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'.難編難1:襲'’?--著、--.;.、分类号;H3156>:;_等去险代码:1〇636、、:、^;,,^^、?) ̄-:公开学号30691026.密级:201、;;.一'■.^I妨辞範乂麥墳葛筆专业学位硕±论文^II.换?"嚷¥酶*亚史/中文论文题目:《阁楼与伪名去:美国波西乂》/'第%至九章)翻译项目报告_;(變?、/;-rns*;:::文英文论文题目:ARepotontheTralationofGarretsand:v>Pretenders:AHisU)r\ofBohemianisminAmerica脚aP化巧-9)^為,語弓'指导獅:^S一i;y专业学位类别.六:翻译硕壬劳善.-、专业领域:英语笔-译;r/S&?卢:.?4."、、、一作、、?、.斗rtr.六^V,\论文形式:旦遗堂声—塑适理一-占.占冥:^::;^户所在学院:外国语学院论文提交日期:2015年05月04曰'—-"-一■'—’-‘,7V论文答辩日期:2015年05月24日马节??,'t-?-'.--?二';^?―,--'i;^--?W,-.?弁著矣v>,
学位论文出版授权书本人完全同意《中国优秀博硕±学位论文全文数据库出版章程》""(W下简称章程),愿意将本人的硕±学位论文提交中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社在《中国优秀博硕±学位论文全文数据库》中全文发表。《中国优秀博硕古学位论文全文数据库》可电子、网络及其他数字媒体形式公开出版,并同意编入CNKI《中国知识资源总库》,在《中国博硕±学位论文评价数据库》中使用和在互联网""上传播,同意按章程规定享受相关权益。作者签名:年—^壯泣曰、 ̄论文题目:?》A4.4毕业院校:四川师范大学毕业年份:20巧年6月兔篆所在学院;抓敗所学专业;诗?4永啤(说明:本授权书由中国学术期刊光盘版)电子杂志社保存。0-7930693-联系电话:1062791951621766279传真;01062791814-00S4通信地址:北京清华大学邮局8448信箱采编中也邮编:10
四川师苑大学学位论文独创性声明:AReorton化eTranslatio凸ofGarreuawi本人声明所呈交学位论文ptPretenders:AHis化rvofBohemianisminAmerica(Ch江p化r7-9、,是本人在导师,向琳指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中己经注明引用的內容外本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均己在文中明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。一本人承诺:已提交的学位论文电子版与论文纸本的内容致。如因不符而引'起的学术声誉上的损失由本人自负。学位论文作者签字曰期:年直月^曰
Abstract乂Reporton化eTranslationofGflire化flWi/jPre化《沁/战s化-foBohemiimisminAmericaChater79yf(p)Abs化actMTICandidate;DuLifenAdvisor:XiangLinThisis红translationprojectrepQrton化6translationof(7幻尸化拉。巧^/戶尸£化巧加文;^-HistoryoohemianisminAmericaChater79whichiswrittenbAlbertParr.AsfB(p),yythemaorhistoricalsourceforthestudofBohemianismthisbookisthefirstclassicjy,i打arrativerecordedthelivesandmannersoftheAmericasBohemiansinnineteenthandandtwentiethcenturies.Tetranslationofthetexthelseoletthppp:oundersandthehistoricalconnotationofBohemianismandhascertainreferentialsignificanceforAmericanliterature化863於]1.Btheuidanceofolsstem化eorthewritermainlyyy,ygpyadoptedforeinizationandvarioustranslatio打化chniuestotranslatethesourcetextgqThisa巧hasfourarts.Thefir巧化ctio打includesbackgroundoftra打slationroectppppj,n'itroductiontothetextandtheauthorsintentionandthesinificanceofthetranslation,gprojectThesecondsectionmainlydenKnstratesolsstemtheorandforeinization^pyyygjstrategy.Thethirdsectioniscasestu化es.Thewriterdiscussiestranslationdificultiesbycombiningpolysystemtheorywithtranslationpractice.Thelastsectionconcludestheapplicationandlimitationofpolysystemtheoryand化ecomprehe凸sivequalitiesof泣goodtranslator.ICeywords:olysystemtheory,translatedliterature,BohemianismpiI
m《阁楼与伪名±:美国波西米亚史》(第毛至九章)翻译项目报告翻译硕±专业研究生:杜丽芬指导教师:向琳一?摘要本论文是篇翻译报告。翻译的原文选自艾伯特帕里所著的《阁楼与一一伪名±:美国波西米亚史》书中的第屯至九章。该书是第部真实地记录十九世纪和二十世纪美国波西米亚人生活的经典文学作品,是研巧波西米亚主义重要的历史资源,目前在国内尚无译本。该书的译本有助于人们了解波西米亚主义的历史内涵一,对美国文学文化的研究有定的参考意义。笔者在多元体系理论的指导下,主要采用异化翻译策略,并运用多种翻译技巧翻译该文本。本论文主要采用文献研究法对多元系统理论指导的翻译实践进行分析阐述。本论文共分为四部分一:第部分是引言,主要介绍了文本的主要内容,翻译项目的背景,原文作者的著书目的和翻译项目的意义;第二部分主要介绍了多元系统理论和异化翻译策I略;第H部分是案例分析,笔者就翻译难点,如文化负载词、专有名词和长句,结合多巧系统理论、异化策略和翻译技巧进行详细分析,挟择最佳译本;最后,笔者总结了多元体系理论在翻译实践中的适用性和局限性,W及优秀译者应具备的综合素质。关键词:多元系统理论翻译文学波西米亚主义
ContensCon化ntsAbstracti摘要iiIIntroduction1BactPot11.1kgroundofTranslaionrecj’1.2roducnoeexanduorsnenonInttiot化TtAthItti11.3TheSignificanceofTranslatingtheText21.4IntroductiontoTranslationProcess3IIPolysystemTheoryandTranslationStrateies5g52.1IntroductiontoPolysystemTheory2TranslatedLieraturetPo7.2tinLierarylsstemyy2.3TranslationStrategiesofForeignizationandDomestication9IIICaseStudies11-3.1Cultureloadedwords11311TrattPLT12..nslieraionlusiteralranslation3.1.2L化eralTranslation13Proerouns13.2pN43.21micaton14.Aplifi3.2.2Transliteration,15323Tti1..ransliterationPlusAnnotaon63.3LongSentences173.3.1LinearTranslation17*ssransaon3.32SyntheiTlti18IVConclusion19Bibliography20Appendix1:22Acknowledgments72
IIntroductionIIn化oduction1.1BackroundoftroectgTranslaionPj-Publishedna/reh幻巧?;(^/^妊巧2£/巧瓦^巧?化oohemianisminAmericai1960,G7〇fBdeictstheBohemianisminEuropeandAmericaofthenineteenthandtwentiethp'centuries.IfsthefirstclassicnarrativerecordedthelivesandmannersoftheAmericasBohemiansincludinthePfafrouandtheBeatGeneration.Thisbookhas打0,ggptranslatedversioninChinasofar.Thefirsteditionofthisbookcausedasensationwhenitwasreleasedin1933.Thisbookisthemajorhistoricalsourceforthestudyof巧"*Bohemia打ism.Thetranslatio打ofthisbookwouldhelptargieadeis化understa打dthehi巧oricalconnotationofBohemianismandcanbe汪referentialsignificanceforAmericanliterature巧search.,1.2Introduction化化eTextandAu化orsIn1:e田估onThewrercsereeca-ithothhpterschapter79outofthewholebookasthe()translationmaterial.ChapterVIITheYiddishNoteintroducessomeJewishBohemianfiguresinAmerica.ChapterVIIIMushroomsAfterRainshowstherisingoftheBohemianisminNewYork.Theincreasingstudios,clubsandrestaurantsnourishedtheB,growthof化eohemianrous.ChaterEXTrilbsFootdocumentedtheTrilbcrazegppyywhichrevailedacrossthewholecountr.BohemianismbecamethesensationandthepyrageofAmerica.ThetextchroniclesthehistoryoftheBohemianismwithasenseofhumor.AlbertParrbommRussiawasrofessorofRussiancivilizationandlanuaey,,pggatColgateUniversity.AftertheRussianRevolutio打,hebecameasailorintheRussianMerchantMarineandemigratedtotheUnitedStatesin1921.AlbertchoseGreenwichVillageforitsgeographicconvenience.But,instead,heexperiencedtheBohemian1
四川师范大学硕±学位论文",cutureacenerewasntasineooateicedacomrehe打sivetaleol.Bk化化glbk化dptpf化e,ilittt-aefromitsinitaBohemantimestodaethaback1thVillVillgwen:oereae,pgdecadesofAmericanBohemianismandthatincluded也evariousoldBohemiasoutside,"化NewYork(Parry10).Therefore,eauthor1;ookitashistask.Atfirst,hetriedoutpartsofhisworks犯magazi打earticles.Afterthosearticlesotsomeositiveresonsesgppfromthepublishers,hebegun化produce化ebook.Withthehelpofhisfriends,hepublishedthefirsteditionin1933.According1:othemarketdemand,thebookrepublishedin1960.1,3TheSig打ifica凸ceofTranslatin化eTextgFrom化eearlynineteenthcenturyBohemianreresents化ewritersarti巧s,p,,musiciansandactorswholiveanunorthodoxandimpoverishe过life.Thestagedmusical""iSfce巧es成/口We麻公oAewemadethismeaningofBohemianpopular.Theseartists-andwritersmainlylivedinlowerrentandlowerclassandtheweredistantthemselvesyfromtheconventionalsociety.ThetermBohemianismconnotatesnotonlycreativityandenUghtenmentutalsooorersonalhieneandmarital巧delit.In840s,bppygy1,Bohemiansbegan化emiratetoAmericafromEuroe.目itsuniueeorahicgpyqggpadvantageandthehistoricalculturetraditionGreenwichVillageservedasanartcenter,forpioneeractivitiesinAmericanculture.TheVillageisknownasthebirthplaceoftheBeatGenerationtheheaduartersofModernismandradicalism.TheBohemianism,qhistoryoftheVillaeholdanimortantositioninAmerican化erature.BeforethisgppbookthehistoricdocumentsofGreenwichVillageweremorenovelsandpoemsthan,memoirswhichcreateanimressionthattheBohemia打ismofAmericahasalwasbeen,pymoreimainarthanactualParr16.Eveninthememoirstheauthorswereinsistentgy(y),onchaninthenamesofthecharacrs.Outofresect化thehistorthisbookremansggtepy,i"therealnameofthecharactersenaesinadetailedhistorofFafsan过alsorelates,ggyandcompareslaterBohemianmovements化化eactivitiesofthisfoundational,’"’,group(Garrets)?Bohemia打lifestylehasspread化manycountriesacrosstheworl先including2
IIntroductionChina.TherearemanyBohemiancommunitiesinChina,suchasDaliinYunnanandDashanziArtDistrictinB娜ng.DaliisendowedwithmanyBohemianism沈aracters,whichatractmanyartis化lawritersanddirectors.Manounhine化eoleave,pyyygCppguptheirstablecareerandchosetosetledowninDalitoursuitfreehfestyle.In1980spand1990sthemostrominentBohemiancultureinChinawasrockmusic.Nowadas,py,"wehaveborrowedmanyculturaleleme打tsfromBohemian,suchasclubs,hiie,pp"h-mancesmancers5Peiphopunkerforartfeminidba浊pakqtd.in季晓蠢4.eol,pjp,(,)parefamiliarw她化oseBohemianculture,butfewof化emtrulyunderstandBohemianculture.AtrueBohemianisdefinednotbyhisorherlifestyle,butbyhisorher''characterssuchasbrilliancebroadersectivesenseofusticeandthecouraeof,,pp,j,g'^化beingmarginalizedMidbearingsufferinstd.in向琳298.Withedevelomentg(q,)pofsocialeconomyandthechaneofpoliticalcontext,目ohemianisminChinahasgmoremoaenonncandoutinstrrgainedandrettieseciallyi化6musitrisdu.Howeve,,pytheacademiccommunityhasnotgivenmuchattentiontoBohemianism.Atabroad,therearemanybooksandarticlesaboutBohemian,suchasBohemianParis:Culture,Politics,andtheBoundariesofBoureoisLie,Bohemians:TheGlamorousOutcastgf,WeirdLikeUs:MyBohemianAmerica^andPopularBohemia:ModernismandUrban-mCzJ化remiV/Kefeew姨Cew如?7戶ButthereareuitelimitedacadeicarticlesandqtransatedworksaboutthestuofohemannnaforexameeLastohemia.ldyBiiChi,plThBInlihtoftheimortanceofthisbookthetranslationofthistextwillhelhinesegp,pCreadertofurtherunderstandthesocialphenomenonofBohemian.1.4IntroductiontoTranslationProcessAe-compltetranslationprocessincludespretranslationrearationtranslationpp,-roc旣sandostltrI-pttr泪isl江ionuaitCO打ol.nrctransldtio打hrasethewriterhaspqypp,gathere过manyinformation0打thehistoryofAmericanliteratureinni打eteenthandtwentiethce打turBohemiancultureBohemianisminChina.Translationl:oolsandy,,referenceswerecarefullyselected.Intheverytranslationprocessthewritermadea,timetableandatheredthetranslationdifficulties.Wawelloranizedtranslationgithg3
四川师范大学硕±学位论文schedulethewriterhasefficientlroducedthetranslation.Thetouhestartisto,ypgpcombineolsstemtheorractice.Thelaststestconrolpyyywithtranslationppiqualiyt.Usually,itisthethirdparty,editorsandproofreaders,perfomitheeditingandroofreadin.Butinthiscasethewriterheradvisorandherfriendsaltheroleofpg,,pyeditorsandroofreaders.Thetranslatorsshouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesintheirpha打ds1:0makesuretheoodualitofthetranslaticm.Translation打evermeantustgqyj--ntranslating化etext.TheretranslationrearationandosttranslationroofreadiareppppgpalsoimortantThereforetranslatorsshouldaattentiontoeverste.p,pyyp4
IIPolsstemTheoiyandTranslatio打Stratei巧yygnPolysystemTheoryandTransla村onStrateiesgThesourcetextinvolvesmanyelementssuchascultureliteratureandsociet.In,,yorder化resenttheauthenticcontents化thetaretreadersthewritertried化takeallofpg,thoseinterconnectedelementsintoconsideration.Base过onthenatureofthesourcete碑thewriterselectedpolysystem化eoryastheguidingtheory.Inthissectionthewriter,^-introducesEvenZoharsossemtheoreevelomenofosstemtratplyytythdptplyyheoy,homeandabroadtheositionoftranslatedliteratureinliterarolsstemandthe,pypyy,selectionoftranslationstrategies.2.1虹troduction化Polsst:emTheoryyyAbsorbedthepositivefactorsfromRussianformalismandstructuralism,Itamar-w州m好b化rEvenZoharpropo化dpolysystemtheoryinhisbook户幻//c口/戶oericsin‘"1970s.Heconsideredtranslatedliterature过sasubsysteminliterarypolysystemand"obectiveldeicted化eaccetanceandinfluenceoftranslatedliteratureinhostculturejypp"""e-ohar-EvnZ1990:11).Zohardefi打edolssasverrare江unssemistemlitbut(,pyyyyy,打ece巧aril泣osstem—amutlessemasstemofvarioussstemwhichy,plyylipyt,yyintersectwitheach0化erandartloverlausinconcurrentl姐ferentoonsetpyp,gypti,y"trtwhotEv-Zohafunctioninasonesucuredwholesemembersareinterdeendenenrg,,p(1990:11.Inhiswordstheuroseofolsstemtomakeexlicittheconcetionof),pppyyppte"江sysm汪sdynamic出idhctcrogc打sousi打oppositio打tothesynchro打icappro江chand"emhasizes化emultilicitofintersectonsandthereatercomexofppyigplity"""-1Dstructuredn巧sinvolvedvenZohar990:12.namictakesthediachronic(E,)y**^^evolvementanddevelopmentintoconsiderationandheterogeneoussuggeststhatasocietyhastwoormoreliterarsstems.Oneof化ewarrantsofolsstemis化atityypyy"involvesarejectio打ofvalueudentsascriteria抗rariorselectionof化eobectsofjgmpj"studEven-Zohar1990:13.Notonltiheclasscandeleantliteratureshouldbey(,)yig,studiedbut这Isothechildrensliteraturetranslatedliteratureandoularliterature,,ppshouldbeaidate打tiem化.p5
四川师范大学硕±学位论文"Ev-Zohatsoenrputforwardhreepairfbinaryoppositions:ca打onizedvs"""’,"-non-canonzedtraacentervseerandrimarvssecondarEvenZoharistriph,py,pyy(,"*'1990:15.Canonizedreresentstheliterar打ormsandworkswhichareaccetedb)pypythedominantcirclewithinacultureandreservedb化edominantcirclebeingartofpyp’,(",e巧oricaletaewhenon-canonzedmeans化attho化normsandworksarethhihrig,ilin'eglectedmdrejectedbythedominantcircleXHermans,98).Butthedominantcircleisdiachronicanddynamicandchangesovertime.Thecenterofthewholepolysystemis"awtthemostmttcanonzedreertoire.Accordn10Hermanstheidenticlihiporanipig:,**^^cenersitscenterofravitorseaofowerHermans108tcanberegardedagyt(.p,)*Primarytypesmainlyserveasaninnovativefactor化expandandieconstitutethereertoirewhilesecondartesconservethereertoireandfinallleadtothep,yyppyfbssilizationof化erepertoire.Theconflictionevolutionandconversionbetwee打化e,threenaroositionscomosetheevelomentofliterature.biypppdpTheinfluenceofthepolysystemtheorycanbesummedasfollow.First,ithelpsus!:〇re化arch杜anslationwith泣widerCO打textandextendthefieldoftransatonr的earchli.w'Hermans2004)rotethatolysystemtheoryintegratestranslationintobroader(psocioculturalpracticesandroce巧esmaki打itamoreexcitinobectofstudan过p,ggjy',"facditatingwhatwassubseque打tlyhailedastheculturalturnintranslatio打studies110PosstemteorvewedtranslaonaculturalactvtwhcCO打tnuesn.lyyhyitiiiyihii(),historyandinteractswithotheractivities.ProfessorXieTianzhen2003alsoointed()p"out化atpolsystem化eorintroducestranslatio打化巧arch化化erarresearch.Ithasyyycombine过translationwiththeculturalcontextsocialbackroundandoliticalfactor,gp,wh,,ichrovidesanextensveresearchfieldfortranslationiresearch3.Secondpii(),polysystem化eoryprovidesaculturalerspective1:oturnconventionaltranslationpre化archintodescriptivetranslationresear沈?ProfessorLiaoQiyi2004considered()"thatpolysystemtheoryofers江waytosurpassCO打ventionalaes化eticsandprovides江’,broaderfieldfor化etranslationofforeinliterature4.Thirdolsstem化eorg(),pyyyprovidesareasonableandlogicalexplanationfortheinteractionbetweentranslate过literature孤dliterature.6
