;它会向光betweenthem.Ifaleechisatached化移动,并远蘭眼睛。在医疗方面,被水輕,化someoneseyeshinea巧ashlihtclo化it,咬了之后会引起瘦痒和继发感染。驱虫剂g;itmamovetowatyrdthelighandawayfrom(见390页),特别是避蚊胺适用于服装化e巧e.Themedicalconsiderationsfora和皮肤,能阻止水姪附着在皮肤上。在暴leechbiteareitchinandsecondar露的皮肤处綠上潛油脂gy(如凡±林)也可infection.Inse巧reeHentsseeae390能有帮助。在水姪出没的水中涉水时(),要ppg,artcuarDEETltipillyapplied化cohngand穿上防水靴,裤腿據进防水靴。skinwilldiscouraeleechattachment.,gSilerygireasesuchasetroleumellpp(pjy)atoppliedexposedskimmayalsohelp.Wearwaterproofbootswhenwadingin-Ieechinfes1:edwater,andtuck;nantles.pgLIGHTNINGSTRIKE霄击Lightningstrike化eearthatlea巧100据估算,每天约3000暴雨中霄击大timeserseconddurinanestmated10。pgi3,000地的情况至少每秒钟发生0次幸运的化understormsperday.Fortunately,化e〇加8是,被霄击的机率不是很大。尽管如此,ofbeinstruckblihtnnarenovgygigtery在美国每年约有6b人是致命雷击的受害great.Still,approximatel60ersonser者,ypp。聪明的旅巧者尊守暴风雨的规则在eararevctUyitimsoffaalstrikesinthenited雷雨天气里总是寻找避难所。States.Thewisetraveler化spects化imderstornisandseeksShelteratalltimesdurin过liht打打storgim,ggtn-Lighinisthedirectcurrent在暴风雨天g,闪电是直流放电;它起electricaldischargeassociatedwitha辆释放出的电(其中绝大多数从地面[正-1;hunderstormitreeasesanacha)linitilre极],其,大30;g传输到云彩[负极]中约thevastmaorkofwhichtravelsfrom乃伏来中和200(jy乃伏特到十亿伏特电势差一一groundositive1:〇doudneativeof(每到千分么十)。次闪电[p][g^秒百分么approximately30millionvolts化neutralize可臥由许多(最多30个)摩擦构成的,77 apotentialdiference(wkhinahundredth化从而导致闪电看起来不停闪烁。每次摩擦a-化o1;enusandtihofa化condof200million500的时间持续不到毫砂)。主要摩擦的直化abillionvolts.Alightningflashrrmybe径为2.5至3英寸(6至8厘米);据估madeuofmu一ltileustrokes化30,4432华巧度pp(p),计任何处的温度约为1,whichcau化Shtnnseem化iligig化flcker?至90,032华巧度(8000摄巧度至5000achkEstroelastless化an500milliseco打ds.摄氏度比太阳表面热四倍)。在几毫Thediameterofthemainstrokeis2胤>3in秒内至5432,温度下降到3632,华巧度(6化8cm);thetemperatu化hasbeen华氏度(2000摄氏度至3000摄氏度)。estimatedtobeanwherefrom14432下!:〇y,,90032TOOC化?CT5000Cfourtimes,巧,,ashotas化esurfaceofthesun.Wkhin)nUUisecondsthetemeraturefalls化,p,,3632T化5432T2000C3C.,化000,(,,)Thunder,whichisalwayspi:巧entwkh霄声,始终俾随着闪电,这是由于空lihtninisatruted化thenealggibr近爆炸性扩张加热和闪电摩擦电,y气中的e邱losiveexpansionofairheatedand离。通过计算閑电和霄声发生这么闻的时ionizedbthestrokeofitnylghing.To间差,五为单位,可估算出你的位置estimatethearoxmatetanppidisceinmiles和闪电么间的距离。fromouroctryl如ion化化eHgh化ingsike,timet:hediferenceinsecondsbetweentheflashoflhtandtig化eonseof化e化under,anddividebfive.yLightningcaninjureapersoninfive闪电可在妙下五个方面伤害到人was;y类:1.Directhitwhichmostoftenoccurs1?,,直接雷击最常发生在空旷的地tinheoen.带p。2S一.lashwhichoccurswhent?plihnin2,gg旁侧闪击,当雷电击中另个对象hitsano化erobectunjt(reebildig).The(树,大厦),电流寻求阻力最小的路径,currentseeks化epathofleastresistance,迭可能会发生跳转到人身上。旁侧闪击可78 化一andm巧jumpahuman.Spla油esmay能会出现在人与人,或者从人与个金属occurfrompe巧ontopersoojorfromaI册栏:巧〇metalfence.3一.Contactwhenaersonisholdin3?接触电压,个人拿着导电材料被,pg0打化aconductivematerial也atishitor霄电击中或出现旁侧肉击的话,会出现这sashedt。plbylighnin.种情况g4,.SteS化devotaeround4?跨步(步幅)电压(或接地电流)pilgogr()(currentwhenlihtninhitstheroundor这种情况发生在雷电击中地面或附近的),ggg一anobectnearb.Thecurrentsreadslike物体时。此时的电流像池塘里的波浪jypwavesinapond.样。5B5.luntinurywhichoccursfromtfie.,j,纯器伤发生从伤者自身的肌肉收’victimsownmusclecontractionsand/or缩和/或由闪电产生的冲击波的爆发力,from化eexplosiveforceof化6shockwave这两种结合会造成伤者被抛出,有时也会producedby化6lightningstrike.Thesecan被抛到相当远的地方。