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'. ̄..^:"K.媒与r一V.恭.!r1參.巧.I皆,:-—-刪化-14公JV::rr今巧T卢%.-馨穿:爭产\,皆,!>r>>.角旨索邻苑绛P吟'叛善?会.!早翻痒硕±S重论文參TJw\-入'八.'/-一n.J.'難.‘1;酿-:二一.\篆:甘本V驾-戊f單i.;癸一;::1C3j'^.知襄.各—\籌’户片.;.南京^S点磯細麵M项目报'祭t義A5WsRI1!的匪b齡fL..:恥WGmd:I11。如SkWC:..pI!msI1。邮即^W:Ws-裏';即^^,奇.;’'.'..一.辆'V琼^逆¥,.缓献:編啼究生-名,^、产人’;满一:,詰,指导教师'V巧,X;V:擎院,餐-培养单位学'f*A:.‘.!',;.专业報傷兰誦:皆,,,蔓5’t讀、r折1^。蚕时.—完成间1'?紙严;.Vv震.:.答辩时"1。:/^乃r->:.L.'v'刮.?;V,f;与;.霉;>—‘Vi.rs:錐^可;:调!和/一巧;按脯巧带薦耗i号-r為.,‘可i.式U;囑.1'繁顆.f.!1;:户;■‘'-一編:—.機5施^%冷镑'接
学位论文独创性声明本人郑重声明:所提交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果。本论文中除引文外,所有实验、数据和有关材料均是真实的。本论文中除引文和致谢的内容外,不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中作了声明并表示了谢意。学位论文作者签名;日親巧辦>皆玉.心/学位论文使用授权声明研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属南京师范大学,。学校有权保存本学位论文的电子和纸质文挡可W借阅或上网公布本学位论文的部分或全部内容、复印等手段保存、汇编,可W采用影印本学位论文。学校可向国家有关机关或机构送交论文的电子和纸质文档),允许论文被查阅和借阅。(保密论文在解密后遵守此规定保密论文注释:本学位论文属于保密论文,密级:么i保密期限为年。学位论文作者签名:巧玄指导教师签名:1日觀;,护^5.v日期|
AProectReorton化eTranslationofjpTourGuideIn化eductionstoScenicSotspinNaningBasedonTheorofFunctionaljyEuivalenceqbyZhouWuianqUndertheSuervisionofpProfessorYuanXiaSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentof化eRequiremen权ForMTIDereegSchoolofForeinLanuaesandCulturesgggNaninNormalUniversityjgMa2015y
中文摘要随着中国经济的发展W及文化的传播,旅游业成为我国对外交流的重要窗口。它不仅可W弘扬我国悠久的历史文化,还能促进经济的快速发展。改革开放W来,我国。。的旅游业取得迅速发展在送样的环境下,对导游的要求也越来越高这就对导游词的翻译提出了不小的挑战。不仅涉及自然地理,文化风俗等方面,还要考虑到外国游。客的思维方式,还;不仅要处理字句的对应性要准确把握跨文化的特性所W现在导游词的翻译越来越受到业内外人±的关注。本项目报告W笔者对南京旅游景点导游词的翻译实践为基础。在报告中笔者结合奈达的功能对等理论对文本进行分析处理,并在翻译过程中运用省译,音译,音译加注等方法解决因中西方文化的不同而可能产生的理解问题。同时笔者还详细地描述了。本项目报吿的准备,实施过程接下来笔者结合实例,讨论如何通过谨懷的遣词造句,。多样的翻译技巧来保证译文的准确与流畅报告的最后,笔者归纳出如何翻译导游词的方法,目P:深入理解原文,考虑西方思维,恰当运用翻译技巧等。一。本报告文化角度出发,希望能为参加导游词翻译的译员提供些可靠的建议关键词:导游词;跨文化交流;功能对等理论;思维差异;翻译技巧
ABSTRACT’ThedevelopmentofChinaseconomyandthespreadofculturemakePurismanimportantwi打dowforcommunicatingwith0化ercountries.Notonlycantourismcarry’forwardtheuintessenceofChinasc山ture,b山alsoitcanboosttheeconom.Undersuchqycircumstances,theKquirements化guidersbecomemoreandmoKstrictwhichmao化,ypsomechallengesforthetranslationonintroductions化化enicspo化.Thetranslatio凸shouldresenttouristintroductio打s化也elacesofinterestornaturalbeaut化alsoinvolvestheppy,acceptanceofthewaysofexpressio打byforeignerswhoh江V6di抵re打tthinkingmodes.Thetranslatorsshould色ndeq山valentwords化turnChineseintoEnglish,孤dtheyshoulddealwiththeroblemsaboutvariouscultures.Therefore,也etranslation0丑introductionsp化scenicspo化drawsmoreandmoreattention.虹化isreport,化eauthoranalyzes化etextontheintroductions化scenicspotsinNanjingbasedonthetheoryofF皿ctional巨quivalence,andsolvestheproblemscausedbydifferentculturesandthoughtswithproperskillsoftranslationsuchasellisis,p,化航sliterationandsoon.Meanwhile,theauthoralsoKcordsthepreparationandtheprocessoftheroectindetails.Thentheauthordiscuss货how化dealwiththeroblemspjpacco化-rdin化thesecificexamlesmakinsureabouttheaccuracandcoherenceofegpp,gytargettext.Attheendof化ereporttheauthorofferssomeadviceabouthow化translate,-theintroduction化scenicsotsthatisinde化understan出打ofthesourcetextdp,,pg,anadoptio凸ofWesternthinkingmodesandroerusaeoftranslationskills.ppgThisreportaims化givesomevaluablesuggestions化tho巧whotranslatetheintroductio打tosee打icspotsfromaculturalersective.ppo打so打see打cso-Kewords:introductiitscro巧culturalcommunicationyp;;化eoryofFunctionalEquivalence;化inkingmodes;translationskills
Con化ntsi中文摘嬰STiABRACTi1ChapterOneProectSurvejy11.1BackgroundofProectj12Introduct2ion化Proect.j1.3下heFeaturesofGhi打eseLa打guageSLandEnlishLanuaeTLofIntroductions0打Scenic()ggg()Sots2p:1.4ProcessoftheProect..3j*-1t3.4.1Pretranslaio打Pieparationn?巧s?????31.4.2TraslationandExpiion414.3Checkinand民efinin.ggChapterTwoMaorProblemsandDificulties,A打alysisofCauses5j2iftfhi打eseLaneSLitoEnlishL細uaeTL5.1ShsromCuanggggg()()2.2Shifts,Expla打ationa打dGomprehe打sio打ofChi打eseand目nglishGulture702.3Dfili讯tilEi1icultiesin技npoyn呂eTheoryofFunconauvalencqyChateriiff15pThreeSolutionstoManProblemsandDiculties315.1SolutionstotheShiftsbetweenTwoLanguages153.1.1SelectionandChangingofWords163*1EllisisConversionandTransliteation.2pr,3民tio打GlsesandAdustmentofSentences17.1.3eco打strucofauj3it化btlt18.2Soluto打soeShiftseweenTwoCuures3titt19.2.1LiteralTranslaonwihNoes3iduci20.2,2Ad<Htonand民etonChaterFourda22pConclusionandRecommention4.1Conclusion2242Recommendation22.B24ibliograhpyAendix27pp6Acknowledement6glit
Chap1:erOneProectSurveyj1.1BackgroundofProectjWiththedevelopmentoflobalization,theexchaneofeconomandculturebetweenggymo*Chi口aandothercountrieshasbecomeireandmoiefreque打t.Asoneofthemostusefulways化makeChinaimpressive,1;ourismplaysavitalroleinthisarea.Besides,China,withitslonhistorhasbeenanattractivenation1:0othercountriesinthewodd.Naninlikegy,jg,,Xian,enjoys过reatreutatio打amo。theforeinersbecause〇ntswonderfullhistoricalgp吕gyheritages.According记someresearches,化e打umberofinboundtouristshasreachedoveronemillio打inNanjing.Und巧thesecircumstances,theirequireme打ts0打boththeguidesandtheintroductionso打scenicspobbecomehigherandhigher.Thequalityofintroductio打toscenicspotsusedbyguidesdecideswht她erthecultureandspiritofNanincanbeconveedandunderstoodbforeignerswhohavedifferentwasofjgyyythinkin.Thereforethetranslationofintroductiontoscenicsotsnotonlbooststheg,py,PurismindustrinNaning,butalsoChinasdevelopment.yjHoweverthecurrentsituationisaboutthetranslatio打ofintroductiontoscenicscrts,pisfarfromsatisfactory.Itmayhaveabadefect0打thetx)urismindustryi打Nanin.jgTh^eforefurtherstudis打eede过inorder化chanetheterribledilemma.,ygc*Acording化astiesearchesbanscholars,itisnotdificult化行打过outtwomainpymyaspectsi打thisarea*Thefirstoneistoappropriatetargetlanguagewhentranslatingintroductions0打scenicspots.ErikGastello(2002hasstudied也eusingfreuencyofsome)qwordsrammarsandtheroblemsofintroductio打s化scenicsotsbasedo打thecorus.,gpppAndCaro-tlnSumber2004:329353alsooi打edoutth如theskillstotra打slatetheyg()pintroductio打stoscenicspotsshouldservefor化eracticalefect.Thesecondoneisaboutpthecultureintouristattractionintroduction,whichisthemostdificultproblemtodealiwith,becau化culturesometimescanbeexplo化dbythemeaoi打gsbene如hthesourceuaeSian-:6friinkhahelangg.omeschol站slkeChe打Gg2002773omCh打athttt()translationofintroductionst:oscenicsotsshouldincludethefU打ctionofcultureptransmission.王
Howeverttudainorethefeaturesofintroductionstoscenictsus,mossymysoedbygpesvondoducecuurefnfaeseuid1:oleadisitrsaintrltoNanjing.Ict,thintroductionsshouldgmixthesokenEnglishandtermsaswellasinteratelanuaeandc山ture.Thisroectp,gggpjtri巧化技ndoutthemethodstoimprovethetranslationandmake化eintroductio打s化,mscenicsotsconform化化eforeinersunderstandinwhichcanheldevelothe化urispgg,ppnduinaninandhenChinaistrNt.yjg,1.2Introduction化ProectjThisroectappliestheFu打ctionalEquivale打ceTheory化analyzethetextofpjintroductio打s0打scenicspotsinNa打i打.WithIhesecificexamlesof化anslationthisjgpp,projectemploysdiferentways化translate,suchasellipsis,化0巧anization,translitemtio打andsoon.Thisprojectdividedinto抗urparts:the员rstchapterisaboutthegeneralintroduction1:0thebackgroundandroce巧ofthisreortthesecondchaterrevealsthepp,pmai打roblemsand出ficultiesduri打gtranslationandanaly之esthecausesthethirdchaterp,p-sdiscu巧ethevarioustranslati打skillstosolvetheimortantanddificultointsandthegpp,lastchapterisaboutthesummaryandrecommendation.1TheFeaturesofChineseLanuaeandEnlishLanuaeTL.3ggSL()ggg()ofIn化o过uctionsonScenicSotspInintroductions化化enicspots,languageisputinthefirstplace,becauseitisabridgebetweentourismandculture.Inthisaspect,theSLsourcelanuaeaimsto(gg)expresswhatguideswant化tellthe化uristsinanaccurate,clear,vivid,humorousanddirectway.Soduringtranslation,theTL(targetlanguage)of化朋ismguidancealsoshouldabidebtheseruleswhichmaktheworkoftranlatirechaUeni打*Thefolloy,esso打moggwingarecharacteristicsaboutSLand了Lofi打troductions〇打scenicspots:1Clarit()yBecausetheintroductionstoscenicsotsaretaretedtoattracttouriststhelanuaepg,gg,'wheth巧i打SLorTLshouldbeeastounderstandbvisitois.Besidesthetextalso,,yybelongstoinformativetextthatgivestravelers过lotofi打formatio曰,soitmustbeasclearas2
^oss化le.ThustheielativetranslationorTLneedstomakeclarit过highriorit.pypy2Simlicit()py虹introductions化scenicspots,thelanguageshouldavoidtobewordy.Thereaso打isthatifguidesleadvisitors1:0appreciatelacesofi打terestbwords,thevisitorwillbepyborediftheuidessa化i打sdificult化ras.SoSLandTLshouldbothbesimle.gyggpp3Directness()Theessenceofintroductions1:0scenicspotsusedbyguidesisdirectne巧.Peoplelikedrecte打r化betoldilyh化eareinfomedofsomethin.Sodotourists.Inthisreardbothwygg,theSLandLLshouldbedirect.4Vividness()>Theway化drawvisito巧attractionis1:0describethesee打erasvividlastheuidesyyg,canItntldeethideilitbutalo打thelifinri.oonndsoneusabsouattoducto打stoypgy,qyosceioicspotsandtheirtranslations.Andvividtouristguidanceinturncanstimulate,,,visitorsinterestFenWe打2004.(g,)1.4Processof化6扔roectj1-.4.1Pretransla巧〇打PreparationBasedontheabovefeaturesofSLinintroductionstoscenicsotstherearationsp,ppbefoKtransiati打gseemtobevery打ecessaiy.How化findoutaway!:〇balancetheSLandTListhefirstroblem.AfterconsultinganKferencestheauthordecidestoemlothepmy,pyFu打ctio打alEquivalencetheory化呂uidetheworkoftranslation.Thenaccordi打gtotheastresearchesbsomescholarstheauthorsumsuseveralpy,pmethodstosolvetheproblemsi打translatio打5suchasellipsis,CO打version,reorganizationandtransliteration.1.4.2TranslationandExressionpTaking化eintroductions化scenicsotsinNaningasexamles,theroectincludespjppjiitfthetranslato拉sofCWalloMinDastYanshanS化leandsoon.区ecau化oftheygyny,g反aturesofSL,化etranslationsshouldalsofollowtherincilesofclarity,simlicit,pppy3
vividne巧andi也s.Forexamledrecesp,首先欢迎大家来到南京阳山碑材(明文化村)景区参观游览。我们整个景区是由汤山温泉旅游度假区W全新的品牌理念把阳山碑材景区打造成为国家级大遗址公园,一一。这又是个新的起点,同时也是汤山又个新的亮点.Firstof址,welcome化theYa打gsha凸Stele(theMi打gCulturalVillage)scenicspotinNanin.ThewholesotiscreatedasanationalmaorheritaearkbTanshanHotjgpjgpygSpringsResortwithanewideaofbrand.ForTangshan,thisisanewbeginningaswellasahighliht.gFromtheaboveexampleitiseastofmdoutthatthetranslatedversionaims化,yexpresstheSTascompletelyasossiblesothatvisitorscanobtaintheinformationandpenoent.Thisartisthemo巧imortantoneintherocessoftranslatin.jympppg1.43CheckingandRefiningAttheendofthetranslationtheauthorchecksandrefinesthetranslationscarefull.It,yisanecessarstefortiheualitoftranslations.Inthis妨manroblemsaboutTLcanypqyp,yp,be抗und,andre化inkingin化eforeignerswaymakestranslationbeter.ThroughtranslationsaboutintroductionstoscenicsotsinNanintheroectsumsupsomepjg,pjadvicefortranslatorsinthisarea.4
ChaterTwoMaorProblemsandDifficulties乂凸alsisofpj,yCauses2.1ShiftsfromChineseLanguage(SL)intoEnglishLanguage(TL)Whentalkinabo扣化eshiftsfromSLintoTLinintroduction化化enicsots,thefirstgp’thingthatcantbeignoredisthefeaturesoflanguage.Withrespect化vocabulary,rammargaeb-ndp化sagtherearemandiferencesetweenIndoEuroeanlanuaeand,ypggi-tanlA化vocabuSnoTibeanuae.slarChineselanuaetends化emloverbsbutggy,ggpy,Englishpreferstousenouns.SowhentranslatingfromChinese化Engli浊,moKnouns’thanverbsareused化adhere化化evisitors化ought.Asfar化rammarisconcernedg,rammarinEnlishismorecomplicatedthanthatinChineseincludin化nseendergg,g,g,numberandsoon.Translatorsmayaoireatention化this.Thethirdimortantthinispympgthewholestructure,whichisdecidedbywordsandgrammar,thusitisthemo巧dificult化art.pWhenitcomes化thestructureofassaethe扣nctionsoflanuaelaavitalrole,pgggpyinouriuidancAin化KarlBuhler1934ththrmainfunctionsoflanuaetstge.ccordg(),eeeggaretheexpressivetheinformativeandthevocativethesearethemainurosesof,pp’usinglanguage.RomanJacobson。960modifiesBuhl巧stheorbaddinthree0化巧)yygminorfiinctionsoflanguage:化eaestheticthehaticandthemetalingual.Newmark,padoe-fsptedandadaptedtheBuhlrJacobsonunctionoflanuaeandclassifiedthetextsggintothreeeneraltes:theexr的sivetheinformativeandthevocativetext.Newmarkgypp,(88巧:巧)ThereasonChin的elanguagecanbetranslatedinto化eequivalentEnglishlanguageisthattheyhavethesame扣凸ctions.However,itisalsothemajordificulty化ataffectsqualityoftranslations.Chin朗eisparataxis,whileEnglishishypotaxis.The化suhis化at■wothereisnoexactlmatchinrdsinEnUshtoexressChine化mean.Ththeyggpingsenfiinctionofexressionorinformationishinderedtheonla化dowithitis化贷ndout汪p,ywy化’ndbride化atcantranscend化ea.NeverthelessemeaninsinSLcantbeuerstoodbggp,gyreadersorlistenersinthetargetlanguageaswellasthenatives.5