IIPolysystemTheoryandTranslationStrategies,Si打cepolysystem化eorywasproposed,ithasattractedmanyscholarsatention.,Someof-thescholarsfurtherdeveloedEvenZoharstheor化anewhih.Basedonpyg^Even-ZoharsresearcheonTourutforwarddetttGidscritiveranslationsudo,yppyr的earchthenormsintranslationrocessand化化scover化euniversallawintranslationptd.inTour5.Moreovermaniulationschoolcloseltiest:oolsstemtheor.(qy,),pypyyyTheoHermans,oneoftherepresentativesofmanipulationschool,classifiedthe""""""restrictionsinolsstemintoideolooeticsandsonsortd.inHermanspyygy,pp(q,26Ev-ZohAnL.Abso比ed化6ideasof化eolsstem化eoristslikeenardreefevere)pyy,"*theorize过translationasaformofrewritingroducedandieadwithasetofideologicalp"andpoliticalconstraintswithinthetargetlanguageculturalsystem(qtd.inHermans,37.Inwesternolsstemtheorhasinsredmantranslationscholarsondeveloin),pyyypiypgtheirowntranslationtheory.InChina,polysys化mtheorydidnotdrawanyatentionuntilChungWaiLiteraryQuarterlypublishedaseriesofarticlesonpolysystemtheoryin2001.ManyofChinesescholarshighlyraisedolysystemtheory.In2002ChineseTranslationJournalrintedpp,p^Chnesevers-NanfeniionofEvenZoharsPolysystemTheorytranslatedbyZhangg.Prof的sorZhangointedoutthatolsstemIheorimrovedtheositio打oftranslatedyyyppppliteraturebytaki打historicalandculturalelementsintoconsideration.Thisoinionisgpsupportedbymanyscholars.XieTianzhenprovedtheeffectivenessofolsstempyytheorybabundantexamles.Polsystem化eoiyhasbroadenedthefieldoftranslationypyresearchbclassedtasliterarresearcyifiiyh.2.2TranslatedLitera化reinLiteraryPolss化myyAmongalloftheelementsinliterarysystem,Zoharspeciallyemphasizesthattranslatedliteratureshouldfitintoliterarypolysystem.Translatedliteraturehassncantinfluenceontheliterarolstemndiachroncandsnchronicevolutonofigifiypyyiiyiased行cliterature.乂sed行ctranslationoratranslatrimppio打modelplaysaarorpysecondaryroleinaliterarsstemdeendsontheconditionofthesstem.Mostlyypyyclassifiedassecondaryactivitiestranslatedliteratureconservesorstrenthensthe,g7
四川师范大学硕±学位论文-existingliterature.EvenZohardefinesthreesetsofcircumstancesthattranslated"‘’tttatce打tralosawhe打aliteraureisouninterocesslieraurecankehepition:(tyg,hp)""‘,ofbeinestablishedbwhenali化ratureisei化ereriheralwi化inalareroug;()pp(ggp‘’’,"ofcorrelatedliteraturesorweakorbothcwhentherearetumi打ci打tscri化s),,;()gp,"r化iatturEv-Zr20001oln.Inetctanceirarvacuumslieraeenoha:94化firsircumsy(,),thenewemernliteraturewoudseekvarioustexttesfromtheoldliterature.giglypTherefore,translatedliteraturewouldplayanimportantroleinthetarg巧literaturesystem.Thesecondcircumstanceoccurswhentheliteratureofastrongnationovershadowsanat-化tofaweakion.In化elastone,化eolder,weUestablishedliterarypaternscouldnotoferanycreativitandleftavacuumswhichcanbe巧liedwith打ewynotionsandinsirationsbtranslatedworks.Inallof化ethreecircumstancespy,translatio打beinginthecentralositionemhasizes化eadeuatenessofthetarettext.,p,pqgAartfromthosethreecircumstancestranslationisintheeriheralositionandp,pppshouldfocuso打化eacceptaWlityof化etarettext.Thepositionoftranslatedliteraturegntheretterarssemcanaectthecsinofthetra打satonmatealsanditagliyytfhoogliritranslationstrategies.InChinatranslatedliteraturehasmadereatcontribution化thedevelomentof,gp化eliterarypolysystem.Nevertheless,ithasbeengivenratherlitleatentio打inthe^academccircle.ccordintoShZhecxmsanalsisonthesecondtranslationclimaxiniAgiyChinaChinesnewliteraturewasevidentlbenefitedbtranslatedliteratureinthe^yyfbllowkithreeasects:atheositionofnovelinliterarwasimrovedand化laedgp()pyp,pyanimortantroleinsocialeducationbliterarlanuaewaschanedcnovelp;()yggg;()writingstyleswerechangedand打ewdramaswerebroughtin(qtd.,i打谢天振,21)?虹-lateninetee打thcenturytranslated打ovdsbrouhtinantifeudalismandbroadened,g^heoleshorizon.SomeoftetranslatorssuchasLinShulareladatedthetaretpp,,gypgtextsthatlitletraceofsourcetextcouldbefoundinthetranslatedworks.Butthese*thervauelitsearcreedecarworksarestillhaveilineraryireh.Thdesafteiefonnandopeningup,translatedliteraturehasservedasaleadingpione巧inideologicalemanciatio打androvidedrecioussiritualKferencetd.in陈众议16.pp,pp(q,)8
IIPolysystemTheoryandTranslationStrateiesg23TranslationStrateiesofFordnizationandDomes估cation.ggAccordingtopolysystemtheory,theselectionofthetranslationstrategydependsonthepositionoftranslatedliteratureintargetedlanguage.Theinnovationandconservationoftranslatedliteraturecanbechanged.Comparedwiththestrongliterature,translatedliteraturealwayscategorized妝theeriher.Buttheatterncanbechaned.ppypgTranslatedliteraturebringsnewenergyintothetargetliteraturesystem.Whentranslatedliteratureisthemainsourceofinnovationitbecometheprimarliterature.,yEven-iftranslatedliteratureisusuallycategorizedasthenoncanonizedformitcanalso,betransferredfrom化eeriphery1:0化ecenter.In化ethreecircumstancesmentionedpaboveforeinizationtranslationstrateismostlikelthebestchoiceinorder化brin,ggyygsomeneweleme打tsinto化etargetliterarysystem.Apartfrom化ethreesituations,sea-dome巧tingtranslationshouldbeadopted化maintainthetheweUestablishedliterary,atern-u.SinceKformandoeninChinaseco打omhasachievedreatsuccessbppgp,ygiyfrequentlyinteractinwiththeothercountries.Withtheboomoftheeconomsiritualgy,pneedshavebeenhighlydemandedamontheeole.Variouskindsoftranslatedliterargppyworkshasemerged!:〇meetthatneed.Translatedliteraturehasmadegreatimpacton,aman-Cliinsliteraturebyintroducingyimportantthoughtssuchasavantardeand,gt-tBimpresisionism.Avangardeisoneofmosinfluentialohemianschools.From1980sd’llnowitisatumi打eriodnotonlforChinaseconomybutalsoforitsliterature.,gpy,Therefore化ewritermainladots过foreinizintranslationstrateandconsidered,ypgggydomesticatingassulement.ppThetermsofdomesticatingtranslationandforeinizintranslationwereutggp"forwardbyVenutiin1995.Domesticatingtranslationdescribes化etranslationstrategyinwhichatransparentfluentstleisadotedinorder化minimizethestranenessof,ypg"也eforeig打textforTLKadersShuttleworthandCowie44.Domesticationreuires()q化etranslator化leanonthetargetreadersand化apply1:0theirexpr的singhabits."Foreignizingtranslationdeliberatelybreakstarconventionsbretaininsomething巧ygg"of化eforeigimessoftheoriginalShuttleworthandCowie59.Foreinizatio打()g9
四川师燕大学硕±学位论文challengesthedomai打culturewhichsought化suppresstheforeignness.ChineselihtsttiFromlanguageandEngslanguageeachhasiownstrucuresandcharacerstics.ttiotathetslinuisicasecdomesticatncanmaininfluencofhelanuaewhichigp^ygg,acceptablebythetargetreaders.Foreignizationisused化keeptheexoticnessofthesoxircetextandtoreservetheauthenticitofthesourcetext.Fromthecultureasectpyp,foreinizationisbenefitforthesreadoftheforeinculture.Neverthelessthereisnogpg,extremelimitationsfortheapplicationofdomesticationandforeignization.01
niCaseStudies虹CaseS化dies虹translationpractice,thewriterhasencoxmteredmanydificulties,suchascu-ltureloadedwordsroernounsandloncomlexsentences.Withthedeveloment,ppgppoflobalizationandthefreuentcommunicationofeoleallovertheworldculturalgqpp,differencesimposeagreatinfluenceontranslation.Translationisnotonlyan-ctttsss-cuommuntontsstrinterlinualaivibualoacrolturalcicai.Translaorhouldgy,y化eirbe巧toreservebo比theconnotativemeaningand化eculturalmeaningofpcu-me打ltureloade过words.Theso旭cetexthastionedmanynamesofeolerestaurants,p,pttlacesandmaazines.SomeoftheroernounshasbeentranslaedintoChinesebupgpp,someofthemdonothaveanyChine化version.虹order化produce江goodtranslation,translatoKshouldflexiblychoosetranslationmethodsand化chniues.ChineselanuaeqggandEnlishlanuaehave化eirowncharacteristics.TherearesmilaritiesandgggidifferencesbetweenChinesesentencesandEnlishsentences.Foreinizintranslationgggstrategysuiresthetranslatorstokeethese打tencestructureofthesourcetextwithoutqpconfusingthetaretreaders.Guidedbtheolsstemtheorthewriter化okthesegypyyy,threetranslatio打dificultiesasexamples化demonstratetheapplicationofspecifictranslationaroachesandtechniquesinthetranslationractice.ppp31-Cultureloadedwords."Accordot-oadedreocabui打g化HuChaculurelwodsar化evlarwhichcanb说t,yembodytheculturalinformationthatalanguaecarriesandtheyalsoreflectthehumang"soca-itd.in70.ultureloardscontansheconnotativemeannillfe(q胡超,)Cdedwoitigandtheculturalmeaning.Theconnotativemeaningrefers化thegeneralconcetsofthepwordswhiletheculturalmeanin^fleetsthesocialcustomsireliiousbeliefsmoral,g,g,s-valuesKfetlesandwaofthinkings.Thetranslationofcultureloadedwordsis,yyaffectedbmanfactorssuchastranslationinoseculturecontextandtaretreaders.yy,pp,,gThecuura-ltlloadedwordscanbeclassifiedasfourcate呂cries.Firstthewordsofthe,11
四川师范大学硕击学位论文sourcetexthavesimilarconnotativemeaningandculturalmeaninginthetargetlanguage.Secondthewordsinsourcetexthavecorresondinconnotativemeaninin,pggthetargettextbutdonothavecorreso打di打culturalmeanin.Thirdtheculturaljpgg,meaningofthewordsinsourcetextandtargettextarealikebuttheconnotative,meaningofthewordsareuite姐ferent.Thelastbo化化econnotativeandculturalq,meannofteworsareerentnesourcetextandthetarettext。isanidealighddifithg.situationtomaintainboththeconnotativeandculturalmeanins.Howeverinlihtofg,gthedistinctionbetwee打ChinesecultureandE打glishcultureitisusualldificultto,ykeepboththeconnotativeandculturalmeaninsofthewords.AccordintoPolsstemggyytheorthefunctionofthissourcetextistobrinnewculturalinformationintothey,gtargetliterature.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldgivepriority1:okeeptheculturalmeantt-ingofheculureloadedwords.3.UTransliterationPlusLiteralTranslation--wordLiteraltranslationalsoknownaswordfortranslationordirecttnslation,ra,strivestoreserve化ewordi打intactofsourcelanuaeincludinfiuresofseechpggg,,ggpooacon*idelgicltentsentencestructuresandculturefactors.Itnotonlieuires,yqmaximizeequivalencebetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagebutalsodemands,smoothnessintargettext.Theretwomainadvantagesforadoptingliteraltranslation:a()itcanabsorbnewthingsandembodyexoticcustoms;(b)itremainsloyaltothesourcetexttd.in熊欣39.(q,)Examle1GllkinhAmi巧--i:eneraseateercancagarretsmofpypg,’化eNeties."ChaterKsectionII.102in(p,,P)-……整体上讲,九十年代的美国咖啡阁樸主父n’Cafehasbeenaessentialartofwesterneolesdaillife.Cofeeshosare打otpppyponlytheplaceforrecreationandleisurebutalsothelatformforsharinand,pgexressiersonalviews.Everersonreardlessofhiittustnsorhersocalsavocaionpgpyp,g,,genderorage,couldfreelytalkaboutanythingincafehouses.Beforetheinternetera,ournalistsedi化rsa打dreortersfreuentlwent化化ecofeeshostoaherfreshj,pqypgt12
niCaseStudiesinformationandinterviewthecelebrities.Bohemiansespeciallyreferredcoffeeshos.ppManyartisa,writers,poetsa打dmusiciansalwaysgatheredinthecafes!:〇discussanytoctelikeandtoenotheunconstranedatmosere.Meanwlemostothepihyjyiphhi,fartistswriters,oetsandmusiciansdweltinarretsduetotheovert.Thewere,pgpyyobses化过化ursuit化eirartisticdreamsandaid江litleate打tio打化materialrewardspp,whichdirectlcausedtheirtihtbudet.Thereforethehad化stain化earretsforygg,yyg""-theTeauthorusedtert-Blowrents.h化emca按garreism化demo打strate化eohemianculture.。iseasyforthetargetwaders化understandthecultural她dconnotativemeaningofthetermfromthesourcetext.Basedonpolysystemtheory,oneofthefimctionsofthistranslatedliteratureistointroducenewelements.Therefore,thetranslatoronlytranslatedtheconnotativemeaninoftheterm.g3.1.2LiberalTranslationExample2:ButaboveallandinthecenterofeverythingtherewasthereatoetgpMelchitsedekPinchaswhomZanwilldescribedwithhistongueinhischeek.Chater,g(pVIIsectionII.81,,P)一?,但是,总么在所有切的中也有伟大的诗人麦基西德品柴斯,赞格威尔化讽挖苦城播写麦某西德。"’""Ht--histongueinhischeekMsderivedfromonueinceek.Thefiureofggseech--p化ngueincheekisused化iml化atastatementishumorouslorotherwisenotpyy’seriouslintendedanditsliteralmeaninshouldnotbeconsidered.Inordert:okeey,gptheadequaten的sin化etargettext化ewriteradoted1化eraltranslation化maintain化e,pculturalmeaningofthephrase.Example3:NowtherewasmuchmoreofenfantterribletohimthanoftheoetpChaterVII化ctionII.83(p,,P)现在与其说他是诗人,不如说他是标新立异的人。""Asafre打chhraseenfantterribleisusedtodescribesomeonewhoiscleverp,butunconventionalan过usuallycauseproblemsorembarrassmentforhis/herfriendsor,family.Ifthewriterkeeptheconnotativemeaningofthephrasethetargetirea过ers,13
四川师范大学硕±学位论文wouldbeconfUsedandthetargettextwouldbefailed1:0keeptheadequaten巧S.Therefore,thewriterkeptitsculturdmcani打g.3.2ProperNounsTherearetwomaintranslationnormsforprop巧nouns:following化epronunciationofthepropernamesinsourcelanguageandacceptingtheestablishedtranslationbycommonpractice.Theformernormmeansthattheproernounsshouldpbetranslatedbasedonthepronunciationinthesourcelanguage,while比elaternormsuggeststhatthepropernounsshouldcomplywiththetranslationwhicharealreadyaccetedbythemaorit.Eachki打dofroer打ounssuirescertaintranslationpjyppqn,methodsand1niesTransterato打stestceortnslaeoes:echqii.liiihebhoicfratigpplnames.Asforthenamesofplacesandorganizations,translatorsusuallyadoptmultipletranslationkchniuesandaroachessuchastransliterationlusannotationandliteralqpp,ptranslationlusamlification.As化theotherkindsofro巧nountranslatorsshouldpppp,。货dblychoo化translationmethodsandtechniquesbasedon化eguiding化eoryandtheirintentions.3.2.1AmplificationAmplificatio打,alsoknownasaddition,isused化makethe访批islatio打smoothatthesyntaxlevel.Translatorsshouldtranslatetheimpliedinformationinthesourcetext.Otherwi化,化etarget化江(16巧wouldbeeasilyconfused.Moreover,theculturalcontext*shouetranslatedittldb:ohelpargetieaders1:0understandhetextSometimessome,wordsin化esourcetextarerammaticallomited.虹translationractice化osewordsgyp,shouldbeaddedtothetargettexttoensurethesmoothnessoftargettext.Ex,amle4:SomemenfromtheTieClubcameewi也thersspl化minglGUdeguests.(ChapterVI,sectionI,p,87)一些成员与吉尔德沙龙的客人们逐渐融合在一起手绘瓷砖俱乐部的。InTheTileClub:AndtheAestheticMovementinAmericaPisanomentionedthat,14