combinetocausethevictimtobethrown,sometimesaconsiderabledistance.Whenlightningstrikesaperson如果霄电直接击中某个人,或从树上directlslashesathimfromatreeor或建筑物而触电,或因接地电流而触电,y,pbuilding,orisconductedalongtheground,电流通常主要是在身体周围流动(闪络现一itusuallylargelyflowsaroundtheoutside象),导致系列预兆和症状。伤者经常"ofthebody巧ashoverphenomenon),which会被拋出,衣服可能被烧坏或破损(爆"causesaunuecononofand,曰iqstellatisigns炸结束的瞬间汗水蒸发)金属物体(岁smtomsTvceuenttrowyp.heitimisfrlyhn皮带扣环)可能被加热,鞋子可能被甩出。q,""clothesmaybeburnedortomexloded伤者往往发生严重的肌肉收缩,足够导致(poffbytheinstantaneousconversionofsweat肢体脱曰。在大多数情况下,受到雷击的化steammetaicoectsuchasbet。llbsl人会感到膝晕,会暂时性眼盲和/或耳聋),j(budkm.les)abeheatedandshoesremoved.在某些惰况下,有线状(1日到2英寸,y,Thevictimoftenundergoesseveremuscle或1.3到日厘米宽,接下来是大量汗水集""conac-trtionssu節cient化dislocatelimbs.In中的区域),羽毛状(藏叶状:霄暴79 mostcasesUieersonstruckisconfused;,p仪主义利希滕贝格的花朵皮肤的电*1目andiendered1:emporarilyblindand/ordeaf.子簇射会导致皮肤的印记)(團2中的""n1somecasestherearelinear2化inA)I,〇/2,,或是灼伤皮肤的旭日状圍案(圍or131:〇5cmefollowinareasof215,丧失意识,耳,.wid中的B)膜破裂并,,g""heavsweatconcentrationfeathered且无法呼吸。有时候,伤者停止呼吸,也y),'fernlikekeraunorahismLichtenbers脏驟停。可能发生癒滿或直接的脑损伤。(;gp;g一—flowerscutaneoust。imprintsfromelecron半的伤者会发生眼外伤showers化attrackovertheski打Fiure)(g""215Aorsunburstatternsofunctate,),ppburnsovertheskin(Figure215,B),lossofconsciousne巧ruturedeardrumsand,p,inabilittobreathe.Occasionallthevictimyy,ceasesbreathingandsuffersacardiacarrest.Seizuresordirectbraindamaemaoccurgy.Eyeinjuriesoccurinhalfofvictims.mmFigure215.A,Ferninglightingburn图215A图藏样型電电烧伤B,puncta化(starburst)lightingbumB点状型(星点型)霄电烧伤Avictimstruckbylightningirmynot被闪电击中的伤者可能不记祷闪电remember化eflashor化under,oreven或者打霄,甚至不会承认他己经被霄电击reconize化athehasbeenhit.The中了。混乱,肌肉酸痛,身体发麻,健忘gconfusion,muscleaches,bodytinling,and的癌状可能持续数天。更严重的情况是,gamnesiacanlastfordays.Withamore皮肤可能会出现斑点,腿和/或手臂可能severecase,theskinmaybemottl姊the雜疾,并且由于肌肉中的动脉壁都在痊80 lesand/orarmsmabearalzedandit,可gypy,挈能难找到在径向(手腕)的脉冲mabed備一cult化locauth()yteaplseine动脉见第33页。皮可能出现肤的radial(wrist)artery(seepage33),because度灼伤,二度灼伤,或兰度灼伤。骨头晉themusclesinthewaofeall化rteryarein折十分常见。^-sasm.Iirstseco打dor化rreesiddeki打p,,gburnsmayberesent.Brokenbo打csare打otpimcommo打.一Ifaersonisfbundconfusedburned如粟发现p个人经历霄阵雨么后出,,orcollapsedin1:hevicinityofa现迷糊,烧伤,或身体衰弱的症状,可切""化understorm,consider化epossibility化at认定他被霄电击中了。巧者不是辱电""hewasstruckbylihtnin.Thevictimisnot或充电了如果你触碰他的话,你gg""",,er-—lectifiedorchargedyouwillnotbe不会被震到或者被击擧。oltedorstunnedifout:ouchhm.jiy1.Maintain化eairwayandassist1?保持呼吸道遁畅,并协助呼吸(见breathingseeae29.Continue化第29页)。接下来进行人工呼吸和也肺(pg)performartificialrespirationand复苏术(CPR)(见第32页),直至这些cardoipulmonarresuscitationP民see复杂的帮助可兴起委y作用。触电的伤者的y(C)(page3巧untilsophisticatedhelpcanbe呼吸飢制可能已经擁痕了,大概15至30一obtained.Victimsoflitnnstrema。ghigiky分钟,然后就会复苏个看似毫无生命haveparalysisofthebreathingmechanism迹象的人,如果在他受伤么后,能够适当foraperiodof15化30minutesandthen地帮助他呼吸,读会救了他的命。不要认,makearemarkablerecovery.Aseemingly定(对光参现第%页)瞳恥放大或是1肢lessindividualmabesavedfouyiy没有反应的小学生已经死亡,因为他们的breatheforhimromtlaftertheinur?眼睛可能受至!。ppyjyJ了直接伤害Dono*tassumel:hatdilatedornonjeactiveo—(tlightseeage36uilsareasi打ofp)pp径deathbecau化化emareresentdirect,yypinurtotheeesy.jy()2.Assume化at化evictimhasbeen2?假定伤者己经被扔到了相当远的81 化rownaconsiderabledistance.Protectthe距离。