Anotherireaso口i打volvesthediferentculturesbetweenChi打aandWesternecu凸tries.Someexpre巧ionsorimaesinsourceculturescannotbefoundinthetaretcultures.虹ggorder化makevisitorsunderstand,化eskillsoftranslatingsho山dbeemploed.yForexample;……如果当时打造成功后,是要运到南京明孝陵四方城的,树立在其父亲朱元璋的陵墓前,来显示他的孝也,W此来笼络民也,稳定其江山。IfhetablethadbltditldhavebeecaritthCit...teencomeewounredoeSuareofp,qyMw’theMingXiaohnausoleumthisMausoleumwasbuUUoshoZhuLis技lialiet化〇g(py,)’’andinstalledbeforeZhuLisfatherZhuYuanzhansmausoleum化showhisfilialiet,gpy’sothathecouldwineolesheartandcontrolhisireime.ppglInthisexamlethereareseveraldificultiesintranslatin.Frotthenameofacep,g,p"。,,“明孝陵maconfusesomeforeiners,theMinXiaolinMausoleumcanbeaccetedygggp,bu‘‘,,’tthebestwais化exlainthe孝陵indetails.Becauseuidesarelikevisi化rsfriendsypg,’itdoesntmateriftheirfriendsspendm併etime化Uingthem細interestingstoryorexplainingmore.Sotheauthoremlosthemethodofliteraltranslationwithnotes:...ofpy’theMingXiaolinMausoleumthisMausoleumwasb山。化showZhuLisfilialieg(pty,"化〇.Andoneotherwordthatshouldbeointedoutis江山Infactthesetwowordsare)p,''''ticalChineseeseciallinancienttimes.Ithasalarerranethancountr.Butinyp,pyggy’",nWesterncoun杜ieseoleusthavetheimaeofcountr.Itisdificult化balace也ese,ppgyjtwoimag的becau化wecan、exlainthe化twowordsliketheformerexaml氏了heonl,ppy"’’""’wais化translate江山intocountr.Thusmantimestheworkoftranslationcantyyy,beerfectwhichiithdit.sscarmanp,pyAnotherexample:大明文化村是民俗文化旅游区,它具有表演性,参与性与娱乐性,是根据明代初年打造碑材的历史背景而建造的,再现明代的生活场景。TheMingC山turalViUageis1;ourismzoneoffolkcustomandculturewitherformancearticiationandentertainment.Itismadeunder化ehistoricalbackroundp,ppgwhenthestelewasfo:rgedindiebeginningof化eMingDynasty,reproducingthelifesceneoftheMinDastgyny.’"Ch",,,",,i凸esela日guagerefers化usemoreverbslike具有打造.Howeverp,再现,,,""""initsEnglishversion,the化threeverbsaretranslatedintow抽i,forgeand6
""reproducin呂化spectively.Accordin呂totherespectiveruleofusagesofChineseandEn-lish,Englishliketorelaceverbswithnounsreositionsnonfiniteverbsandsoon.gp,pp,0化erwise,Westernpeoplemay拓elbored.Andintouristguidance,化eprincipleofvividnessisalsonecessary.Sothetranslationshouldusevariousstructuresandvocabularies.2.2ShiftsExlanationandComrehensionofChineseandEnlish,ppguu*CltieTranslationasarocessofchaninfromonelanuaeintoanotherisalsoashift,pgggg,betweentwocultures.SoisJuristguidanceacasei打point.Thereforeitisan,indispensableste化understandthediferen化3betweentheChin巧6andtheEnglishpcultureswhiletranslatingintroductionstoscenicot.sspThe归rstdiferenceisshownthroughthebackground:Chineseeolehavebeenppdeendentonmountainsandriversforalongtimesotherearemansainsaboutp,yygagriculturethroughwhichtheymakealiving.Meanwhile,WesternculturemainlyoriinatesfromtheseOa凸dmo巧eoletherehaveobsaboutsailin.Soitisnotdificultgjppjg化伍id化atsomewords,hrasesorsentenc朗inChine;searenoteual化化0化inEnlish.pqgAndintouri巧guidance,manywordshaveChinesecharacteristics,whichtakethetranslators111〇化ti巧e化缸dthecorrespondentword义Theseconddifferentconcernisthedivergenceofimagination.AlthoughmanymetaphoirsinbothChineseandEnglisharethesame,peopleinthesecountriesalwaysm*'employthesaeimaeormetaortodescribedifferentmeanins.Forexamleastimidgphgp,"",,"""asarabbitmeans胆小如鼠inChinese,sorabbithasthesamemeaningas鼠Thethirddiferenceisabo山viewsof化6world.Becauseofthevarietyofsystems,revnaialigionsandviewsofaluetveChine化ndEnlisheolemahavecontrast,,gppyoinionsandunderstandingsaboutthesamehenomenon.Theticalexamleisideasppypp'''*whaboutcolors.ChineseeolealwasuseredtoexressoandhainessileWesternppypjypp,peoplethinkitisthecolorthatrelatestoviolenceandblood.The拉urth巧化0凸is化atdiferentcountrieshavedifers凸tcus化msin也eirsocial""activiti朗.Forexamlehineseisused1;ocallin化eirou巧loverb山inWesternp,Cg巧:7
""culturelovermeansmistressorsomeo打elikethat.ItisatabooforWesterneoleso,pp,"",,,'thealwayscalltheirmatewi反〇111115倍舶少.yTosumupcultureis过打indise打s化leartfortranslatin.Theotonlafecttheppgynylrsonbualsoheu打过edinofiri巧ualitoftransatedveittrstanforeers.目ecausetouqy,ggnuidanceisakindoftextthatconveysi打formationt;ovisitorsincludi打diferentculturesg,gandtraditions化etranslationshouldobethisruleand山moireemhasis0打thisoint.,ypppForexample:""""""""。现在我们就来到了大明文化村的材口上方有春夏秋冬四季图,它就表示对大家的到来的欢迎一,并祝大家。旁边还有两幅象團,年四季平安如意NowwearriveatthegateoftheMingCulturalViUage?孔ereis过icturethatpcontaeanrisueraumnandwinteraboveinsfourssoss打mmtu他eateandonpg,,,geachsideofthisicturearetwoicturesdrawintwoelehants.Allofthesemeanwarmppgpwelcomeforourcomingandoodblessinstousinthewholeyear.ggThisexampleshowsthetypicalcultureandtraditio打thataredifere打tinChinaandu'Westerncountries.WithinChineseclturefour化asonshavetheirmeaninsIesectivel.,gpy""Theainlareelated.化diet1:oariculturesrinsthatfarmerslantoseedymy,g,pgpp''''^'^'ummsedhasasinalthatlantsrowuicklautumnisaseasonforharvestandevengpgqy,,"^thecodSvintefhasasecialfunctionthateolecanstorefofornexte^.Thewholelpodppycircletellsthateolecangetsomethingseciali打everyseason,and打atureivesthebestpppg,wishtohumanbeings.ButWesterneoledo打tthinkso.Forinstance,thebelievethatppy【(,,autuimialsohasaowertodestroyeverthinoldwhichcanberovedin(9娠於pyg,p*Jn脈5/巧献bFarcBssheShelle.Sowhetheuideintroducesthese抗uricturesheyyyygp,shouldspend江litle巧meexplainingtheimageoffburseaso打sinQii打asoas化avoide(,,evso風e化is咖derstMdi打.Then化成hanthowerhasverdist打uishedimlicationsigp,,ygp""in出fere打tcultures.I打Westerncountrieselehantalsoknre巧eseolebits,ppppy"clumsi打e巧stuiditandsomethinlikethese?了healwasu化asthickskinnedasan,pygyy,’elephant化describesoniecmeclumsy.OnceaChinesecompanywantedtoexportitsWhiteElephantBrandsoap,fewwesterncus化merswerei打terestinit,becausethebad""imageofelephantmadepeoplebelievethatthequalityofsoapwasnotuptothestandard.ContrarytothethoughtofWesternpeople,Chineseusuallytakeelephantasananimalthatisloallovelandhonest.InChinesetraditioneolehanutwoicturesofy,y,ppgpp8
elephant〇打eachsideofdoorinSpringFestival化showthatthehostwelcomesguests化""fromanywh班e.Intheabove化uri巧guidance,itisobviousatelephantcangivepeopleoodwishes.Sincetheexlanatio打canbefoundinthefbllowinsentencesthetranslationgpg,’needntaddanyoreinformation.Otherwi说,化ewholetouristdanceseemstobesom細wordthatvisitorsmaynotareciatethelacesofinterest.Itisnoticedthatwhenyppptranslatintouristuidance化ereadersorlistemersshouldbeutinthe日rstlace.Thisgg,ppexamlenotonlillustratesthediferentimaescausedbdiferentvocabularindifferentpygyylanguages,butalsoexplainstheimportanceofculture.Anotherexample:一在进入大明文化村时,大家请留意下这口道旁的两个附属建筑,圆圆的像个石""鼓。。皮就是人们常说的口当自古W来,郎才女貌,口当户对被认为是男女结合的最佳组合。也就是说他们的婚姻是由父母做主,要男女双方家庭的化会地位和经济""!状况相当才可W结亲,这个口当在古代建筑中只有大户人家才有WhensteppingintotheMingCulturalVillaeleaseaatention1:0twoafiliatedg,ppy",,buildinslikeroundstondrums.ThisiscalledMe凸Dan.Sincetheancienttheg,ygbestmarriagehasbeenaperfectmatchbetweenamanandagirlwhichmeanstheir,化’marriageisdeterminedbyeirar幻Itsandonlheneachotherssocialstatusandp,yweconomicsituationareequalcantheyettoether.ThisislikeRomeoandJuliet.Soonlaggy""bihouseholdhasMenDangintheoldbuildings.g ̄ec"Inthisexamletouristuidancre日etsoneofits拓aturessoke打Enlish.Atthep,gpgbeginningofthispart,itiseasytofindthat比eguideasksvisitorstoayatentio打化psome化ing化atheorshewillintroducenext.Sointranslatio打,thetranslatormu巧take化is""characterintoconsideration.Thenn当asticalChinesewordsshouldbeexlained.,yp,pFortunately,thereisthesamephenomenoninWesterncountries.Lookingbackatthehistorweknowthateinancienttetrhomeorbbmarriaimeswhheataroadareasedony,g,,equalwealthandequalstatusoftwofamilies.0也erwise,也ecouplemaybe化reed化separatebytheirownfamily.Suchstoriescanbefoundinmanyclassicalliteratures,like’口九/zgfbyShakeseare.Andi打chinaalotoffamouslovestoriesalsohavethep,samecontent.Sointhispart,translatorcanaddsomeexamples化makethetouristguidancemorevividandattractive.9
2.3DifficultiesinEmlointheTheorofFunctionalEuivalencpygyqyEueneA.NidainhisownresearchmakestheconclusionthatantMngaidinonegysnidano化e也ccreblihutintlaguagecanbesainrwireasonableauacybstasi打eivalenosygqp’ofreferencein化e皮ceptorscultureandmatchinghiscognitiveframeworkthroughrestructuring化econstitutiveelementsof化em的sage.Eachlanguagehas化eirowndistinctivefeatureswhichmakeabsolutecommunicationpo巧化leamongallpeoplebecauseofthesimilarityofmentalprocesses,somaticresponse,rangeofculturalexperience,andcapacityforadjustmenttothebehaviorpatternsofothers.Nidaappli的linguistics化translation.Hepointsout化attheprocessoftranslationcan"beobectiveandscienlific,becauseustaslinuisticsmabeclass近edasadescritivejjgypsciencesothetransfere打ceof瓦m的saefromonelanuae1;oanotherislikewise泣valid,ggg"subjectforscientificdescription(Nida,2004a:3).Thenheintroduc的theconceptof""kn-ernelinliguisticsandadvancedathreesteptransla杜onprocess:1Toanalze()ysource-nuaressirlsernellaeexonsintemsofbasickernee打fencesTotransform化ekggp;口)formsofthesourcelanguageinto化eequivalentkernelformsofthereceptor4anguage;。)Totransformthekernelutterancesofthereceptorlanguageintothestylisticallyappropriate-iNida20046869expressons(:a;)."Equivalenceisatermusedbyanriterstodescribe也enatureandtheextentofmyw化erelationshipswhichexktbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage化xtsorsmaller"’linguisticunitsShutleworth皮Gowie,2004:49.Euivalencedoesntmeanidentit.It()qy""ubnot:reisatroledion(Shutleworth&Gowie200449ofsomecontovrswithits,)y,precisesenseinwhichitisunderstoodvarying任omwritertowriter.Forexample,Baker"""Monacategorizestranslationequivalenceintoequivalenceatwordlevel,equivalence’’"""""abovewordlevelrammaticaleuivalencetextualeuivalenceandraatic,gq,qpgm"eu-qivale打ce2000:2142.()Onthe0化erhand,suchaviewoffimctionalequivalenceimpliesdifferentdegre的ofadequacyfromminimaltomaximalefectivenessonthebasisofbothunderstandinandg"experientialfactors.Minimalefectivenesscanbestated:也e化adersofatranslated化xtshouldbeabletocomprehendittotheointthatthecanconceiveofhowtheoriinalpygreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit.Anythinglessthanthisdegree10
’"ofequivalenceshouldbeunacceptable.Nida,1998:87)Whilemaximalefectiveness(m-ipliesahighdegreeoflanguageculturecorrespondencebetweenthesourceandtarg巧languagesandanunusuallyefiFectivetranslationsoastoroduceinrecetorsthecaacitpppy抗raresponseverydosetowhattheoriinalreadersexerienced.Thismaximallevelofgpeuivalenceisrarelifeverachievedexcetforthetextshavinlitleor打0aestheticqy,,,pgvalueandinvolvinonlyroutineinformation.g’Butitisstilldificult化employFunctionalEquivalenc.First,euivale打cdoesntyqy’meanidentitwhichilhistrat的化attranslationscantbecomletel化esameassourcey,py""textswhe化erinlexiconrammarstructureorc山ture.Sofimctionaleuivalencema,g,qybe化饥ightasarangeofadequacy,whichistheexactcoreof化istheory.Und巧化iscircumstancetheseco打droblemwhichshouldbesolvedishow化&idabalance,pbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage化narrowtheabetweenthem.Itmabegpyeasytodealwi化lexiconandphrases.However,diferentstructuresandgrammarbetween"whtwolanguagesmaketranslatoisconfused,ichalwaystakethemmoretime化searchanaccuratewordorsentencetomakeutliea.Themostdificultbutvitalasectishowtopgppshi行twodiferentcultures."isknownthattranslationnotonlyconveys化eoiigmalmeanins化taretedreadersImtalsoives化em化esamefeelinthrouhc山化ralgg,gggtransmiMion.Sodoesthetranslationoftouri巧uidance.Hencethefollowinexamlesggpwillmainly化cus0打thedificukiesinemlointhis化eor.pygyForexample:这就由于当时朱祿皇帝在打造该块碑的时候留下了许许多多的疑问给我们的后人,比如说朱様皇帝为什么选择在此为其父亲朱元璋打造送块神功圣德碑?在耗费了巨大的人力和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半途而废,停止了开采呢?而且在当时明代的历史条件下,该怎样把如此巨大的碑材给运到南京明孝陵呢?正是因为留下了如此多的疑问所W称之为问碑。那么接下来的这些疑问呢,我们将W探索发现的方式详细为大家解答。Thereasonis化at化erearealotofuestionsleftbehindlaterenerationswhenqgEmpbrorZhu。forgedthisstele.Forexamples,whyEmperorZhuLi浊〇化thisplace化forgethisTabletofDivineMeritsandSagelyVirtuesforhisfatherZhuYuanzhan?Wh,gythewholeroectwasleftunfinishedwhenitwasalmostcomletedwithcostinhuepjpggmanpowerandmaterialresources?Andwi化thehistoricalconditionoftheMingDynasty,11