mCaseStudies''theTileClubwasagroupof31notableNewYorkpainters,sculptorsandarchitects""whometbetween1877and1887andthatinspiredbyWilliamMorris化eycreated,’-mhandpaintedceraic巧lesandpromotedthedecorativearts(巧?Thewriterhas**searchedmanydatabasesandfoundnoChinesetranslationofTileClub.AtiBrstthe,writertriedtokeepthepronunciationofTileinEnglish,butitmightgivethetargetareadersthewrongimpressionoftakingTileasapersonsname.Andthenthewriter,",,chose化eraltranslationovertransliteration.Buttheconceptof瓷砖俱乐部is化o""general化expressthemeaningofTileClubinsourcetext.Base过ontilecontribution""’,oftheclubthewriteradotedamlificatio打andadded手绘infrontof瓷砖俱乐,pp’,部手绘瓷砖俱乐部notonlyisaccetable化化etaretreadersbutalsoadeuatelpg,qy",’,","化showsitsculturalfeature.GilderssisshortforGilderssalon.Henceewriter,""added沙死1:0ke巧thesmoothnessofthetarttext.ge’"Example5:MartineUiswasacellarfitedup化aeal化theBohemiantasteofpp"hisatrons.ChaterMsectionI.89p(p,,P)""一个酒替专口来吸引具有波西米亚品位的老顾客互王岛逝餐圧曾是。"M’"artinellisisarestaurantwhichis打amedafter化eownerMartinelli.Tokee,p",,",,化eadequateness,thewriteradded餐厅after马了内利1:ocomplywi化Chine化ualangge.3*it.22TranslerationExample6:Thus,Trilbywaswrite狂andranasaseriali打好饼取e/及M?內访如fromJanuary化Augustof1894.ChapterKsectio打IIi03(,,p)因此一《894,《翠尔碧》槛创作出来,并在哈巧月刊》上连载,从1年月到八月。WritenbyGeoreduM抓tierthenovel化11sthestori的ofTrilbOTerrall.g,y,The-IrisPstsTheroineis过halfhirlworkininarias撕artismodelandlaundress.hegg打ovelhasbee打adopted1:0thestageseveraltimes.O打eoftheleadactre巧weari打ga-distinctiveshortbrimmedhatwith泣sharpsnap化theb幻ckofthebrim.Thehatbecame,knownasthetrilbyandwenton!:〇becomeaopularme打sclothingitemintheUnitedp15
四川师范大学硕+学位论文Kingdomthroughoutvariouspartsofthetwentiethcentury.TrilbywassofamousinAmericathatmanythingswerenamedafterit,suchasatrainstationatownand,■"iestaurants.I打Chi打asomeonetranslated7hinto《软帽子》which化ewriteris,巧y,disareewith.From出econtentof化enovelwecantell化at化etide7>//6referst;o化eg,_yheroineTrilbyOTerrall,ratherthanthehat.Basedontheculturalcontext,Trilbyshould,Thtranslatedastheheroinesname.ereforethewriteradotedtra打sliterationand,ptranslate过7W化into《舉尔磬》.3*3TliPhAi.2ransterationisnnotatonExamle7:InCaliforniaatthedawnoftheresentcenturintherouheadedp,,pygpbyAmbroseBierce.JackLondonandGeoreSterlinwefindonloccasionalJew.,ggyChaterVIIsectionI.78(p,,p)???我们在W安布罗斯、在加利福尼亚州,本世纪之初,比尔斯杰克伦敦和乔治?斯特林为首的圈子中很少能找到犹太人。AmbroseBiercewasanAmericanournalisteditorialistfabulistshortstorj,,,y""writerandsatiri巧.HeearnedthenicknameBiterBiercebybeingasacriticand""holdingthesardonicviewofhumannature.HismotoisNothingmaters.Thewriterfootnotedtheinformationabouthisnicknameinorder化help化etargetireadersavoidconfusioninthenextcontext.Example8:Earlyin1890,inNewYork,hemetLafcadioHearn…(ChapterIX,sectionI99,p)?……巧他遇到了掠夫卡迪輿?赫爲80年早期纽约,在,LafcadioHeam,aninternationalwriter,wasfamousforhisbooksaboutJapankgendsandghoststories.Hechangedhisname化KoizumiYakumoafterhewasnaturalizedinJapanin1896.InAmerica,LafcadioHeamwasknownforhiswritingsabout化ecityofNew(Means-Inlihtof化ecomlexitofhissituatio打thewritergpy,?""?化尔斯安布罗斯(AmbroseBierce)对人类有着非常悲观的看乾被人们称为辛辣比尔斯BitterBierce。()@?-04拉夫卡迪奥赫恩(1850巧)是现代怪谈文学的鼻粗出生于希腊,于巧96年加入日本国籍,从妻姓,改名为小泉八云(KoizumiYakumo)。16
inCaseStudiesfootnotedLafcadio^maini打formationandhisanother打ame.Otherwise,thetargetreaderswouldbelostin化efoUowintextInthiscasetransliterationandannotationg,canenhmeetheadequatenessofthetranslation.3.3LonSentiencesg3.3.1LinearTranslationLineartr細slationsuirestoreservetheornalsentencestructurenthetaretiiiqpggtext.Translatorsneed化follyunderstand化esourcetext.Lineartranslatio打do巧noteua--ordtrt"tttttecql1:owordforwanslaion.allowshetranslaorstouseranslaio打hniquestoroducesmoothtranslation.pExample8:(a)The姐nnerwasattheUnionLeagueClub,(b)inhonorofEdwinAustinAbbey;(c)manyleadinglightsofartswerepresent,(d)butHeamcamedr的sedinacoatofoutlandishcut,(e)severalsizes化0largeforhim,(f)whileanamplepieceofhisredflannelundershirtstuckoutabovehislowcollar.ChaterIXsectionI99(p,,p)??(a)晚宴是在联盟俱乐部举行,(b)主题是向艾德文奥斯汀艾比致敬;(c)一尺寸还许多艺术界的重要人物都来了,d但是赫恩身着件裁剪奇怪的外套,e()()。大了好几码,f宽松的红色法兰绒汗衫露在低领的外面()Thestructureofthesourcesentenceissimple.Thelineartranslationofthissentenceconforms化化elogicalityandwaysofexpr郎singinChinese.It打otonlymaintainstheoriginalsentencestructure,butalsodeliversthemeaningofthesourcesentence.Inordertomeettheadeuatenessdemandedbolsstemtheorthewriterqypyyy,adotedseveraltranslationtechniuessuchasamlificationinversionomissionandpq,p,,,"T",CO打version.hereisnoverbmeaning举行in(aThedinnerwasat也eUnion)L"",,eagueClub.Thewriteradded举行化meetChi打的eCO打ventionalexpressio打.Inb(),’’‘‘,,""wa^主题saddedandhonorwasat化6endin化etarettext.Incleadinlihtsg(),gg"""",,ofartswastranslatedas艺术界的重要人物byinversion.虹dtitleverbcame(),wasomited.Inea打dinversionandomissionwereadoted.()p17
四川师范大学硕±学位论文3.3.2SynthesisTranslationInlongcomplexsentencestranslationitisoftentousemultiletranslation,papproachesandtechniques.BecausetherearedistinctdifferencesbetweenChineselanuaeandEnlishlanuae.Onlusino打etra打slatio打aroachmacausegggggygppyconfusionamongthetargetreaders.Thereforeinsomecases化ecombinatio打of,,severaltranslationapproachesandtechniqueswouldbethebestchoicetoroduceapoodandsmoothtranslation.gExample9:aCandandchocolatewerediscards过bbecauseallirlsatethem()y()g,,","c-aeewasPhswhilei打elechseiKtinedb山化was扣nan过indisutabl()ppp,()py^*Bohem-ianetofisholivesoutofthebottlewithendofasharpenedbrushhandle.()ChaterDCsectionIlOl(p,,p)"(a)糖果和巧克力被排除在外,(b)因为所有女孩都吃这些,(c)凤梨奶酷是非""利±人风格,(e但是是用尖锐的画笔柄从瓶子里撰橄揽哈(d)会很有趣而且是毋)1"庸置疑的波西米亚风格。Thewriterdivided化efirstclauseof化e1〇打gsentenceintotwosmallsentences虹",,andkepttheclauseorder.cthewriteradded风格t:omakethetranslation(),adequate化化etargetreaders.Thestructureofthelastclausecannotbedirectly""translatedi打toChi打的e.Inthatclauseitistheformalsubectwhiletheloical,j,g""stts-ubecisofiholivesoutofthebotlewithendofasharenedbrushhandle.jpThereforethewriteradop化dhysero-rtntrnsao打化comttnoeroaltiplwihChine化,pylanguage.18
IVConclusionIVConclusionUnlikethetraditionaltranslationtheories,Polysystemtheoryproposedthatthe*ositionoftranslatedliteratureshoudbedecide过btheexternalfac1:orssuchassocialply,aspecthistoricalelementsandculturalfactors.Ithascausedasensationinacademic,crcesttBteuidanceofosstemteorewrterilbohahomeandabroad.yhgplyyhy,thianalzed化eositionof化etranslatedtextinUterarolss化niadotedforeinizatio打ypyy,pgpyasmaintranslatio打strategyandaliedmultiletranslation1;echniuestosolvethe,pppqtranslatonros.Eventouolsstemeorhasmancontribuio打sandipblemhghpyy化yytadvantaesithasitsownlimitationsandflaws.Forexamlethereisnoclearstmdardg,,pforscholarsandtranslatorstodefinetherangeofapplyingoftheterms.Moreover^polysystemtheoryonlyemphasizestheobjectivefactorsthataffectthetranslation,strateiesbut打electsthesubectivefactorssuchas化etranslatorsi打tentions.Ing,gj,translationracticetranslatorsshouldreasonablfollowtheuidanceofthetranslationp,ygtheorand。紋iblchoo化化earoatetranslationstrateiesmethodsandyyppprig,techniques.Fromthistranslationpractice,thewriterhassTxmmarizedthatagoodtranslatorshouldpossessfivemainqualities.First,translatorsshouldhavestonglanguagecompetenceinbothsourceandtargetlanguages.Seco打dtranslatorsshouldbe,famarwtarioussoftransatontoossucasdctonaesanatabases.iliihvkindlilhiiridd,Thirdtranslatorsshouldhaveabxindantknowledeaboutthebackroundofthesource,ggtext.Fourth,translatorsshouldberespo打s化lefor化emselves化eauthorand化etaret,greadersFifthtranslatorsshouldbereadtoleam打ewhi打sallthetimeThewriter.,ytg.hasleamtmanythinsfromthistranslationracticeandwillstudhardertobeagpyqualifiedtranslator.19
四川师范大学硕±学位论文B化liorahgpyEnglishWorks""--IttEvenZoharamarTPtT191119.Polssemheor.oeicsoda90.::26.,yyyy()"Eve打-ZoharItamarThePosonofTransatederaturew.itilLitithin化eLiterary,"’Pos如-lyystem戶oey扔姑少1990.1:1:4551.^)^**GarretsandPretenders:AHistoryofBohemianisminAmerica\LehighUniversity,Z)Z新幻.TVPnW15D201Y幻/heaultAtfafs.d.eb.ec.4.岐叩,Herneottstem-tiamTh,TranslationinSysems:Descripive幻ndSyorienedApproachesExplained.Shan^ai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004.Parry.Albert.Garrets幻ndPretenders:AHistoryofBohemianisminAmerica,NewYork:DoverPublicationsIncI960.,PisanoRonaldG.,etal.77ze77/eC7w6;城e別/c内fm巧口.New,York:HarrNAramsIncy.b.1999.,Shuttleworth,Mark.,MoireCowie.DictionaryofTranslationStudies.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress2004.,Toury,Gideon.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004.中文文献-.60年.中国翻译陈众议外国文学翻译与研究[J],2009,06:13巧.胡超.跨文化交际实用教程[M].上海.:外语教学与研究出版社,2006-季晓蠢.波西米亚在中国.201:4446.[J]美与时代(下),10,1一0448-52廖屯.多元系统[J].外国文学2004;.,,王朝悍.福建省外国语文学会.福建省外国语文学会2008年年会[C].福建;2008..2010向漸.最后的波西米亚的]成都:四川师范大学电子出版社,.谢天振.多元系统理论.:翻译研究领域的拓展扣外国语(上海外国语大学学报),20030459-66:.,20
Biiblography一一1-谢天振.翻译文学争取承认的文学[J].中国翻译992,:巧22.,01-.音译理论及音译产生的背景[J].中国科技翻译.熊欣,2014,01:394121
四川师范大学硕±学位论文Aendixl:ppChapterVII第^:章TheYiddishNo化犹太化巧’,NItwasinthesamelateEightiesandearlyinetiesthatthepolyglotlaughterofNewYorkwasfor化efirsttimeenrichedby化eYiddishnote.Thisnotehad汉lifeofitsownandsodeservesafewsearateleavesofKcordandinterretation.,pp时值八十年代末九十年代祝,犹太札记首次丰富了纽约多语言趣事库。该札记有它自己的生命,期间有几次中断记录和途釋。Goc过fewdecadeswefind化ahefirstBohemianshadnoJewsofeualingbakttqstatusamongthem.TheylookedwithdistrustuonJews.HenriMurerinhisreface化pgp说巧6S成/口v/e旅。oAe/nelaiddownWsfamousdictum:出eBohemia打sare打otthose2""rsoftad孤过thectwho化mainbusness化e打0usnessataButloafeheroiyiishavbill.,theBohemiansofalllandsandnationsthatfollowedMurgerscharacterstwistedthis化ctrnnandroudlboastedthat化havenobusinessatallwasindeedtheirmainpy,,busine化.TheysneeredatthePhilistineswhocountedmoneintheirshos.TheJewsypa-wereraceofnecounerstotemmoyth.。回顾w往几十年,我们会发现犹太人在最巧的波西米亚人中没有平等地位?他们用不信任的眼光看待犹太人。亨巧缪尔热在《波西米亚人的生活场景》的"前言中写下他著名的格言:波西米亚人不是街道上和城市中游手好闲的人,这些"人的正经事就是无所事事。但是世界各地的波西米亚人模仿缪尔热小说里的人物角色,歪曲这个格言,而且还骄傲地炫耀无所事事就是他们的正经事。ThecouldnotconceiveofJewsastheirrecklessandimrovidentcomanionsypp,asot--ThJelldrinkersinhenameofdevilmacaremood.eonlwishcharacterinjyyy'MMergersbookwasedicis,aliasSalomon,andhewasnotaBohemianbutthe22
Acknowledgmentsbusinessm班lagerofBohemia.Mergerwroteofhim,(fescribing,infact,butwithafewexaerationsaJewwhoindeedket汉沈ointheRue加Museeanddealtwithgg,,,,ppBohemia:他们不会设想让犹太人作他们鲁莽轻率的同伴和遺遥自在的欢乐酒友。變尔热书中唯一的犹太人角色是梅迪契,別名所罗口,他不是波西米亚人,而是波西一米亚业务经理,。缪尔热书中略带夸张地描写他个犹太人,在缪斯大街有间商铺,并涉及波西米亚。Hewaswellknown1:0allthevagabonddomofartandliterature,andhadcontinualtransactionswiththem.FatherMedicistradedinallsortsoftrumery.Hesoldpcomtsetsosuttseteertpleeffurniturefromtwelvefrancpofivehouandhbouhvyhing,;g,andknewhowtodispo化ofitagain,at江profit.ProudhonsbankofexchangewasnothinncomarisonwithhesstemracticedbediciswhoossessedtheeniusgiptypyM,pgoftraffictoadegreeatwhichtheablestofhisreligionhadneverbeforearrived.Hisshowasafaiiyreionwhereoufoundanthinouwishedfor.Everroductofpgyygyypnatureevercreationofartwhateverissuesfromthebowelsoftheearthortheheadof,y;ma打,wasanobje巧ofcommerceforhim.Hisbusi打essincludedeverything;literally,everythingthatexists;heeventraffickedintheidea.Heboughtideastosellorspeculateinthem.Known化allliterarymenandallartists,intimatewiththepaleteandfamiliarwi化thedesk,hewas化everyAsmodeusof化earts.HewouldseUyoucigarsfor江columnofournewsaershiersforasonnetfreshfishforaradoxeshewouldtalkypp,pp,p;,forsomuchanhour,withtheeolewhofimiishedfashionableossi1:0theournals.ppgpjHewouldprocureyouplacesfbr化edebatesintheChambers,andinvitations化pirates.Hewouldgetyourpiec的intothetheater,oryourselfintotheboudoirofanactress.他熟悉所有艺术界和文学界的流浪者,并持续与他们做交易。梅迪契买卖各种零星杂物。他买整套家具,从十二法郎到五千不等;他什么都买,还知道怎么处理掉它行],从中牟利。蒲鲁东的汇兑银行跟梅迪契的体系比起来相距甚远,梅迪契精通一交通运输。他的店铺是个圣地,在这里你能找到你想要的切。所有自然产物,所有艺术作晶;不管是地底下的物品,还是人们大脑中的点子,对他来说都是贸一,易商品。他的业务范围包括所有种类;;不夸张切存在的东西他甚至还买卖23
四川师范大学硕±学位论文概念,,。他买入概念,再卖掉或者投机买卖逸些概念。所有文人和艺术家都知道一。他与调色板关系亲密,熟悉案桌,是艺术的阿斯莫德恶魔他会拿烟换你的份报纸一些人足足聊一,用拖鞋换十四行诗,用新鲜的鱼换惇论他会和个小时,;这些人在杂志上粉饰时尚的花边新闻。他会设法获知你的会议厅内发生的辩论和对海盗的邀请。他能把你的艺术品引入剧院,或把你引入女演员的化妆间。ThefirstAmerica岛Bohemiansof化e1850swhot:ook化eirverynamefromM,urerstaeineomeFrenchBo虹emiansmusedrnws.glhri化dfr化化eirascofor化eJe,’""-iFitzJamesOBriencalledb.H.S化ddardthebestoftheBohemansonce,yR,suferedanaalli打defeatinaNewYorkhoteluarrelbutsavedenouhhumor化ppgq,g"begthedoctor:MakemnoseslightlyaquilinebutpleaseavoidtheIsraelitishy""",extreme!Inhisstor化eDiamondLenswithitsactionlai过inNewYork0Brieny,,,drewmonh--thefigureof江Fre打chJew0打eJulesSi,江ounalfBohemianhalftrader,yg,ofmuchmystery:一十九世纪五十年代最初批波西米亚人的名字来自缪尔热的故事,他们继承了法国波西米亚人对犹太人的嘲笑化讽?詹姆斯?奧布莱恩被理查德?亨。菲茨""利?斯托达德成为波西米亚人之最纽约旅馆争论中慘败恳求,他曾在,但是他"医生时很幽默:把我的鼻子整成微弯的鹰钩鼻,但是不要像臥色列人似的那么"!纽约弯在他的故事中,《钻石遽镜》,奥布莱恩勾勒法国犹太人,其剧情发生在一角色?一这,朱尔斯西蒙,位半波西米亚人半商人的神稱年轻人:HehadmanytraitsoftheHebrewcharacter:aloveofjewelry,ofdressandofoodlivin.Healwashadsomethinsellandetwenttoexcellentsociet.Hisggyg化,yyoerai化?ttonswereenerallconfinedthedisosalofsinlearticlesaicureforpgypgp,nsanceorararecarvrofe-itininivororaaidullingistolsorthedressofa,gy,pp,Mexicancaballero.WhyshouldSimonpursuethispettytradeInevercouldimagine.Heaarenii—ptlhadlentofmoneandhad化eentreeofthebesthousesnthecttakinpypyy,ygcare,however,Isuppose,todrivethebargainswithintheenchantedcircleoftheUpperTen.,服装和美好生活。他总有要卖的东西他身上有许多希伯来特征:喜爱珠宝,一还进入了优异的社会圈子一一。他的业务仅限于处理单个物品譬如,幅画,珍24