注意保护圣页椎(见第37页)。cervicalspi打e(seeae37).pg3.Examine化evictimforanyother3.检查受害伤者是否受到任何其他inuriesandtreataccordinl.伤害jgy,并进巧相应的治疗。4Tott化t。.ransprthevicimahospial.4.将伤者送到医院5t.Ifouareintheviciniofa5.如果很快将会有暴风雨yy,先为自Sunde一&rst:orniseekshelterforthevictimand个庇护所0巧电可(^^>击中同,和伤者寻找—ourself.Lhtnincanstrewicenthe!yiggikti个地方两次samelace!pLIGHTNINGAVOIDANCE避免被闪电击中1Knowthetate。.weaherrnsforour1.了解你所要去的地区的天气状况py,area.Donttravelintimesofhigh不要去暴风雨窩风险的地方旅巧。避免在thunderstormrisk.Avoidbeingoutdoors雷雨天气里的户外活动。携带无线电监测duringa化understorm.Carryaradio化天气报告。在看似晴朗的天气,闪电可monorweaerreorts.L。itthpightningcanlash在几英里外的风暴云之前出现如果你计outfrommanmilesinfrontofastorm算(见上文)出剛刚的闪电距离你的位置ycloud,inseeminglyclearweather.Ifyou只有不到3英里(5公里),预计接下来"-calculate(seeabove)thatanearbylightning的巧电就会出现在你的眼前。3030"strikeiswithin3miles5kmofour规定表亂如果您看见闪电后数得不到()ylocation,anticipate化atthenextstrikewill30秒就听到霄声,应立即寻找庇护所。因""beou30-30u10inyrimmediatearea.Therle为霄声很少能从超过英里的地方听到,specifies化atifyouseelightningandcount如果你听到霄声,最好是减少活动,并寻less化an30化condsbe斬化hearin化under求躲避霄电的庇护所。在看到闪电、听到g,一seekshelterimmediately.Sincethunderis最后声霄声后的30分钟内不会恢复户rarelyheardfrommo化化an10milesawa,夕h活动0yfouhearthundertsesttocurtaiy,iibilactivitiesandseekshel化rfromlihtnin.ggDonotresumeactivitiesoutdoorsforatleast30mi打utesafterthelight打i打gissee打82 a打dthelastthu打derheard.2.Ifastormentersyourarea,2,如果暴风雨进入你的活动区域,应immediatelyseekshelter.Entera立即寻找庇护所。如果可能的话,进入顶-ofedauhardrotoorlargebuildinif棚硬实的汽车或大型建筑。帐篷和敞篷汽g,ossibleenandconv。p.Ttsertibleautosoffer车对闪电几乎没有什么保护作用帐篷的essentiallynoprotectionfromlightning.顶就是避霄针。金属棚有导致旁侧肉击的Te打tolesarelihtninrods.Meta!sheds危险。在室内要远离窗户,打开着的开口,pggaredangerousbecau化oftheriskofside壁炉兴及大型金属装置。在建筑物内,避splashes.Indoorsstaawafromwindows免接触管道装置,电话和由金愿连接到建,yy,ope打doors,fireplaces,andlargemetal筑物外的其他设备。fixtures.Insideabuildinavoidlumbing,pgfixtuKslielehonesando化eraHances,p,ppattachedbymetal化化eoutsideof化ebuildin.g3.Donotcarryalightninrodsuchas3.不要携带导电的杆子,如钓鱼竿或g,afishingpoleorgolfchib.Avoidtall高尔夫球棍。靖免靠近高大物体,如潛雪objects,suchasskiliftsandpowerlin巧.缆车和电源线。避免靠近船的跪杆或着旗Avoidbeingnearboatmastsorflagpoles.杆。不要寻找附近的电源线或高大金属建一DonotseekrefUgenearpowerlinesor化11筑物。如粟你在艘船上,尽量离开水域。metalstructures.Ifouareinaboattr化如果你正在水中游泳,尽快出来。不要站y,y一getoutofthewater.Ifouareswimminin在金属船只附近。磯缩在个睡塾,背包,ygthewateretout.Donotstandnearametal或疆绕的绳子上使自邑和地面电流绝缘。,gboa*t.Insulateyouiselffromgrou打dcurrentbycrouchi打gonasleepingpad,backpack,orcoiledroe.p4。.Moveoffridgesandsummits.4.远离山脊和山顶暴风雨往往发生Thunderstormstend化occurinthe在下午,所(i/?尽早登顶,可兴在中午下山。afternoon,soatempt化summitearlyand在树林里,避开最高的树(远寓跟那棵树beheadingbackdownbynoon.In化6差不多高的树)或山顶。在较小棵的树下83 woodsavoidthetallesttesstat。,reaa躲雨避免呆在空地上,否则你会成为最(y,distancefrom化etree化atsatleastequaUo高的树。不要停留在或接近峰顶或着山^thetreesheihtorhitos.eterg)llpShl脊。避免进入洞穴。在开放地带,蹲下身ou一rselfinastandofsmallertrees.Avoyid子或礫缩成团。*s—ucomclearingyobeet:hetallesttree.Dontstayatornear1:hetopofapeakorridge.Avoidcaveentra打ces.I打也eopen,crouchdow打orrollintoaball.5S.tainourcar.If化isa5.轉在你的车里。yy如果是敞篷车,罐convertltdat0ibehuddleonherounleast5缩在距离车辆至少有50码(46米)的地,gyards(46m)from化evehicle,面上。一6.Ifouareartofeoylesread化e6.如果你处在个队伍中,让大家分ppp,p'一groupoutso化ateveroneisntstruckba散开来,避免次雷击让每个人都被击yysingledischarge.