howitl山dbecarried化thMiXiaolinMauoleumNanin?ThereforewiththsseeCOenggs,,jg",,somanuestionsJhssbecoesastnedsb.Andewillxlainleftti化lemueiole化neweyq,qptheaboveuestionsindetailsbexlorin.qypgAccording化化eTheoryofFunctionalEquivalencethetranslatio打hassome,roblemsinlexico打,吕rammarandstructureofsentencesinmi凸imalaspect."isthemo巧p"important!;〇conveytheaccurateme細ingsbecausetranslatineans打anslatinthe,gmgean**mingNida2001:103.Howeveritisdifficulttofindtheexactlsamewordsor(,),ysentences化replacethesourcelanguage,becausewecanfind化atChineselanguagetends化usemanshortphraseswi化〇山subect,objectandotherelements,whileEnglishrefersyjp化makelonsentenceswithcomlicatedrammarstructure.呼pgg"Inthissentence在耗费了巨大的人力和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半途"""""虹而废?化esubectis整个工程theverbis半途而.,停止了开采呢度停止开采,j,"w,,Eng化shV巧sion,aistranslatedintoacompletesentencebyith+doinwhichmakesg,thesentencemoreclearandsuccinct.Thesecondointthatshouldbenotediscomaredppexwi化word出smwithEnlishChineseoftenressesideassofeameeaninsuchasg,pg,半’’"途而废and停止了开采B山ansl她onustoneofthemisleft.Sodurinintr,jg任孤slatingweshouldamoreatention化suchstructuresinorder化avoidimnece化ar,pyyrepetition.Maximalview,especiallyinculturethathasbeendiscussedabove,isbeyondthelevel‘’’‘oflanguage,becausenothingcanbetranslatedperfectly.Forexample,神功圣德碑,if.translatedbypingyinmaybemisunders化odbforeinvisitorseseciall化o化wi化,yg,pyChristianreligion."isirelated化ireligio打andoUticalstem.虹ChristiancountriesGodp巧,""istheonlyonethatcanbeadmiredasholy.Evenemperorsshcmldadhere化theme站aesfromGod.ButinChinaeolehavefaithinBuddhismandtheemerorsareg,,ppprepresentativesofHeaven.Theyhavethesupremeowersoordinareolethinkthatthep,yppee"achievementsmadebymero。canbcomared化化0巧madebGod.Therefoieweppy,’",,",,",,’cantusehol化relacewith幸申and圣.Andintheauthorsoinion,somethinginypp."culturecannotbetranslated,evenitisaword.Thisalso"lustrates化atfunctional"’euivalencecantuidetranslators化achieve化己irworkwordbwordandsentencebqgy,ysentence.Theonlaistofindraneofadeuactonarrowthea.ywygqygpAnotherexample:12
左墙一《洪武大石碑歌》是清代袁枚所著。袁妆为清代江宁知星,也是位大诗人!""一诗中有句碑如长剑青天倚,十万骆驼拉不起充分猫写了碑材的巨大。紧接着又个神话传说揭示了碑材的半途而废!,W至未完成的碑搁置在阳山寂寞百年最后!诗人!^诗#浪歌了劳动人民的智慧与力量的伟大jT’heotherarticleontheleftwallisTheSongofHonusGreatStoneTabletbYuangwyMeiofinDanst.YuanMeiisnotonlthemaistrateof九3雌址巧countbutalsoaQgyyygygreatpoet.Thereisa化ntenceofthisoemfoUdescribin也eoreousnessofthisstele,pyggg"thatis,stelericksintothesklikesword,tenthousandcamelscouldnotmove化ThenpyYuanMeidescribedafairytalethatrevealedwhythestelewasleftunfinishedandstainytheYanshanuferinllis抗rhundredsear.At化endoftheoemheeuloizedsone打的seggyp,ghowreatthewisdomandstrenthofeolewere.ggppIntouristuidanceitisobviousthattherearemanoemsori打archaicg,ypprowChinese,whichmakestranslatingmoKdificu比Uiukrsuchcircumstances,how化usethe""functionalequivalencebecomesanimportantroblem.Wecan化ethisexamleexhibitsppm‘‘Chineseculturesthrouh化eformofoem.Thefirstroblethatshouldbesolvedis失口g,ppThn*县iswordcotainsicalChineseculture.AsweknowinWesterncountries化eieis巧p,,onlycounty(郡)orstate(少H),whichrefers化areasdefi打edaccording!:〇出ferent"’,boundaries.So《口甚meansachiefoficerinsuchalaceascount.目utitshouldbepy""""unders化odthat县andcountyhave出ferentmeanings.Howeverbasedon也etheor,yofflinctionalequivalencetranslationisaob化findaraneofadeuacichmeansitis,gqy,whjalmo巧imossible化findanexactlysamewordinthetaretlanuae.Thereforewepggg,sometimesonlydealwiththe化roblemsbnarrowintheao泌化leaswecan.Inpyggp犯p"’,""thisexamlewehavenochoiceb山化reacew化count.p,pl知县iy’Intheauthorsoinionthereisnothinmoredificult化betranslatedthanoemp,gp,becauseoemforitselfhasmanuniuefeaturesuchasrheimaeandaesthetics.p,,yqs,,ym,gAnd’maybesomecultureinaoemcantbeabsorbedbeolein0化ercountries.Inthispypp""casemaximalleveloffiinctionale山valenceshouldbet浊enintoconsideration.虹,q""thesetwosentences碑如长剑青天倚,十万骆驼拉不起,itiseasy化observethatthereis""",,hm—*reinChineseiinininwhichmakestheoemieadable.Besid货isypgy,青天,panotherword化becarefliUconsidered.Fromtheancienttime化resenttherearemanyp,y‘‘"’’debatesabout天Ac化ally天inEasternandWesternculturehasdiferentmeanins,g13
’。’orire凸CCSwhichrelts1;rlii.Chiianlthiis化ltintrefeae〇化組eo打srsteoenk天ansaedo,gpp"H"‘‘’’eavenwhereGodlives.Chine化eoleontheotherhandbelieve天isGodwhoispp,,,‘‘,,"inchargeofeverything,andemperorsinlandaresonsof天.SohowU)translate青thisexample?First,weshouldgodeeperintothemeaningofthisoem.ThissteleispbuilttocommemoratethereatachievementsandvirtuesofEmerorZhuYuanzhan,whogpg""canbecompared化Heaven.Hence,化esetwosenten化snotonlydescribereallength,andhtofthisstelebutalsodmire化tss化eerrerthweigaereaneofmpero.Mooveeoet,吕p’thinkshighlyofChinesepeopleswisdom.虹order化keep化eoriginalimageandmeanings,化eauthorhas化abandonrhymein化eEnglishversion.InprinciplesoftranslatinbYanFufaithfulnesscomesfirstthenexressivenessandeleance.gy,,pgConsideringthefunctionofthistourktuidance化isnecessar化keefaithfiiln的sattheg,ypcostofelegance."Itisobservedfromthesetwoexamplesthat化isimprop巧化takefonctional"""equivalenceasexactsame.Translation,asanartwi化it,canbedonebsearchinthepyygmostroerbalancebetweensourcelanuaeandtaretlanuaethrouhsomesolutionsppggggggwhichwillbediscus化dinthenextchapter.14
ChaterThreeSolutions化MainProblemsandDifficultiesp3.1Solutio田stotheShiftsbetweenTwo巳anguages3.1.1SelectionandReplacementofWordsSincetranslatio打isanartjthereare打ofixedrules化guideeole.Whatwecandoispp化员凸dsomewaysinwhichreadersorliste打ersaccept1:hetargetlanguageasmuchasthoseinsourcelanguage.Basedo打thereviousanalsisof把aturesoftouristuidanceandthepy呂化eoriesemploed,thischaterwiUbedevotedtosomeefe幻iveandragmaticsolutionsypp1:0roblemsintranslation.pililehilllietheAccordin!;〇FunctonaEuvancetemnimaeve,atthesametmgq,fUndame打talart,iswordwhichis化ebasicelementoflanuae.Butowin化diferencep,gggofChineseandEnglishtheselectionofwordsshouldbeaidmoreattention.Combined,pwiththecharacteristicsof化uristuidance化etranslatio打ivesromi打ence1:0oral,clearg,gpandvividfeatures.Forexample:''"大家可站看到在我们面前的是阳山问碑的展示图。它是整个阳山碑材成聖后一全貌的微型直观展示,。7.5个很形似的模型它的高度是米,相当于阳山碑材总高一度的十分之,,所可想而知,整个阳山碑材如果真的完全树立起来且立于孝陵么前""那将是何等的气势磅磯。阳山问碑这四个大字出自我省书法家协会副主席、著名""女书法家孙晓云之手。为化么要叫做问碑呢?NoweveronecanseewhatdislaysbeforeUSisa幻atatemmakinof也eYanshanyppggQuestio打edStele.打isaminiaturemodelthatisverysiirdlarto化0completedYan吕shanStelebwhichwecanseethewholeictureoftheYanshanStele.Themodersheihtis,ypgg7.5meters,whichison^tenthofthe1;otalone.SowecanimagehowgorgeousthewholeYangshanSteleisifitireallyhadbeenerectedbefbretheMinXiaolinMausoleum.Thesegg""fourChin的echaractersYanshanwenbeieansYanshanuestioned別eleareg(mgQ)’writenbySunXiaoun化eviceresidentofJiansuProvincesCallirahersAssociationy,pggp""andfamousfemalecalligrapher.Butwhyis巧calledquestionedstele?虹"thisexamlethe赶rstroWem化如shouldbesolvedishow化translate阳山问p,p15
’‘‘,’,h碑.Actuallterealdificultis.Accordin化theaststudofEnlishvocabulary,y问g,pygy""""""""wecanfindseveralwords防ferringto问inChinese,suchasask,question,query,""",,orinuire.Soat化ebeinninitisnece巧arto色ure0山what石牵meansinqgg,yg问Chineseculturesoas化化lectaCO打ectword.。’"C’"’’"hine化languagehasmanywordsw地问,1化e问鼎中原问省,or吊死问"""。’’""疾and化on.Taking问鼎中原forexample,化is问canbetranslatedintoaskinndth-EnlishaisChinesefourcharacteridiomcomesfromanallusionthatLordZhuangg,askedZhouemperorwhat化eweightoftheDing(anancientvesselreresentsowerofppwhen-emperorwastheformeronelaned化lotZhouDastinSri打AutumnPeriod.)ppynypgThenthisidiomisused化describesomeonedesiring化usurppower.Fromthiscase,we’""’"canfind问ischangedintoask.Butace加ding化化e化llowingexplanationitis,"’’obviousthat问碑meansthattherearemanyestionsleftbehindin化issteleforthequ""nextgenerationsratherthansomeonewants化askthisstele仿rsomethinSoaskisnot,g.""aroerwordfor任anslation.Theauthorthinksuestionedmaconfo啤化theliteralppqyanddeepsinificance.g’’whThesecondointis出自之手ichisticallhineseexiression.p,ypyCpHoweverdiinfiirther化intothemeaninsofthisexressionweknowitustrefers化,ggggp,Jthefactthatsomethingiscreated,built,madeorevenwritenbysomeone.So化isunnecessarytotranslatewordbywordintranslation.Insteadwecanillustratethe,meaningsbyreconstructinEnlishwords.gg3.1.2EllisisConversio凸andTransliterationp,Besidesselectionsandchangingofwordsthereareotherwastomaketranslation,ymorecomprehens化le化抗巧ivisito。.gnForexamle:p送""就给了想要夺权篡位的燕王W日边有乌5(也就是说皇帝身边有小人)的""""借口,于建文二年屯月打着清君侧的旗号,发起了史上非常著名的靖难之役。In化isway,LordYan,whoplannedtousurppower,pretendedthatsomeoneevilwasaroundtheemperor,andlaunchedJingnanCampaigninMingDynasty,afamouswarinChinesehistorybreakingoutamongrulingclassforthrone.16
ComparingChineseandEnglishversions,wecanseetherearesomewordsorphrases"""leftout,becauseth巧refer化也esamemeaning.日边有乌云,也就是说皇帝身边有小,’""andrte化sillithett人清君巧!illustaatomevanssaaroundteemrorsoiisno1yp,necessary化任anslatethemall.Besides,allofthemaretypicalsayingsinChinese.Ifwe"’’"化"translate日边有乌云intoereareblackcloudsaround化esun,touristsmayfeelconfusedwhat化isphrasemeans.Thereforewecan杜anslatethemwiththesame,"二,,descrionwhi沈iscalledelsis.And建文isalsousedbChinesepti^邮年屯月y,’especiallyinancienttim的.B山someChine化peoplecantworkout化eexacttime‘‘’,according化thisphrase,letaloneforeignvisitors.So建文二年屯月canbeleftout,""MingDnastisbetter.yy""Whenitcomes化conversiontheEnlishversionintroducesJinnanCamai,ggpgn"before:faamouswar.whichismoreireadableinEnlish.Asweknow,Enlishseakersggpgetused化utinglongo出fiedhrasesbehindthekeord.Andthiskindoftranslationmpywpalsoconforms化化estyleoftouristguidance,whichmakesvisitorsfeellikelistening化astoryratherthanbeinforce化accetsomeinformation.gp了ransliterationisakindofmethodusedi打typicalQiineseexpiressio打s,because"’"sometimeswecantfindanequalwordorphraseinEnglish.Inthisexample,靖难么役""",,‘‘"istranslatedintoJingnanCampaign,inwhich靖难istranslatedbypingyin.靖’",meansaciclearsomethinandrefers化unstablesituationcausedV化ains.pfy,呼(g),难bySoifel出vorwtransateesetwowordsonebyoneisitsmafeelbored.Becausethere貼on,yofthiswarhasbeenexplainedbefore,itisnouseintroducing也isaain.TransliterationisgwidelyusedintranslationeseciallfromChinese化Enlish.,pyg3.1.3ReconstructionofClausesandAdustmentofentencesSjWithdiferencesinstructuresbetweenChin的eandEnglish,itisnearlyimposs化leforus化translateclausesorsentencesascompleteasorigi凸alonessoweshouldadustor,jreconstructtheclauseshrasesorsentencesinorderforthem化beaccetedbreceivers,ppyintargetlanuae.ggForexample;首先,从我们送个方向看这座山是看不出名堂的,但据说,从南京方向看阳山,17