Acknowledmentsg一稀的象牙雕刻对决斗手枪,,墨西哥绅±的服饰。为什么西蒙要从事送种我从未德象过的小商业。他很湿然有很多钱,能出入纽约名声歷赫家族的府祕,但是我猜测,他是与上流社会充满魅力的社交圈讨价还价做生意。,MurMed-I打thisportraitwehave过faintaromaofgersportraitofidsSalomo打ofParis.ButwhileMererdrewhisJewishherofromtherealBohemianlifeinParisg,O^^BriensJulesSimonofNewYorkhadasfarasweknownolivincounterartinthe,,gpli拓ofAmericanBohemia.化remainsinteresnfromointoftheatiudeofearltigtheptyAmericanBohemia凸stoward化eJews:even化epolishedJewishintellectualswere化themfirstofallmenofbusiness.TheJewsmighthavebeenueerandmsterioustheqy,y"hamonBohemevet-Jaesetadmigthavelivedgtheians,打asFizmhimslfbutheh,y,’plentyofmoney.从送个描写中我们可臥看到缪尔热对巴黎梅迪契-所罗口的描写。但是当缓尔热从己黎波西米亚现实生活中描绘犹太人主人公时奥布莱恩笔下纽约的朱尔斯?,西蒙,,据我们所知在美国波西米亚现实生活中没有原型人物。从早期美国波西米亚人对犹太人的态度来看:即,,事情还是很有意思的使是高雅的犹太知识分子一身份是生意人对他们来说第。犹太人也许古怪神秘,他们或许生活在波西米亚""?有很多钱人中,即使是菲茨詹姆斯,但是他们。^^J-iTheewsorhalfJewswholvednotinOBriensimainationbutintherealitofgy,化efirstAmericanBohemiaof化eFiftieswereuiteuni化e化efictitiousJulesSimon.qTherewere,forinstance,LouisMoreauGottschalkandhislesscelebratedbrother,Edward-.ThewerehalfJewssonsofanEnlishJewandaFrenchreolefromNewy,gCN^Orleans.LouisGottschalkbecamefamousinewYorksBohemiabecausethetoontertctissticlivelyieswhihAdaClareheueenofBohema化okinhim.Hiarti,Q,^dtemperamentandtalentssurelyfittedhimforthecircleatPaffs.ButGottschalkmaetsst-Phhismaerialsucceearl.Hewasacclaimedbhemusiclovinilistinesandhisyyg,toursooawaoma打circe1:khimyfrAd过dherl.犹太人或是海血犹太人,不是存在于奧布莱恩的想象中,而是生活在五十年?西蒙相差很大??代的美国波西米亚,他们与虚构的朱尔斯。例如,雖易斯莫罗戈特沙尔克和他不太有名气的弟弟爱德华。他们是英国和法国克里奧尔絕血犹太25
四川师范大学硕±学位论文?人,来自新奥尔良。路易斯戈特沙尔克在纽约的波西米亚变得有名气,因为艾达?克莱尔,对他非常感兴趣。他的艺术气质和天赋非常适合帕,波西米亚女王夫圈。但是戈特沙尔克很早就获得物质成就。他受到爱好音乐的非巧:t人的高度认可,他的巡演使他远离艾达和她的圈子。'BtheendoftheSeventiesanothercet-toylebriyofhalfJewishbloodcame,ark-spleinNewYorksBohemia.WemeanthegoldenhairedtemestuousHelena化e,p,RedCountess.Herbondwiththehetolainthefactthatthoughherfatherwasagy^Sea打di打avianhermotherwasJewish.ButsheblamedherfathersViki打bloodand打ot,ghermotherJewishheritaeforherownromanticismandrecklessness.InPhiladelphiag,-therewasHoraceTraubelanotherhalfJewofecce打triehabits,化ecenterof过rou,gp"thatwascalledBohemi孤?But,!:〇quoteoneofhisfollowers,theJewinTraubelwas^emotionalandidealisticwhiletheGermaninhimwasthorouandractical/,ghp毛十年代末一,另位漏血犹太名人在纽约的波西米亚闪肉发光。我们是说金发飘飘飘,性情爆詹的海伦娜,红伯爵夫人。她与犹太社区有联系是因为虽然她父亲是斯堪的纳维亚人,但是她母亲是犹太人。她将她的浪漫主义和鲁莽轻率归?,而非她母亲的犹太遗传。在费城咎于她父亲的维京血统,贺拉斯特劳贝尔,一位癖好古怪的混血犹太人,群体的中也被称为波西米亚,又。但是引用他朋友"一句话,的,特劳贝尔身上的犹太特征是感情用事和理想主义然而他身上的德国"一丝不苟和实事求是特质是。InCaliforniaattdawnotheresentcenturinerouheadedbAmbro化,hefpy,化gpyBierce,JackLondon,andGeorgeSterlingwefindonlyoccasionalJew.Notalways,w*however,erehisrelatio打swiththeiestoftherouhawecannotevensathatbegpppy;ybelonedtotherouasindivisblashehimselfclamed.DoctorGustavAdolggpiyifDanzierwholaterchanehisnametoAdolhedeCastrowasatonetimeuiteg,gp,q抒iendlywithBitter良ierce,a打devencollaboratedwithhimo打thenowfamousstory,"m’"TheMonkand化eHanansDauhterButsoonetwohad过voentuarren化egg.化ilqli*courseofwhichthewriterbrokehissolidcaneoverthedoctorshead.Biercewasroudpofhisactionandhavi打reairedtheca打ewithsilverbandslovedtodislaittohis,gp,pyfriendsandtelloftheincident.When,stilllater,Dmzigerclaimedforhimselfthefull26
Acknowledmentsgandsoleauthorshipof化eshortstor化erelationsbetweenhiman过Bierceandhisy,groupbecameevenmorestrained.?*-、在加利福尼亚州,本世纪之巧,我们在(^^安布罗斯比尔斯杰克论敦?和乔治斯特林为首的圈子中很少能找到犹太人。然而,他与圈子其他成员的关系并不总是很融洽;我们不能说他与该圏子的关系像他所声称那样不可分离。医"生古斯塔夫?阿道夫?丹齐格??,后来改名阿道尔夫德卡斯特,曾与辛辣比"尔斯的关系非常友好一《,甚至还跟他合著了本很有名的书修道±与剑子手之女》。但是不就两人在合作过程中发生激烈的争妙,期间作家用坚实的手杖打医生,手杖都断裂了。比尔斯对此举很骄傲的脑袋,用银环修复了手杖,还很乐意向他的朋友们展示一,跟他们讲那次事件。丹齐格宣称他是该短篇故事的唯作者,并拥有所有著作权,之后,他与比尔斯及其圈子之间的关系变得更加紧张。n第二节HutchinsHapgood,thetalentedbutnowforgottenbrotherofNormanHapgood,onceremarkedthatJewswerenotandcouldnotbeamongtheBohemiansofAmerica.TheyseemedtohimintellectualdebaucheesratherthanBohemians,Theweretooypassionateandbelligerentabouttheentleroblemsofoliticsliteratureandlife.gpp,,""Theylackthereo化andbalancewhichisan巧sentialofthetrueBohemian.p哈钦斯?哈普古德很有天赋?,现己被遗忘,是诺曼哈普古德的弟弟。他曾。说犹太人不是,也不可能成为美国波西米亚人对他来说,他们是有知识的浪子,而不是波西米亚人。他们对待政治、文学和生活等方面不严厉的问题态度过于激""昂,嘟嘟逼人。他们缺乏安宁和平衡,逸两项正是真正波西米亚的精华。Butsometwentearsbefore化的eremarksweremade化ereaeared化efirstyyppenuineJewishBohemiaofNewYork.ThereatinfluxoftheRussianandAustriangg^JewsoftheEightiesbrouhtitinkswake.Notsaloonsorrestaurantsbutrelicasofg,pEuropeancafesservedasthestampinggroundsforthefreshlyarrivedJewishpoets,@""?比尔斯B安布罗斯(Ambroseierce)对人类有着非常悲观的看乾被人们称为辛辣化尔斯巧itterBierce)。27
四川师范大学硕±学位论文-wournalistsactorsmusicansiasandthererson.IsraelZanillwasj,iSoclktihang,,,g""enamoredbythistableau:Herewas化eLati打uarterofthecitof化eGoths!Qy二十年一但是在这些言论出现的前,第位真正的纽约犹太波西米亚人出现了。八十年代俄国和澳大利亚犹太人大量涌入纽约,唤醒了波西米亚。不是沙龙,也不是餐馆,正是模仿欧洲咖啡店的咖啡厅为新来的犹太诗人、记者、演员、音乐家、社会主义者W及他们的随从提供了落脚点。W色列人赞格威尔被这种画面""迷住了!:送里是哥特城市的拉了区,’Zantreofs-atesomateNinetiesgwillspicu化ighetogietyapparentlydafr化elwh’e打NewYorksJewishBohemiahadleftitsearlydaysbehi打dandwas打owaroach!打化ebloomandfameofitsma化rit.Itwas化etimewhen化eearltroppgyyyBohemianscamebacktotheEastSidecafeasprosperousPhilistines.Thus,Zangwillprese打ts1:0usColonelKlopsky过visitorfrom化eWestwherehenowhasextensive,''ranchesandrichmines,whowithhisfloridpersonality,lookedentirelyoutofplacein化的,,eoldhauntsofhis.-赞格威尔对犹太区狂欢的想象显然可政追溯至九十年代末。在九十年代末,纽约的犹太波西米亚人已经把早期的日子拋在脑后,现在正趋近其成熟期的绽放和名望。正如富裕的非利±人,早期的波西米亚新手们在送段时期回到曼哈顿东部贫民区的咖啡店。因此,赞格威尔呈现给我们的是克劳斯基上校,克劳斯基上"校是来自西部的访客,他在西部有广羡的牧场和宝矿,他他绵丽的性格在他的"故地完全不适合。ButwealsoseeheretrueNewYorktypes,suchasthepimplyyoungpoetMieses;aZionisteditorGrunbitzwhowasamarriaeesterbackinPolandaounviolinistgj;ygWitbergwithwhatwewouldcallinthesedaysani打ferioritycomplex;amo巧prolificghettoplaywrightRadsikoffwith泣characteristiccigaraairofoliticians:Sociali巧;ppstrovskan—OydthemoreracticalandroserousBenaminTucherhasaTamman,pppjppy ̄man.ThereisalsotheHeathenJournalistinsearchofcopyforapparentlyrumorsoftheJewishcafeandtheirmildlylamorousdoi打shadalreadreachedtheeditorsofggyParkRow;forallweknow,itmighthavebeenJamesFord,theprof的sionalinvaderof’mmNewYorksBohemiasiirantand打ative.Butaboveallandinthecenterof,g28
Acknowledgmentseverything化erewas化egreatpodMelchitsedekPinchas,whomZangwilldescribedwithhistongueinhischeek.但是在这里我们还看到真正的纽约类型的人,例如长有粉刺的年轻诗人米塞斯一;犹太复国主义者格朗比兹编辑,他在波兰有场荒唐的婚姻;年轻的小提琴家惠特伯格,当时他有自卑情结;作品最丰富的贫民居作家拉迪斯科夫,他抽着.还有两个政客独特的香烟:社会主义者奥斯特罗夫斯基,和更务实更成功的本?一一一一杰明塔奇也许是坦慕尼协会会员。还有《异教徒记者》搜寻素材显然是犹太咖啡厅的传言,他们适度的富有魅力的举动联系到了公园路的编辑们;据我们所知?,可能是詹姆斯福特,故意入侵纽约波西米亚社区,移民和本地人。一?但是,总么,在所有切的中也有伟大的诗人麦基西德品柴斯,赞格威尔化讽挖苦地描写麦基西德。Thiscentralerso打aeofNewYorkJewishMontmartriawasacharacteroffactpgandnotAction.Zangwilldrew化eportraitofMel加tsedekPinchasfromthefaceand行ureof-hisformerfriendandCOworker也ecelebratedHebrewoetofadventurousg,pN,NtHIItin!istlifeahalierzmber.化wasmb巧whofromheearleties:〇hdeahin,py1909laedtheroleofthekinofJewishBohemiainAmerica.RebekahKohutcalledpyg"’M,him泣spiritualdesce打dantofaitreFrancoisVilloti,abomBohemian.She,nodoubt,''tookhercuefromZanwillwhoinanobituofImberwrote:Hiswerethevirtuesg^,,"aswellasthefaultsofaticalBohemianandinhimJewryhadfounditsVillon.yp,纽约犹太蒙马特的中也人物是真实的?,不是虚构的。赞格威尔根据拿弗他利????赫茨伊姆贝尔的面容和形象塑造了麦基西德品柴斯。拿弗他利赫茨伊姆贝尔是他的好朋友,也是他的同事,过着冒险生活的著名希伯来诗人。伊姆贝尔?从九十年代早期直到他1909年去世都是美国犹太波西米亚国王。瑞贝卡科胡特""称他为?弗朗索瓦?她天生的波西米亚人麦特尔维隆的精神继承人。,毫无疑"正如每一问,是从赞格威尔那里得到提示。赞格威尔在伊姆贝尔的计告中写道:"个典型的波西米亚人,,他有美德也有过错,犹太人在他身上看到了维隆的影子。ImberwasaGalicianJewwhobega打hiswanderi打gliffebygoing妃化egaycaitalofhiscountr.FromViennaheroceededtoConstantinoleEtandpypp,gyp,Palestine,dividinghistimebetweendrinksandexquisitepoetry,meetingkindredroving29
四川师范大学硕dr学位论文、ormsticsoulsandoi打withthemintoallsortsofarumentsan过schemes.Amony,ggggothershemetthatcuriousEnlishAdventurerandmsticLaurenceOlihantand,gy,pjfolowedhiminhislanofestablishiaJewishsettlementinPalestine.In1888whenlpng,thatfailedandOliphantdiedImbermadehiscarefreewatoLondonwherehebee迎e,y,’acuai打tedwithZanwiUan过workedforthatwriters况幻巧J口/心.qg伊姆贝尔是西班牙加里西亚犹太人,他去他国家生机勃勃的首都开始他漂巧的生活。他从维也纳出发,经过君±坦了堡、埃及和己勒斯坦,[^^义酒和精美的一诗歌划分他的时间,,遇到流浪的或是神秘的人们跟他们起参加各种争论喝计?,划。在这些人中,他遁到好奇的英国冒隘家和神秘主义者劳伦斯奥利芬特,,在己勒斯坦建立犹太居住地。1888年,该计划失败并跟随他执行其计划,奥利芬特去世了,伊姆识尔无恍无虑地去了伦敦,在那里他认巧了赞格威尔,并为该作家的《犹太人标准杂志》工作。TheconstantfogsandchillsoftheislesweregoodexcuseforwhatZangwill""humorouslycalledspirituousnightcapsofImber.Butitwasratherhard化extractBritishcoinsfortheseandothersimilarpurposes;Imberbegantogiveeartoglowing’reortsofAmericaseasdollarsandcoiousdrinks.ToAmericahereairedin1893pypp,andwithhisfameoeticandotherwiserecedinhimhewas过sensationofthe,(p)pg,AmericanhettofromthemhessedthrouhCstleG.gmoentpagaarden群岛持续的大雾和寒冷对伊姆贝尔来说很好的理由,赞格威尔幽默地称其为伊姆""贝尔的睡前小酌。但是他很难抽出钱来喝酒,或做些其他类似的事情;伊姆贝尔开始注意关于美国赚钱容易和酒水丰盈的报道。他于1893年移居美国,他一早己名声體起(诗歌及其他)区轰动,自从他穿越城堡花园起他在美国贫民时。OfalltheAmericancities,NewYorkheldthisirestlesspo巧wi也也6lightedbonds,buthealsovisitedandlivedinBoston,Chicago,Philadelphia,Woodbineamon(gtheJew-FIishfarmersa打deveninfaro任SanranciscoandLosAneles.nChicao),gg,Imbersliedintowhattoa加erambkrwas化ederadationofmatrimonppgy.所有美国城市之中,纽约与这位永不满足的诗人关联最密切,但他也在波dr顿一、芝加哥、费城、活拜(与犹太农民起生活),甚至还有旧金山和洛杉奶的郊区。在芝加哥,对于真正的漫步者而言,伊姆贝尔滑入了婚姻。30
Acknowledgments""Z,angwillcalledImberswife她AmericanChristiancrank,buttherewasnodoubtthatsheandImberenoedthemselveshueltravelintoetherintheobscurejygy,ggAmericanprovincesofthemauvedecadewiththeirstockoflecturesonoccultism.AllthewhileImbergra打出yrepresentedhimself化thegapingaudiencesasMahatma江,H-induhilosoer.Whenthewifeandthecircuitridinalledonhimhesliedoutof,pphgpppallthisaseasilyashehadslippedintoit.Oncemorehebecameasinglepoetoftheghetto.""赞格威尔碌伊姆贝尔的妻子为美国基督教狂热者,但是毫无疑问她和伊一姆贝尔非常恩爱,带着他们收藏的神秘学的讲义起去美園没有名气的省份旅游。伊姆贝尔一直隆重地向目瞪口呆观众介绍自己是婆罗口圣人一,位印度哲学家。当他对妻子和巡回旅行也生厌恶巧,他抽身离开,就像他步入婚姻那样轻松简单。他再次成为犹太区的单身诗人。H*eiesmne过writi打gandublishinhisversededicatinittoanextensiveranepg,ggofemperorsincludintheEmerorofJaan.Anunknownwriterexclaimedabouthim,gpp'intheHebrewStandardofOctober1909:Therewerenoublisherssoheublished,pp-hisbookshimselftherewereno1>〇〇占5611蛛8sohesoldhisbookshimselftherewere,;;"nocritcstorevewanrasesworsoraedtmsesoWaltiidpihik,hepisihilf.ShadefWhitmanandAdaClare!他重拾写作一,,,出版诗文体裁更加广泛包括日本天皇。位没有名气的作"家在1909年十月的《希伯来标准杂志》上惊呼;没有出版商,他就自己出版;没有书商论家给他的书评论和褒奖",他就自己卖书己表扬自己。;没有评,他就自??沃尔特惠特曼和艾达克莱尔的阴影!ThouhtheJewsofAmericaviewedwithacertaincondescendinamusementhisggimbibinhabitsandhisenerallackofdinitandroriettheaid过redtributetogggyppy,yphisscholarshipand,aboveall,tohisfinepoetry.TheyrememberedwhatZangwillsaidl—wofhisunfaiingtasteinbellesletersZangi口whootherwisemadebroadfimofh?im!and化eysoonfoundouthistruetalentsforthemselves.Thewere也efirsttoy’""makeImber-化eueersHatikvahworldfamousasZionistanthem化erelished化e,;yqmsticalournalUrielwhichheeditedinBostonforatimeandofcoursethewerey,,;,,jy31
四川师范大学硕±学位论文u,flateredby化£fact也attheUnitedStatesgovernmentpbUshedImberspamphletsonTalmudeducation.The拓ravethiserraticmanofeniushisoccasionaloseandtheyg,gpyratherenohiseccentricities.jy即使美国犹太人w傲慢娱乐的态度看待他的饮酒嗜好和缺乏端庄礼仪,他们赞颂他的学识和他精美的诗歌一。他们记得赞格威尔说他从不改变的纯文学品味-一一赞格威尔反而取笑他!他们自己很快发现他的天赋。他们最先让伊姆贝尔""一他们喜欢古怪神秘的杂志的希望之歌,《乌像犹太复国主义国歌样世界闻名;列》,伊姆贝尔曾有段时间在波±顿做过该杂志的编辑;当然,他们感到很荣幸美国政府出版伊姆贝尔的小册子作为塔木德教育。他们原谅这位天才的古怪,偶尔的伪装,他们相当喜欢他的怪癖。’OneofthefinestconnoisseursofImb巧StalentsandeccentricitieswasJudgeMayerS山zberger,aroundwhomthepoetshrewdlyundertook化playtheroleofcourtester.But也eesterwas化〇imertinentwithHisHonor,andtheesterwasjjpjsmsse—taowanceofonedo扣erdaItwasenerallconcedett化idwih她llllpy.gydhaImb巧couldnotbetrus化dwithmorethanthatamount.RebekahKohutwrote:一?关于伊姆贝尔的天赋和怪癖,最好的鉴赏家之是迈尔苏兹贝格法官,在盾尔法官面前,,诗人伊姆贝尔机灵地扮演宫廷小丑。但是小丑对法官大人太粗鲁一一一小丑被退庭一一每天有美元津贴。大家公认不能让伊姆贝尔拥有超过美元?天的津贴。瑞贝卡科胡特写道:Imberhadhispride化0butitwasrideoftheBohemiansort化atdisdainedmone.L化e,,pyCranodeBererachewouldreferssawaabafldinne口Mej化化an化eat.Shisyg,化化ooopygoggsou.BikeVewillveoulasarlwasfedohemiansarelthat.erreadilthygiytheirtdollbuttheyyy,seomveanasorvesoesendourmoneinsead1化erall.ldhayltdlla化githt,yyy,py屯、??伊姆贝尔也有自尊,但是这是蔑视金钱的波西米亚式自尊也。像西拉诺德贝尔热一一拉克样,他宁愿向假仁假义丢掷袋金子,也不愿吃饭。这样他的灵魂就喂饱了。波西米亚一一人像他那样,但是,。他们很乐意给你他们的最后美元他们基本上连最后美元也没有所W他们就随便花你的钱。’To化strainImb巧S1化eralitywithhissubsidwas也6化skofFreidus出6chiefofy,theJewishDivisionof化eNewYorkPublicLibrary.Apparently,Freidusdis口otfindhis32
Acknowledmentsgtask化Gdificult,thoughhe,likeImber,didnotattachanyimportancet:omoney.Imberwantedmoneyfordrinkamongjollcompanions,whichwashisinsiration.Freidus,inypmanyways,wasalsoaBohemian.Helikestofindhimselfamonggoodtalkersandlisteners,andamongthelaterhepreferredyoungandlovelywomen.Helikedtohobnobwithcelebritiesandhefreuentedallsortsofatherinsfromballstofunerals.Iqggam1:oldbamanwhoknewhimwellthathefailed化aearatthefimeralofhisownyppmotheratendininsteadtheftmeralof江celebratedJewishsavant.Buthedidnotdrink,g’Irttinanwamatchi打mb巧sdrinkin.Feidusfoundhisinoxicaionmos讨inbooksyyggy, ̄andhedidnotneedanymoneforbooksathislibrardeskhefeltlikeanautocratyywhoadaeowere-nohllthheverwanted.ThereforetheBookwormBohemiancouldtp,a-sympthizewiththeBoozerBohemianandavehimnomorethanhisonedollaradagy,,^u*allofImbersleasfallnonFreussimlacalesmile.haracteriscaenouhpigpidpbCtillyg,eventhisdolarwaslacedintoabookforwhichImberwouldaskon化atmorninaslpg,ifevenforthatmitethewildBohemianhad化awithafewuitemomentsofdilientpyqgreading.,。福雷德斯,纽约公共图书馆犹太部口部长负责限制伊姆贝尔挥霍他的津贴很盧然一,福霄德斯不觉得他的任务太难,尽管他像伊姆贝尔样不重视金钱。伊贝尔想要钱和快乐的伙伴一起饮酒,姆,这是他灵感的来源。在很多方面福霄德斯也是个波西米亚人。他喜欢与健谈的人和好的倾听者为伍,,对于好的倾听者。他倾向于年轻可爱的女人他喜欢亲近名人,他经常参加各种聚会,无论是舞会,一一还是葬礼。位很了解他的男±告诉我他没有出席他母亲的葬礼,却参加了位著名的犹太学者的葬礼。但是他的酒量远远不如伊姻贝尔。福雷德斯发现自己总是沉醉于书中一一,他看书不需要钱在他图书馆的办公桌前,他感觉自己像是独裁统治者--,拥有所有想要权利。因此,书虫波西米亚与酒鬼波西米亚不能产生一共鸣,每天给他不多于美元,伊姆贝尔所有的上诉都败给福雷德斯无情的微笑。一一非常典型,,甚至该美元都要夹在伊姆贝尔每天早上要读的书里好像该小笔钱会让放荡的波西米亚人花一点时间勤奋读书。AstheearsrolledbImberbecamemoreandmoreofadrunkenchild.Newyy,Hebrewoetsaearedonthehorizonwithfreshermethodsanddeeerhilosohies.ppp,ppp33