中。7.Ifyourhairstandsonend,younear7.如果你的头发立起来了,或者听到-hihitchedorcrackinnoisesorseeagpg,尖锐的声音或开裂的声音,或者在物体的i一luhalotbeS.Elm〇sfirearoundobects周围看到个蓝色的光晕(圣艾尔摩么()j;thereiselectricalactivitynearyouthat火),这是在雷击么前你附近出现的电子'recedesalihtninstrike.Ifoucantet活动。如果你不能马上离升诘个地区pggyg,双aw£iyfromtheareaimmediately,crouch脚着地蹲下身来,并低下头。不要用你的downon化eballsofourfeetandke触地面。y巧双手Do打*ourheaddown.ttouchtheroundygwkhourhands.y8.TheStrikeAlertPersonalLightning8.个人霄电警示检测器(室外技术公一DetectorOutdoorTechnoloiesInc.isthe个寻呼抓的尺寸和形狀的设备,(g,)司)是一sizeandconfiurationofaaeranduses个可听见的警告和液晶显示gpg并且使用anaudiblewarningandLEDdisplay化器,可(^^显示携带设备的人距离巧电还有how化e一swearerhowfarawalihtninsyggi多远,场风暴是否接近或者结束。S化化ingandifaS化rmisapproachingor84 leavi打g.TORNADOAVOIDANCE避免龙卷风1.Watch化ecloud化rmationsina1?在暴风雨的天气里,观看天空中云stormsk.Ifouseerevolvin的形状。如果你看旋转yyy,呈漏斗状的云的g,funne-lshaedcloudsouareindaner.话p,那么,你正处于危险么中。,yg2一.TakeshetThlterimmediaely.ebe巧2.立即避难。最好的位置是个地下locationisanundergroundcaveorconcrete綱穴或擺凝主建筑物。不要呆在帷篷或露struc化re.Donotremai打ina化ntorcamer.营车里。p3.Ifouarecauhtoutsygideinopen3.如果你是在空旷地区遇到了龙卷coun一trhunkerdownoHefltina风,yra,蹲下或平躺巧,沟涵,个凹略地带*deressionditchculvertorravine.Cover洞山沟里。用双臂护住头部。p,或,,,yourheadwithourarms.y一4.Donottrotryt:ouunaUrniado.There4.不要试图逃离场龙卷风。因为无isnoway化predictwhenitwillchane法预测龙卷风什么时候会改变方向。gdirection.WHATTODOINANEARTHQUAKE在地震中应该做什么Ifyouarecaughtinanearthquakeina如果你是在旷野离遇到地震,请执行wildernesssetting,do化efbllowing:兴下操作:一1.Seekasafettlocationouofthepah1.寻找个安全的地方,远离会有落ofarockfamud,llslideorsnowavalanche.巧,泥石流或雪崩的道路。如果可Ali的话,,m一Ifyoucan,oveintoaclearingaw巧from到个空旷的地方,远离建筑物,树木,buildingstrees,andpowerHues.Ifthe和电线。如果地面极度驚动,需要在地groundshakingisextremeositionouKelf上。,pyo打ourhandsandknees.yIfyouareit!amovingvehicle,drive化如果你是在巧被的车辆上,将车开到a—cr!eainexit化evehicleandstanexttog,离开车辆,紧贴,直到,,y块空地上着它ituntileshaknstoIt化igps.fsomehing震动停止。如果你在车巧的时候,有什么coasesontwellpihilyouareinsideou东西砸在车上,你可能会被压死。如果你,ymabecrushedIfouareoutside化e是在车外,yy,车辆可能会被压碎但是在它85 vehc一ile化macomressandcreateasafe附近个安全的空间。,隹帷,yp了tttsaceadacenoi.pjIfyouareindoors,stayutuntilou如果你在室内,留在原地,直到你确py,arecertain化atitssafe化gooutside.Move信出去是安全的。远閣玻璃窗子。踐缩在dowCu—awfromlasswins.rlintoafetal个小空间里,巧g,并且附近有可从压缩但osionandostnseitiioourlfnext化,p,py不会毁坏的东西从而俱护你从相邻的空somethingthatcancomressbutnotcmsh隙离开。如果地震发生时,你在床上,滚p,,andtherebypro化ctyoubyleavingan下床,并呆在它的旁边。不要留在口口,adacentvoid.Ifouareinabeddurinan。jyg并尽量远离楼梯earthuakerollof化ebedandremai打nextq,10.Dotrtrt:it打oemaini打adoorwayando,ystayofstain.2Et.liminaeanyobviousfirehazards.2.消除任何明显的火灾隐恵。如果你Ifouareinacabinsuliedwithnatural的小屋供应的是天然气ypp,将其从源头关gas,化rnitofat化esourceifthereisany闭,并检查是否有任何异味,或者你认为odororoubelieve出eremitbealeak.可。ygh能有泄漏3.Beprepa化dforaftershocks.3.对余震做好准备。一4.Secureasulofdrinkinwater.4.确保安全饮水供应。确保在段时ppygBecertain化atyouareprepared化raperiod间没有电的情况下,你准备了足够的水。oftimeithoutelecicalower.wtrp5一.Preareaelrstoresuficen?shteit5准备,储存足够的食p,个避难所food,andlocateequipmentnecessaryfor物,并准备生存所必需的设备。准备近在一surv-ival.firstaidsuppliesanda腿尺急救用品和个手电筒。flashlightwUhineasyreach.VOLCANOES火山Th一eeruptionofavolcanocanbea火山喷发是个灾难性事件。