""非常像山羊的两只角,所当地人就称它为山羊的羊,羊山,自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,有多个朝代建都于此,自南北朝开始古代皇家采石场就建在此,后来朱様又为他的父亲打造神功圣德碑,为了显至尊、图吉禅,所W改羊山为太阳的""阳阳山。’化泊Fromthisway,wecantfindwhatuniquefeaturethismountainhas.Butitissaid化emountainisliketwocleatsofoatifwelookatitfromNanincitsothelocalgjgy,peoplecallsitGoatMountain.SinceSouthandNorthDynasties,Nanjing,wheremanyemperorsb山Ittheirowerslaedamoreandmoreimortantrolein^reionssouthofthep,pypgYangtzeRiver.Meanwhilethismountai打wasaplacefortheruleirs化buildquarries.The打MinDntEmZhuLdthtforher虹odehowdiingaserori抗reeselehisfat.rr化sityy,pggny"andursueoodfo加nehechanedthenameintoSunMountain.InChinesepg,g^阳山)"""羊goat孤d阳sunhave化esameronunciation.()()p'虹thisexample化isobviousthattherearesomeclausesandsentencesthathavebeen,reconstructedoradusted.Chineselanaerefe巧化utadverbialclau化oftimeorlacejgugpppatthebeginningofthesentence.ButinEnglish,thiselementisgenerallytattheendofpu‘‘化ntence.Anotherd加nguisheddiferenceisin化etranslationof自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,有多个朝代建都于此Analyzingthissentencewecanfindthe,"’,""",’subjectis南京,theobjectis江南重镇,andtheverbis成为.Theothercomponents"areused1:0modify南京Sowhentranslating,weneed化adju:sttheord巧ofsomeparts.""有多个朝代建都于此istr犯slated犯anatributiveclausewiththerelativeadverb化"’,modifyesubect南京.化jAdjustmentorreconstructionisagoodsolutiontodealwithsomesentenceswithmanymodifiedartseseciallintranslatinJuristuidance,becauseEnlishsentencesppygggarealwayslongandcoherent,whileChin的eonesareshortanddispersed,.3.2Solutions<:〇化eShiftsbetweenTwoCultures民的earchesshowthatthemostdificuhpartintranslationisculture,becauseevery’civilizationhasitsownuniqueculturewheremanyelementscantbetranslated.Oncetranslated,someimageormeaningmay,moireorless,losetheiroriginalquality.Soweneed化employproperskillstomakeupthe化gaps,otherwisenoteverybodycan18
understandascompletelyasthecan.y3.2.1LiteralTranslafionwi化NotesLiteraltransl她onmeans化erend知ingoftextfromonelanguage化地otherby""--化ifforrath巧anconveynthesenseo也eoriinaliibewordwordgg.Lteraltranslatoncanemployedwhen化eculturalm的sageisreservedwi也outcausinisunderstandi打orpgmgconfusiononthepartofthetargetedreaders.ReflectingtheessenceofFunctionalEquivalenceitisaoodwaforreaders化comrehendcontentandcultures.,gypForexample:碑材由三块石头纽成。,即碑座、碑身、碑额如果完全打造成功后,就是图上右""下方的样子。在碑下方会打造成攝质的形状。ThissteleismadeuofthreeS化nes.Theareedestalbodandhead.Ifcoml別ed.pyp,yp,itwillbelikethis(pointing化化ebottomlight).Thebotomofthisstelewouldbemadeas‘’3和址.-Note:Bixilikeaturtleissonofdraon.Hecanloadheavthinsandcarrstelefor,,gygyyearsandyears.虹’"thisexample也ereisaticallhine化exression化drawvisitorsattention.編,ypyCp"’质isanoldwordinChinese,evenmostofChineseeolecantknowit.Ifwetranslateitppthroughalongstory,itmayconfuselisteners.Sowecantransliterateitbyininandpgy,h’tenaddsomenotes化exlainbutitisnotedthattheexlanationcantbe化〇lonandp,pgcomplicated.Dragoninvolvesaculturalphenomenon化atistotally出筋rentbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.Wi化culturalexchanges,however,也eWesternpeoplemayhaveunderstoodthatdragonisasymbolofowerandfortuneinChina.Soitisnousepintroducin化0muchaboutdragon.gAnotherexample;""""在我们上方是日月坊。日和月相加就是明字。“0打thismemorialarchwayaretherethreeChinesecharacters,theyareRiyuefang"""“""’’""Arcli.日meanssuninEnglish,and月meansmoon,andthesetwocharactersare“’’""—which.combinedintoanothercharacter明meansbriht,g19
Thisexampleisrelative化化etranslationoflace.Undersuchcircumstances,wep""alwas化literal杠alatiwi化somesifnecessar.Whentranslatin日月坊heunsonno怡tyyg,"""authoretsinsirationfro阻化etranslationof曰月潭,whichistranslatedintoRiuetangpyPo〇r\AstoChinesecharactersitisnecessartointroducetheirronunciationsand,ypmeanins化visito。whomaunderstandChinesecultureinthiswa.g,yyLiteraltranslationwithnotesisusedwidelyintranslation,becauseitmaybeabetterway化keep化esourceimag的andmakereaderscomprehend也emeanings.3.2.2AdditionandReduction,化’InNidastheoryoffunctionaleuivalenceekeistherecetorsireso凸巧,Theq,ypptr-anslatoremploysareceptororientedapproachtoadustthetexfslenthandlevelofjgdificultywhicharethet^vobasicdimensionsofeachmessaetransmittinchannelNida,gg(底Taber,2004:163.Therefoirebesidesliteraltranslationwith打otesweshoulduseother),,translatingmethodst;odealwiththedificultiesintheshiftsbetweentwocultures.Forexample:""一好了,大家现在就随我进入大明文化村去观看下,它再现了600年前打造""碑材的场景。里面的建筑体现的是青砖小瓦马头墙,回廊挂落花格窗的典型的明清时代的徽派建筑。前面该三道墙就是马头墙,又称封火墙,它起到了装饰、减少风势和延缓着火房屋火情蔓延的作用!WelllefSoandvisittheMinCulturalVillaewhichshowsthesceneofforgin,ggg,gstele600earsao.Theb山IdinsinthevillaesuesttheicalHuistlearchitectureygggg吕typy"ofMingandinDnastieswhicharedescribedashorsdieadwallsmadebsmallbrickQgy,y"tilescorridorshaninlaticewindowscarved化。owers.了he化threewallsinthefront,ggarehorseheadwalls,namedalsoasfireproofwall,whichisused!:〇decorate,slowdownwindanddelayfire.Anotherexample:一""在进入大明文化村的同时大家抬头可W看到这里有个八卦镜。八卦镜分为""""。!、先舞和后卦先卦是指观音卦,保平安后卦是指周易卦,指的是天地日月、人和、生死。我们这副八卦镜是先卦,在古代陵墓建筑中都是用神兽来镇守陵一!墓W示裤邪,在园林建筑中般都是用八封镜来镇妖辟邪,W保平安20
"Whenoi’lEihgingnto也eMingCulturalVilagewecanlookandseeant,呼gDiagramsMirrof\ItissaidthatthereareGuanyinDiagram(GuanyinisagoddessinBuddhismandIChingDiagram.Theform巧isusedt;osafeguardoursecurity.Thelater)representstheheavenandtheearth,thesunandthemoon,theharmonyofhumanbeings""and"技anddeath.ThisEihtDiagramsMirrorbelonst;otheformerone.Inancientgg"tim的,mythicalcreatureswereused化exorciseevilsinmausoleumswhileEight"DiagramsMirrorusuallyplayedthesamerolei打safeguardingsecurityingarde打architectures.'Itisobviousthatsomecontentinculturecantbetranslatedwordbyordoritisnotw,"打ecessar化transliterate.虹化efirstexamle化erearesomereeatedartssuchas大明yp,pp,""’,""文化村and它马头墙and它.虹English,wecanuseattributiveclauses化integrateseveralshortsente打ceswhichreducesomeunnecessarreetition.,yp",,""Inthesecondexamwhentc化nditi化odificult1:0leiomes先卦asp,后挂,exlainevenamonChine化eole.Sowecanreducethesetwoartsandsuchreductionpgppp,",ldhbedud化〇Iketwoudnotinfluencethemeanings.Antenthe观音圭Pmawce.fweyp^"shoulddosomeadditionsaboutGuanyin.虹址elastsentence,mythicalcreatureandEight■'"DiagramsMirrorhave化esameftmction,sowecanireduce汾mewordstoavoidreetitionandmaketranslationmoresuccinct.pAllinallnomaterwhatsolutionweturn化wealwasadhere化theTheorof,,yyFunctionalEquivalencewithitsminimalandmaximallevels.Thepurposeis化make'translatio打acceptedbytheforeignersandhelp化emappreciatebeautifulsceneryandunderstandChineseculturewhiletravelling.21
ChaterFourConclusiona打dRecommendationp4.1ConclusionAsanorientalcountrywithalonghistoryandoutstandingcivilization,Chinahaswhe化-化awoeat化enerer凸aturalormanmadettracteoleallover化erld.With也e巧y,,ppdevelomentoftourismforeinersareeaertoknowmoreaboutChinaHencetourist.p,gg,g山dancebecoIn的incr朗singlysinificantinculturalexchanes.gg虹termofthestyleof1;ouristuidanceitisnecessaramoireattentio打化itsg,y化py扣nctio打whichis化conveyinformationandmakevisitoKenothetravellin.Onl也6jygy-laedsuideoeundersndCherurnwelltranst化uritancecanhelpppltai打abte.Diggtranslating,thefirststepis!:〇kee也eruleoftranslationinmind.Sincewecannotfind也epexactlysamewordsinanotherculture,theb的twais化findabride化linktwoculturesygso化atreadersorlistenersintargetlanguagecanknowasmuchasthoseinsourcelanguage.Therefore,theauthoremploystheTheoryofFunctionalEquivalencet:oguideprocessoftranslation.Takingthefeaturesoflanguageintoconsideration,weal泌need化expi:的stranslatedversionswi也such挺aturesasclarity,vividne巧,simplicityandaesthetics.Butitis111〇巧dificulttoapplyallthesecharacteristicsinthetranslation.Someofthemmabelostoryleftoutinorder化maketranslatedversionsfaith&landexpressive.Themoistdificultoneistheshiftbetweentwocultures.Asweknowtherearerules,aboutlexiconandrammarbutnorulescanbe抗Uowedinculture.Withdiferentwasofg,ythinkingWesterneolemanotunderstandChineseculturesoatranslatorhastoactas,ppy,anexplainer.There仿化,someskillsmaybeusedintranslating,forexampleliteraltranslationwithnotes,additionandreduction.4.2RecommendationThisroectdoessomeresearchesonhow化吐anslate化uristuidanceabo山scenicpjgspotsinNanininviewsofcharactersoflanuaetheoruidinandskillsusedinjggg,yggtranslating.22
Duringtranslating,theauthormeetssomeproblems犯dtri的化贷ndbetermethods化solvethem.With化36姐[1168andractices化eauthorwants化ofersomevaluablep,suggestionsforfurtherstudyandtranslationoftouristuidance.Firstlweshouldfiuregy,goutthestleof化eoriinaltextandkeethefunctionofitinmind.Secondlitisusefbl化ygpy,distinguishdiferencesbetweenChine化andEnglish,whetheringrammar,structure,orresentedbleinbecauhiisthbiflimagerepyxcosetseassotransation.Thirdlitisvital化,y,comprehendvariouskindsofcultures.Noonecandoanytranslationwithoutunderstandingculturewhichembo出esareatdealofinformation.,g23
B化Uorahgpy1Aar,M.1994.LanuaeShock:UnderstandintheCultureofConversationM.NewYork:[]gggg[]WUliamMorrowandComan.py2MonaBaker.2000.化0巧er麻r妃M.Beiin:ForeinLanuaeTeachfhandResearch[]*[]jgggggPress.[3]Bassnet,S.&A.Lefevere.1990.Translation,HistoryandCulture[M].London:Printer.???口ThmB沁snS.底A.Lefevere.2001?仇打5伊《〇抓复Cw/化化s?依说於0巧Zf於/?/(加饼?M,W成[]Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.’'-5BramM.及C.Mran.1994.Tkzc/zfn化HmnLa巧waeM.[]y,og沪ggg幻[]Philadelhia:MultilinualMatters.pg[6]C曲ford,John.1965.ALi灼giiisticTheoryofTmm!幻tion:Ari五ssainAliedUriuisticsM.yppg[]Oxford:OxfordUniversit.y7SumbeCaroln.2004.艮randLeadershiatStake:SellinFrance化良ritishTouristsJ.[]喉ypg[]*-趴2:?<沁化/1023293巧.():化-SCastelloErik.2QQ2.TouristsInormationTex:Corusbased汉ucoourRelatedGenresI],fpfyfF[M].Italy:Unipre巧.9Newm肛kP.^把诚饥支>7>知*/口化)灼M-Htfordhitil[3c35ersre:PrenticeHallInernatona],/[]UKLtd..()?NP?ewmark.1982.化>ac/z/口。〇巧MOxfordPP巧sLd^站化扔口制,:eramonit"與[]g1NidaE964c/oTrinMidl.A.1?访w佩om/口化?.Leen;巨?J.Bril.^,/[]1^Uq12Nida^E.,A.1986.FromOneLanuae化Another[M].Shanhai:ShanhaiForein[]gggggLanuaeEducationPress.gg13NidaE.A.1998,LanuaeCultureandTranslationM.InnerMonlia:InnerMonolia,,,[]gg[]ggU打ivcrsitP巧巧.yMN-idaE.A.1995.DnamicEuivalenceinTranslatinA.InChaSii&Daid巨,,anwav[]^yqg[]Poll站d,(eds.).如及乃邸c邸e成a〇/趴3。伽沁n[C].HongKong:ChineseUnive巧ityPress.223-228.[15]Nida^E.,A?底CR.Tab化2004.77w27讼伽d/戶议c妃e分7>师?认2掀巧[M],Shan班ai:ShanhaiFordoLanuaeEducationPi:能s.gggg24
\&^〇了6^,C.2QQI?TymslationasaPurosedActivit:Fmctiomlis《AroachesEx!幻inedM.[]pfiyppp[]Shanghai;ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.M']7ark,Shutleworth及CowieM.2004?饼如on幻oThmsA沾加汉w放卽[M].Shanhai:[],叩/gShanhaiForeinLanaeEducationPress.gg^g[18]包惠南,2001,《文化语境与语言翻译》[M]。北京:中國对外翻译出版公司。-19蔡小玲,2011,汉英旅游文本主要塞异及其翻译阴,《中国民航飞行学院学报》(1);6265。[]口-口0]陈白颖,2006,谈旅游文本英译的,《语文学刊》();161163。口1定安,1998,《英没比较与翻译》[M]。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。]陈2-陈卵,2002,涉外导游词翻译的特点及策略师《浙江大学学报》(2):6773口。][2引崔化2003,《新编旅游英语》岡。武汉:武汉大学出版社。24,M:,2004《旅游》。[]段开成契语(高级)[]天津南开大学出版社。-,英没对比分析与翻译教学化《四川教育学院学报》於、杨平,2004(7);7273。]冯锦冯庆华:26,1997,《实用翻译教程》M。上海上海外语教育出版社。[][]27冯裏2004,《论导游词的翻译》D。上觀上海外国语学院。[][][2巧郭建中,2000,《文化与翻译》[M]。北京;中国对外翻译出版公司。2泉-,1999,翻译等值相对性的层面观化《四川外语学院学报》(2);8284。[刊李龙-口巧刘慧梅、杨寿康,1996,从文化角度看旅游资料的英译化《中国翻译》(5):1014。刘金忠2007理论看旅游资料翻译的原则化-(。PU,从功能翻译《山东教育学院报》5):89943S周业芳,2004,E化写作的影响《外语学刊》(5);[句刘宽平英汉思维差异对中国学[化107-H1。20-扔11,,《》(H);7879。]刘敵论旅游翻译中文化差异的处理阴湖北东湖学院外语学院4刘艳艳0—口]、赵玲等,210,英语导游词中的人际意义分析系统功能语言学的言语功能和语气分析饥,《安徽文学》(6):160。35英,2006,从文J,《》[]陆秀本功能对等角度探讨旅游文本的翻译策略[]华东交通大学学报-(3);165167。36巧亚华,2007,从文本,《新西部》(14):152。[]类型看旅游资料的翻译机[37]钱浩、何大顺,2009,浅析功能翻译理论在旅游翻译中的应用J,《铜陵职业技术学院[]■》-学报(4):5960。一[38汤道兵,2007,归化与异化的动态统与旅游文化翻译阴,《千懼职业技术学院学报》]-(4):9698=320仏《-浅析旅游文本中文化信息的翻译策略化文学界》(;31)554。[刊熊隹25
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Aendixpp概况Overview首先欢迎大家来到南京阳山碑材Firstofallwelcome.to也eYangshan(明,文化村)景区参观游览。我们整个景区是Stele(theMingCulturalVillae)scenicspotg由汤山温泉旅游度假区W全新的品牌理inNanin.Thewholesotiscreatedasajgp念把阳山碑材景区打造成为国家级大遗nationallyaorheritaearkbTanshanmjgpyg一HoSrinsR址公园tesortwithanewideaof,这又是个新的起点,同时也是pg一"adhan汤山又新的亮点brn.ForTangsthisisanew。我们将致力于阳山,碑材从4A级向5A级风景区发展。汤山及beinningaswellasanewhighlight.Weg一"整个汤山风景区将展现给各位t全新commit化makeYangshanSteledevel哗的文化旅游胜地。说到汤山我们不得不说from4Ascenicspot化5Aone.Tangshan一dhswhohowlescenicstwillsa下我们汤山的H大法宝,即温泉,汤山她poyoud-古猿人洞,阳山碑材。那么我们送里的阳totallyiferentc山turalresort.Whenit山碑材讲述的是600年前明成祖朱様为其comes化Tangshan,wehave!:〇mention一rins父亲朱元璋打造的块举世无双的碑材threetreasuresthatisHotS。,.pg,如果当时打造成功后,是要运到南京明孝TangshanAncientApeMenCave,and陵四方城的,树立在其父亲朱元璋的陵墓YangshanSteleMaterial.Here,theahtleerialetiisa前,^此来笼络民也,Ynsansematwemnonedn,来显示他的孝也[g稳定其江山。但是由于明代错综复杂的政unrivalledsteleintheworldthatwassetby一m局演变及种种原因直没有被运走,遗留ZhuDitheeerorChenzuof化eMin,pggastformmemorainhisfathZh窒!了现在。DyncoteruJygYuanzhang,thefoundingemperoroftheMingDnast600earsao.Ifthetabletyyyghadbeencompleted,itwouldhavebeencarried化化eSquareCityoftheMingXiaolingMausoleum(thisMausoleumwas’b口化化showZhuLisfilialpiety,too)and巧