四川师范大学硕壬学位论文ButImberstubbornlyremainedbehind.Nowtherewasmuchmoreofenfantterribletohim化細ofthepo巧?Helivedontheprestigeofhisearliercreations,andthough‘‘’’Hatikvahwasthemostaccidentalofthemuiteforein化titleeneralrunofhis,qgghUosohyandtalenthewasinordinatelroudofitandhemadehismanificentpp,ypg,-thomageinviingaearanceateverionistatherin.HecollecteddrinksinamentppyZggpyforthisZionisthymn.随着时间流逝,,伊姆贝尔越来越像醉鬼。新的希伯来诗人们出现在视野里他们有更加先进方法和更加深遽的哲学思想。但是伊姆贝尔固执地落后于他人。现在与其说他是诗人,,不如说他是标新立异的人。他靠早期作品的成就生活尽""管希望之歌是他作品中次要的,与他平巧的哲理和天赋不相关,他非常的切之为傲,他高贵的、受人崇敬的形象出席犹太复国主义者的每场聚会。他收集酒水媒偿还送犹太复国主义者的赞歌。Evenhiswillturnedouttobeahumoroxxssketch.Inithewroteamongother,"’things:TotherabbisIleavewhatIdontknow;化willhelpthem化alongerlife.TomyenemiesIleavemrheumatism.TotheJewisheditorsIleavembrokenenso化at,yyp,,’theycanwriteslowlandavoidmistakes.TheJewsoftheEastSide耗化化eassi打ofypgacolorfulfigure.WhenthefimeralrocessionireachedtheEducationalAlliancetherep,weretenthousandJewsbehindhiscoffin,withsometwohimdredpolicemenkeepingorder."他的遗囑甚至都变成了滑稽小品;,。他在遗嘱中写道,此外致拉比们我。给他们留下我不知道的,;这会帮助他们活的更久致我的对手们我给他们留下我的风湿病。致犹太编溝们,,我给他们留下我坏掉的钢笔,这样他们能慢慢写作"避免错误一。东部贫民区的犹太人觉得失去了位有趣的人物。当送葬队伍到达教育联盟时,他棺材后面跟了上万个犹太人,还有约二百名警察维持秩序。Imberuntilhisdeathremainedthemostcomleteandthemosticturesuete,ppq,ypofJewishBohemianinAmerica.Withhisdeath,化eJewishBohemialo巧itscolor,打ay,tsverlife.AseriesofretensionsatBohemianism化atfollowedImb知inthehettoesiypg,ofNewYorkandelsewherecouldnotsucc妨sfiillyemulateImberssiritanddoins.pgEventopretendatcarefreeabandon,topose,onemustknowhow.AndImberknewthis34
Acknowledmentsgdelicategameexceedinglywell.HewasproudofhisBohemiantitle.Howpainedhisdepartedspiritmusthavebeenwheneventhistitlewas,ononeoccasionatleast,doubte过by化osewhoremainedbehind.AJewishweeklyo打ceprintedanarticleabouthimresectfullcallinhimoneof化efewtrueBohemianJewsinAmericaand,,pygimmediately过naivereaderwrote江leterofrotest化也eefectthatImberwas过pGalicianandnot泣Bohemian!,伊姆贝尔一,直到他去化,直是个性最突出的最彻底的美国犹太波西米亚人。他去世后,犹太波西米亚失去了色彩,不,是失去了生命。在纽约犹太区及其他地区一系列波西米亚主义声称模仿伊姆贝尔,但是他们不能成功效仿伊姆贝尔的精神和行为。即使假装随也所欲,装腔作势,也得指导怎么做才行。伊姆贝尔对于这个微妙的游戏轻车熟路。他W波西米亚的头衔为傲。当他的迭个头衔被后人一一一质疑时(至少有次)!,他逝去的灵魂该有多痛苦啊份犹太周刊曾出版篇关于他的文章一一,尊敬地称他为少数真正的美国犹太波西米亚人之,随即有位幼稚的读者写信反对称伊姆贝尔是西班牙加利西亚人!,不是波西米亚人ChapterVi第八章Mushrooms-AfterRain雨后春笑StanfordWhiteremodeledanoldstableinEastFifteenthStreetustoffUnionjw'SquareintoauniquehouseforRichardWatsonGilderoftheCentury.ItascalledThe**Studio.ItwasthefirstcostlyouseofsuchoriginaforerunnerofthemanGreenwichh,y'V-illagestablestudiosthatcametoflourishtwoandthreedecadeslater.Gildershousewasimmediatelcalledaestheticandexoticitsfametraveledfastandfar.Visitorstoy;NewYorkaedatitwithmanthrillsand1:oldeachotherthevauerumorsof化egpy,g’化eraryslendorofEditorGilderssalon.p建筑师斯坦福?怀特帮世纪风云人物理查德?沃森?吉尔德把位于联合广场35
四川师范大学硕±学位论文""一一一旁东十£街的间旧马廳改造成了别具格的房子,被称为工作室。它是第个由马膝改造的且耗资巨大的房子,是二H十年后格林尼治村涌现的众多马廳工作室的先例一传。吉尔德的房子随即被认为具有审美品位和异国情调;它的美名千里。来到纽约的游客看到它激动得目瞳口呆,相互讲述关于吉尔德编辑沙龙文学辉煌的虛无传闻。’Literarysalonswerethethi打gbthee打doftheelegantEighties.Theywerey’brilliantbutroer.TheGilderswouldsta打dfornomannersreminiscentofPfafsppcrowdnortonessavoringof化0LatinQuarter.True,Chari的deKay,化ebro化erofMrs.Gilder,was化eauthorof則6巧oAe/nf幻?2,^巧e部o/Afo杰巧?Z與?In1888,whe打theGildersmovedoutoftheStudiodeKaandhiswifemovedinandcontinuedthesalon.,yTfr’ruesomemenomtheTileClubcame化minlewiththeGilderssuestsTilemen,gg,whowereoficiallyknownas目ohemians,butwhowereasdecorousatlargeas化eyweretamentheircubrooms.il文学抄龙于文雅的八十年代末流行起来。它们杰出而正派。吉尔德等人不会接受类似于帕夫圈在拉T区的行为表现和言谈举止?德?。的确,查尔斯凯,吉。1尔德太太的哥哥,是《波西米亚人:现代生活的悲剧》的作者888年,当吉尔一?德家搬出工作室时,德凯和他妻子搬了进去,继续经营逸个沙戎。的确,手绘瓷砖俱乐部的一些成员与吉尔德沙龙的客人们逐漸融合,手绘瓷砖俱乐部人正式被认为是波西米亚人一直都保持端庄,但是不管是在外面还是在俱乐部,他们文雅的姿态。,Laure打ceHuton,过busybodywhofteque打te过both化6TileandtheGilderss,foundmeandener-tigy!:〇haveasalonofhisowninWestThirtfourthStreet.But,yneithercouldhissalonboastofanyboisterousfestivity.Itmadeaointofexhibitinpgandbring化etherthefamousandthestaidinmuchthesamemannerastheGilderg,M,salonJustasstwasterarsaonofissMarrL目oothedorofarers.if化eliyly.itHp,BazaarU-whoendeavored)makeheraturdanihtsdmckfollofrimcelebrities.No,SygglessformalweretheliteraryatherinsinthehousesofJosiahGi化ertHollandandggR,oswellSmithofScrib打ers.Everybodywasust!:〇〇o化eforanrealenomentandjpyjyanreastorofiteratrtainmentinAmericaotme.ylhiylryenef化ei36
Acknowledmentsg劳伦斯?哈顿是一个爱管闲事的人,频繁出入手绘瓷砖俱乐部和吉尔德文化沙龙一。他腾出时间和精力在西H十四街开了家自己的沙巧。但是他的沙尤也没有任何喧闹的活动可炫耀的。和吉尔德沙龙的手法差不多,他的沙龙也重视面子一一??活儿,把有名气的人和古板的人汇聚在起。正如巧丽L布兹的文学沙龙样??呆板。玛丽L布兹是《时尚芭莎》的编辑,她努力使她的周六之夜挤满面色庄???重的名流。其正式程度也不逊色于约赛亚吉伯特霍兰德和罗斯威尔史密斯在斯克瑞伯纳出版社举行的文学聚会,。每个人都端着架子不能真正享受乐趣,也不能真正体现美国当时的文学娱乐历史。虹化eWestTenthStreetStudiotherewasasmallgroupofImpressionists,buttheircohabitationwi化出eoldAcademicianswaseace化1.Wi化amChaseaTileClubp,manhadareatstudioonTenthStreet.Healmostaloneintheroutried化be,g,gp,-tseFttknownsorofeteremaricurequ.Mrs.renchhewi色ofhewellcult化im,kedp,p'm'aboutoorWi:reaBmanwtssoesnarrowrencplliaChasewasaloheiihhiftti,hiFhsi化hat,looking(ashe,ofcourse,wanted化look)as化hehadjustescapedfromthe"Latinuarter.Chasehadafewdollarst;ohisnamebutmanchildren孤dhewasQ,y,fondofs扣出osthathadmanohsomanros!Hefilled化eroomswi化化eheavy,om,yybr--tt-tratticabrachahehadluggedjfromhisworldwidevels.Hewanedhilariyinhisstudiohewantedeniuswithaunch.,gp在西十街工作室有一小群印象派主义者,但是他们与老院±们的邻里关系还算是和谐?一。威廉蔡斯是手绘瓷砖俱乐部成员,在第十街上有个大型工作室。圏子里唯有他试着标新立异。法兰西夫人,当时著名雕刻家的夫人,这样评论可"一怜的威廉:蔡斯是个真正的波西米亚人,戴着松软的领带和狭长的法式丝網帽"子,。,看起来好像刚从拉了区逃出来似的(当然他正想给人留下这样的印象),蔡斯名下没什么钱但有很多孩子,并且他喜欢有很多,噢,如此多房间的工作!他把房间里摆满了他在世界各地旅游时搜罗的小古玩室。他想让他的工作室充满欢乐,想要活力四射的天才。So,heinvitedtheMusicClub化gatherinhisStudioonce过month.ButtheMusic-bwasoranedbsuccommeU-fauClugizyhtpeoleasMrs.GilderoftheOw獻?yandpPttMrsHeHtaMrs.ieronMoranofWallSreetaidedbnolessbroer.nrolndpg,yypyp37
四川师范大学硕±学位论文GeoV-rgeanderbilt.NostarvelinsofwildwasasChaseerhashoedbutwellfedgy,ppp,menofrenowncame化hisstudio!:〇playfortheMusicClub.TherewasYsayeandtherewasPaderewskiandtheknewhowtobehaveintheresenceofMrs.Moran.,ygp"Thiswas化〇badforChasewhowasconsidere过moreFre打chthantheLatinuarterQ’itselforatleasttriedt:obeasfreeandwild.,所w他每个月都邀请音乐俱乐部到他的工作室聚一次。但是音乐俱乐部是由像《世纪杂志》的吉尔德夫人和华尔街的摩根夫人这样文雅的人组办的,并由同??样文雅的亨利霍尔特夫人和乔治范德比尔特夫人协助组织。正如蔡斯所愿,只有衣食无忧的名人来他的工作室为音乐俱乐部演奏,而非那些来历不明食不果腹的人。俱乐部里有伊萨依和帕德列夫斯基,他们知道在摩根夫人面前该怎么表""更像法国人,而不是拉下区的人至少他现。这对蔡斯来说很糟糕。他被认为,尝试着变得自由和放纵。OnceimatientwithallthesmunessaroundhimChasebrouhtCarmencilia化,pg,g’hsstueancet化thereatuta-enedeihtosesmaeidio.Shddnaughily,gbhlffrightdlgfChalfriend.ItwouldhavemadeagrandstroyhadChaseinvitedtheMorgansandtheVanderbiltsof化eMusicClub化beshockedby化elitlemovementsofCarmencita.ButChasewasnoexperimenter.HemighthavetalkedofshockingthedearoldsocietofyNewYork,b山inrealityhemadeithisbusiness化bedeferent化比He化dnotinvite化eMusicClub化viewCaimencite.一天,蔡斯矫矜难耐,他把卡口西塔带到他的工作室。她顽皮地跳舞,蔡斯一。的男性朋友们非常高兴,不过他们也被吓了跳蔡斯如果邀请了音乐俱乐部的一摩根一家和范德比尔特一一家,卡口西塔的小动作会让他们大吃惊,送会成为个壮观的故事。但是蔡斯不是实验家。他也许会谈论怎样震惊纽约的旧社会,但是现实中他的角色是传输观点。他没有邀请音乐俱乐部来观看卡口西塔的表演。e-YtofsuchunfulfilledlongingsashistherenaiwanceofAnloSaxon,,gM>ontmartri3inNewYorkof化6earlyNinetieswasslowlybeingbom.FreerartistswereappearinginNewYork,awayfromTenthStreetanditsTileClub.Therewasa,,-t打oisycrowdofbmshwieldersaMarti打ellisonThirdAvenue.Martinelliswas江cellar‘‘"fiteduptoappealto化eBohemiantas化ofhispatrons.Thepatronsweremainly38
AcknowledgmentsmembersoftheNationalAcademyofDesign.TheshrewdItalianinstalledalongtabletttsttinhecellareseciallforheseartisandheareciatedhismovewitiiloud,py,ypphosannahs.Martine化hadoodfoodandalatablewineatlowricesalsoafewtricksgpp,andmaimerismswhichinhimaswellashiswaiteirsas化dforartisticcharm.His,p,placewasoneof化efirstItalianKstaurantsinNewYork化cater化Americanartistsralher化an化Italiansingers.TheBohemewasemergingfromitsforeignseclusionof’’E比eSeventiesandtheighties.NordicfacesinlargenumbersagainappearedatmidnighttablesofunconventionalrestaurantsforthefirsttimesincePfafFscircle,ended.但是-,在他众多未实现的愿望中,盎格鲁撒克逊蒙马特于九十年代早期在纽约开始慢慢复兴。更自由的艺术家出现在纽约,远离第十街和手绘瓷砖俱乐部。一位于第H大道的马T内利餐厅有一群喧闹的芝术家个酒兽。马了内利餐厅曾是""专口来吸引具有波西米亚品位的老顾客。这些老顾客主要是国家设计学院的成一员,。这个精明的意大利人在酒兽里安装了个长桌子特意为这些芝术家们准备一的,举动大唱赞歌。马T内利有美味的食物和可口的葡萄酒他们对这,价格低一些戏法还有些怪癖些都被认为是芝术魅力廉。他和服务员们会,,这。他的餐一批为美国艺术家服务的厅是纽约第,而不是意大利歌唱家服务的意大利餐厅之一。。波西米亚从其屯十年代和八十年代的异域隐秘中浮现出来帕夫圈结束后,一次大量的北欧面孔出现在非传统餐厅的午夜餐桌上这是第。’Marline化Scharm出dnotlast1〇打g.Thehostmovedhisrestaurant化anold*mansionontheNorthsideofUnionSuareneartheEveretHouse.TheItalianiefiieq,gofcheerbecamemoretonartistsfoundotherlontablesinothercellarslessy;g,expensive.Bohemiangroups,realandpretending,werepoppingupallovertown,likemushroomsafterrain.马了内利餐厅的魅力没有持续太久。餐厅老板把他的餐厅搬到了联合广场北一。面的座旧大厦里,装挨着埃弗雷特府邸意大利欢乐庇护所变得更加时毫;艺术家在其他酒畜里找到其他长桌,更便宜。波西米亚群体,不管是真正的还是伪装的,如雨后春資般活跃在整个镇上。凸39
‘四川师范大学硕±学位论文第二节StephenCranelivedwithsomeartstudentsinanoldbuildingon巨astTwent-ythirdStreet.Povertyandnoiseervaded1:helace化an妨tendunusualevenforpp,NewYorkoftheearlNinetiesSarswereth化tOtey.dinesandbunee.ftenevenho化werscarceandSteenCraneandhisfellowIndians,asheaffectionatelhailedthem,,phyactuallystarved.Theywalkedinresandworkedinchaos.Thehadnomoneforgyy化,ca打vasandusedwrappingpaperortowelstorepS3theirgenius.Cranesmanuscriptswereelinocksomeonewhomheownedmo打efortin.hdhby化yypg一一?克莱恩同些艺术学生住在东二十s街的幢旧建筑里史蒂芬。贫穷和喧器在这里肆虐,即使是在纽约九十年代早期送种现象也是相当不寻常的。沙T鱼和小圆面包是?日常主食。就连这些食物都经常缺乏,史蒂芬克莱恩热情地向他的印度伙伴们打招呼,,实际上他们已是饥肠雜雜。他们按规章行事但是工作环一境片混乱。他们没有钱买画布,用包装纸或毛巾来施展他们的才华。克莱恩的手稿被别人给当掉了,因为他欠人家打字费。Hecomainedthathecou打owriteneaceami过thecommotonofpll过tipihisfe-lhllowodgers.Thusheado打emoreexcdle打texcuse1:0roamtheBowerandother,y-slums1lttnitd;oouneinhesenchandhubbuboflowsaloonsandhloi打housesfor,ggggthe-toutcast.Hewasdrunkwithideasandwordictureshewasfeverishwihthehunerp,gofhisbodandhissoulbuthePhilistinesofthedecademistookhisecstasfory,tyderavitoftwtTllimtrErPoe打ot化seorworspyheorstsor.heycaedhanohedgeraihip,phimbuttonailhim化thecrossasadrunkardadoefiendanderhas江useroffallen,,pppwomen.他抱怨说在合租房客们的骚乱中不能必平气和地写作一。因此,他又有个很好的借口去鲍威利区和其他贫民窟闲逛,漫步于充满恶臭和喧哗的低缀酒吧和供流浪者住宿的夜晚寄宿处。他陶醉在各种各样的幻想和楠涵如生的文字里,他身体的饥饿和灵魂的奶渴使他兴奋不己,但是非利±人把他的狂喜误解为最不堪的一?堕落。他们称他为又,个埃德加坡,这不是赞美,也不是仰慕而是把他归类为酒鬼,痛君子,或许还利用堕落女性。Inointoffacttheeriodofovertandmorbidadventiiresintheslumswasp,ppy40
AcknowledmentsgshortinCranelife.Itwasnomoredurationthantwooratthemostthreeears.Beforeyhebecameknown,Cranewasastudentandareporterwithprankishhabitstypicalofbothstates.Afterhehadshownhistalentandwasrewardedwithnotorietyhebecameamagazinewriterand江warcorrespo打dentwithabe打tforcolorandadventure.事实上,在贫民区的贫困和病态冒险的日子只占克莱恩生命里很短暂的时间。只是持续了不到两年,最多H年。在他出名么前,克莱恩是学生,也是记者,两种身份都带有典型恶作剧的习气。他祝露锋芒且落得声名狼藉么后成为了杂志作家和战地记者,酷爱充满神奇色彩的事物和冒险。Th,erewasnothingunusualmCranesli拓,outsideofhisbriefNewYorkeriodp,oftheearlyNinetiesasbo化hiscriticsandadmiresinsistEvendurinhissoourn,gj""虹出-withtheansinTwentythirdStreetandhisBower於eerie打ceshewasfarfromyp,darkanddemonac.Hedrankbutlittleandistfulthatheusesstthei化doubddm呂.Ao,aintedwomenheknewthemerhasnomorethanisersonalhealthandthe化alismp,hpppofhistalesdemanded.Else,howcouldsuchanideali巧asHamlinGarlandhavetakenhim1:ohisbosom?HowcouldWi化amDeanHowelsberoudofhim?AncouldlpdhowThomasMasonbeamonghisearlyNewYorkfriends?正如批评他的人和欣赏他的人都坚持认为的那样,克莱恩的生活没什么不寻""常的,隊了九十年代早期他在纽约的短暂逗留。甚至他在二十S街和印第安人一相处的时期和在鲍威利区的经历,他都远远不是邪恶的恶魔。他喝酒,但只喝点,并且他不大可能吸毒。至于浓妆艳抹的小姐,他了解她们的程度可能还不及?了解自己的健康和自己作品强调的现实主义。否则,像哈姆林加兰揉样的理想?主义者怎么会把他当密友?威廉?迪恩?豪威尔斯怎么会他为骄傲?巧马斯一梅森怎么会成为他最早的纽约朋友么?Thh,ThomasMasonperapsmetCraneatBuchignanis.ereweresomeun’pretendingAmericansamon化eItalianBohemeofBuchina打isbefbrethesuburbanggh*soppersforthepicturesquehaddegradedtheplace.InthemiddleNineties,HarryLeonWilsoncametheretogetherwithFrankNorris.WhenNorrisarrivedinNewYorkfromParislookedaboulevardierwithhissilkhatat过chicanglehisexuisitefrock,qcoa-tsratsacanean过fa打tasticsidebums.Hemu巧haveseenas筑isatio紅at,p,41
四川师猎大学硕女学位论文B,uchignanis.TherewasalsohumorousWalterAppletonClark,anillustrator,andErnestHarvieroftheSun,ThomasL.MasontheliterareitorofLiebreezedinto,ydf^t--boasofhisstartli打discoveriesinthelineofoutoftowntale打t.Eve打atthattenckraegg,Masonshowe过aproclivity化spine打dlessmoralizing.PerhapsClarkmeanthimwhenhesentBuchignanifromtabletotablecollectingvotesforaproposaltostrangleallorators.Clarkhatedboresofalldescriptions.托马斯?梅森也许是在布基尼亚尼餐厅遇到克莱恩。在寻找如画般风景的郊区人群降低这个地方的格调么前亚尼餐厅的意大利波西米亚人中有一些,布基尼一谦逊的人???。九十年代中期,哈利里昂威尔逊和弗兰克诺里斯起来到这里。当诺里斯从己黎来到纽约时一,他戴着顶棱角时毫的丝網帽子,穿着精致的礼服一一大衣,个子瘦小,拿着个手杖,还有帅气的鬟须,看起来像是个花花公子。一他肯定在布基尼亚尼餐厅引起了阵骚动?。这里还有幽默的插画家沃尔特阿普????尔顿克拉克和《太阳报》的欧内斯特哈维尔。托马斯L梅森,《生活》的文学编辑,加入进来炫耀他在市外人才圈里的惊人发现。即使在年幼的时候,梅森就显露出滔滔不绝说教的倾向。他让布基尼亚尼去每张餐桌收集关于勒死所有演讲家提议的投票,也许克拉克是在这个时候遇到他的。克拉克巧恶所有令人讨厌的人。ThomasBeerandotherchroniclersofthedecadecalled也的emenBohemians.But化isdoubtfulwhethertheycalledthemselvesBohemiansatthetime.BuchignanibeA-icameanmericanMureriaostmortemaBohemainretrosectasindeedmostgp,p,,Bohemiasdo.Mason,induetime,becamerespectableandtriedtodenyhisownpast.Thirtearslaterheaealedt;oAmericanarentstosave化eirbosfrom化eLatinyy,pppyQuarterandGreenwichVillage.Hedefinedtheseareasashideouslysordid,dirty,disruptive,anddestructive.HesaidthatBohemiashadnorealapologistsamongthosewhohavesurvived化em.Hemihthavebeenrihthadhenotbeensovehementandgg,hadhenotprop。化dthateverybodybereligiousandmysticalinsteado:fjolly.?比尔和其他著名的编年史家称这些人为波西米亚人托马斯。但是不知道那时他们自己是否也称自己是波西米亚人。布基尼亚尼成为美国事后剖析者,追溯一,和大部分波西米亚聚集区样。梅森过往的波西米亚群落,事实上,在适当的42
Acknowledgments时候,变得受人尊敬,并试图否认他的过去。H十年后,他呼吁美国家长挽救他们的孩子,免受拉了区和格林尼治村的危害。他说这些地区非常污移,源,航脏。乱,还具有毁灭性他说经历过那些的波西米亚人中没有真正的辩护者。如果他情绪没有这么激动,如果他没有提议每个人应该是宗教的和神秘的,而不应该是开瓜的,他也许是对的。Th’erewasalsoMarias,江basementKStaurantinMacdougalStreet.Chicken^nightsandspaghettihourswerefamoushereintheNineties.Someoneknownas"",M",ickeyFinnwouldsinSlaterBabwi化reatsuccess.Theuestscontributedgyyggmusicandmonolouesoetrandreartee.g,pyp一还有妈利亚餐厅家地下室餐厅。九十年巧,,位于麦克杜格尔街的逸里的""鸡肉么夜和意大利面时刻非常有名气?。有个叫做米奇费恩会非常成功地演""唱斯莱特里宝贝。客人们则贡献出音乐,独白,诗歌和巧辩。,MariasKceivedmuchofitsclientelethroughthedemiseofanotherunconventionalresort.乂certainJausshadarestaurantandwinero打SixthAvenuey,nearTt-sStThitterFwenyixthreet.elacewasconsderedvermuchLainuar.oodwaspyQrottenbutthemenuwaswritteninFrenchandthewaiterssoketothedinnersinthe,,psamelanguage.Actre巧esoutofworkandothergalscameheretocallthemselvesrisettes.DinerswereovialandamonthemwereMauriceBarrmoreiltongj,gyW,Lackaye(soontodistinguishhimself0打thestageasSvengal。,JamesCr说Iman,thewarcorresponde打t.JackMoran化ecou呂hinsonneteer,alsoCataindeMandeviUe,gp,aliastheKnightoftheIronWristwiththeroudrecordoffifteenhundredhandshakes,panhour.另一个非传统游乐胜地的终结给玛巧亚餐厅带来了很多顾客。姚斯在第六大道有一家餐厅和酒庄,与二十六街腑邻。这个地方被认为非常具有拉了区特色。食物是腐烂的,但是菜单用的是法语,服务员也用法语跟客人讲话。下了班的女演员们和其他女孩来到送里自称是法国女工?己。食客们很高兴,其中有莫里斯.?里摩尔莱克凯(凭斯文加利的角色在舞台上蹲红),战地记者詹姆斯,威尔顿"..克里曼,创作十四行的诗人杰克莫兰,还有德曼德维尔船长,外号铁腕骑±"一一,他曾小时内与千五百人握手的骄人纪录。43