自从有cataclysmicevent.Sincerecordedtime,记录开始,由于火山碎屑流(如下所述)pyroclasticflows(describedbelow)have而死亡的人数最多,而飞抛出火山固体物""kiiledl:hereatestnumberofeolewhile体(由火山学家称之为g,火山灰)是最pp86 """"一fl^yinsolidobectscalledtehraby常见的。,当爆gj(p杀手通常情况下volcanologiststhrownoutblevolcano炸性的火山喷发时,)yti气体、灰終和烙岩砕are化emostfrequentkillers.Usually,when片上升到大气中。如果喷发的云雾变得比a打exsploivevolcanoerutsacloudofas周围的空气更密,则由于重力驱使,可能p,g,ashand一lavaframentsrisesunto化e回藩向地。这可能导致形成i个令人难,gp面atmoshere.If化eerutioncloudsbecome(lipp?置信的高温超过SOO华氏度),高denser化an化esurroundingair,itmafall速(速度超过每小时180英里)的火山灰,yback化ward化egroundroelledb化e火山气体这被,烙岩碎片,加热的空气,,ppy化化esofgravity.Thiscanlead化化rmation称为火山灰流。极髙的温度也可能会产生oranincred化iyhot(mo化化anl,50〇T),狂风。由于这种力量和髙温,任何遇到这-hihseedfaster8〇mgp化an1ileserhour种地狱么河的生物都不可能幸存下来。许(p)avalancheofa沈,volcanicgases,lava多人因为窒息,暴露高温中,或被埋在火fragments,andheatedair,whichiscalleda山砕屑下而死亡。任何在附近有活火山的m化m一roclasticflow.The说treeeratures地方旅行的人应往意风险pyp,并有个经过maa-lsoeneratealeforcewinds,现实的疏散计划。ygg.滯思熟虑的Becauseoftheforcesand化meraturespinvolved打olivinbeincautin化is,ggghinfernalrivercansurvveosumani.Mthvictimsdiefromsufocationexosure化,ptiheheaoruandetit,brilurhevolca打icdebris.Anyonewhotravelsinthevicinityanactivevolcanoshouldbeawareoftherisksandhaveawellthoughtoutrealisticevacuation,plan.a一t:oWhtDoifWorkingorTraveling如果在座活火山附近工作或旅行NearanActiveVolcano应该怎么做i1.Toatlern化evolcan〇spaternof1.要了解火山的喷发的模式,了解过eruption,readaboutpasterutionsand去爆发的情况和发生的事故。paccidents.87 2.Know化ecurrentvolcanowarning2.知道当前的火山警戒高位。服从地eveeocaauor。ll.Obyll化ities.方当局命令'3.Travelwithanexperiencedguide,3.旅游时由经验丰富的导游带领。4ttt.Leavedeailsabouyouriinerary4.将你的行程细节告诉别人,便你withsomeonewhocanreportyouas在延迟或者失踪时可上报。ddayedormissing.5.Wearahardhatandcarryagas目?戴上安全帽并携带防毒面具。mask.6.Bewareofrockfallavalancheand6?小也落石,雪崩,有害气体。,,hazardousases.g7.Observeforwarninsnsofan.。gig7观察是否有警告喷发的迹象如果er叩tion.Leaveimmediatelyif化earea该地区变得危险,马上离开。becomesdangerous.8.Donotapproachlavathatisflowing8.不要靠近流经植被的烙岩。throughvegetation.SNOWAVALANCHES雪崩Someof1:hefactorsthatinfluencea影响埋伤者的生存机会的因素有掩miburiedvictischancesfbrsurvilaretime埋的时间va,掩埋的滯度,地面上的线索(方buried,depthburied,cluesonthesurface(to便确定伤者的位置和进行救援),救援设facilitatelocationofthevictimandrescue备,受伤程度,抵抗雪崩的能力,身体姿),rescueeumentittqipinur,abilt化fihhe势,雪的密度,是否荐在空气囊(通气孔),,jyygavalanchebodositionsnowdensit空气囊大小及运气,。没有受伤并能在,yp,y,一presenceofairbreathinocketandsizeof个更(g)p下坡的时候抵御雪崩的人通常有arocketlctipanduk.Avicimwhois好的机会活下来,并旦只是最终被部分掩,un一inuredandable化fihtonthedownhill埋,或者即使完全掩埋,也有个更好的jgrideusuallhasabetterchanceofendinu造呼吸的空气囊。严重受伤的人ygp机会去创一一onlartlburiedorifcomlelburieda,te或被击昏的人就会像个破布娃娃,ypypy,样betterchanceofcreatinganairpocketfbr被卷起来,翻转和扭动。被困在雪里是生breathing.Avictimwhoisseverelyinured命和死亡的斗争,最努为抵抗的人最占化j88 orknockedunconsciousislikearagdoll势。bein呂rolled,flipped,andtwis化d.Beingtra--ppedi打anavalancheisalifeanddeathstrutgglewi化化euerhandoino化ose,ppg呂whofihuhehardestg.A*valancheskiUintwoways.First,雪崩在两个方面会造成人类死亡。首seriousinurisalwasossibleinaUimble先jyy,在跌倒在雪崩的路上很容易严重受pdownanavalanchepath.Trees,rocks,伤。树木,岩石,悬崖和雪的滚动对人体cliffsandtheenchin。,wrgactionofsnowin极为可怕其次,被雪埋葬导致窒息(无motioncandohorrible化ings化thehuman论是气道阻塞或是耗尽氧气)。雪崩遇难bod一.Secondsnowburiacausesyl者中很少部分人会死于低温,很可能是,asphyxiation(ei化erobstructedairwayor因为在温度足够低之前,遇3崔者己经由于exhaustedoxensu.rsmaU。