’Zin巧ailedbefo化Zhu1/isfather,hu’Yuanzhangsmausoleum化showhisfUial’hathldeolsheartandietsotecouwinepyppmakehiscountrystable.Butdue化化eiuaihMincomplicatedpoliticalsttonofteg’Dnastandothervariousreasonsithasntyy,beenremoved,stayinghereuntil化day.阳山问碑YangshanQuestionedStele"阳山Noweveronecanseewhat出slays大家可W看到在我们面前的是yp"e问碑的展示图beforeusisaflatpattemmakingofth。它是整个阳山碑材成型一ee后全貌的微型直观展示个很形似的模YanshanuestionedStl.Itisaminiature,gQ7el化atisversimilar化化ecomleted.5mod型。它的高度是米,相当于阳山碑材yp一anseeYnnStlwhichwecthe,ashaeeb总高度的十分之,所W可想而知整个g,y阳山碑材如果真的完全树立起来且立于wholeictureoftheYanshanStele.Thepg"’磅磯modelsheihtis7.5meterwhidiis。阳,孝陵之前,那将是何等的气势g"山问碑送四个大字出自我省书法家协会one-tenthofthetotalone.Sowecanimage副主席。为什howgorgeousthewholeYanshanSteleis、著名女书法家孙晓云么手g""么要叫做问碑呢?这就由于当时朱ifitreallyhadbeenerectedbeforetheMingMausoefourChinese様皇帝在打造这块碑的时候留下了许许Xiaolingleum.Thes""多多的疑问给我们的后人,比如说朱様皇charactersYangshanwenbei(meansYangshanuestionedStelearewritenby帝为什么选择在此为其父亲朱元璋打造Q)这块神功圣德碑?在巧费了巨大的人力SunXiaoyun,thevicepresidentofJiangsu’ProvincesCallirahersAssociationand和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半gp途而废famousfemalecalliraher.Butwhyisit,停止了开采呢?而且在当时明代gp""的历史条件下,该怎样把如此巨大的碑材calledquestionedstele?Thereasonisthat?therearealotofuestionsleftbehindlater给运到南京明孝陵呢正是因为留下了q如此多的麗问所W称之为闷碑。那么接下generationswhenEmperorZhuLiforged■sstele.ForexamleswherorZhu来的这些疑问呢,我们将W探索发现的方地p,yEmpi沈othis化妃e加sTabletof式详细为大家解答。LseplacergDivineMeritsandSaelVirtuesforhisgy28
fa.therZhuYuanzhan?Wh也ewhole,gyproectwasleftunfinishedwhenitwasjalmo巧completedwkhcostinghugemanpow汾andmaterialrcsourc巧?Andwiththehistoricalconditio凸oftheMingDynasty,howthissteleCO山dbecarried化化eMingXiaolingMausoleum,Nanjing?Therefore,withsomanyquestionsleft,this""stelebecomesquestionedsliele.And化enwewill放lain化eaboveuestionsinpqdetailsbyexlorin.pg一Thes整个景区呢主要分为两个部分,第wholescenicpotconsistsoftwo""个部分就是我们马上进入的大明文化arts.Wewillvisitthe&starttheMinpp,g""村。大明文化村是民俗文化旅游区,它CulturalVillagerightnow.TheMing'具有表演性,参与性与娱乐性,是根据明CulturalVillageistourismzoneoffo化代初年打造碑材的历史背景而建造的,再customandculturewithperformance,现明代的生活场景。particip組onandentertaimtient.。ismadeunderthehistoricalbackgroundwhenthestelewasforgedinthebeginningoftheMingDynastyreroducinthelifesceneof,pg也eMingDynasty.第二部分就是我们文物保护区The化condartisourhistoricpservationtheYanshanStea阳山碑材,是省级重点文物保护单位,是regle.Itis一kere-南京明文化遗产中个不可分割的组成ylicunitunderprovincelevel部分,目前己经列入吉尼斯世界之最、最prote如on,andanindispensiblepartof大的碑材。culturalheritageoftheMingDynastyinNanin.IthasbeenlistedintheGuinnessjgWorldRecordsasthelargeststele.大明文化村TheMingCul化ralVillageNowwearriveattheateoftheMingg现在我们就来到了大明文化村的村CulturalVillage,Thereisapicturethat29
""""""""co四季ntainsfourseasonssringsummer,口。上方有春夏秋冬p,autumnandinterabovetheateandw,图,它就表示对大家g,旁边还有两幅象图一eachsideofthisicturearetheretwo的到来的欢迎,并祝大家年四季平安如onpwolha打llt意。picturesdrawingteepts.Aofhesemeanwarmwelcomeforourcomingandeargoodbkssings化usinthewhole.y""""-wabl下面八字墙上有两篇文章。右墙Thereiseightcharacterlleowteonwhichwecanseetwoarticles.山记胡广手书的,規广是化ea《游阳》是明代g,ThearticleontherihtwallisrAe当时朱祿的书记宫,相当于我们现在的秘g扳s&an7>w地writenHuGuanin书。这篇文章里主要记载的是阳山的H大雌切g、inDnastwhowasthederkofZhuDi、望阳山碑树。在后Mg,景孤古泉井江亭yy’面的游览中我会为大家介绍的。ustlike化adssecretary.Thisarticlejym這inl化11susaboutthreesceneriesin化eyshanuanW-Yan;GuellRiverViewingq,gLoftyandYanshanStele.Iwillintroducegite仿lwinviit.oneby0凸enhlosgThtherarticleonheleftwallisThe左墙《洪武大石碑歌》是清代袁枚所eot’一us是SonofHonGreatStoneTabletby著。袁枚为清代江宁知县,也位大诗ggw"一tYeiisnotYuMeiofinDans.uanM,an人!诗中有句碑如长剑青天倚十万Qgyy"骆驼拉不起充分描写了碑材的巨大。紧only化emagistrateofJiangningcountybut—enencefltthisasoareatoe.Thereisasto接着又l:U个神话传说揭示了碑材的半gp山寂寞poemMydescribing化egorgeousnessof途而废至未完成的碑搁置在阳"!最盾诗人W诗情泥歌了劳动人民的舶sstele,thatis,stelericksintothesky百年p!likeswordtenthousandcamelscouldnot智慧与力量的伟大,moveThenYuanMeidescribedafairyhelfttalethatrevealedwhytsteewasleunfinishedandstayintheYangshaneaAtsuferinglo打eli打essforhundredsyrs.theendoftheoemheeuloizedhowgreatp,gthewisdomandstrengthofeolewere.pp30
一WhtttMinCultural在进入大明文化村时,大家请留意enseppinginoheg下送口道旁的两个附属建筑,圆圆的像个Village,pleasepayatention化two""石鼓。这就是人们常说的口当。自古af邮atedbuildings,likeroundstonydrums.""W来,郎才女貌,口当户对被认为焉男女ThisiscalledMenDang.Sincetheancienttimethebestmarriaehasbeena结合的最佳组合。也就是说他们的婚姻是,g.erfectmatchbetweenamairlnanda,由父母做主,要男女双方家庭的社会地位pg""ichmeanstheirmarriaeisdetermine(i和经济状况相当才可W结亲,这个口当whg’ther!btheirarentsandonleneachos在古代建筑中只有大户人家才有yp,ywhsocialstatusandeconomicsituationareequalcantheygettogether.ThisislikeRomeoandJuliet.Soonlyabihouseholdg""hasMenDangin化eoldb山Id虹gs."’好了大明文Wellletsgoandvi泌theMin,大家现在就随我进入,g"一600aef加tulVUlawhidi沈owsthesceneo去观看下,她再现了年前打rg化村,"造碑材的场景。里面的建筑体现的是青forgingstele600earsago.Thebuildingsiny".hevillaesuest也eticalHuistle砖小瓦马头墙,回廊挂落花格窗的典型tgggypy的明清时代的徽派建筑architectureofMinandinDnasties。前面送H道墙就gQgy,''、whicharedescribedashorseheadwalls是马头墙,又称封火墙,它起到了装饰减少风势和延缀着火房屋火情蔓延的作madebysmallbricktilescorridorshaning,g"icarvedasflowerThe!aticewndowss.se用lthreewallsinthefrontarehorseheadwalls,namedalso化fireproofwallwhichisused,化decorateslowdownianddelayfire.wnd,在进入大明文化村的同时大家抬头WhengoingintotheMingCultural"""一可W看到送里有个八卦镜八卦镜分VillaewecanlookandseeanEightg,啤"""""。DiaramsMirror.Itissaidthatthereare为先卦和后卦先卦是指观音卦,giW保平安!后卦是指周易卦、GuaninDiaramGuaninisaoddessn,指的是天地yg(yg日月、人和、生死。我们送副八卦镜是先Bud池ism)andIChingDiagram.Theformerisused化safeuardoursecurit.The圭h,在古代陵墓建筑中者P是用神兽来镇守gy一dathelatresentstenantheerth,在园林建筑中般都是用erreheheav陵墓W示辟邪p,31
,!dthethehrhan八卦镜来镇妖麟邪:Usunanmoonamonofum1保平安,y"beingsandli托anddeath.ThisEight"DiagramsMirrorbelongsto化eformerone.Intheancienttimemthicalcreatures,ywereused化exorci洗evilsinmausol飢ms""whileEightDiagramsMirrorusuallyplayedthesameroleinsafeguardingsecurityinardenarchitectures.g—r碑FstSteleunderHeaven天下第i在进入大明文化村迎面看到书写着邮onenteringtheMingCulture""一一V天下第碑的个大照壁illaeouwillseealarestonewall。运五个大g,yg""字也是出自孙晓云么手。aheadengravedFirstSteleunderHeaven.ThisinscriptionalsocomesfromSun’Xiaoyunscalligraphy.""一ea’lhave现在大家随我到天大第碑后面OKlse仿Iowme.Letsa,p一下。okatwhatlookslikebehindthisstele.来看lo一eanaoundandwill转身,seturrseea,可W看到这里有块浮雕是Plyou,中国浙江著名的青田浮雕。这块浮雕主要famousrelievo也atismade虹Qingtian描述了当时打造碑材的历史背景,在这里countyofZheiangProvince.Thisrelievoj’一下ainldescribesthehistoricalbackround我为大家介绍。mygofbudins3l:eeiiDnast.ilg化ilnMngyy1370I1370thethidr在洪武H年的时候,也就是年,nreaofHongwu,y明朝开国皇帝朱元璋第四子朱様在北京EmerorZhuDithefourthsonofZhup,,册封燕王。不久他的兄长朱标英年早逝。Yuanzhang,wascreatedasthePrinceof一w朱元璋共有%个儿子。除了他的长子、YanithhiscaitalinBeiinodem,ppg(m第九子和第二十六子早逝外,其余二十三B均ing).Notlongafterthat,hiselder儿子皆封到全国各地做藩王。长子去世brotherZhuBiaodiedyqung.Zhu后,朱元璋为了按照传统的摘长维承制Yuanzhanghadatotalof:26sons.Excetp-trstnttttss度传长不传次的说法,该时化岁的朱也ahisfiinhandwensixhon,y32
*?—'d。illhe0化允化被立为皇太孙到了洪武三i年,edyoungatersonswere,也就是1398年,朱元璋驾崩,朱允巧继appointedasgovernorsacrossthecountry.位。朱允巧继位后,为了加强新皇帝位,AfterthedeathofhisfirstsontheHonu,gw采纳了齐泰、黄子澄等大臣们的建议,强Emperorspec近edhisgrandsonZhu一Yunw力推行削藩政策。先后不到年的时间内en,whowasjust16years〇化as化e就废除了他好几位亲近的叔父,其中的湘crownprinceaccording化thetraditional王朱柏被迫在府内自焚而死,其余被贬为linealprimogenituresystem.ZhuYunwen庶民发配边疆。这就给了想要夺权篡位的assumedthethroneastheJianwenEmperor""燕王日边有乌云(也就是说皇帝身in13%afterthedeathofHongwuEmperor.边有小人)的借曰,于建文二年屯月打着Headopted化esuggestionsofQiTai,""清君侧的旗号,发起了史上非常著名HuangZichengandotherministers化""’的靖难之役。经过四年的内战,朱様stronglycurtailhisunclespowerinorder化就彻底的将朱允巧赶走了,登基坐上了皇consolidatehisownosition.虹lessthanp位!eearhereealedmanofhisowerful,也就是明朝的第三代皇帝他就是历ony,pyp史上非常有名的永乐大帝。虽然他做了皇intimateuncles.AmongthemZhuBothe,,一PrinXwa帝,但是他毕竟是位篡位的皇帝ceofiansdrivent;obumhimself,所谓g,名不正言不顺,为了巩固他的江山W及维化deathinhismansion,and也e0化erswere""一护国家的稳定,他必然要树立个明君demotedascommonpeoleexiled化p,的形象。阳山碑材就是在送样的历史背景borderareas.虹thiswayLordYan,who.一化a下产生的,方面对其父的丰功伟绩島功planned!:〇usurowerwi化aretencetpp,p一en颂德,另方面恪守孝道,籍此来收犹人someonevilaroundtheemperorlauched,也。JinininMin,稳定其江山政局于是他派人四处寻gnanCampaggDynastya,找石料,终于找到了神气聚集的阳山并在famouswarinChinesehistorbreakingtyou全国范围内征调能工巧匠开凿阳山碑材!amonrulinclassforthronegg.Afterfour,yearswarZhuDivoidedtheentirereime,gof也eanwenJiEmerorandheassumedthep,throneoftheYonleEmerorthethirdgp,emperoroftheMingDnast.Eventhouhyyghebecametheemperor,itwasnotperfectlyusti扫able.Thereforeinordertoj,33
consolidatehisownowerandmaintainthepnationalstability,hemustsetanimageofagoodemperor.Hesentpeople化lookfor化6stonematerials,andeventuallyhefoundtheYangshanaccumulatingspiritandenergy.Skilledcraftsmennationwidewerecalbuildnl.UleduptotheYagshanSteendersuchhistoricalbackgroundtheYanshan,gStelecame0山.Itwasononehand仿rextollinthedivinemeribofhisfatherandg,ontheotherhand扣rhimadheringfaith扣Uy!;〇化efilialpietysoas化win,’peoplessupportandconsolidatehiscountr.y这里就是十万石匠、工匠打造碑材的Hereisthescenewheretensof'场景。也ousandsofsquaremenandcr泌smenb山Itthestele.碑材当时就没有打造成巧,只是做碑Thestelewasnotbuiltsuccessfullyat的材料!,attimestisstillbilinateil.This。碑材由E块石头组成即碑座、th,oiudgram。teleisthrto.Theare碑身、碑额如果完全打造成功后,就是smadeupofeesnesyandedi图上右下方的样子。在碑下方会打造成pedestalbodhead.Ifcomlett,yp,""攝质的形状。关于它的故事,上山么willbelike加sointing化化ebotom(p后我再为大家介绍。right.Thebottomofthisstelewouldbe)""sarlemadeaBixi.No化:Bbcilikeatut(,,issonofdragon.Hecanloadheavythinsgandcarrystele抗rearsandears.Lateryy)whenweclimb化eYanshanIwiU化11化6g,’storyaboutthat.日月坊RiyuefangArch。OKlealanother抹,大家随我继续往前面参观在我sefolowme化a,ppy34
vi北Onourrihtisaheadwearsho.们的右手边是头饰店,里面出售各种精美sgp虹sidetheshoarevariousexisite的头饰品和手工芝品,有兴趣的游客们可pqu一arsandhandheadweicraftsonsale.IfouW进去选购下。在前方的舞台上马上将yareinterestedoucano化busome.会有精彩的表演。前方达里是竹木编。里,ygy面的工芝品大部分都采用竹木编制,品种Thereisgoing化beanexc祀ngshowon也e。staeahead.Goonwalkinandthereis繁多,充满生活气息有兴趣的不妨进去gg,"一fi看下翠花豆腐ano也ershopthatisll!ofkindsof。在前方我们来到的是'坊。豆制品是传统的营养美食,具有养handicraftsmostlymadeofwoodandbamboo.Itisalsofilledwi化aflavoroflife.颜美容的功效。待会下山大家可W来享受,—比olikeoudbeterenter化havea下美容大餐。yu,yok.Ke虹wlkinaheadwcanseeloae巧gg,""化eCuiHuaTo扣Workshop.So外e犯roductsaretraditionaldelicacyofnutritionpandu化fillforbeautycare.Aftergoi打gdownthemountain,oucancome化enoyyjseaut-caree化ibydlicacy.""hiilhwaa化eethree在我们上方是日月坊。日和月相Ontsmemoraarcyrer""""Chinesecharacters化areRiuefan.加就是明字。,巧yg"’""""’日me孤ssuni打Engl細,and月’‘【m,meansoon,and化e化twocharacte巧站e’—"’combinedintoanothercharacter明,""whichmeansbright.明代古街TheAncientStreetsof化eMing台阶上来之后,首先在我的左手边是Dynasty""明代展示厅。里面陈列了明朝的化位Upongoing叩stairs,firstyouwillseeanExhibitionHallconcernintheMin皇帝的画像和送些大明皇帝生平简介,大gg家可进去看看Dnast.Insidethehall出slasthe16。yypy?portraitsoftheMingandintroductionstotheirlifestories.Youcano化havealook.g""""我们前方可看到金陵標局,金虹泣ontofus,化LingBiao化(an35
""",,ortencstandsthere.加Linisthe,esca陵是南京的古称,镶局又称標斤gjOg’"’,专口为保护人身或财产ancie曰tnameofNaning.BiaoJu,also是受人钱财武功j"’’安全的机构,相当于我们现在的保安公namedasBiaoHang,wasoperatedfor司、。rofit化seciallrotect化eperso打aland、快递邮局ppyppropertysecurity.Itisequaltomodem化curitycompany,expre巧companyandpostoffice.一ee条街都是根据Thewholestretwareainavisit我们所参观的整个pyg一lbund明代初年打造碑材的个历史背景而建towasbuiltunderthehistoricaackgro造的ofbuildinthesteleintheearleriodof。这里是吉禅赌坊,据说赌坊是古时gypehe候唯个游戏场所,不像现在游戏那么化eMingDynasty.Hrecomest"XianGblinHouse.Itissaidthatthe多。现在的赌坊主要妒游戏为主,有转盘gamgainhousewastheonllacewhere游戏等。在古代赌坊的对面往往是当铺。gmblgyp一n我们这边同样设立了当铺。当铺般认为peoplecouldhavefUnintheanciettime.起源于南朝,距今己经有化00多年的历Nowwehavesuchplacesandthereare""slamelikthewheelame.史了,会有精motseg。这里还有秀泡演绎场yg,彩的泡泡秀演出Oositetheamblinhouseisalw巧sa。ppggawnshoHerewecanalsoweapp.awnsho.Generallseakintheppypg,pawnshopcandateback化SouthernDnasthasbeenover1600earssince.Ityy,yitfirsteared.Therewillbealsoan巧p"lexcitinbubbleshowfromBubbeg"Entertainment.绣楼Xiulourelateroucan^ThisisXiulouwhe这里是绣楼,待会在这里可1^?观看民,y"一arr化erformancenamedMiae俗表演《赐御婚》。它是场民俗表演。enoafogjyp"一GntedbtheEmerorThiia抗Ik.ss说的是当时打造碑材时有位张石匠,他rayphowtlliusasaboutZhanCuicui张翠翠孝顺,货惠又漂sentor,技艺超群,其女儿gygdauhterofasuaremanwhosefamil亮。经常到工地上为父亲洗衣送饭,照顾化egqy36