四川师范大学硕壬学位论文People打otbelo打gi打gto也ecoterieweregivensuchdirtylooksby化eaboriginesofthelacethatthehastened化finish化eirmealsnever1:oaearthereaain.Thispy,ppg,化,ge化erwi化Jausshabitofgivinghisclientsamplecredit,eventuallyforcedhimoutH-ofbusiness.islacewasdose过andsoonemeredasanordinaryliquorstoreofnopgnwartistictendency.Marias,inthemeantime,asgainingreputationforbetterfood.TheoldJausscrowdmove过thereireinforcinthe归owfamousatmoshere.,gp这个地方的本地人用轻蔑的目光看那些不属于逸个圈子的人们,促使圈外的人匆匆用完餐一,再也不出现在送里。这点,再加上姚斯习惯大方臟账给客人,最终导致他破产一。他的餐厅关口么后很快出现家没有艺术风尚的普通酒店。与一此同时,玛利亚餐厅因为优质的食物赢得了美名。老姚斯伙儿人转移到送里,继续巩固现己闻名的氛围。ClaraLouiseKello呂g,thediva,andPaulduChaillu,theexplorer,likedthe,uatmosphereatMarias,and化eomnipresentFordgaranteeditasabsolutelygalvanic.MadameKelloggwasanAmericanprimadonnathenatthesunsetofhercareerbutrserousenouen过o-pohtobkittileyoungartgentryofNewYorkandtootoItalyforpggnherwinters.Shewasthelinkbetwee打PfafiTs她dMarias.Sherememberedthe化’’fascinatinldrooineelidsofGotschaAdasadeceiver.ShetoldatMariasgypgy,gyM,drollstoriesofhisiimum知ableconuestsofsUlyfemales.Thefreuentersofariasqq-asedatthislonaodeviltr.TheressedMadameKelloformoredetailsgpggyypgg,forgeting化be化screet.ButMadamesaidthatshehadhadnodealingswithLouis’exceptprofessionally.ThevoluptuariesatMariaswinkedateachotherbehindM’adamesbroadback.女神克拉拉?露易丝?凯洛格和探险家保罗?杜?沙利尤喜欢玛利亚餐厅的氛围,无处不在的福特打包票说这个地方绝对令人振奋。凯洛格夫人曾是美国女主角,后来事业进入夕阳期,但也够资格善待纽约年轻艺术绅±,并前往意大利过冬。她是帕夫餐厅和玛利亚餐厅的纽带。她记得戈特沙尔克迷人的下垂的眼皮,他是艾达的会取悦人的撤谎精。她在玛利亚餐厅讲他征服无数愚昧女性的趣事。玛利亚餐厅的常客们被这往日的丑闻惊得目瞪口呆一。他们逼着凯洛格夫人多讲些细节。,都忘了要低调行事但是訊洛格夫人说她不和露易丝打交道,除了工作44
cknoenAwledgmts臥外。玛利亚餐厅的酒色么徒在m洛格夫人宽阔的背后互相使眼色。M,RobertW.Chamberscame化ariasfoTremembranceofhiscafedaysinParis.HehadstudiedartinParisforseve打earsandwassaid化haveexhibitedhisaintinsypg-ubmtheSalon.Hereturned化NewYorkin1893attheaeoftwenteiht.Helished,gygphis化扔ewaWerinwhichhetried1:oconvethecheerofLaBohemeashehadlived,jgy^it.Itwasnotabestsellerbutin1899hewroteOutsidersanovelofNewYorksLatin,^uarteranditsstrulesthissoldbetter.InNeworkofthelandaudecadeChambersQgg,;yillustratedsuchmaazinesasLie,TruthandVoue,Heinedfortheatmosherehegf,gpp,hadleftinLeQuartier,andhefound过slightsubstituteforitatMari过s.Later,heleame过towritetrashy打ovelsforMoroniaandherHollwood.Hebecameenormouslyyh,richmderascontented.ItisdoubtfulwhetherhenowmisseseitherJulie打sandthepp’^-巨ullierofthelateEightiesorMmasandhersemiintellectualrousofthegp^,earlyNineties.ShortlybeforeJoyceICilmersdeath,Ghambersexclaimedtohim:''mbWhatisBohemia?IfitisalacewhereanuerofartistshuddletoetherforthesakepgofanimalwarmthIhavenothint:osaaainstit.Butifitisalacewhereanumberof,gygp"artistscometoscomtheworldthenitis泣danerousthin!,gg??罗伯特W钱伯斯来到玛利亚餐厅是重温在巴黎喝咖啡的日子。他在己黎学了屯年的艺术,据说在沙龙里展出过他的画。他于1893年返回纽约,那年他二十八岁。他出版了《拉下区的生活》,W此来表达波西米亚人的愉悦,正如他所体一会过的样99一。这本书并没有畅销,但是化年他写了《局外人》,是部描写纽一些约拉T区和其各种纠葛的小说;这本书卖的好。在纽约四轮马车盛行的年代,钱伯斯为《生活》、《真相》和《时尚》等杂志插图。他渴望他己离开的拉下区的氛围一,他在玛利亚餐厅找到了点慰藉。不久,他开始为莫罗妮亚和她的好莱巧写化俗小说。他变得非常富有,或许还很满足。不知道他现在是否想念八十年代末的朱利安餐厅和布里尔,或是九十年初期的玛利亚餐厅和她那不是很有学识的"??群体。就在乔伊斯基尔默离世之前,钱伯斯对他感叹道:什么是波西米亚如一一一一一果是群艺术家挤在起像动物样互相取暖,点都不反对我。但是如果是一"一群艺术家聚在起嘲讽世界!,那这就是件危险地事情’ItwaserhasatMariasthatA化ertBielowPaineIrvinBachellerandtwoofppg,g45
四川师范大学硕±学位论文-theirartistfriendsdedicated1tti.虹hisaccountthtii:〇sar江magazneofeenerprsePanedescribe过arestaurant打otfarfromWashi打gtonSquareasthebirthplaceoftheiridea,-andheboldlydefi打edhisfriendsandhimselfasdaredevilBohemians.Theyhadthe''???meanstostarttheirmaazinebecauseasPainewrotethateraofroseritbeang,,ppyg,"inNewYorkformostBohemiansintheSummerof96.Buttheywerepractical,orthoughttheywere.化was打otanimitationofthe蛇//ow公00点thattheattemtedbutayp,ne ̄sedatemagaziforthestaidburgessesamagazineforthewholefamilynoless.Soon,themaazinewasstartedboostedandfailed.Nolastinoodcouldcomeoutofg,,ggBohemia.艾伯持?比奇洛?佩恩?巧奇勒和他们的两个艺术朋友也许是在玛利,欧文亚餐厅励志创办杂志。佩恩在叙述他们的事业时,称他们的想法诞生于离华盛顿广场不远的一家餐厅,并且他大胆地将他的朋友和他自己定义为轻率鲁莽的波西"……米亚人。他们有途径创办杂志是因为,如佩恩所写,繁荣年代对于多数波西"米亚人来说是起始于纽约96年的夏天。但是他们是务实的,至少他们是这样认一一为的。这不是他们试图模仿《黄皮书》,而是份给保守的市民看的庄重的杂志—也是给整个家庭看的。杂志迅速兴起,,攀升衰败。波西米亚美好的事物从不长久。M’ItwaJaLFeadfametsmostlymesaurenordwhospr化eofarias化化egaheringwh-ofmerrintellectualsileoreB.Lukst;ossedofdrawi打softhesenearories.y,GegggLuks,likeChambers,yearnedforgenuinevivacity,forhe,too,hadbeentoEurope,studyingandcarousinginDusseldorfParisandLondon.AcertainairL.H.Bickford,,p,,andRichardStillmanPowellfollowedthesuitofFordanddedicatedtoMariasalmost,anentrenovePisinBiwasubishethesamecaoousethawasil.hyllohemapldbyChightiti-atthetmeelevanthetasteof:gAmericabytheC7i口p公ooA.Thenovelwasadvertisedttsstcatedatitrthtinhaophiimgazineasaenlesatreoneolein化crasheaesofgppygg’,NewYorksaradise.TheauthorscaedMariasanxmconve打to打acenterofoanpllilydjbroughttheirheroesandheroinestotheuncommonlylatesuersonSaturdanihts.ppyg"HerewerequitetwohundredBohemiansin0打ehugelump,withano化erlumpmadeuofonehundredmoreverinBohemiansPhilistinesandthecurious.Thetablespgg,46
Acknowledmentsg,crowea打d—MariawereddtherewasanodorintheairtheodorofBohemia,ofsandof"genius.??多亏了詹姆斯劳伦福特传扬玛利亚餐厅汇聚欢快的知识分子的美名,同-B.一时乔治卢克斯揮洒自如地描绘眼前的狂欢。卢克斯,像钱伯斯样,渴望真正的快活,因为他也去过欧洲,在杜塞尔多夫,己黎和伦教学习,畅饮。有两个-H???人,卢瑟比克福德和理查德斯蒂尔曼鲍威尔,学着福特,基本是在玛利一整本小说亚餐厅写了。《波西米亚菲利斯》由芝加哥出版社出版,当时芝加哥出版社通过《柴普书》提高美国品位的。小说在该成熟的杂志上宣传,温和地讽刺那些想要闯入纽约天堂大口的人们。两位作者称玛利亚餐厅是非传统欢乐中也,"并在周六晚上为他们的男主人公们和女主人公们提供不寻常的宵夜。这里有两百一一多波西米亚人混在起的人群一,另外群大概有百多人,有谊缘化的波西米亚一一些好奇人±一一±人和。餐桌上很拥挤人,非利,空气里弥漫着种味道波西,玛利亚餐厅的味道米亚的味道,天才的味道。Theresenceofeniuswasconfirmedbfreuentrecitationofhumorousorpgyqtragicsketchesaswellasinterminablepoetry.Theecce打tricitywasevidence过bysuchphenomenaasthemustacheofoneoftheleadingloafers:化wascurleduatotieendpanddroopi打gattheother.Alsobsudden:fihtsandotherflihtsoftemerwithdishesyggpofsaet—inatoonentsactheroom.ghiwhirlgrossppp一些现象多次幽默的背诵,悲剧的素描和冗长的诗歌验证了天才们的出现。一一是他们怪僻的证据,如懒汉们领头的胡子:头向上翅,头往下垂。还有突然的打斗和其他发脾气的飞掷,意大利面的盘子穿过房间掷向对手。'Mariaswasalsomentionedinsomeofthecontemoraroetrwhichmuchpypy,gushi打gandsalaaming.Toh巧spagheti,过certainH民nryTyrreldedicated泣sonnetwhereneexcamed:ihli一些情感洋溢的当代诗歌提及?玛利亚餐厅还被。亨利泰瑞尔为她的意大利一首十四行诗面写了,其中他感叹道;Howoft,Marie,hostessdebonair,’HaveeawanderersinBohemianswaw,gyy.Gatheredatclosingofawearyday47
四川师范大学硕±学位论文To氏ast0打出yminestrapa巧compare!Thoumakestspaghettianambrosialfare,Andoh,thravioli!Hencewesa,yySalutelandasstaunchadmirersmayPledgetheeinTuscanroseChiantirare.多少次,老板娘巧丽殷勤待客,我们,快乐的流浪者用波西米亚式,汇聚在疲劳的一天结束时享用你无与伦比的意大利蔬菜汤!你的意大利面美味之极,噢,还有你的方形水依!至此我们向你致敬!作为忠实的爱慕者用玫瑰与珍酿为你祝酒。Butthehostessshowedpoorbusinessjudgment.Shemovedher化staurantuptownustas化efirstrosfinersofreaterfamebean化riseover也e出strictwherejygggshewasrightlyaioneer.InanotherdecadethenameofGreenwichVillaebecameapgsynonmforsinvisitorsnockedtobeshockedhereandfortunesweremadeblessery,,yrestaurateursof化6localthanMaria.但是女主人的商业判断为较差,正当名气越来越。在原来的地区她是先驱者大时,,她把餐厅搬到非商业区。十年过后,格林尼治村成了罪恶的代名词成群的游客对这里大吃一惊,当地的餐斤也没玛利亚餐厅盈利多。m第兰节,ItwasinthesameNi打etiesthat化eLati打uarterSread任omthemetroolistoQpptheoutpostsofNewYorkState.Therewas,forinstance,the巧oAew/口巧,身monthlyofBuffalo.ThemagazinewasstartedinFebruary,1893,an过diedintheFallodthesame48
Acknowledmentsgyear?巧wasafamilyafair,sinceJohnReevesSutonwasitseditor,GeorgeD.Suton,itsarteditorandGeoreW.Sutonitsbusinessmanaer.Ithadtheictureofa,g,gpsmokingpipeandanartisfspaletteonitscover,andalinefromthelateJohnBoyle","0民eillasitsrdBoh.ymoto:ratherliveinemiathaninan0化巧landy一在九十年代同时期,拉下区从大都市扩散到纽约州的边缘,《。比如波西米亚人》,水牛城的月刊。该杂志创办于1893年2月,同年秋天倒闭。它是家族??????事业,,因为约翰里夫斯萨顿是编辑乔治D萨顿是艺术编辑,乔治W萨顿是业务经理一。杂志有张烟斗的照片,艺术家的调色板作为封面,还用过世一"的约翰?波义耳?句话作为格言奥赖利的:比起其他地方,我只愿生活在波西"米亚。Thefirstissueof化e。〇&6加。"carriedareprintof化eentirepoetice航sionof’R‘‘虹"OeillyBohemian.Editoriallthemaazinedefendedtheideathatollmoods,y,gjyandtheeneralracticeoftheartscouldbemaintainednotonlinNewYorkorBostongpy,but虹outlyingciti的aswell.Itsoutedforthsomenoblereflectionsonitstitle:p"《波西米亚人》的首要问题是载有奥莱利诗意吐露的完整重印版。在波西米"亚。从编辑角度来讲,杂志为欢乐的情绪辩护,整体艺术事业不仅在纽约或波±顿得到维护,还包括边缘的城市。这很好地反映在它的标题上:TheBohemianlThetitleitselfissuggestive.Itwhispersofbabblingbrooks,strayzephyrs^sriodndreenofrtofen打riesthesongofbidsindmwolasg,tendeahos,stimet,ofallthatcomisppthesumhumanenomtthtfofnimine化lieembedinhicvalofjye打aundacyagsoso瓜teclassesofBohemia!西米亚人》!《波标题本身就具有映射性。它轻语混渥的流水,和臟的微风,昏暗的森林里鸟儿的唱歌,温柔的感伤,多愁善感,所有的这些组成了人们乐趣的总和,人们发现凭空臆想植根于波西米亚经典的价值观中。Avariationofthesamethemewasve打打V知化intefollow打ssueothegiihigif",,BohemianbyoneEmilySelinger.Shededicatedherpoem,Bohemia,tothelocalBohemianSketchClub,explainingthat:一艾米丽?塞兰就臥下波西米亚人问题用诗文写同主题的变化,。她把她的诗""波西米亚,献给当地波西米亚素揺俱乐部,解#道;49
四川师范大学硕±学位论文'InarBohemiasoreshetreesareeverreenfiftstg,Thefieldsarefilledw她flowersandfairformsaresee打,y,T约,hesunssoldislor,themoonlightdiamonddew,ggyThecloudsmakeheavenfairer,andsweetistasteofrue.在波西米亚茂密的森林里树木常年青翠,田野里充满了花朵一,如童话般,夕阳的黄金是霞光,月光的钻石是露珠,云朵让天空变得更晴朗,懊悔的味道是那蜜。-wasThusBohemianism,acitroductachildofarretandaslam,subected,yp,ggpj化avigorousprocessofmsticatio打.TheartistsandwritersofBufalowereperhapsheedingthecalloftheGranersandthePoulistsoftheeriod.Theweretrintogppyygdivertomthereedci!:enelenseoneofheboo打sofcivzaonfrgyty〇thgcte过coutryidtiliti,AmericanBohemia打ism.一一因此,波西米亚主义,,个城市的产物,个阁楼和煤气灯的孩子精力充沛地经历了乡村生活。水牛城的艺术家和作家也许留意那个时期的格兰奇家族和平民主义者的召唤。他们想从贪婪的城市转移到被忽视的乡村,这是文明的福音,美国波西米亚主义。Themaazineinduledine出torialsonnationalandlocalo化icsandinarticlesggpandillustrationsextollingthebeautiesandvirtuesofNiagaraFallsandvicinity.ItsaideverythingitcouldinfavorofthewholesalemigrationofBohemians化Buffalobut,forgot化mentionthefactthattheFallswoul过beanidealavenueforsuicide,that杜aditionalsportofBohemians.该杂志沉迷于编辑关于国家和地方政治社评和赞颂尼亚加拉瀑布及周边地区美景和优点的文章和插图一。它写道切都有利于波西米亚人大规模迁移到水牛城一,但是忘了提尼亚加拉瀑布是个理想的自杀地点,自杀是波西米亚人传统的运动。Howeverasthemonthswaned化ditorsshowedinsofbeinsoewhat,eesm,ggB—tttafraidof1Tohemianismheveryshadehehemselveshadconure过:olife.herewasyjlessandlessmentionof化ishe打omenon.Ratheritwasbrouti打tori打tbinnuendo.p,ghpy50
AcknowledmentsgGeorgeAmoMandhispoetrywere化scussedin化eli化rarynotes,aproposofnothing,,andwithastudiouscaresoas打ot化callhislifeandPfafsbeerBohemian.Therewere",’"alsosuchsuggestiveicturesin化emaazineasTheGovernmentPawnShoThepg,p,,,",,ProdigalSonandThePortionlessGirlBohemiansubectsalleveniftheworditself,,j,wasseldomornotatallmentioned.,然而一一,几个月后,编辑们显露出有点害怕波西米亚主义正是他们将送块阴影召唤进自己人生的。逸种现象越来越少被提及。当然,只是在出版内容里映一?射下。随笔里会讨论乔治阿诘德和他的话歌,没有任何联系,还刻意地不提"及他的生活和帕夫圈快乐的波西米亚人一些暗示性的图片。杂志里还有,如政"""""一些波西米亚主题,败家子和么都是么根本府当铺无嫁妆的女孩,要,要不会被提及,即使波西米亚世界本身较罕见。Onepicturestheev巧rowinfrownofthebesteoleofBufaloon化everggppynBtrtn-orderedsideaofraisigwildohemia沮iding化briniitothewellliveofthepyg’csounecureseconsernaonofeesutonfamandseaedityth.OpitthttithhalsSilitbltypyatempt化livedowntheirsin,orperhaps化changethenameofthemagazine.对于夸赞狂野的波西米亚和试图把波西米亚引入城市年轻人井然有序的生活的想法,有人设想水牛城上流社会的人们对此会皱眉不止。还有人设想萨顿家无助的恐慌和为时己晚的尝试去改正他们的过失,或是更换杂志的名字。Soo打化e怎oAe/w/幻Wwas打0more.化wasbom1:00soonanddied!;〇〇early.ThefoUowingyear,thewaveofTrilbyismsweptthecountry,andBohemia^initsexpurgatedmw^fors,asacceptedaswidelyandlovinglyasLydiaE.PinkhamsVegetableCompound.TheBuffaloBohemianlivedandstruggledexactlyoneyearaheadofitspropertime.很快《波西米亚人》不复存在了。它成立的快,衰亡的早。接下来的几年,翠尔碧主义风潮席卷了全国,波西米亚其被删减过的形式被广为接受《,并像莉?一?迪亚E平卡姆的药草纔合物》样受欢迎。水牛城的《波西米亚人》在其大限么前挣扎着生存了整整一年。TheBufalo度〇/26所/公巧startedanepidemicofmagazinesinAmericaof化e^'''re-GreenwichtimesthatboldlutthewordBohemianintheirvertitles.Truethepypy,51
四川师范大学硕±学位论文firstofsuchmagazineswaspublishedin1863(theBohemian,ofRichmond,Virginia),’buttheNinetiesandthedawnofthiscenturyservedastheeriodoftheirmost凸ara打tpga打dflarantbloom.TheiseubKcationscouldbefoun过alloverthelandaadsomeofgp,themthereaderwillfi打delsewhereinthisbookreviewedatreaterlenth.Therewere:,ggthe公0片ew/幻wofBuffalo,NewYork,another巧o/zew/awofBoston,latertransferred化NewYorkandstillanother巧o/zew/幻巧ofForthWorthTexaswith江secialeditionin,,,p?’ho打orofthe1904WorldsFairdedicated1;o化eTexasaswellastheiVew公oAe/m口wof,,’Cincinnati,Ohioandthe口化Mr巧o&e/ma巧ofOakland,California,whichcOTiedone,oftheearliestcontributionsbounJackLondon.AcrossthebaDanielCyCllyy,onne,yg’formerlHenrGeoresartnerinthenewsa巧ublishi打fieldtriedhishandinyygppppg,t-etinouttheIllustratedBohemianandthesamereearthquakeSanFranciscohaditsgg^p’公?oAewz巧2口£laterchangedt:oIhe戶幻C化M/wca/巧ev/ew.TherewerealsosuchalmanacsasohemiaofPhiladelhiaandInohemiaofNewYork.BpB水牛城的《波西米亚人》在前格林威治时期掀起了美国杂志风潮。前格林威"波"一治时期杂志大胆地用西米亚人作为其名字。的确,第批类似杂志与1863年出版(波西米亚,里±满,弗吉尼亚),但是九十年代和运个世纪初是这些杂志恶名昭著的时期一些书中某处看到有。这些出版物在全国到处可见,读者还会在,大篇幅的评论。包括:纽约水牛城的《波西米亚人》波±顿的《波西米亚人》,一该杂志后来移到了纽约,还有德克萨斯州沃斯堡的《波西米亚人》个特别,它有的版本纪念1904年世界博览会,赠给了德州,还有俄亥俄州辛辛那提的《新波西?米亚人》,加利福尼亚州奥克兰的《波西米亚行外人》,该杂志承载着青年杰克??屯、血伦敦最初的。海湾对面,丹巧尔奥康奈尔,是亨利乔治在报纸出版界的前合伙人,曾试图创办《插画波西米亚人》,旧金山的前震使他将《波西米亚人》一些年鉴改为《太平洋海岸音乐时评》。还有,如费城的《波西米亚》和纽约的《在波西米亚》。1打awasomeofthesemaazinesan过almanacstriedtocontinuethetraditionofy,g'daClappsSaturyPressbutthesadllackeditssparkleandsohistication.Sincethe,yypywereubsedrthemostartinterovincesthewereatheticallnaive.nplih,fop,hp,ypyOlyoneofthemsucceedednotonlyintransferringitseditorialofice化NewYorkbutalso52