ygpply)Avey受伤或者窒息而死亡了ercentaeofavalanchevctimsuccumbtopgishothermiarobablbecausesufficientlyp,pyyhypo化erniictoexpi化.Theproblemofbreathinginan在雪崩中的呼吸问题在馴被掩埋时avalanchedoesnotstartW脯beinburied.还不会出现。遇难者被翻腾的雪猛烈袭gAvictimsweptdowninthechurningsnow击,有段时巧的呼吸将会非常函难。吸入hasanextraordnaaebreath己irilyhrdtiming.的积雪堵塞口鼻;如果遇难者被猜埋时Inhaledsnowcosemoutsl化handnoe塞气道,那么很快就会窒息。雪本身是g;阻asphyxiationoccursquicklyifthevictimis非常轻的,但是当滑雪者切除它的棱角,buriedW侃theairwayalreadyblocked.雪的新形状将非常牢固。Snow:ttfhawaslighandairywhenaskiercarvedturnsinitbecomesvi化likeinitsnewform.Snowsetsuardandsoe。phlidaftran雪崩后的雪变得很坚硬对于遇难者一avalancheItt.isalmosimpossiblefor来说,即使被掩埋得地方还不到英尺victims化dig化emselvesout,evenifburied深,自己从雪中挖出通路几乎是不可能89 e一lss化anafootdee.Harddebrismakes的。如果没有把耐用的护子p,坚固的雪recoveryverdificuH:intheabsenceofa使得逃离异常蹈难。有时掩埋在几英尺么ysturdyshovel.TheP化ssweof化esnowina下的雪的压力是如此么大,(^至于遇难者一r一buialofseveralfeetsometimesissoreat不能深吸口气。在雪里,呼出口温暖ga一化tthevictimisunable化expandhisorher的气会在面部周围冻结,最终形成个冰chest1;〇drawab化ath.Warmexhaledbreath的晶体,阻断了所有的气流。freezesonthesnowaroundtheface,evenUiaaneenllyformingicls化atcu化offaarfwllilo.Ano一therfactor化atafectssurvivalis影响生存的另个因素是遇难者头v,化eositionof化eictimshead化atis部的位置p;即遇难者;被掩埋的时候是脸朝whetherthevictimisburiedfaceupor拉化上巧是脸朝下。最有利的位畳是脸朝上。down.Themostfavorableositionisface从有限的被掩埋的数量的数据蟲示,遇难pup.Datafromalimitednumberofburials者被掩埋的时候脸朝上,生存的机率是脸show化atthevictimistwiceaslikely化朝下的两倍。如果被掩埋时,脸是朝上的,survvetiifburied拉ceuraher化an位化后脑勺融入雪地里周围就会形成空p,脸的down.Ifburiedfaceanairocketforms气,叩,p囊,如果被掩埋时脸是朝下的,脸融aroundthefaceasthebackofthehead入雪地里就不会形成空气囊。meltsintothesnowifburiedfaceownan;d,airocketcannotfbrmas化efacemeltsintop化esoow.Acompletelyburiedvictimhasapoor完全掩埋的遇难者生存的机会不大。chanceofsurvival.Survivalisinterrelated生存是与时间和被掩埋的滯度相互关联withbothtimeandde化ofburial.Survival的埋的越深,生还的机率就越小。p,被掩probabilitiesdiminishwithincreasingburial迄今为止,在美国,掩埋深度超过7英尺deth.Todate打0onenelinedSates(2.。i化kt1米)的遇难者均己死亡p,whohasbeenburieddeeerthan7ft2.1mp()hasbee打recoveredalive.Timeisthetrueenemoft:heburied时间是被掩埋的遇难者的真正敌人y。90 v一ictimersons日.Inthefirst15minutesmore在第个1分钟里,幸存的人比死亡的,parefoundalivethandead.At30minutes,an人多。在30分钟内,死亡和幸存的人数eua—qlnumberarefounddeadandalive.样多。30分钟后,死亡的人数比幸存的After30minutes,morearefounddeadthan人数多,并且,存活的比率在持续下降。alive,andthesurvivalratecontinuesto在有利的情况下,掩埋的遇难者可W住在diminish.Infavorablecircumstances,buried雪底下幸存好几个小时,所W救援人员不victimscanliveforsevenihoursbeneath应该过。003l早地放弃搜索在2年,两名?thesnowthereforerescuersshouneverld;雪鞋漫步爱好者在华盛顿山的贝克被发abandonasearchrematuren2003twoplyi现,他们在雪地里分别被掩埋了22小时,’snowshoerscaughtnearWashingtonsMt.和24小时。在这么长时间被掩埋后仍幸Bakersu'rvivedburialsof22and24hours.存下来,这件事时刻提醒救援应人员不应Suchlonsurvivaltimesareareminderha经死亡。gtt该过早地就!^^为遇难者己noirescueshouldbeabandonedrematurelpyonthe化ought出atthevictimisdead.UNDERWATERDIVINGACCIDENTS水下潜水事故和溺水ANDDROWNINGOnlandatsealevel,thehumanbodyis在海拔为零米的陆地上,人体不断承constantlyexposed化14.7化(6.7kg,or1受14.7磅重量的压为(6.7千克,或1atmosphere)ofpressurefromtheweightof个大气压),这种压力来自于大气(空气heao一ttmsphere(anaircolumn165milesor柱1巧,或266千)。个人,英里米离当266km,high).Asahumandesc州dsunder下潜到海洋里的时候,每下降33英尺(13waterintheocean,W她every33ft(13m)of米),大气压强就会增加。