得无微不至,备受工匠们的喜爱。此事辕namewasZhang.Thesquaremanwasone一ftheworkerswhomadethestee.His,皇上l转流传,直传到了皇上那里为了o鼓励工匠,特嘉奖张石匠和他的女儿,并daughter,ZhangCuicui,wasafilial,为张翠翠选夫婿,赐御婚。这个表演是Wvirtuousandbeaut航Igirlwhooften出d。larbroutealsandiedhbt化抛绣球的形式展开的待会表演开始时,undhmtreresy,g男±们请踊跃参与akecareofherfatherwhidiwasoken。t,巧highofbytheothersuaremen.Thes记lofqyZhangCuicuihonoringherfathergraduallysreadandeven化okair化theEmerorofp,pthattime.虹order化encourage化〇化squarementheEmerorawardedZhan,pgandhisdaughteranddecided化choose汪,husbandforZhangCuicui,whichiscalled""MarriageGrantedbytheEmperor.Thiserformanceisdeveloedbthrowinappygballofcoloredsilkstris.Whenthepperformancestarts,yougentlemencantakepartinitifoulike.y"""-绣楼的对面是南北杂货店。在古Opposite化兒ukmistheSouthNorth"代统称杂货店,可想而知就是里面什么都Grocery.Suchaplaceiscollectivelycalled。rocerin化eancienttimesfromwhichwe有,就相当于现在的超市里面有饮料和gy,fdaii,cafindthataUkindilecesstes各种食品,是为游客上山做准备的拾阶nsoyn而上,大家注意脚下,注意安全。aresoldhere.Itissomewhatlikethe"sekedas-urmartnowa.In化eSouthNorthpy*whGrocery^therearedrinksandfoodich,arepreparedforvisitorsclimbingthein巧bflilliimounta.easeecareuwhecmbngupon化estes.p古泉井GuquanWell""一在这里有口古泉井。这口井是扣isisaGuuanWellwhichhasaq,巧
600多年前留下来的。在前面的山historofmore化an600years.The《游阳y记。在600多年前这里全YanshanTravelwhichismentionedbefore》中曾记载了它g是草房,住的都是石匠,工匠,劳工,监haseverrecordecUt.About600yearsago,i工等erewereall化at浊edcottageiere,n。他们全靠这口古泉井生新而且靠化|ivedsuaremenartisanslaborerswhkhl,这口井的水来锻造凿子,睡子等开石工q,具andoverseers.ThalllivedontheGuquan。现在这口井里的水被评为南京市第H巧矿泉水,其水质清纯甘甜。Wellandalsousedthewater化仿巧e化olslikechisels,andhammers.Nowthewaterofthiswellis打amed化eThirdMineralWaterofNaninCitwhichiureandsweet.,sjgyp阳山碑材景观图Firstletuslookat化elandscapemap,一fed顺着我手指的方向我们先看下阳oYangshanstele.Thestelewasunfinish山碑材的景观图underthesituationofoliticalevolutionin。送块碑是在当时明代政p一naIcoH块化eMinDst.tnsistsofthree局演变下直没有完成的碑材。共有gyystoneshdbodthestele.。:baseeadanof石头组成,即碑座、碑额、碑身单个碑,y一6198下abaeiaheavas6198tons.Here吨。我们稍作了解,Onlsssy,座就重达y,?foweustetsomeinrmationandIwill待会上去看到实物之后,我再为大家做详jg,细的介绍iveouadetailedintroductionwhenwe。gyseeit前方我们的右手边是射箭场,有兴趣虹仔ontofUS,thereisanarcheryfield一herh。ontit.Ifouareinterestedoucan的话可^试下自己的眼力和臂力在前gy,y""一t上面写着阳山圣迹aveatr.Andthereisastonearchinfron,h,方有块石牌坊,y"H同样出。onwhichwritesYangshanistorical自孙晓云之手"民elics,write打bySunXiaoyun.往前继续走。他Wecanseecastledriftwhenwego,可W看到古堡漂流一一foandshowsrwarlItisanindoordrift是个室内的漂流,W神话的形式展现些历史题材人物雕像mehistoricalstatuesoffiguresintheform,有兴趣的可W进去so一res。ofmth.Ifouareinte把doucango感受下yy,yinside化feel比一wlarrive路往上化化estesweil台阶(上台阶请大家注意安邮p,38
全),我们就来到了关圣殿。里面供奉的饥anshengTemple(Pl閒sebecarefolwhen是大家非常熟悉的关羽、关云长。他被世going哗化estep.).虹化eTemple,Guanyu,llGuanYunwithwe人尊称为武财神。alsocaedchangwhomarcfamiliar,isworship己d.Heisho打OTsd汪5MartialGodofWealth.阳山碑材TheYangshanStele’好了,大家现在就随我去参观文物保Nowletso化visitculturalrelicprotectiong。zoneYanshanStele.Ittakestenit化护区阳山碑材到阳山碑材还有十分mnues,g钟路程,利用这段时间我简单的为大家介arrivethere.Andwecanmakeuseofthe一Y绍下阳山的来历。首先ime化introducetheoriinofangshan,从我们送个方tg’向看这座山是看不出名堂的,但据说,从briefly.Fromthisway,wecantfindwhat南京方向看阳山,非常像山羊的两只角,uniquefeatureofthismountainis.B山化is""idthtthtiisliketwocleatsof所,,saaemounanlil当地人就称它为山羊的羊羊山自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,goatifwelookatitfromNanjingcity,so有多个朝代建都于此,自南北朝开始古代thelocalpeoplecalleditGoatMountain.皇家采石场就建在此,后来朱様又为他的SinceSouthandNorthDynasties,Nanjing,—n为了显至尊、图吉wheremaemerorsbuilttheirpowers父亲打造神功圣德碑,yp,""ledareareimtrlein祥,所W改羊山为太阳的阳阳山。当paymondmoportano一hofhY然改名也有定的道理。因为我们碑材北reionssoutteangtzeRiver.g"""且、Meanwhilethismountainwasalacefor面依山,碑面朝阳,阳具有高尚p"之意erulers1:0builduarries.TheninMin刚毅、吉祥,所W改名也就是顺理thqg一eroZhuL直延用到现在。Dynastyriforedthestele成章的事了,且,Empgforhisfather.Inorder化show出gnityandpursueoo过fortu打ehechanedthenameg,g""intoSunMountain阳山.虹Chin的e()"’’""羊oatand阳sunhavethesame(g)()pronunciation.Itissurelyreasonable化changename.Thereis过mountaininthenorthof5化le,""andthestelefacessouth.YanginChine化39
meanssun,whichrepresentsdignity,历mn的sandausiciousne巧.Sothenamepremainsusednow.风雨亭FengyuPavilion"一一化间草亭叫风雨虹ourway哗erewiUbeagrass路上来前方有,"""亭可W避风遮雨,大家可W过来休息下。pavilioncalledFengyuPavilion,whidiheltfromindandrainandwhere在风雨亭旁边是古采石场遗址。它是南北canserw一riwecanhavearest.Beside化is化ehistocal朝时期的采石场,比碑材要早上千多年iuaNorthernand的历史。南京是六朝古者P,历代皇帝修建siteofancentqrryin宫殿,SouthernDnastieswhichismore1,000、陵园需要大量的石料都采之于此y,我们送边保留了原貌,但是路不太好走。yearsearlierthanYangshanStele.Nanjinges。theancientcaitaloftheSixDnasti待会儿我们上碑材的路是这边的ispyandeerorsneededstonematerialwhichmp,camefromthisquarry,化buildpalacesandhriilmausoleums.Weke巧teognaapearanceof化euarrsoitisnoteas化pqy,ywalk.LaterwewillothatwaytoclimbgYangshanStele.袁机墓YuanJiTomb袁机原名袁素文,她是清朝的大支学YuanAiwhoseformernamewas,一一也是anSuwenwasthethirdsisterofYuan家袁枚的H妹,代才女,代悲女,Yu,她指腹为婚嫁入高家受尽拆磨,大约4年M吐agreatmanofletersinQingDnasty.yShewatalentbutherlifewastraic.之后由父亲领会杭化老家,后来随着全家sg一hBsbomsewasenaed1;〇a起,eforeshewa迁徙到南京随园,与哥哥袁枚住在,gg40岁时因病亡故。考虑到南京到抗州路送boywho化familynamewasGao.Whenshe之otmarreredalotinheri对shesuf遥远,难W归葬,袁枚在征得母亲同意g’husbandshomeAbout4latershe.ears后,将袁机葬于他任,,为了方便W后祭扫y江宁知是时千分喜爱的汤山,并为妹妹写wastaken化herhometownHangzhouby一犯dedCaus下了篇凄楚动人的《祭妹文》,寄托思herfatherthenmov化Suim,,p一it(aninithherfamilieslivnihher妹么情,也是我国H大祭文之另两篇Njgw,gw40
二郎文》和欧阳修《泼brotherYuanMei.Shediedatherageof40分别为韩愈《祭十,冈Pf》)。becauseofilln的s.Considering化edistance表fromNanintoHanzhouandmakinitjgggconvenient化visitandsweep.YuanMeidecidedtoburyhissisterkiTangshan,whichheHkedwhenhewas化emaistrategof?liangningCounty,泌ergetinghis*mothersareement.Andhealsowroteangtouchingarticle巧喊口c游mss化蛛汉封er化exp防sshislongingforhissister,whichisoneofourthreeelegiacaddressesinChina(the0化ertwoare如孤各!VjcAddress化theTwelfthNephewbyHemYu,班AnEUahInscribedo内化eMemorialidppTabletattheP汹hLeading化化e恥mbinShmnggangbOuanXiu.yyg碑座TheSteleBase一t块突出来的巨大Thehuestonestandingoumfrontof在我们正前方有g"石块这就是我们阳山碑材的最底部碑usisusedasthebaseoftheYangshanStele."座,就是基础部分,也是这H块碑材中Thatis化sayitisthefoundationof化e一6198吨。大家请留意stele.Withaweihtof6198tonsit最重的块,,,重达g一eshe下在碑材的左下方有H块非常清晰的becomtheaviestoneofthethreestones。因formakin化estele.Nowleasea方孔,是为了方便运输事先留下来的gppy为我们度三块碑材都要运到南京明孝陵atention化thethreesarelyperforatedqu朱元璋的陵墓前,然而明孝陵距离我们这holesatthelowerleftofthestone.Theyare边有30公里的路程,该怎样把如此巨大perforatedinadvanceso化at化estelecan的碑材运走昭?在我们古时候运送像送betransportedmoreconveniently.Asallthe‘threehuestonesshouldbetransorted1:o样笨重的物体,通常采用的都是结冰滚木gp法。也就是说从我们这个方向往南京明孝Nan脚gMingXiaoling,MausoleumofZhu一条大道Yuanzhangwhoisthefoundinemerorof陵铺设,沿途打井,也就是每隔gp41
一e200口thMinDnasthowcanwemakeit米打井,将从北方取来大型的原gyy,木塞入方孔中,等冬天来的时候,取出井sinceitisa30km出stanceawayfromhere?水泼在路面上.5ancienttimessuchbulkobectsare,使路面结冰达到1米后虹,yj一化化e的时候边usualltransortedwiheloficeand,利用人工牵引,人推马拉,ypp一一一边拖los.Thatmeansifelewanted化推,边拉,边滚,,把碑材运gp邱到南京明孝陵去。说到送儿呢,大家或许transportthestelefromrighthere化有点怀疑,我们南京属于北温带,现在的NanjingMingXiaolingMausoleum,th巧最低温度也就是零下六度左右,怎么泼水would缸stiylayaroadalongthislineand?但是在600diellsever200meterssecondlthe成冰呢年前的明代,史料记gwy,yy载那时候气温可W达到零下20度,这就putthelargelogstakenfromtheNorth给结冰滚木法提供了现实的依据。through化osepreviouslyperforatedsuarelyholes.After化at也eyustwahedqjuntilwinterarrivedwhentheweatherwasextremelcold.Then也ey化okwaterfromy化〇化weUsandoured化0凸化eroadwhichpwouldimmediatelyturnintoice.Whentheeze.eolicfro化ashihas15metereg,ppwo山dusehorses化pull化e巧elein化efrontthethemselveswouldushitatthe,ypback,andthelogskeptrollingallthewayinord巧化moveforward.Inthiswa化ey,ysuccessfull化ansortedthestele化MingypXiaolinMausoleum.Seakinofthisougpg,yeolmiht化mewhatdoubthowCO山dpegpourwaterintoicesinceNaninislocatedp,jgin也enorthtemeratezonewhoselowe巧ptemeraturenowadasmabearoundpyy°minus6C.ButaccordingtohistoricalrecordsearlintheMinDnast600odd,ygyy,yearsfromnow,thetemperaturethenCO山d42
,Kachminus20C.Thisiswhyeole化enppcouldmakeitwi化化ehelpoficeandlos.g"一fo我们民间还流传了个关于龟驼ThereisalktaleinChinaaboutthe"""。eleCarriisBak.The碑的传说,欤碑的就是攝辰传说龙有StyngonaTortoecithiiewas九子,onecarrnetebletnamedBXLI,旦九子不象龙子子生相不同,其ygthldtstheonemewho中龙的大儿子叫攝质,也称霸下,形似乌eeesonofdragprorhadal1;oethernineso.However龟,它愿长年累月地疵载石碑,W报父恩lgnsnone,德,朱祿就特意把它打造成踰质的形状。ofthesesonslookedlikethedragon一erohimlnoJlt好负重是长寿和吉样的象征,我国些显emprsefr航theookhe,y一n赫石碑的基座都由攝辰歇着,在碑林和same.TheeldestsoalsonamedBaXia,些古迹胜地中都可W看到。好了,参观完wholookedlikeatortoise.Hewaswilling、;rreeonhisbacki碑座,大家随我继续往上攀爬,碑额碑tocaythstelyearnand身更为的壮观。yearo山inorder化sing化eprai化ofhis,fath巧s巧eatgovernance.L化ewke,oneof'ZhuYuanzhangssonsZhuDithethird,(emperorof化eMingD打犯tyorderedy),’泌mepeople!;〇makethestelescarryingn’aimalinBiXisshape.SincethewUlingne巧tocarryweightisasymbolof’longevityandgoodluck,someofChinasmostfamousstelesareallcarriedbyiXiB,andthiscanbeseeninsteleforestandsomeof化ehistoricalinterestsinChina.Anlight.N,owthatouhaveseen也eSteleBaseitsy,timeforus化continue化goupward.了hen'ryoullhaveaviewofmoresplendidsceney’of化esteles化reheadnditd.asboyeLatterartofStPdtl碑座后半部ThP化eeleeesa走到这里我们看到的是碑座的盾半Herewecanseethelaterpartofthe。送teleeteewutai1部分,刚才看到的是碑座的前半部分sbasandhonewsasnowws,j43
一u化里原本是座大山,四周与山体完全连在Thiswasbecaseifsoestelewould,起的,现在大家看到的碑材,全都是人工neverbeascompleteasitis化day.Thetools一一uo用整子点点的凿出来的,当时明代己theysedwereuncheschiselsrp,经发明了火药,那么为什么没有用火药炸something.Youcanstillseemanygouges呢?由于火药炸的话,碑肯定不会像现在ontheborderofthestonemai.Ignehow送么完整,他们采用的是当时最原始的开wiseourancestorswereintheancient’凿工具!tueoutr.M,只是整子、键子之类的硬凿出来timesNowlescontinripind的。我们可W看到石头旁边有很多凿痕。yoursteps!Becarefiil!可想而知,当时古代人民的智慧是无穷尽的。来我们继续沿着台阶走,当也脚下,?注意安全!碑首The!SteIeHead上来之后一N’owwvrivh.Stin,在前方,又有块突出来eearedereig的巨大的石块,它就是碑材的第二个部infrontofusisanotherhugestonewhkht.I分,称么为碑首,它形似帽子又有碑帽的sandsouttisthesecondartofthestele,p■说法!在碑的最顶端adceec,所W也是运三块碑namedSteleHe.Sinlookedlika巧,一862吨it-材中最轻的块,仅重。碑首同样gotanothernameSteleCap.Wi也a一-预留了H块方形石孔,唯不同的是eihtO〇62tonsthisstonebecamethe,它wg,的最左边的那个方孔已经被完全凿通了。lightestoneofthethreestonesformaking抬头,我们可W看到,在碑首上方有突出thestele,化uswasplacedonthetop.There""lthreeldhole来的石块,我们称么为石牙,如果大areasosquareyperforatesonhinehedifel家有兴趣的话,待会自由活动的时候,可tsstoandtrenceisthat化ehoe一一I胁有HW绕此周数下。它呢,巧块。onitsfareastwascompletelyperforated.运是用来雕两条幡龙的龙头、龙爪和龙尾Lookingup,wecanseesomero浊sonits""的。因为送是朱様为他的父亲朱兀璋所打uppersidewhichwecallstoneteeth.If造的神功圣德碑。它乃是皇家的工程,在youareinterestedoucanwalkaroundand,y上方雕两条幡龙,两条幡龙置于碑顶,更countthemlaterinourfreetime.Actuallyit显皇家的气势和尊严。而且在古时候有hasaltogether14ro沈swhichwereused化""九五之尊的说法,9巧刚好等于14。carvetheheads,clawsandtailsoftwo44
c-度块碑首不仅是H块之中最轻的,也是最uiieddraonssincethisstelewasmade呼g,一e完整的块,它的四周与山体已完全脱离forEmprorZhuYuanzhangbyhissonZhu’开。Di1:0showhisfathersdivinemeritsandsaelvirtueBecausei江roectfthegy.化sopjroalfamilhetwoculed-daonsonyytrur,pgtheuppersideofthestelecanbettershowthehighstatusanddignitofit.Besidesiny,化"eancienttimes化enumberofnineand,"fivesymbolizeddignityandharmonywhichcanonlybeused化d的cribeemerors.And9lus5hae打s化be14pppp,""thenumbarofthestone化eth.TheSteleHeadisnotonlthelihtestoneofthethreeygsto订esformaki凸gthestelebutalsothemostcompliedonewhichhastotallysearatedpfromthemountain.'碑身IheSteleBody碑身是按山体侧卧式开凿的,方便开Inorder化make化equarrying采。其北端与山体连接而未凿断。碑身底moreconvenientthestelebodas^yw部留有支撑石,这是为了防止碑身与山体chiseledinaccordancewi化化einclination连接断开的时候碑身下落,支撑石能起到angleofthemountain.Itsnorthartisstillp—wihhemounainheom定的缓冲作用,也有利于下边放置原connectedttt.Attbot木,方便运输。碑身竖起来的島度是巧oftheSteleBodyaresomesupporting米,重达2617吨。stoneswhichwereleftforbuferingincase化eSteleBodyfallswhenitsconnectionwi化mountai辽wasbroken.虹addition,化estonesarealsoconvenientfortransportation.asitiseasy化belaidloson.Thesteleg,bodyis25metershiwhenereUedandaghweighs2617tons.45