Acknowledgmentsttertttshinraduatinintohebeterclassliaure.Mosofthisressried化outinashrillggpvoceoseworswceew-whithidhihWniNYorktheChapBookandtheLarkisperedin,,exquisiteinnuendo.IttriedtotransformthefiuitlessaesthetesofthetimeintousefulRotariansofarlorandmarketBohemianism.p一在某种程度上,些杂志和年鉴试着继续克莱普的《周六新闻报》的传统,但是他们缺乏思想火花和成熟的想法。自从他们在各省出版后,他们天真的可悲。一他们其中只有个人不仅成功地将编辑部搬到了纽约,还逐渐成为更高级别的文。学出版社声嘶力竭想要表达的多半内容,正是《千稽年纽约》,《柴普书》和《云雀》所轻微地精也影射的内容。它试图将那个年代徒劳无益的审美家转换成有用的扶轮社大厅和波西米亚主义市场。Ch巧terIX第九章,TrilbysFoot翠尔碧之脚Thn’eAmericabizarrerieof化eNineti朗lacked化emalicioustongueand化她ofC^lappstime.EvenWilliamDeanHowellslearnedtolookatitwithafaintamusementandnochagrin.Earlyi打1890,inNewYork,hemetLafcadioHeamandwasnotatallshockedbyhiseccentricattireandmannersmackingofjustthatdegreeofBohemianismwhichHowellsdetested.ThedinnerwasattheUnionLeagueClub,inhonorof巨(twinAusti打Abbeymanleadi凸lihtsofartswereresentbutHearncame;y呂gp,dressedinacoatofoutlan出shcutseveralsizes化0lareforhimwhileanamleiece,g,ppofhisred打annelundershirtstuckoutabovehislowcollar.Howellsoverlookedallthis’‘‘孤denerouslshookHeaashandforthesecondtimeintheeveni打sain:Thegymg,yg,打ameHearnmeantnothi打gtomebuttheresonlneLa把adioHeamandrmso,yo,,leasedeetou化atIhadt:ocometosakehansain.p化myhdga?九十年代美国的怪诞现象缺少克莱普时代的赤口毒舌?豪。甚至威廉迪恩53
四川师范大学硕±学位论文1980威尔斯都觉得它没有趣,,,但也不失望。年早期在纽约他遇到了拉夫卡迪??奥赫恩,他古怪的装束和言谈举止颇具波西米亚的味道,虽然送正是豪威尔斯一?所讨厌的,但他对此点也不惊讶。晩宴是在联盟俱乐部举行,主题是向艾德文?一奥斯汀艾比致敬许多艺术界的重要人物都来了,但是赫恩身着件裁剪奇怪;的外套,尺寸还大了好几码,宽松的红色法兰绒汗衫露在低领的外面。豪威尔斯"一二忽视了这切,并慷慨地与赫恩第次握手,他说:赫恩送个名字对我没有任何意义一?一,但是只有个拉夫卡迪奥赫恩,我非常高兴见到你,我得再跟你握次。手。"’’DelmarGro班Cookewrote:Howellschiefobection化Pfafswasthat化wasajshamBohemiathouhitwaserfectlevidentthathewouldhavebeennomoreat,gpy"homeintheBohemiaofPaulVerlaine.YetHowelltried化feelathomewithHeam,whowasofthesameeccentricbrotherhoodasVerlaine.Perhaps,HowellsforgavetheactualBohemianismofHearnbecauseHeamneverinsistedonapplyingovermuchtheofficialnameofBohemiatohmseanhisstateofmindandlife.Howellsusedtoilfddetest化eworldBohemiaevenm併ethanBohemianismitself.Heerhasfelt,andnotppwithoutsomereasonthatrebe化oncouldbeinsomecasesenuineifnotadvertked,gexce化ively.PerhapshedivinedsomesuchgenuineBohemianisminHeam.Nodoubt,hewouldnothavefe"athomewhHernwerehe化accomanhimonhisfreuentitapyqvisits化lowinnsandbrothelsbuthewaserfectlateasew她thisrebelamid化e,pycomfortsmdgentilityoftheUnionLeaueClub.g"??德尔玛格罗斯库克写道:豪威尔的主要是反对帕夫餐厅是因为它是冒牌"?波西米亚,尽管很显然他对保尔魏尔伦的波西米亚不再感到轻松自在。但是,豪威尔试着捏松地面对赫恩一,赫恩和魏尔伦样古怪。也许,豪威尔斯原谅赫恩的真正波西米亚主义是因为赫恩从未坚持将波西米亚的正式名义过度地应用于自己本身,精神和生活上。豪威尔斯曾厌恶波西米亚世界,甚至比厌恶波西米亚主一义本身更甚。他也许有理由认为,如果要不是过度宣传,些情况下反叛精神可一些真正的波西米亚主义能是真实的。也许他在赫恩身上预见了。毫无疑问,如??赫恩-拉夫卡迪奥(18501904)是现代怪谈文学的鼻祖,出生于希腊,于1的6年加入日本国籍,从妻姓,改名为小泉八云(Koiz皿iYakumo)。54
Acknowledgments一果他陪赫恩去赫恩经常光顾的低缀客梭和妓院,他就会觉得和赫恩呆在起会不。自在,但是在联盟俱乐部的舒适和高雅中,他对送次的反叛表现完全不介意’dInhismildermoodoftheearlyNineti的thedeanofAmericanliteraturetrie1:〇,lookwithamorebenevole打tandunderstandingeeevenatthosewhowere打aiveye打ough化callthemselvesBohemians.Afterall,化esenewvagrantswerenotasferociousasCla.The化dnottr1:odraHowellsofhisedestalinfacttheppyygp;,yrespectedtheireldersandwereawedbythestandardsofBoston.Howellsreinedintheglandofhammockreadingmd括Itsecure.Hecouldwellaford化beaternaleven化,pt-hesocalledBohemiansofthenewerdatobeamusedbthemwithoutanulsneer.y,ygy九十年代初,他情绪温和,美国文学院长试着用更加善意和理解的眼光来看那些天真的称自己为波西米亚人的人们。毕竟,这些新的漂沾者不像克拉普那么凶恶可怕。他们没有想要把豪威尔斯从他的位子上拖下来;事实上,他们尊敬他们的长者,,并敬畏波±顿准则。豪威尔斯统治吊床阅读的地带他感到安全。他完全可臥像父亲一样对待近来所谓的波西米亚人,被他们逼乐,但不化笑他们。WhatwasBohemian,anyway?Inhisnovel,TheCoastofBohemia(1893),''HowellswrotethatafteratoexlainwhatBohemianmeantandwhatBohemia,ll,p,"???Noonecanuitedo.HewasnotsowronatthatHtwas.owellshenroceeded化qgp^ul— ̄drewaplBohemiansearsverygentlyasaharmlesspretension.Inhisnovelhe-secondarfiureofamoralandoodnaturedartistWetmoreinwhosestuioafemaleygg,,d''macquaintance,CharmianMaybough,realizedmorethananywhereelse,herdreaof"Bohemia:究竟什么是波西米亚人?在他的小说中《》(1893),波西米亚海岸,豪威尔""……斯写道,波西米亚人的意义,波西米亚是什么没有人能解释。关于这个,他不是完全错的一一。豪威尔斯维续控轻地揪坡西米亚的耳朵无恶意的自负。在他的小说中他描绘了一二工作个品行端正且本性善良的号角色,威特摩,在他的一""?室里有位女性朋友,查米安梅鲍,意识到她的梦想是波西米亚:Wetmorethrewalittleexcessintothesocialeaseofhislifethathemightfolfillherideal.Heprop。化过thatMrs.Wetmoreshouldsettheexampleofhilaritiesthatherdomesticspiritabhorred;heaccusedherofcuttingoffhisbeer,andinventedconditionsofinsolvencyand55
四川师范大学硕±学位论文,rivatio打thauradharmia打wildeshoes.HeborrowedeofLlowinherptspsseCStpmo打yudresenceandsaaenowateshouldevereabeaibackHelapidththdidnotkthhbltot.nned,pyproisteringescapadeswhichwereneverputinefect,andoncehereallywentoutwiththetwoirlstotheshoofanoldGermanontheAvenuewhodealtindelicatessenandbouhtgp,,,g-someuremberinerbreadandaoleolimeuceaerreectinaranermeasNgggbttfji,ftjgllthektan过drinksasimworthy也epalatesoftrueBohemians.HeinvitedCharmian化takepartinvaruatroseshockinthePanoninroofCorneliaandtiosbsforthepuoftriethey,pgymgppy,o-gtsuchftmoutof化aschildrendowhenthemakebelieveoftheireldershasbeenthinnedtothemosttransarentretencebutCharmiaiiwhoknewhewasmakinfunofherppj,;gremanedassio打aaachedeieaeockeveriasteltt化thdlhmedas.py威轉摩在他生活中花了很多时间在化交生活上,送可能会满足她的理想。他提议威特摩夫人应该是狂欢的典范,这是她家庭式思维所厌恶的,。他指责她不给他啤酒喝还编造了破产和贫困的条件,送些远远超出了查米安的期望。他当着她的面向路德洛一惜钱,还说他不知道他能不能还上。他计划轰轰烈烈地出轨,但是从没实施,有次他真的约了两个女孩一,去位于大道上的家德国熟食商店,他拒绝买难闻的肉食和酒一水因为配不上真正波西米亚人的味觉,然后他买了纽伦堡姜饼和瓶酸禮汁。他邀请查米安玩各种不同的球类运动,为的是震惊科妮莉亚的礼仪规矩,他们从中找到很大一的乐趣,就像小孩无视虚伪的家长,样;查米安虽然知道他在雕她开坑笑但是还是一像W往样非常喜欢被他所嘟笑的理媳。T’ri打化showthatBohemiadidnotexi巧Howells化oktheKader化Channiansyg,richhomeoverlookinCentralParkandtherewithacondescendinandamusedsmileg,g,"hedemonstratedhow化eameredirlofwealthandartisticasirationsaimed1:obeappgp…perfectBohemianUncertainofthewaysandmeansofoperatintheBohemiang"fe:li豪威尔斯想要证明波西米亚不存在,他带读者到查米安富有的家中,从那里可W俯橄中央公园,他带着傲慢愉悦的微笑展示这个具有艺术气息的养尊处优的"富家女孩如何要成为完美的波西米亚人……不确定经营波西米亚生活该选什么道路"和方法:,’,Thewasmore—reW报eeraudiou过ioo打vgirlsst化atlikeamansstanactualstudi.56
AcknowledmentsgC’harmi細smotherhadleftherfree化dowhatshewished,andtherewasnot泣conventionof-hilistinehousekeeininthearrangementofflielace.Everthingwasintheadmiredppgpy’dnm.venisorderofanartistsenviroentbutMrs.Maybouhinsis化duo打打eatn巧sEhere;gpCharmianhad化submit化acompromise.Shemightand出dkeep化ingsstrewnallaboutinherstudiobuteverthinmorningthehousemai过wassentin化sweeitanddu巧比She,ygpwas泣housemaidofreainllincandanimerfecnseofhumoranseobewihtteetsedhedtgge,p,y化’unsmilingscrupulosity化einstructions浊ehadleaveeverythinginMissCharmiansstudioexactlyasshefound化buUoleaveitclean.女性的工作室从来都不像男性的工作室—真正的工作室。查米安的母亲放手让她做想做的事情一自a,并且没有传绕的非利±人管家管理这个地方切都是令人羡慕的混乱。的艺术环境;但是梅鲍夫人坚持整洁。即使在这里查米安也不得不妥枕。她工作室里的东一西随意摆放,但是每天早上都会有女仆去打扫除尘。她是位智商很高的女仆,没什么幽默感I她不苟言笑慎重地遵照吩咐,不动蒼米安小姐工作室里的东西,但是要巧扫干净。""Thegirlwasalsotroubled化decidewhatwastrulyBohemian化eat.Candy"andchocolatewere化scardedbecauseallirlsate化emwhileine-aecheewagl的s,ppp"""Philistinebut巧wasfUnandindisutablBohemian化fisholiv防outofthebottle,pyw-ithendofasharenedbru沈handk.p""这个女孩还艰难地挟择真正的波西米亚人吃什么。糖果和巧克力被排除在""外,因为所有女孩都讫送些,凤梨奶酪是非利±人风格,但是是用尖锐的画笔柄''"从瓶子里撰橄揽吃很有趣而且是毋庸置疑的波西米亚风格。Thumadeowe-sHllshismellowfUnof化enewskylightaddictsofNewYork.Hisicturewaserhastrueof泣certainrouofrichounstersretendinathebarouepppgpygpgtq,buthemis化dthelargersceneofoorerartistsofNewYork妨dtheirschoolandpboardinghouses.一这样臥来豪威尔斯迷上了纽约的天窗。他的画对于某群假装己洛克风格的一富有的年轻人来说是真实的,,但是他忽略了大部分较贫穷的纽约艺术家W及他们的学校和寄宿公寓。Not出athedidnotatemptitand打otthathe出dnotcatchuitetruthfullcertain,qyecimortantastsofthisscene.HeknewStehenCranebutheoverlookedhisppp,57
四川师猶大学硕±学位论文""’-NewYIndiansofTwe打tythirdStreetHe技口油ortofthegeneralspiritoforks\,--ttstudiolifeofscortheearlyNineiesandhehalfadmitediwheninhiintrodutsketch,y-1teuoteartstwhohadsuliedhimwithmuchoftheinformation:ohe打ovelhqd江girlipp''WforthebookbutwasnotsatisfiedwiththeusehemadeofherhelponBohemian:ell,"anyonecould化ethatitwasstudiedaltogetherfrom化eoutside.。不是他没有尝试,也不是他没有抓住这种场景某些真实重要的方面他认识""?史蒂芬克兰,但他忽略了他二十H街的印第安人。他没有抓住九十年代早期纽约工作室生活的整体精神里他半承认他引用了一,在他小说的介绍梗概位女艺""。术家的话;当然,任何人都能看到送都是从外面学来的送个女孩给他的书提。供很多信息,但是关于他对送些信息的使用她并不满意Th-eSnthesisofArtStudiestheschoolwhereHowellslacedthesocalledy,p,actionofhisnovelwasinKalit化eArtStudentsLeaueofNewYorkinitsearl,yg,ystages.TheLeague,atthattime,thoughdevoidofwildgeniuses,wasnotMloftheP^ollyannasofHowellsimagination.Interesting,ifnotwild,incidentsdidhappenthere’’asearlyastheEightiesandNi打eties,butHowellsmissedthem.0打ce,forexample,a-malebacherattheLeaguecriticizedtheworkofaounirlstude打t.Pointin!:〇ayggg""certainstroke,hesaid:Whatinthehelldidoudothatfor?Therettymi巧flushedyp""andanswered:No打eofourdamnedbusnessThisaudacisoaeale过!〇heyi!typp;t:eacLertaheromlroosed化hemissandsoonmarriedher.Butwhocan1hhtpptypptimainehellsanddamnsinthebooksofWilliamDeanHowells?g艺术研究综合学校,豪威尔斯所谓的小说写作的学校,事实上是早期的紐约艺术生联盟。那时,联盟,尽管缺乏疯狂的天才,也不全是豪威尔斯想象的乐天派。有意思的是,如果不是疯狂,早在八十年代和九十年代便事件不断,但是豪一威尔斯都错过了一一。例如,有次联盟的位男老师批评个年控女学生的工作。""""!他说:你到底做这个干什么?这个漂亮的小姐红着脸回答:管你屁事老师被这胆大妄为吸引了,他立马向这位小姐求婚,很快就娶了她。但是有谁能想象??威廉迪恩豪威尔斯的书里出现脏话?58
Acknowledmentsgn第二节^-Generaseaecafe-smoetesseofllypkingthAmericanarretiftheNinioutid,g,’"Hun,"ek知sepicureangroupandofCranesstarvingIndianswasmuchmore,delight扣UynaiveandpretentiousthanHowellsconceivedandpictureditfromthetttttud-outsideandbeforehaaricularearwhenhesiofadbrokeoverAmericalikeapymadbutchastetornado.,整体上讲-,九十年代的美国咖啡阁楼主义,除了亨内克的享乐派和克兰的""忍饥挨饿的印第安人,比豪威尔斯在局外想象的更加天真无邪和狂妄自大,就一那一年之前工作室热在美国爆发,像场疯狂而纯洁的龙卷风。In1894,withalmostnowarning,likeaboltoflihtingoutoflacidskiesgp,BohemianismbecamethesensationandtherageofAmerica.Suddenly,itbecame*tiespectableandhighlydesirablefor也eounand化eol过alike.EveronealkedaboutygyitandstrovetobeconsideredaBohemianonemihtsathatchildrencriedforit.This;gycoossaeemicwasrouitonnootheraesthecsoultanHenrmesllpidbgjbytihyJa.4一189年,几乎毫无t示,像是平静天空中的道闪电,波西米亚主义引起轰动,,,风靡美国。忽然间老老少少都尊敬它,都非常渴望它。每个人都在谈论它努力被别人称为波西米亚人;可从说孩子们哭着喊着要它。送股盛大的流行,不是别人?,正是被亨利詹姆斯迭样的艺术人±掀起的。0打aclearmorninghet;ookawalkalonanE打lishcountrroadwiththeainggyggDuMaurier.TheFrenchmancasuallytoldtheAmericanastorofindolentlifeinParisy’ntheFiftes.HesentmentazedeomeEnsartswrdecaesbeforeiiiliovrsglihitshofoudhadbeenhisfriendsintheLatinuarter;hewasslightlyderisiveaboutWhistler,andheQinventedairlmodelwhowastouchinlvirtuouseveninhersinandinhersubectionggyj化化atdiaboKcdirtJewSve打ali.,y,g在一个晴朗的早晨他陪年巧的杜莫里耶沿着英国乡村小路散步。这个法国人漫不经瓜地给这个美国人讲臣黎五十年代懒散生活的故事一些英国艺术家。他为59
四川师范大学硕±学位论文而感伤,他稍稍蝴弄惠斯勒这些艺术家是他四十年前在拉了区的朋友,他创作;一个女模持,了,即使她有罪过,并被残忍卑鄙的犹太人史凡迦利控制的时候她也是楚楚动人,道德高尚的。DuM>auriersuggestedtoHenryJamespenalltheseSuresandacertaingsmte-otButJamemovedteoiueatoalarevoki打l.swasbhss化litiesoftheideap,gpypandthegenerosityofDuMaurier.HeinsistedthatDuMaurierwri化thisstoryhimself,i孤dwaxe过eloquentova:itsotentialsuccesswithDuMauriersUlustratio打samonp,,gAmb'化emericans.JamesperhapsremeeredthewhilomsuccessofMurgersbookinercaandemeorawom-Amithtierifshtlsuccessortothatoutfavorite.,pprigy杜莫里耶建议亨利?詹姆斯写下所有人物和某种超自然,巧奔的情节。但是詹姆斯被这主意的潜在价值和杜莫里耶的慷慨感动。他坚持杜莫里耶自己写送个故事,还大大夸赞该书配上杜莫里耶的插画会在美国成功畅销的潜能。詹姆斯也许记得缪尔热的书在美国曾经的成功,到了成熟的时机迎接生气勃勃的接班人,告别风光不再的宠儿。swaswriten6的巧攻*froma打uar化Thu7h7andranasaserialin好幻巧J,妙知y,Augustof1894.Itwasatremeiuioushitfrom化everystart.By化etimeitappearedinbookfrom(September,1894),thewholecountryseemed!:〇take化sighsoverpoorTrilbyand化longingsforParisatics.Throughout化0yearsof1894and18957W/6yedteean-walkhthterstagetheconcertstageandthedrawiroomfloorsofAmericaas汪,g,""melodramaasaseriesofSee打esandSonsfromTrilbasa也emeforliterar,gy,y'——debates.InNewYo浊过Trilbentertainmentsce打esandmusicwasivenatSherrs,ygy’for化ebenefitofStLukesHomeforIndigentChristianFemalesund知也eausicesof,p化eDaughtersofthe民evolutio打?虹SanFrancisco,汪concertofTri化yso打gswasgivenunder.化emanagementoftheladiesoftheMercantileLibraryAiidliary一一1894因此,《翠尔碧》在《哈巧月刊》中连载,从年月到八月。开始受至!J了极大的打击。到了它臥整本书的形式出现时(1894,九月),全国貌似都在为翠尔碧叹息,也都向往巴黎阁楼。巧94至巧95整整两年,《翠尔碧》作为音乐剧""登上美国剧院舞台,臥《翠尔碧》场景歌曲系列出现在音乐厅舞台,作为文学一辩论主题出现在客厅一一一一。在纽约,项翠尔碧娱乐活动场景和音乐为了居60
Acknowledmentsg。住在圣雖加么家的贫穷的女性基督徒,由革命女儿会勞助在雪觀剧院演出在旧金山,舉尔碧歌曲音乐会由商业图书馆附属机构的女±们管理开办。TheMercantileLibraryofNewYorkwascompelled1:〇put0打ehundre过copiesofTrilbyincirculationsoheavwasthedemand.InChicaothePublicLibrarhadonl,yg,yyt-wentysixcopiesbutitwasestimatedthatthedemandwouldhavewarrantedtwo,hundredandsixtycoies.TherewasaarodBilltrissuedbetweenboardscloselppy,y,yKsemblingthecoversof7h7妙,buttheauthoroftheparody,MaryKyleDallas,hastenedtorefacehereffortwithastatementthatnooffensewasmeantbutthtshep,a,itoftherith巧sstW/6DulkeherestAmeca打people技Itereatepoibleresecfor7,,gpyMaurierandstudiolifeineneral.Therewasalso过resectftilarodinverseentitled,gppy,.抓巧e-ve阿Leoo趴was邮飾bypldJordan.IntheGarrickTheatreandelsewhere邸,t-burlesquedbutheseeststoowereodnaturedandfullofinherentresectforDu,j,go,pM'aurierscreation.纽约商业團书馆不得不流通一百悅《翠尔碧》。,需求量很大在芝加哥,公二十二百六一共圍书馆仅有六份,但是据估计需求量是十份。有个山寨版《碧尔翠??》,封面跟《舉尔碧》非常備,但是山寨版的作者,玛丽凯尔达拉斯,急忙一在序言中声明没有冒犯的意思,,她像其余的美圍人样对《翠尔碧》杜莫里耶和工作室生活充满了敬意。还有充满敬意的山寨版诗歌,题目是《坠尔碧再版》,由诗人利奧波德?乔丹所作。在盖瑞克剧院和别处,《翠尔磬》是滑稽可笑的,但是那些嘲笑也是善意的,并且本质上对化莫里耶的创作充满发自内也的敬意。InFloridatherewasarailroadstation,obscureunderthenameofMacon,whichboomedintoaprosperoustownassoonasHenryB.Plant,therailroadmagnateandaDuMaurierfanre打ameditTrilb.Touristsera打edoutofthePullmanwindows化see,ythestationofthisunusualname.Thepressandthe化altorsspreadthegladwordaboutTrilby,Florida.Therealtorst:ooktheirhintfromPlantandnamedthestreetsofthe打ew^townaftertheheroesofDuMauriersstudio.Aforebodingspiderwebwasthe-boowellknownsmboloftheksinifinthedirtworkdonebSvenalitooory,gygyygp扣化y.Now,化e化wnofTri化y,Florida,had泣SvengaliSquare,withanetofrailroadtracksrightinthemiddleasubtlereminderofthesiderweb.Inmemorofthethree,py61