由于下降时压dehan一ptadd扣onalatmosphereofpressure强增加,在定的空间的气体体积(V)exeed二isrt.W她increasinressurePthat会变小:P1V1g(),正如玻意耳定律所示poccu一rsondescent化evolumeVofasinP2V2。,由,在,()相反于下降时压强减小ganenclosedspaceisdiminished,as定的空间的气体体积(V)会变大。在水’d=eterminedbyBoyleslaw:P1V1P2V2.下,随着海面压力的增大或减小,最大的Conversely,加ringascentfromthedeths,相对体积时而变化(图216)。ptheasinanenclosedsaceexandsundergpp91 water,thegreate巧relativevolumechangeswkhincreasinganddecreasingpressu化occurnearthesurfaceFigure216.()AmEMBOLISM空气栓塞Anairembolismoccurswhen化ereisa当姉的微观空气空间和其相应的血ruptureinthebarrierbetweenthe管么间的阻隔破裂化它带着含有氣气的microscopicairspaceofakingandits血液流回到心脏(它可iU分布到身体上),corresondinbloodvesselwhichcarresi,pg,空气栓塞便出现了。遁常情况下伤者是oxenatedbloodback1:0theheartwhereit()yg水肺自携式水下呼吸器潜水贵,因上(canbedistributed化化ebod.Tcayilly,升过快,没有呼气,随着高度的上升,外)yp—thevf-tictimisascuba(selconained部水的压力减小从而导致肺部和破裂unde一rwaterbreathingaaratus)diverwho的组织的过度扩张。换句话说,当个潜ppascends化〇raidlwithoutexhalinthus水员从深处上潜时,在其肺中的空气(壊py;g,一aownovexth-llligreansionofeunsand个调节器pg是通过,在等同于肺周围的水ru-?ptureof化etissueas化eexternalwater的压力的情况下,从潜水罐输出,从而使pressuKdecreaseswi化ascent.In0化er肺膨胀)膨胀。如果呼气的频率不跟上肺words,asadiverascendsfrom化edeths,扩张的频率,肺内部的压力增高导致空气ptheairinhislunswhichwasdelivered通过肺组织g,它气泡的形式出现在血液,ttt、脏from化escubaankhrougharegulaorata中并直接传到屯。空气循环从也脏开ressureeuaesupql化化rroundinater始,可能堵塞供应也脏,大脑和脊髓的小gw'es'血管pisuieonthelunsthereballowinlun。g,yggexansionexands.Iftherateofexhaationp,pldoesnotkeeacewkhthelu打exansonpipgp,化eincreased化ssurewi化in化elungspcausesair化beforced化rough化elungtissuewheretearsnebstreaiai化loodm,ppinbubbtrtleformandavelsdireclytortieheart.From化eheart化eaircircu佔te,s化andmayoccludecriticalsmallbloodve巧els巧 化atsupplytheheart,brain,andspinalcord.?■.,-——?一?的化护一气压巧化I\々气泡的岛径1,,:1:::改VA,■-,,--.4-一二、L.心心一《rX<^一"、一苗一‘巧呂11化216.Volumechangeswi化dq3thand图216随着裸度和压力的变化,体积的pressure.变化〇Themostcommonsympt;omsare浮出水面后,最常见的磕状是即刻出unconsciousn巧Sconfusionor现,,痛,神志不清意识模糊或定向力障碍disorien化tion,seizuresand/orchestain痴发作,和/或胸痛。其他包括头晕,,p视immediateonsuacint,,,,迷lyrfg.Oherincludes力模糊视力减退头痛性格反常dizziness,visualblurring,lossofvision,糊,完全或部分麻觀,和浑身无力。潜水headacheabnormalersonalitconfbsion员浮出水面超过10分钟后出现的任何障,py,,^totalorartlliiaaiassandweak打ess.An石。ppy,y尋很可能不是由于空气栓塞d*isorderthatappearsinareviouslnormalpydivermorethan10minutesaftersurfacingisrobabllynotduetoairemboism.pAnyonesuspectedofhavingsuffered如果怀疑某人因空气栓塞而经雙痛anairembolismshouldbeplacedina苦,应把他放置在头向下的位置(与身体head-down化-itiwtt151530,,osonihebodaa倾斜度到度)向左侧卧如果有p(y30-k化doncree川rnetohl29,化ise巧side必要的话(见g化,进行辅助呼吸第页),assistedwithbreathinifnecessarsee并立即运送到紧急救助站gy(。如果可兴使用ae29andmmediatetransorted化an氧气(43,,^^gil1页)应该使用面罩并^^p),yp见93 emergencyfacility.Ifoxygenseepage431)每分钟10升的流速输氧。对于动脉气体(savaeiilablitshouldbeadminiseredb,ty栓塞的治疗方法是在高压氧气室再次压facemaskataflowrateof化literser缩p,其中给伤者的环境加压并收缩气泡。minute.Thetreatmentforarterialgas这必须尽可能尽快完成(^挽救伤者的生embolismisrecompressioninahyperbaric命,并最大限度地减少残疾。给经过培训oxyge打chamber,whi沈pressurizes化e的人员配置便携式加压舱可用于启动现v’ictimsenvironmentandshrinksthe场处理。如果伤者能够自主的吞咽,口服bubbles.Thismustbeaccomplishedas阿司匹林的成人剂量。’