阳山碑材的系列故事YangshanSteleSeriesH块碑材大家都看到过了,H块碑材Aswehaveseenallthethree加起来的总高度是40米,重达%77吨。steles,whichadd啤化40metershighand一是个多么宏伟的工程啊!然而更令人不wei班9677tons.Whatamarvelousworicit1405is!Thererriinthinithatthe可思议的是,我们这个工程是从公元mosupsggs8069'u年的月到14的月。它仅仅只用了proectwasstartedfromAust1405ADjg,13个多月的时间就凿成我们大家所看到化December,1406,whichmeansit化ok的维形。可想而知l13oddmonthsforus化see化e,当时耗费了多少的人ony!为了能尽快打造神功圣德碑r.Oainethr力物力,皇embyonecnimagemanpowe家在全国各地征调能工巧匠、劳王和数千andmaterialrecoursesitconsumed.虹order余人的囚徒,并且派出了残酷的监工,让化finishtheTabletofDivineMeritsand他们每人每天必须交出这凿下来的三斗SagelyVirtue,theroyalfamilyinductedS升的碎有屑,也就是相当于现在的100thousandsofskilledcraftsmenlaborsand,厅重。逸个工程刚开始的时候,大家是勉prisonersalloverthecountry,andsentcruel强能够完成任务的,但是越往后趙困难。supervisors,ensuringthateveryworker一andv完不成任务的,唯出路就是被处死。工hoer浊iseledrubblesofthreebuckets’匠们,生andthreeliterswhichareasheavasthatof,吃的是杂粮、住的是草棚活条y件极差。工匠们有病死的、饿死的、有的100kilosnow.Atthebeginningof化eectlecldbalfinih在山上凿石头不小也滑落下来摔死的,等roeoourespj,ppy化等。他们把这些死伤的劳工用草席裹起来whereas化wasgetingharderandharderas山下事先一掩埋在挖好的个坑里。这样久timewenton.Tho化whocouldnotfin础一thtlathtt.而久之,送个坑就形成了个很大的坟头easkwoudginnoingbuexecued包,居住在附近的村民们,为了纪念这些Craftsmenwereeatingcoarsecereals,living一死去的劳工,就把自己个非常好听的村inthatchedshackallinbadlivin,g""名双龙镇改成了坟头林至今仍叫坟conditions.Someofthemdiedofdiseases,*nd头村。someofhungejasomewereaccidentall,yfallup化deathwhenchiselingstones.'Thosedeadandwoundedlaborswerewrappedwithstrawmatsandburiedinabigholewhichhadbeenpreparedearlier.As46
timeassedbtheholebecameahugepy,-avemoundpackageshapedgr.Forcommemorating也〇化I沁ors,Villag知srchanedareatlivinintheneighbohoodgggvillaenamefromDoubleDrago打5TowngintoGraveMound.d-inThenwhidthisreatconsumg那么,yg,为什么巧费了巨大的人力物力工程又接近完工的情况下却停止了proectstoitsproductionwhilebarely整个jp?我们这边有种说法,也comleted?Thereisanoldsayinghere,开采半途而废呢p""a-迂namelForMovintheCitara是历史书上记载的非常有科学根据的y,gp"co也就是说当时朱様scient近csainwlii沈isalsoKrdedin都说,自打当上皇帝yg化erWhenZhuDiethirdemerorhisto.么后,他的龙兴之y他p,意图把国都迂往北京一of化eMinDnastcame化化e也orn,he地么些大量的、重要的工程也自然gyy),那intded化move化ecaitalfromNanin而然的集中在建筑他北京的皇宫上面,久enpjg化Beiwhichwas化eroundofhis而久之,打造神功圣德碑这事就慢慢懈怠恤gg.risin.Sonaturallythebiandimportant。当初打造碑材时,朱棟怕老百g了况且,g正言不顺roectscenteredon也econstructionofhis姓指责他是谋权篡位的,名不pjalacethereforemakinTabletof,固他的政化证明他的帝位是p,g的,为了巩tlDeMeritandSaelVirtueosack.ivinsg克承正统的,所W为其父立碑歌功颂gy德,民也己顺,天Besides,wheninakingthestele,ZhuDiwas。眼下时代背景不同了迁往北京,于是无泌aidofbeinaccusedbyciviliansof下太平,况且帝都即将guuinthethronehkhseemedlike。srw也再为父亲陵园做过分的装饰但是为父pg,打造unworthofthethrone.Fortheurposeof立碑又不能半途而废,因此他又下令yp一sreinhis了朱consolidatinhiimeandustig了,而且亲自撰文颂扬ggjfy块石碑代替re山ationhemadestele化sing化epraise元璋的功德伟绩,这块碑就是现在明孝陵p,""。ofhisfatherHoweversincetimewas.四方城内的大明孝陵神功圣德碑有,之不用dentthentheardentsuortoftheifer,了这个替代品么后,阳山碑材就弃pp了eolewereWon,peacereignedover化e。pplandandcaitalwas油outtobemoved,,pZhuDiwasnotinthemood化m沁e47
M’bexce.ssiveornaments化rsfathers化mNeverthelesssetinsteleforhisfather,g叩cannotbegivenuphalfway,sohegaverde'iho巧化makanewsto凸etabl別takngteeplaceoftheoriginalsteleandwrotearospinperson化singthepraiseofZhuYuanzhanhfahe.Tistatisgistrhstoneble()nowtheTabl约ofDivineMeritsandS巧elyVirtueintheSquareCitadelofMinxiaolinMausoleum.AstheggrelacementappearedYanshanStelewasp,gabandoned.Moreoverthereisafolksain然而我们民间当地老百姓还流传了,yg""—amone天意说。sreadinthlocaleolenamel,种说法就是天意说是跟我pggpp,y""heiilt。非常TheWillofHeaven.Tsayngsreaed们阳山脚下的几个村庄是有联系的化severalvillaesatthefootofYanshan巧的是我们坟头村的东面有个东流村,西ggMountain.Coincidentallthereisavillae,面有个西流村,前面有个关桥村和锁石yg"一w化么句话东边calledEastDiueastardrunningater)化于是民间就流传着这(w,西迪,东也留,西也留,theeastofvillageGraveMoundavillae有东流有西流,g一d道关calledWestDiutothewestantwo,碑材搬不中间锁石锁坟头,关桥,"ideandLockin山能走。我们大vUlaescalledClosn走,除非gBrigg,若想搬碑材g一of?onesinfrontGraveMoundTh想这句话主要说St.ensuch家想,山怎么能走呢,一adnmoneosentencesreiathele:there明这块石材它乃是块死石头,永远搬不pggpp住了碑材isanEastLiu化theeastaWestLiiUothe出去的。还说是附近几个村庄挡,""的去路west,theeastkeeskeepsoundsthe。这句话久而久之就传到了朱様的p("""耳中,朱樣就叹道不是我不搬,此乃是sameastheChinese浊aracterLiu)and"天意也。于是他就顺应了天意,下令停化ewestkeeps,themiddlelocksstonesand一hndbrid。eravemoueisclosedhencethe止了泛项浩大的工程tg,,gsteleisimossible化bemovedsoonlIfp;ythemountaincanwalkcanthestelebe48
moved.Wecanthinkaboutit.Howcanthemountainwalk?Thesentencemainlytells化at化esteleis过deadstonewhichcanneverbemovedanditisthosevillagesnearbyblockitswa.GraduallyhuDiy,Z'heardthissentenceandsigned:itisnotme化atu打wi化ng化move化e巧elebutthe"heaven.Thenhe化Uowedthewillof,heavenandstoedtheiantroect.ppgpj现在大家如果有兴趣的话,可妒沿着Ifouareinterested,youmaywalky一600itthestelealonthestes台阶进入碑身里面,观看下当时年nobodof化egpy,一ch。andwattheimressiveartificial前人工完全凿通的线天,非常之壮观p-eD-OnineSkyadein600earsao.myg一TY总的来说,阳山碑材只是朱様个作osumup,angshanSteleisjusta秀的工程,其目的就是为了稳固他的江山projectZhuDimadeforshow,who化"ri化conidatehii.地位。然而石上有痕己为前朝记功过,puposessolsregme""vltracesth碑中无字留与后人论是非,看完么后为Neertheesshetonthesoneave,我们留下了很多的感慨。recordthemeritsandmistakesoftheastp,村沮出spaceinthesteleleavestheroom化"disputesforthelatergenerations.Afterseeinthisdee托elinsremaininourg,pgheart.1824I1824eforetheri化ofalStrt在世界上还没有华尔街的年,nbWlee,送里已经开创了华尔街的事业;在全世界hereinPingyaohadalreadylaun浊edsu沈a都忙着旧貌换新颜的当下,这里依然保持business.Whenthewholeworldis着2700年前的样貌200underoinfundamentalchanesPinao。你不必早出生ggg,gy一她eesa02000Irmainsthme犯270earsao.年或年,你只要到山西来,便可yg览数百年前的中国华尔街诞生地,领略中Justcome化Shanxi,thenoucanobserveylt国保存最完整的古城风采。thebirthplaceofChinaWallStreetbuihundredsofearsaoandareciatetheyg,pp49
l-mostwelreservedancientcitinChina.py""平遥古城有龟城么称,街道格局TheAncientCityofPingyaois""为王字形,整体布局遵从八卦方位,nicknamedastheCityofTortoise.The体现了明清时期城市规划理念和形制分streetlandscapepaternlikesaChinese、古建巩300"II布。城内外有各类is址多处,characteri.and也eoveralllayout4000座有保存完整的明清民宅近,衔道compiyswithBagua(eighttrig歷susedin商铺都体现历史原貌.,被称作研究中国古,,T+,+,Taoistcosmologytorepresentthe代城市的活样本。fundamen汹iprinciplesofireality),whichrefletcts化6conceptofurbanlanninandpgshapedistributioninMingandQingDynasties.Inandoutsidethecitaremanyymonumentsover300ancientbuildins,g,4000we-llreservedresidentialhousesin,pMininDnastiesandstreetsandshosgQgy,pdemonstratingtheirhistoricalappearances.ThusPinaoisknownasthelivin,gygecimenininChin的i沾.studygeancent0es巧平遥城墙为明洪武兰年(1370年)所TheAncientCityWallofPingyaowas建,周长6.4公里,墙高]i2米左右,夕FbuUtin1370,thethirdyearduringthereign;表全部砖湖,墙外有护城河,深广各4米。ofHongmioftheMingDynasty,witha墙上筑有3000个煤口、72座敌楼,据说circumferenceof6.4kilomieters,andthe-象征孔子H千弟子及b十二贤±。城墙历wallof沁out12metershigh.Outsidethe经600余年的风雨沧桑,至今仍雄风犹存,brickCityWallisamoat4metersindepth是中国现存规模较大、历史较早、保存较andbreadthrespectively.W地3,000crenels一Wa72atchtowers化itCitll完整的古城墙么,亦是世界遗产平遥古andw,eanceny城的核也组成部分。ofPinao姐eedlsinifiesthe3000gygyg,disciplesofConfbciusand72saints.After--vointhouhover600earicissitudesthegggy,CitWallstilliremainsthelo巧in化eoldyg50
imeseofhile-lt.Asonteexstingargscae,-ear-lsinlbuiltandwellireservedcitwalypyChina,化eAncientCi巧WallofPingyaoisalsothecorecomponentoftheworldherie-iaotagPngy.if世界遗产委员会的评价:平遥古城是TheWorldR組CSCommteeo一座古代县城UNESCOkedthatthAcientCitof中国境内保存最为完整的,remarenyP-是中国汉民族城市在明清时期的杰出袍ingyaois化emostwellpreservedancient例,countinChina.Itistheoutstandin,在中国历史的发展中为人们展示了yg—幅非同寻常的文化、社会、经济及宗教exampleofChineseHannationalitycities发展的完整画卷。duringMingandinDastiesremaininQgyn,gallfeaturesofsucheriodsandPinaop,gyancientcityveals泣ictureofunexectedreppculturalsocialeconomicandreliious,,gdevelopmentinChinesehistory.一e平遥古城十大怪,其中之就是房于ThrearetenS仕angecustomsin""?P半边盖inaooneofwhidiisthathousesare。流传最广的说法为四水归堂gy,""-mo或肥水不流外人田。山西地处千旱,builtinhalflike.Thestfrequentlytoldeasonisthatitenableswatercominfrom且风沙较大,将房屋建成单坡,能增加房rg屋临街外墙的鳥度,而临街又不开窗户,fourdirections化gatherm化epatio,or化at则能够有效地抵御风沙和提高安全系数。itkeeps化egoodieswi血nthefamily.Shanxiislocatedinthearidandsandyarea.Thushel-indowsteantohouseswi化outw,facingstre巧5protect化6family扛cmsandandthefts.840-清代晚期01911),平遥经济高InthelaterperiodofQingDynasty22840-91in度发展,昌荣鼎盛,票号多达家,成U11Paoenoedaraid),gyjyp一eco为当时的金融中也。日升昌是中国第家nomicdevelopmentandpro巧erity.With22Pia〇haoalsoknownasdaftbanks票号,是中国现代银行的开山鼻祖,日升呼化(昌票号曾在山东、河南、迂宁、江苏等先orexchanehousesPinaobecame化eg),gy51
后设立分支机构,19世纪40年代,它的financialcenterofthattime.Thefirst一步扩展到日本、新加坡、俄巧aohaoinChin年Rishenchanor业务更进gg,""罗斯等国家。SunriseProsperity,was化e化underofChinamodemcommercialbank.RishengchanDraftBankestablishedgbranchesinkeyChinesecitiessuchasShandong,Henan,LiaoningandJiangsu.Inthe1840s,Rishengchangexpandeditsbusine巧化overseascountrieslikeJapan,Singapore,andRussia""您现在的位置是南口,曰迎薰口,YouarenowattheSouthGatenamed""""您可看到南街口牌楼上的薰风南来asYingxunmen.Youcanseeaplaque""迎薰口。hunonthearchatthesouthstreetcomer.四字,正是与么相对应薰风g""""乃暖风、和煎么风。迎薰隐含着欣欣ItsaysXunfengnanlaiwhidimeansthat向荣、喜庆祥和之意。您旁边的就是平遥fromsouthcomestheauspiciousa—古城墙。ircorrespon出ng化化emeaningof""""Yingxunmen.Xunfenmeanspleasantly""warmwind.Yingxunindicatesaflourishinghaandeacefullife.Riht,ppypgb的ideyouis化eAncientCityWallofPingyao.""您现在的位置是北口,曰拱极,YouarenowattheNorthGatenamed""""您可看到牌楼上拱极二字。拱,环asGongji.Youcansee化的etwo""""、。aractersontheGonmeans绕簇拥;极,北极星拱极W众星沈arch.g""捧月比喻四方归附。您旁边的就是平遥古embracinandsurroundinandJithegg,""城墻。Ploris.Go打gji化gethermeansthatamyriadofstarssvirroundthemoonwhichsignifies也atthecountrisunitedandyharmonious.RihtbesdouisAncientgie化eyCityWallofPinao.gy52
""您现在的位置是上东口,曰太和,YouarenowattheEastGateinthe""""您可W看到牌楼上太和二字。意为和northnamedasTaihe.Youcanseethe化""平安宁,万物各得其所。您旁边的就是平twocharactersonthear沈.Taihemeans遥古瑪墙。p閒ceandthatthemyriad化ingswill巧址战化eiros出onsnaturall.Rihtbesideouispygy出eAncientCityWallofIHngyao.""您现在的位置是下东口,曰亲翰,YouarenowattheEastGateinthe""""您可W看到牌楼上亲翰二字。意为使southnamedasQinhan.Youcansee""敌人闻风丧胆,不敢来犯。您旁边的就是化e化twocharacterson也earch.Qinhanmetrembliwifearnemiare平遥古城墙。ansthatngthees,tooafraidtointrudethecity.RightbesideouisceitWallof.ytheAnintCyPingyao""您现在的位置是上西口,曰永定,YouarenowattheW的tGate虹化e""""您可W看到牌楼上永定二字寓意城池northnamedasYongding.Youcansee永固,牢不可破。您旁边的就是平遥古城化esetwocharactersonthearch.""■墙Yondinmeanshahitionl。ggtttecysstrgyfortifiedandissecureagainstassault.RightbesideyouistheAncientCityWallofPinao.gy""您现在的位置是下西口,曰凤仪,YouarenowattheWestGateinthe""二""化您可W看到牌楼上凤仪字出自《诗southnamedasFengyi.Youcansee的e""经。ocharactersonthearchOriinatedas》有凤来仪,自然是吉祥之意您旁tw.g"""边的就是平遥古城墙。YoufenglaiyifromtheConfbcianBook"""of,Songs,Fengyistandsforroitiousness.RihtbesideouistheppgyAncientCitWallofPinao.ygy古城墙是中国现存最完好的四座古TheAncientCityWallofPingyaois一-v。19郎年,被中华人民共和国国oneofthefourexistinhostwellresered城墙么gp务院公布为第H批全国重点文物保护单ancientwallsinChina.虹1%8itwas,一6163。awadedoneoftheNationalKCultural位之。它大致呈方形,周长米r巧53
H面皆直RelicsProtectionUnitsbStateCouncilof南城墙随中都河婉魄而建,其余y'ub线相围。您可目测下城墙的高度,用脚化ePeoplesReplicofChina.TheCityalihlreedandthe步丈量下它的宽度。好的,城墙大概有多Wlsrougysquashap,?a高多厚?让我来告诉您。城墙高810circumferenceis6,163meters.Excepttht??Wa81236。化eSouthCitllwasbuiltalonthe米,底厚米,顶厚米请您yg"亲身感受下城墙,平遥城依照因地制宜,wanderingZhongduRiver,化eo化erthree。werelinear.Youcanmeasuretheheihtof用险制塞的原则修建,风格古朴,重视g防御eCitWallwith巧eballinand化ewidth,工艺和用料均W精良著称。墙体内thyg,withourfeetWell.Canoutellmethe为±筑,,外用白灰包孤顶部用青砖铺墳yy内侧设马道和内向播水渠道。墙上有6座approximatelyheightandthickness?OK.I城口及口楼,四角各筑1座角楼,每隔50willtellyouthe既actnumber.TheCity-er加化1座810metshih842meters米便筑料敌楼,中架木板,外设箭孔。Wallisg,eand3-6metersthickonthe0.6曰高2米。敌atthbotom,城墙上设女墙高米,蝶巧口3000,.Youcanfeelforourself.Withs啤erior楼共有座,操共计多个据说topy是按孔子有弟子H千二来设计materialsandworkmanshitheAncient、贤人屯十p,口ofPinaowasconstructedinasense的,其余己大都残Cit。不过除了城口和操ygy一nd化。,ofclassicalaintasteaccordinlocal坏六座城口中,南北各有座东西分pgconditnanddefenditselfwith别有两座,iosse,东西口外均筑有附属的脊城,,并且城内街道布preciitouseorahicallocations.With形如乌龟的头尾和四足pggp""ridefthe。bricksasthefloor出einneso局亦颇似龟背纹络,故有龟城之称gray,-wathelimeashedearthenCityWallwsbiidlewaandinwarddrainagechannel.yThereare6gatesandarchesontheCityWalland1turretateachcomer.Awatch,化werisb山化ever50meterswithlanksypweaetinsideandarroholesoutside.Thprapwallis0.6metershighandthetW地3000machicolaions2metershi班.,crenelsand72watchtowerstheancient,citallofPinaoalleedlysignifiestheywgyg54