四川师范大学硕±学位论文musketeersofParisarrets化erewerestreetsnamedLitleBilleeStreetandLairdg,Lane.一-B-在佛罗里达有个火车站,名字是梅肯时毫不起眼,后来铁路巨头亨利普兰特,也是杜莫里耶的粉丝,重新将它命名为翠尔碧之后该车站迅速发展成了繁华的城镇。新闻。游客们把度子伸到普尔曼车窗外看这个有不寻常名字的车站媒体和房地产商散播佛罗里达翠尔碧小镇的美名。房地产商们受到普兰特的启发,一用杜莫里耶工作室的英雄们的名字命名街道。《翠尔碧》著名的符号是张不详的蜘蛛网,标志着史凡迦力对可怜的翠尔碧的卑鄙行为。现在,佛罗里达翠尔碧镇一个史凡迦力广场有,中间是火车轨迹网,暗指蜘晚网。为了纪念己黎阁楼的H个火枪手一一,有条街叫小比利街,还有条大道叫莱尔德巷。Businessmen,thecountryover,rushed化cashinon化ecraze.ABroadway""Yo-catererinNewrkmadeTrilbFooticecreamaChicaofirmmadeTrilbyshoesay,,gPhiladel过CO打cemissuedTrilbSausaeraze打advertisintasafiilfimentof泣phiyg,blygill-ttt-ttlonfelwan.Oherwideawakeenlemenchrisenedascarfinacocktailaggp,,—utsbathinsitaciar泣ciaretteand泣restaura打tafter了rilb.Thereweremanachg,g,gyyy,""化wi化Tri化yroudlleteredoneirstemsandbows.Noto打lshoesandboatsbutpyy,otherarticleshavi打化dowithfeetsuchasstockinssocksshoelacesarterscomg,g,,,g,cures,andbunion沈asers,werenamedTrilby.民espectablefolkhastenedtoprotest,inleterstoeditors,thisvandalexploitatio打oftheirnewParisianidol.TheyfeltthatTrUbywastooholytx)bethusexloited.J,RMoranbouhttheholograhof7h7forhispggp妙collectionofartisticrarities."全国的商人都趁着这股狂热争相牟利一。位纽约百老汇宴席承办人卖翠尔"一一碧之脚冰洪淋,,家芝加哥公司制造翠尔碧鞋,家费城公司推出翠尔碧香肠厚脸皮地宣传能实现梦寐W求的愿望。其他精明的绅±们用翠尔碧命名领带扣针,",泳化雪茄鸡尾酒,香烟,和餐厅。许多游艇业骄傲地在船尾和船身上印上翠"。,,尔碧不仅是鞋子和船,还有其他与脚相关的物品,如:长袜短袜,鞋带吊,。袜带,鸡眼疗法,怯姆囊炎药物都是用翠尔碧命名端庄正派的人们枉化写信给编辑抗议这种对他们新己黎偶像的破坏性利用。他们认为翠尔碧是神圣的,不??能被这样利用。约翰皮尔庞特摩根买了《翠尔碧》手稿本,并把它纳入他的62
Acknowledmentsg艺术珍品收藏。JamesHunekerwarnedthegoodeopleofthelandthatTrilbywasboguspBohemianism.HunekerhadlivedinParisandheknew.Buthisvoicewaslostintheu'Duchorusofloudsentimentalsighsandhmzetis.TheqestionofTrilbysmoralsand^wMauriersdegreeofChristianityastakenupbypreachersinBostonandothercities.^InBrooklnamatronbrokeherhusbandsheadwithaarinanarumentoverthey,jgmoralsoftheounmodel.B山suchsermonsandarumentswererath巧anexcetion.yggpThecountry,0打化ewhole,setleditself化admireTrilbywithoutanyreference化her(‘,si打s.好幻r/wr》爬6足少wroteinconnectionwithAnEveningwithTrilby/泣literaryandmusicalentertainmentatwhichentlemenofOmaha化ad化eira巧8onvarioushasesgppp",ofTrilbyandBohemianism:Itis过prettyfarcryfromParistoOmaha,butTrilbysvoiceseemstohavecarriedthatdistancewithouttheleasttrouble.化isworthremarking'*thattheseOmahaentlemenmadesevenaersaboutherwithoutfindinitnecessargppgy"todiscusshermorals.?詹姆斯亨内克警告全国的善义人±《翠尔碧》是伪波西米亚主义。亨内克曾在己黎生活过,他了解波西米亚主义。但是他的声音被喧證的伤感叹息和欢呼声淹没。翠尔碧的道德问题和杜莫里耶对基督教信奉程度的问题被波±顿和其他一城市的传教±提及。在布鲁克林,位主妇在与丈夫争论年轻人道德典范时用罐子打破了她丈夫的头。但是这种布道和争吵只是例外。全国总体上赞赏翠尔碧,""根本不提她的罪过。《哈巧周报》写与与翠尔碧么夜有关的文章,奥马哈的绅±们在文学和音乐娱乐版阅读翠尔碧和波西米亚主义的不同阶段":从巴黎到奥马哈的响喊非常遥远一,但是翠尔碧得声音毫不费力地跨越那个距离。值得提的是"。奥马哈的绅±们写了屯篇关于她的文章,但并不觉得有必要讨论她的品行"巧ThomasDunnE打lishtheancientauthorofBenBo化theso打rominentlg,gpyfiurininTrHbwasdiscoveredbalertreorters化beintheslumbersofNewJerse.ggy,ypyH己wasbrought化NewYorkandfetedandtoastedamidreatathering.gg""?唐恩?英格利史?托马斯,本博尔特民谣的原作者,《翠尔碧》里重要代表的歌曲,被机敏的记者发现在新泽西处于垫伏状态。他被带到纽约,在盛大聚会上受到款待,并被敬酒。63
四川师范大学硕±学位论文Du’MauriersUlustratio打SofTaftheLaird,andLittleBUleewerecarefullfy,ystudie过onthisside.Soo打thereplicasoftheirdressa打dmannerismsbegan化appearonthestreetsofNewYork.ItwasaboutthesametimethatfondmammasbegantodresstheirrotestinlitlebosinrKcasofdearlitleLordFauntleroatire.TheliteboslpgyqpyyhatedthesissyFauntleroyfrills;therewasawailthroughoutthelandNotsowi化化ebigbos.TheneedednofondandersistentmammastoforcethemintothefrillsofyypEnglishBohemiaasofParis.在送方面,,杜莫里耶创作的关于塔菲莱尔德和小比利的插画被人们仔细的研究。很快,他们着装和特谏习惯的复制品开始出现在纽约的大街上。差不多与此同时慈样的妈妈们开始给他们反抗的小儿子们穿与方特勒罗伊小殿下着装同款的衣服。送些小男孩们讨厌女孩子气的方巧權边;全国到处都是哀号声。大男孩处境与此不同。他们不需要慈样而又强迫的妈妈们逼迫他们穿巴黎英式波西米亚风格的權边衣服。了heAmcric江打language,汪Swell3Sdress,owed泣ccrt泣indebttothe了rilby’""psychosis.Si打cesomuchwasmadeinthebookofTri化ysfoottri化iescame化,""’meanfeet.Thealtogethercame化mea打amodels打udity打otunlikethenudity""tracticedbabraveTrilb.Trilbiesforfeedisaearedb化edawnof化ecenturpygy,,yppyy",,febutthealtoetherfor打uditstuckinthelanuaecomi打saldowntoourae.gygg,gyg一翠尔碧精神病深深的影响了美国人的语言和着装。由于《翠尔碧》书里的"""末尾出了很多新词"一丝不捶,翠尔碧斯意思变成了脚。意思是模特的裸体,""一像放荡胆大的翠尔碧表现的裸体样。翠尔碧斯表示脚的意思于本世纪初消失,"一"但是丝不挂表示裸体的意思保留在了语言中,顺利地流传到现在。'TInsomemsteriouswaasThomasBeerrihtlobservedrilbhadsomethinyy,gy,yg’todowithwomansindeen过encesuffraeottanleduwiththeuestionofmidep;gggpq,’>art.Girlsrushedoutoftheirarentshomestoestablishtheirownstudiosandtocallpc-化emselvesbahelormaids.Someof化emindeedotobsandbecame化Ifsuortin,,,gjppgnfortheappearanceofTrilbycoincidedwiththatphaseofAmericasindustriald,evelopmentwherewomatislaborwas打cededenmas化inbusine巧oficeseditorial,roomsandbehindthesalescounters.,64
Acknowledgments"?比尔正确地观察到托马斯,W某种神秘的方式,翠尔碧与妇女的独立有关;"一起投票权与裸体艺术问题纠缠在。女孩子们匆匆离开父母的家,开始成立自己一的工作室,并称自己为单身少女些的确找到了工作开始自食其力,因为。其中一《翠尔碧》的出现刚好和美国工业发展时期相致,办公室,编辑室和销售柜台后都需要女性劳动力。"’Sai打tGaude打Ssaid:Everyotherwomanoumeetthinksshecouldbeanartisitsy,’modelButetiofartherthannk打ecauseterewereno.化hinkingddnotthiightg,benouhartistsinthecountrdemandsomannudesbecausenoaltasrantsadgy化y,tlhepihtheexuisiteTrilbfootandfiureandbecausetoundressbeforeastranemanbeheqyg,g,evenanartist,wasreallyanimmoralact.""圣高登斯说;你遇到的其他所有女性都认为自己能成为艺术家的撥特。但是想法终归还是想法,因为全国没有那么多艺术家需要这么多穗模,因为并不是所有的野也勃勃的女孩都有舉尔碧的玉足和炯娜身段,而且在陌生男子面前脱掉一衣服,即使他是艺术家,也是件非常不道德的行为。AmericangirlswantedtobeTri比ieswithoutundressing;theywanted化beBohemiansandetremainvirins.AfewearsafterTrilbadexcitedthecountroneygyyhy,0?A.Kingsummedup化echasteAmericanidealofLaBohemiennein化efollowingverse:,但是不想機去衣衫,美国女孩们想成为翠尔碧;他们想成为波西米亚人但??是还想保持童贞。《翠尔碧》在全国流行过后几年,DA金恩将纯洁的美国理想的波西米亚人总结为下面逵首诗:Shecaresnotforlovers,as掛0巧ofthemdo,Shelauhsat化emallbo化ameandaou.g,ttyYetj泣s泣fri筑id,sheislo过1andtrue.yThebestand化edeare巧化ateveryouknew.""SheTneverwasbotnbutKkessherew,opy,gLikearacouwowerredeewisild日izb化fg,py.Shecaresnotforfashion,forstylenotasou.'ShesaB.thorouhohemianthrouhandthrouhg,gg65
四川师范大学硕±争位论文她不关也情人们,怡与众人相反,她嘲笑他们所有人。,包括我和你但是,作为朋友,她忠诚真实,是你认识的最好最亲的人。""地从未诞生,但是像托普希,她成长,一朵优雅的野花像,是露珠之移宝,一屯、弛不关时尚,因为时尚文不名。她是纯粹的波西米亚人,彻头彻尾。m第呈节Bytheendofthedecade,BohemianisminAmerica,Kalandpseudo,maleand,female,hadbecometowidespreadandhadsomanyforms,thatHowellspictureofitbecameevenmorenarrowandstiltedthanitwasin1893.Thefemalebrandofit?particularlywasfarmorecolorfiilthanitwaspresentedinthe77zeCo幻W〇/公0月ewz口.Bythemid迅eof化edecadeSlice的sfiilwomenartists,sculptors,andarchitects,had'theirstudiosintheneighborhoodofWashingtonSquare.GodesMaazineranin1895yg,and1896aseriesofarticlesdescribininwordandhotorahthesefhavensof,gpgp,irst化ekind.Thephotographsshowedaprofiisionofcushio打onthesofasandpictur的on也ewallsnotentirelyinthemodeoftheda.Whenoneazesatth的ehotorahsnow,ygpgpmmo’theipressionisalstofa1910or1920studio.Thesewomenarti巧softheNinetieswerecertainlfaraheadoftrtyheiownimes.九十年代末,美国的波西米亚主义,无论是真实的还是伪装的,男人还是女一人,,93开始普及形式不,豪威尔对于波西米亚的看法比化年变得更加狭隘和呆板。波西米亚的女性招牌也变得比《波西米亚海岸》中展现的更加多彩。九千年代中期,,成功的女性艺术家雕刻家和建筑师在华盛顿广场附近开办了自己的一工作室。《歌地杂志》于189日年和1896年巧文字和照片出版了系列文章,这类66
Acknowledgments文章的第一个天堂。大量的照片拍的是沙发上的垫子和墙上并不流行的图片。当人们现在注视这些照片时,会有1910年或者巧20年工作室的感觉。九十年代的女性芝术家确实超越了她们自己的时代。Butsomeofthemwereasetsentimentalandafraid.Writininthe^尸巧ofJulygy,1898oneEmileRuckdeSchelldarinlconfessedthatshewasaBohemianand,gy""proceededtoanswerherownquestion:IsfeminieBohemianismafailure?Shesaidthatitwasverwellforaman:〇e江mansarderinNewYorkandotherbictesy!bgii,butbotsoeasyforagirl:一些人感情用事宜有点畏惧但是其中有。巧98年古月《竞技场》的文章里,有一个叫埃米莉??拉克德谢尔大胆地承认她是波西米亚人,她继续回答她的问"一"题?一:波西米亚女牲是个失败吗她说在纽约或其他大城市个男人成为失败者没什么大不了:,但是对女孩来说就没送么简单ThemanwhohasdrunkthelastdregsofBohemianismisthemanwhowill化lectthepurestwomanforhiswifeandthemo巧sequestered打ookforhishome.Whatistobecomeof""hisBohemiansisterwhensheissickuntodeathofstrugglingalo打ewiththisawfUlproblemofvn?wscoeadvanceofannsoaedmnanremanofeliigSheouldmthsuphistictadfo化化,worldshehasbeendivestedofhercharm.正是吸收波西米亚余渣的男人偏要选择最纯洁女人作为他妻子和最僻静的角落安家。""孤身挣扎着应对棘手一当她病入膏育的生存问题时,成为同他样的波西米亚人会怎样呢一?她会蔑视个不谐世故的男人的进步,因为正是世界上这个男人剥夺了她的魅力。On化esurface化isdarinursuitdazzledtheoutsider.Thebachelorirlof化e,gpg",’stecadeof-tlad化enineteenthcentury舶scris化Ifefficie打womanoffertileenius,p,g,**madeBohemianismanavenueoftheflightbo1hfromthelimitationsofthehomeand"he-tbarene化oftheboardinghouse.HoweUsandhisversionofaticcrazewereolitelpyre&te过withthefbUowingenticinicture:gp表面上看,大胆的追求令局外者赞叹不己。十九世纪九十年代的单身女孩,"""这个清新的,能干的,富于创造力的天才女人使波西米亚主义成了从家的"局限性到无装溃的寄宿公寓的飞行跑道。豪威尔斯和他对阁楼热看法被W下画面礼貌地驳倒了:67
四川师范大学硕±学位论文Girlsofirefineme打tandability,whoearntheirownliving,comprisethemajorityoftheBmenllftohemiansofourreatcities.Theirarttsaretastefuoeneleantlfurnihed.Nogpay,gyschaperonispresent化化ethatthearbitrarylawsofsocialformarestrictlyobserved.Themenwhofrequentthe化cozydensfindin化emacombinationofroyalentertainmentandunrammeledfreedomsuchastheanfindnowhereelse.tyc自食其力的,文雅且有能力的女孩构成了我们大城市中波西米亚人的主力军。她们的公寓很有品位往往有高雅的装饰。没有监护人亲眼看到社会形式的专制法律被严格遵守。经常去她们居所的男性发现那里既有高贵的娱乐,,也有无束缚的自由送些在其他地方无处可寻。B山,underneathall化ise犯6andbrUliancytheresmo山dered化eawMproblemofmakingaliving.MissdeSchelldescribedherownlifeasthatofafearl的sirl-oumattlisdoinsaceworkfoeadailafourdollarsacolumnandsharinherj,gpyg,gantratonswt-tBottemwereoenoutroomdibuliihagirlarist.hofhllyghbumoreoftenj,"thannot化eywereon化6vergeofstarvation.Somethingdesperatehad化bedone.Wecouldnotgotoourrelativesandaealforhel.Thatweretreasonagain巧ppp"Bohemianism!And也atiswherethebusinessoffemaleBohemiatiismbecamemuchmoreseriousanddangerousthanHowellshadeverimaginedit.Amaleartistfriend,’learnnoftheirlslihtsaiEme:iggpg,d化ili但是,这种安逸和光彩之下郁积着谋生的严重问题。德谢尔小姐将自己的生一一活描述为无畏的女性报刊撰稿人,日常是做兼职栏四美元,有个共患难的女"艺术家室友一。她们都很开也,但是经常在饥饿线上挣扎。得采取些必要的措施。"我们不能去找我们的亲戚求救!至此西米亚主。那是对波西米亚的背叛,女性波一义事业变得比豪威尔斯想象的更加严肃和危险。位男性艺术家朋友,得知埃米莉的困境后,对她说:"Youhaveexactlythe扫gureIneed,andIwillpayyouthreedollarsaday化pose"forme.""你的身材正是我需要的,我会每天付给你H美元为我摆造型。""Butnotin化enude?""但不是裸体?68
Acknowledmentsg‘‘"""Why,ofcourse,helaughed.YouposeforAgnes,whynotforme?"""为什么,当然要,他笑道。你都为艾格尼丝摆造型了,为什么不能为我"摆?InthemideiSuchaninsult!Such过hundliatio打!Adang巧tothemoralsoffemale>NBohemiansof也eineties!裸体!这是侮辱!是耻辱!是九十年代波西米亚女性的道德危机!OfcourseMissdeSchellrefusedindinantlandsoonanotherandmoreroer,gy,ppsourceofincomeresenteditself1:osavethebodiesandsoulsofthetwoirls.Butitpgmadethe技ohemianfemalepensiveandshewrote:,当然一,德谢尔小姐气愤地拒绝了,随后出现了另个适当的收入来源搔救了这两个女孩的身体和灵魂。但是送使波西米亚女性沉思;,她写道-bredraremranendsofevenemenCityilscoativelysfei化ha也mo巧unrinciledgpapp,foreavebeenranedinwsofhendnowhowaecarefhmelves.thyhtitheaytworldak化tkotesButthegirlswhofallintoBohemianwaysare化0ofte打gifte过girlswhosecountryorvillagehomeshavedeniedthemscopefortheexerciseoftheirtalents.Theglowingcheeksandfresh,unsophisticatedmaimersofth的edaughtersofapureratmospherecannotbutbeattractive化theblasemanoftheworld.在城市长大的女孩既使被最无耻的男人掌控也是相对安全的,因为她们已被送个世界的套路所训练,知道如何照顾好自己。但是陷入波西米亚道路的女孩们大都过于有天赋,她们得家乡拒绝她们施展才华,这些。在纯洁的环境下女孩们红光焕发的脸颊巧身体,纯真的化态禁不住吸引这世上厌倦享乐的男人。Thegameisusuallybegunbyalitledelicateflatery,and化encomesanunauthorizedcare化inthedarkhall.Thenaealintohermodemsiritheinduces,ppgp,——Nherohhorrors!U)smokeaciaretewithhim.extcomesasiofwinefbedoesgp,wmu''shehotlookpaleandouldaharmlessstilantnothelheralittle?Soonebyonepthebarriersarebrokendown.Shefondlyimaginesthathelovesherandsheiswearof,ytheeiidlessstruggleandthebit目rdisdlusio打sofh巧Bohemiancxistc打ccandlo打sfor,g"thesweetreposeofahome.B山thescoundreldashesh知hopes化fragme打ts.He-brinsherb江deviceandcheat化江rivateassinatio打house.ThereCO風esthesadg,y,pg,69
四川师范大学硕壬学位论文""sadaftermath.Sheeitherfli打gsherpollutedbodyinto化eriver化e打extdayor'*^becomeshiscynicalmistressandintimeoinsthereatarmoflostwomen/OthejgywagesoffemaleBohemianism!一游戏通常切个微妙的恭维开始,然后是在昏暗的走廊里未经允许的抚摸。一一!然后,,引起她的现代精神他引诱她噢,糟糕陪他抽支烟。接下来是"一一?一下吗小口酒,因为她看起来不是很苍白吗点无害的刺激不是能帮她?所障碍一一个被清除个挨。她天真的科为他爱她,她厌倦了无休止的挣扎和对波"。西米亚幻想破灭的痛苦,渴望好好地安家落户但是这个流银把她的希望*成了"碎片。他连哄带骗把她带到私密约会屋。接下来就是非常不幸的后果。她要么第""二天把自己被巧污的身体丢到河里,要么成为他愤世嫉俗的情妇,加入迷失妇"女的大军。噢!,女性波西米亚主义的代价Andyet,theauthorconcluded,itwasnotentirelyafailure.Bohemia,ifitdoesnotkiUorollute过irlbeondanreair,ma1;eachhermmvaluablele巧ons.Truepgyypyy,shewhohasonethrouhsomeofthefireseventhelesseronesofBohemianouldgg,,c,"neverblossomoutintoasimpleandtrustingwife,butshemaybemoreeiiUghte打ed^companionandwiserhelpmeetbecauseofherownexperience/ToherchildrenthisAmericanTrilbywouldbeawisermother,atruecompanionandcounselor.Especially,"shewillguidehersonsovertheperUouspathofadolescence.Shewouldnotbeduped"byallsortsofingenioustalesofhersons,foeshe,化0,wasalmost幻griseteinherday,andknowsall.一作者总结道,但是它也不是完全的失败。波西米亚,如果没有害死或把个一。女孩毒害到无臥挽回的地步,也许能教会她很多宝贵的教训的确,经历过些"打击摧残的波西米亚女孩,即使略受过打击摧残,不可能成为朴实可靠地妻子,但"是鉴于她个人的经历她会是比较开明的伴侣和更加明智的配偶。这个美国翠尔碧一位明智的母亲对她孩子来说会是,真正的朋友和导师。尤其是她会指引她的儿"子们在青春期时绕过危险的道路。她不会被他儿子们各种各样精明的故事所欺"骗,因为她W前差不多也算是法国女工,什么都懂。Therefore,threecheersforfemaleBohemian!Itwasreallyapatrioticblessingina-terriin出suisenitresteteoeoftstatofeAmecanomeres打fygg.Odhhphebiliy化rihfi.70
AcknowledmentsgwasawonderthatEdwardBokoverlookeditsbasicvirtueanddidnotadvertiserizespfor化ebe巧femaleBohemianismof化eearoreven化ewholedecade.y一因此!,兰敬波西米亚女性送真是个具有可怕伪装的爱国祝福。其承载了美国家庭战争的和平期望?。真是个奇迹,爱德华博克忽视了它基本的美德,没有宣传奖励年度或九十年代最佳波西米亚女性。71
四川师范大学硕±学位论文AcknowledementsgFirstandforemostIwouldle!:〇既tendmsine既eratiudetowardsmikt,ygyadvisor.AssociateProfessorXiangLin,whohassharedherinsightfulideaswithmeandinspiredmeinmayways.Withherguidanceandhelp,thewritersuccessfullyproducedthisreport.Ihaveleamtmanythi打fromherthrouhoutthewholetranslationroect.ggpjSheshowedmethewonderfiilnessofliteraryandmademerealizethattherearemanythi打s化beleame过toeaoodtra打slator.gbgMyratitudealsooestoallthe化achersmtheSchoolofForeinLanuaes.gggggThehavebrouhtmenothetransationworandnurturedmewttranslatonygitlldihiknowledge.Theyareoutstandingtranslatorsandinterpretersandtheyhavesetgoodexamplesforus.^frIamieallythankfultotheassistanceommyclassmatesandfriends.Thehaveygenerouslysharedwithmetheirexperiencesandresovirces.WhenIwascaughtbytranslatio打difficultiesandproblems,theyhavealwaysbethere化encouragemeandivemeoodsuestions.ThankstothemIcanmakeabettertanslation.InshortIgggg,r,,areciateallofthemandI11trmbest化be过ualifiedtranslator.ppyyq11'
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