rapidlyasposs化le化savethevictimslifeand化minimizedisability.Aportable巧〇〇111口巧巧ionchambermannedbtrainedyersonnematttplybeusedoiniiaefieldtreatment.If化evictimiscapableofpurposefulswallowing,administeroneadultasrinbmouth.piyIf化eair化atexpandsonascentdoes如果上升的扩展空气进入血管后不一not[邸扣化intoabloodvesselandbecome破梨,并形成个气栓,它会使得真正的anairembolismitcanrutureintothe肺组织或进入肺和胸壁的内侧么间的胸,pactuallungtissuesorinto化eleuralsace膜间隙,并导致肺破裂(气胸)(见第41ppbetweenthelungandtheinsideofthechest巧),。其他疵状包括空气逸出进入软细织wallandcauseacollasedlun引起胸部和颈部的肿胀,有时皮肤会有,pg会""neumothoraxseeae4.er(p)(pg1)Oth脆米花的感觉。如果空气进入至!J颈部巧mptomsincludeair化atescapesinto化e时,会引起声音嘶哑,吞咽西难,咽喉肿softtissuessotrhattreswenofte,。,heislligh痛。在逸种惰况下建议进行输氧气胸"chestandneck,andsometimesa民ice问题,不建议在髙压氧舱里进巧再减压,K"risiesfeeHot;heskeatspin.If化irdissec除非也有其它空气栓塞的严重症状。intotheneckitca打can化hoarseness,:d*ifficultyswallowinga打dsoie化roat.In,thiscaseoxe打adminstrato打saiiidvked.,yg94 Recompre巧io口inaherbaricchamberisypnotvisadedfbraneumtrthoraxunless化erepareasosevrstleeymptomsassociaedwitiba打airembolism.Whentransportingavictimofair当运送園空气栓塞而受伤的人的时embolissrecomendedtha(mitimtouuse候,建议使用可加压至1个大气压如里,yana-ircraftthatcanberessurized!p;〇1尔喷气机,大力神C130,或塞斯纳奖状)一atmosheresuchasaLearetHercules的飞机飞行高度(在(j,或保持个非加座p,C-301orCessnaCitationorkee1:he飞机)低于1000英(305)的飞机。,),p尺米flightalti化de(ina打unpressurizedaircraft)below1000ft305m.,()TheDworka'iversAlertNettDuke潜水员警报网在杜克大学医学中屯--Un--iversityMedicalCenter巧196844326(9巧郎44326由受话人付费或——co--llector9196848111化11providesa9196848111收长途电话费),提供24)24-hour-hotline化assistinthemanagement小时的热线,从协助所有重大的潜水事ofallsign巧cantdivingaccidents,aswellas故,从及用髙压舱疏散人员。evacuationtoafacilitywithahyperbaricchamber.""DECOMPRESSION别CKNESSTHE减压症(减压病)(""BENDS)W一henascubadiverdescendsin化e当个水肺潜水员下潜到水里时,存waterntroen化ntin化iseecomressed在于,gPp虚缩空气里的氮气在他呼吸时被吸airhebreathesisabsorbedintothetissues收到其身体里。这个过程类似于将二氧化ofhisbody.ThisrocessisanaloousU)the碳引入到饮料中的碳酸化作用。就人类的pgintroductionofcarbondioxeintoaid情况而言,在不进行阶段减压并且没有超beveragefortheurseofcarbonation.In过其能安全地吸收的氮气么前,潜水员所ppo一thehumancasethereisalimit化thetime能忍受时间和深度是有定限度的(上,anddeththatadvercantoleratebefore升。,pi)如果超出此限制并且/或着如果exceedingtheamountofnitrogenhecan潜水员上潜过快,这种氮气会离开他的组95 一absorbsafelwithoutastaed织并臥微小气泡(就像打开了瓶汽氷)ygdecompression(ascent).If1:hislimitis的形式进入他的血液里。exceeded,and/orifthediverascendstooraidsntroe打eaveshistissuesandply,化iiglentershisbloodstreamin化eformofmcroscocbubblesikeoeninabotleipi(lJpgofsodao.pp)96 Acknowledementsg,Thtrrtlrtwouldlike化isroeceoinvolvesmaneoeseffosandassistance.SoIpjpypptakethischancetoexressmythanks.pAtfirstIwouldliketoexressmareciatio打化allthei:eachersi打mstudyinof,pyppygwho化wo-MTIuidancea打dinstructionshave化uhtmealoti打化etyearstud.,ggyI打articularIhoe化ex^ssmyratitude1:0mteacherMrsYuanXia,fromwhosep,ppgyteachinIhavelearnedtremendousduri打也eeriodofroectreort.Withoutherhel,glygppjppherdearuidanceandatientcorrectionsitwouldbeimoss化iet:ofinish化iswork.Igp,pwouldlike化化ankherfrom化ebotomofmyheart,forherinspiringideasandencouwritiiaementown.Sas巧aedwi化medurintfieonwaofngandrgfrmyritihehyglgygoferedmegreathelptofinishthisprojectreport.I仿e!grateful化myarentswhogive化echance1:oo扣rthermeducationandpgysupportande打couragementandallmfriendsandclassmateswhohelmealotwhenI,ypamintrouble.'Iamalsograteful化theauthorsmentionedi打化ebibliographywhoseacademicresearchesareuseful.Itismyleasure化dedicate化isdissertation化allof化em.p97'