7sints3000discilesofConfuciusand2a.,pExceptthegatesandcrenels,mostoftherestisdestroyed.Onegatestandsinthesouthandnorth化sectivelandtwo虹thepy,eastandw的t.Andaffiliatedbarbicanentranc的stands0山sidetheEa巧andWestGate.Theoveralllaoutlooklikestheheadyandawsofatortoiseandthelaoutofthe,ypstreetsinthecityissimilartothetextureoniat;ortoisescaraace.TherefojrePinaop,gywasnicknamedastheCityofTortoise.""一o您讲述龟城SeakinoftheCitofTortiseI,说道龟城,送里跟个pgy—havecienttale化sharewi也ou.Lon的古老传说,ananyg。据传说在很久很久前一lonaatortoihavinlivedforten,gose只生活在东海的万年海龟变成了神龟g,g一也ousandearsinEastChinaSeabecame天它携儿带女到潮海去旅游,兴奋么余yaalowithhis口,进入了黄河,它immortl.Onedyhe,an不留神误入黄河入海,g一auwd化hterantetravel化BohaiSea.逆流而上又到了汾河,有天路经平遥界dg,连绵不断ereoexciedthatteaccidentall,Thesth化只见此地南边山巧起伏,ywyywentinto也eYellowRiver.Thwent酷似大海里出现的海市屢楼。日夜思念家巧,ustream化theFenRiver.Whenthey乡的这只神龟立即爬上岸准备爬回大海p一aoeressedbPin也巧wimressedb位当地的神仙发现,龟Waygy,py就在此时,被p■化erollinandsublimemountainsinthe长寿和善良给人吉祥幸福的象征,送位g仙人就想让它留在此地,为平遥人造福,south,whichstronglyresemblesthemirage一iinheseaThehomesickimmortaltortose于是将它的条腿拴了起来。栓龟的柱子t.diatellieduontotheshoreand就是平遥城东7.5公里的冀郭村北面的冀immeycmbp郭塔。由于汾河在平遥境内为略偏南北的wanted化return化thesea.Rightat化emomentAnimmortalinPinaofoundit,gy东西走向,所W象征神龟的平遥城也就与向。由于andwouldlike化keq)astayinPingyaofor汾河垂直成了略偏东西的南北走化ebenefitoflocaleolebecausetortoises龟的身体为前厚后薄,所W平遥城的地势pp,也是南高北低,areireardedasanimalsoflongevityand。为了不让这只神龟饿死g55
神仙还在南口外十几里外的西源祠村造kindness.Thus,theimmortaltiedthe了个神池,那里有水、有草又有鱼,可供tortoiseup.Thepillarthetortoisetied啤化。至此,is也eJi阱0Towerinthenor化ofKguo其食用,神龟就被神仙留在了平遥形成了现在的平遥城Village7.5kilometerseastofPingyao,Fen。Riv却runsfromeast化we巧wi化aslightathinPinaoslantingto化enorthndsougy,andvi说versa.Sincetheupperbodyofthetortoiseisthickandtheloweristhin,theaiaoihiinthegeneralterrinofPngysghsouthandlowin化enorth.Inorder化keep也etortoisefromstarving化death,化eirucredoolinXianmmotalbiltasapyuAncestralHallseveralmilesawayfromtheSouthGate.The1;ortoisecouldbe拓dbythewaterrassandfi化也ere.Thetortoise,gstaedinPinao,andthePingyaoCountyygy?hraduall化okshaeinthelonistor.gypgy一aawe口虹出e1950stherewsllwi化五十年代时,,还能看到神池内有runninsrinwaterm也esacredool.The自流井不断有泉水涌出,池水清彻见底,gpgp.鱼自由自在地来回游waterwassoclearthatyoiTcouldseethe水草茂盛,许多小botomandthewaterlantwassolushthat,温p荡,由于泉水从地下涌出度恒忘所,冬季也不会结冻,形成了局部小气候,fuhcouldswimfreely.Thespringwater植物也保持绿色,这里成为北方地区少有welled0也of化eground,so出etemperature'一eontfreeze19说wasconstantandthwaterw.的块江南美景。可惜在年的大跃,andtheereeverreellofwhichltswna,把形成自流井的不ang进年化由于打深井p,formedasouthernbeautiMscenerinthe透水层穿透,造成J这颗平遥明珠永远地yhebeinninofNorth.Howeverin1958t消失了。,,ggtheGreatLe巧Forward,thewelldisaearedbecausetheimperviousbedppwasenetratedwhendrillingadeepwell.p56
theuhescomerandEastGate平遥城墙的东南角和东口,分别有文Atsotat昌阁(现已不存)、魁星楼和尹吉甫点将oftheCityWallstand也eWen沈ang'Ku台等建筑。南口部分墙段曾在2004年倒Pavilionwhichhasntexistedixin,g册Di塌2005TowerinianJianTaiorPlatform,年已获重修。除此W外的其余大Y,jgforAintinCommandandsoon.部分墙体都保存较好,与陕西西安城墙、oersppg,rtoftheSouthGatewallcollasedin湖北荆州城墙、迂宁兴城城墙等并列为中Pap国现存最好的四座古城墙004andwasreconstructedin2005.Aart。2,p技om也atthemostre巧wallsare,-toehelliv.ThsCitWalltrwereserediyp,gafiwi化theCitWlloXianJinzhouandy,g,Xingchengislistedasthemost,-reservewawellpdcityllsinChina.hGatijPinl平遥有六个城n:分别是南n、北口、Tereare6engyao,namey上东口、下西口。南口SouthGate,NorthGate,EastGateinthe、下东口、上西口一sesGa曰迎薰口EastGateintheouthWttein,会从城墙上下去,您可W看打0地,,"""到南街口牌楼上的薰风南来四字,迎化enorth,andWestGatein出esouth.South"‘""薰口正是与之相对应。薰风乃暧风、和GateisnamedasYinxunmen.Walkingg""晚之风。迎薰隐含着欣欣向荣、喜庆downfrom出eCityWall,youcanseea""祥和么意拱,环绕、lauehunonthearchatthesouthstreet。北口曰拱极,pqg""""簇拥;极,北极星。拱极1^1众星捧月comer.ItsaysXunfengnanlaiwhich""比喻四方归附。上东口曰thtrosth化eausicious太和,意为meansafmoucomesp"a-eeaniof和平安宁,万物各得其所。下东口曰亲ircorresponding化化mng"""""enmeanseaanl。Yinxunmen.Ximflst翰,意为使敌人闻风丧胆,不敢来犯gpy""""上西口曰永定,寓意城池永固,牢不warmwind.Yingxunindicatesa"。"可破。下西口曰凤仪,出自《诗经》有flourishing,happyandpeacefullife.North。""""凤来仪,自然是吉样么意。GateisnamedasGongji.Gongmeans""embracinndsurroundinandJithegag,""Ploris.Gongi化ethermeans化atajgmyriadofstarssurroundthemoo打whichsinifiesthatthecountrisunitedandgy57
hamonious.EastGateinthenorthisnamed""犯了aihewhichmeanspeaceandthatthemyriadthingswillrealizetheirpos化onsnaturally.EastGatein也esouthisname过as""mbU凸wi化Qinhanwhichmeans化attregfearenemiesare化oafraid化intrudethe,city.WestGateinthenorthisnamedas""Yongdingwhichmeansthatthechyisstronglyfortifiedandissecureagainstassault.W的tGateinthesouthisnamedas""""FenioriinatedasYoufenglaiyifromgyg""""化eConfiicianBookofSons.Fengyigstands化rrohiousnestppialaedas,ebarbcanentrancesonm食撤是建在城口外小城,又叫月城Th,""。平遥古城的替Yuechengisasmallcitbuiltouside用W增强城池的防御能力,y。城城口与大城口的朝向多数呈90夹角Pingyao化enhanceitsdefensecapabilities.(南口和下东口除外),即便敌军攻破了Thebarbicanentrancesare90degreesofthe食城城口,还有主城口防御,由于翁城内gates.excetforEastGatein化esouthand(p地方狭窄不易于展开大规模兵力进攻,延SouthGate.Evenifenemiesbreakthrough)讓了敌军的进攻速度,而城墙顶部的守军thebarbicanentrances,化ereisstilldefense,给敌人W致命打atthemainates.Massiveattackscannotbe则可居高临下四面射击g一击般的當城正如南carriedoutinthenarrowareainthe,正所谓食中捉蟹。一whbarbicanentrancesichdelasthe口脚下的这座样,但是在下东城的覚城,y一却有与众不同之处attacksandthedefendintroopsatothe。会您游览下东城的,gp一番CitWallcanshootfromalldirections瓷城时可W仔细观察,这里先给您讲y解whicho巧sadeathblow化enemies.Just。p"astheroverboes:catchaturtlein化earpgj"whichmeansasurecatch.Mostbarbicanentrancesarethesameastheoneoutofthe'SouthGate.But化eoneoutoftheEastGate58
'thw的tisdiferent.Ill化11outheiney出feren巧5first,andyoucanobserveyourselflater.平遥古城的瓷城城口与大城口的朝Thefirstdifferenceisthatmost。向多数呈90,下东口将脊口开在了barbicanentrancesare90dereesofthe夹角g一。atesbuttheateofthisoneisintheeast东面且正对着通衝大道而开种说法是g,g,andfacinthethorouhfare.Asainabout京城位于平遥古城的东面,下东口的食城ggyg一大口向东开为了表示对朝廷的尊敬。另化is化ateoleinPingyaoshowed化eirpp种说法是下东口外除了护城河设防,还有respectfortheroyalcourtbecausethe一a条横贯在城东的惠济河可作天然屏障。capitlintheeastofPingyao.Another一ddsainisthatinaition化themoatHuii在惠济河上仅建有座石拱桥,桥面并不yg,j一旦战事告急chcrossedEastPinaocould宽,便可拆桥断路,阻隔Riverwhigy,来犯之敌ovideanaturaldefenseforPinao.There,故而即使下东口食城的大口向prgy一isltrcrsHi,ononesoneahbrideacos邮东开,也无大碍。还有种说法把平遥yg一randh日oorwhideRiveteofichisnotw.古城说成是座龟城,古人营造它时担也,""这只鸟龟爬走,所W有意将它的左后So,inthewartime,thebridgecouldbe10公化smantled化stoanenemofensive.And腿拽直,并用绳索牢牢系在城东北pyiitintideaUfthebarbictranceout里之遥的麓台塔上,送才有了下东口脊城sabganen。oftheEastGatein化ewestisoen化the大口面东而开的奇怪现象pea化Andthethirdsayingis化aUokee化ep化rtoisefromcrawlingawaeoletieditsy,pplefthindle化theLutaiTowertenmilesgnortheastofPingyao.一人InebarbicanentranceoutoftheEast在下东口的脊城里居然还设有th一-ittewestsaumanhehtlatform,aeinhih高的平台,平台上有座关帝庙内置关Ggp、erestandstheGelewith羽、关平周仓与赤兔马塑像。庙口对面whuandiTmp‘一一建了座戏台处狭窄的GuanuGuaninhoucanand民ed。从关帝庙通过y,pg,Zg小口和砖掏步道可(^诞转登上城墙。这在Horsestatueinside.Oppositethetempleisa其他古城也千分少见。从军事防御的角度stage.YoucanmounttheCityWallthrou班59
内主要是用于交通和作战narrowdoorandabricktrailinGuandi。在曾a看,瓷城e.Itisrareitheitcities.城内建关帝庙和给关帝唱戏的戏台,无异TmplenorancenFroaitheersectiveofmilitardefense于在地面与城头之间搭建了几层攀爬的ppy,了垂直距离。出ebarbicanentrancesaremainlusedfor,自然对守城不利y台级,缩短Bu杜ansortationandmilitaroperations.t殊不知送正是平遥瓷城与众不同么处,表py明营城者对于镜城功能的设计和空间利化eGuandiTempleand化estageare用有着不同寻常的见解。也许正是因为下化sadvantagesfordefensing化ecitybecausethhortenthrticaldistance.Actuall,,eseve东口的位置举足轻重,才建起了关帝庙yy。thisifeatureofthebarbicanistheunue求助于武圣人坐镇替城,鼓舞守军±气qual3000trinPinao.Itsesanunus送与在城墙上设置72座敌楼和媒enancesyignifionadesisace、ointofviewofftm地lnand口,寓意孔子的贤人弟子同仇敌汽守城pgp。至utiliz地on.For也eEastGatein化ewestis江卫民的做法,实有异曲同工之妙于截城里的島台建筑看似拉近了两军跑离,实decisivelocation,Guan出Templewasbuiltiand际近距离作战化rafor化eGuanYusguard,对人侵之敌具有更大的杀pyiiration.Ithasthesameeffect化the伤力。nsp3000crenelsand72watchtowerson化6,CitWall.Andtheshorteneddistanceyenablesaclo化combatinwhichthedinmillbfihtedaainstinaintrugeneegywgmoreerniciouswa.pyThCitTowersometimescalled城楼,古代e,,是修筑于城池的城口顶y""""ilinancienttimesisbuiltonthe。aoou有时称憔楼平遥城墙的城楼共有六Q,座,二年(1703toofthecitates.The6CityTowerswas,创修于明代清康熙四十pyg1614onstructedinMinDnastand.张宽五间c,年)补修重筑,城楼高gyyreconstructedin1703也e42ndeardurin13.721.04。g米,进深四间0米造型古朴、,y。thereinofEmerorKanxiining典雅,结构端庄稳健城楼是城墙顶精致gpgQ,Dnast.TheCitWallsare16.14maters美观的高层建筑,平常登高瞭望战时主yyy一rseer13.72metewide,and10.04mts将坐镇指挥,是座城池重要的高空防御high,lfrmthefrontdoort:othebackdoor.设施。ongoTheCityTowersareb山Itinclassicand60
lainstyleandinfirmandsteadfastpriteframewok.Climbinguponto化edelcahigh-ri化CityTowersineacetime,peoplepcouldlookoutforalo打gdistance.Andinthewartime,chiefcommanderswouldbeinthechareofoerationsin化eCityTowergpwhichfunctionedasanimportanthh-tigatitudedefense.角楼,主Turretsarebuiltat化ecomersofacity,是建于城墙四角上的楼稽esillThedeadanlna要用^wa.secomersareg1^弥补守城死角即城墙拐角处的防御薄弱环节,从而増强整座城墙的防御能war.Thus,turretsarebuiltup化makeup""化霞叠楼化rthisweakn的s化fortiedefense.The力。角楼分别指西北角的,东fy""""。trretsPieiaToweratthe北角的栖月楼西南角的瑞讀楼,uiningyaoareDx""。northwestcomerXiueTowerthe东南角的凝秀楼,y'wdnortheastRuiaiToerthesouthwestan,■Ninxiuowerthesoutheast.gTLocatedon也etooftheCitW姐点将台,位于上东口和下东口之间城py墙顶上827betweenEastGateinthesouthandnorth,,现为砖砲高台。相传公元前''DianJianTaiisabricklatform.Itissaid年周宣王即位后,派大将尹吉甫率兵北伐gp验貌,连战连捷,后奉命屯兵今之平遥,化atafterascendingthethronein827B.C.,。EeroXuwaninZhouDast,mrany增筑城墙,并在此训练±卒点将练武pgyn明代中叶,人们为纪念尹吉甫功绩,在尹appointedChiefCommanderYinJ航to曾点将阅兵的地方修筑了高真庙。明清维wageanorthernexpeditionagainstXianyun""一一nohiitis.YiJifoandhs修城墙时并将高真庙连成体,是thetemmnorien城顶宽阔的高台,登高远眺,也旷神怡,armyscoredonevictoryafteranother."LaterYinwasordered化station杜oosin诗曰;层台百尺县城连,吉甫励名难壤,p"。,PinaoandbuildCitWallswherehe前塞草久消征战垒龙旗怯意出车年。gyytrainedhisarmyandappointedcommanders.虹化emiddleofMingDynastytocommemoratetheChief,61
CommanderYinJ泡peopleb山It化eGaozhenTempleatthepalcewhereYinappointedcommaders.WhentheCityWallwasreconstructedinMingandQingDynasties,GaozhenTemplewasconnected化theWall.Thusitserv的asabroad,aforwhelokouforapltmrepeoplecanotlong出stanceand耗el巧laxedandleasant.pJustastheoemoes化也eeffect化at化epg-whhighriseplatformichsbolizesYin,ym化扣8contributionisconnected化theCit,y'Wall.ThouhYinJifustimehaslongbeengoneenemiesarestillafraidtointmsetheg,cit.y。chdinth护城河,即围绕在城下的濛沟远古AMoatistheditsurrounge人类为了防御外敌侵扰cit.Toavoidinvasioninancienttimes,,在聚落四周掘蟹yicaoundhittlement挖療,e(edudthesrterse,随之形成的带状高地使人们受到p如g,修筑墙垣的启示。城濛的产生则可视为最化enabandinghighlandholeshape.People初穷筑城垣时,就地取±的结果。濛内积drewalesson孤dbegan!:〇buildacityallw一e,theearthtkarthewall.Thusa水而成池,成河成了难道防withanoundW逾越的,""""""线,惟城围民,惟池围城,池是城出tchwasconstructed.Withwater""的屏障,故常W护城河称。吊巧是横gathered化gether,theditchbecameapond,一跨在护城濛上的木板桥animenetrabledefense.Asthesain,桥面向外的端pyg结有绳索,通过淆轮、绞盘可随时将桥面goes,acitywallprotectsthecitizen,anda.ca吊起^。onddefensesthecitsoamoatislled,!断来路py,""asHuchengRiverinChine化whichmeansthattheponddefensesthecity.Aboardwalkacrossthemoatiscalledadrawbridge.Thereareropestiedontheexteriorbridefloorwhichcanbeliftedugp62
bypulleyandwinch.Thus,化eentrance化化ecityiscutoff.魁星楼,位于城东南隅的南城墙墙KuixingTowerislocatedonthetopofeSouthCWaacomereatitllt化esouths顶。魅星,是北斗星韦星中形成斗形的四化yiuixinistheeneraltermof颗星(天枢、天权)的总称,ofthect.Kg、天敬、天机yg也成髓91。据说魁星是主宰文章兴衰的化efourstarsformingafunnel礼科举时代人们奉祀魁星,乞求文教事shape(Tianshu,Tianxuan,Tianji,Tianquan)业蒸蒸日上。平遥南城墙的魁星楼theBiDier.ItissaidthatKuixingis,旧在ingpp南楼上,创建于清康熙三十五年(1696化eimmortalrulingtheliteralworld.So,同治十二年uixinwasworshiedintheaeof年)(化巧年)移建于东南Kgppgrcultural隅,仅imerialexaminationsforabete。新中国建立后,楼已经残缺不全p一t871990andeducaionalcause.虹1696也e35化留有砖台。巧年年,在平遥城,墙的维修工程中eardurinthereinofEmerorKangxiin,将魁星楼全面修复。楼yggp设双层,通高24米,底层筑八角形砖台,QingDynasty,KuixingTowerwas东西向辟拱券式通道,旁设砖阶可盘曲而originallybuilton也eSouthCityWall,,上。中层是仿木构八角形砖雕楼台,坐乾andin1873,the12化yearduring也ereignofEmerorTonzhiKuixinTowerwas向巽。顶层建木构八角形攒尖亭,楼顶满pg,gmoved化thesouheastcorner.Afterthe施琉璃。清朝年间,M星楼W巧尚有文昌t""阁,双阁理褒连云,建楼环拱W映日,foundingofnewChina,也eTowerwas城上的楼阁同城下庞大的文庙建筑群遥destroyedwi化thebrickfoundationleft一onaot相呼应方胜l.From巧87化1990aPinCi,文化氛围异常浓郁,堪称y,gyy境。Wallmaintenanceproectwascarried0山.jAndtheKuixingTowerwasfullyrestored.-hThetwostoried化weris24met汾sighwi化anctanlebrick化undation.Theireareogarchwaysin化eeastandwe巧withbrickystairsaside虹themiddleisanimitated.’-buwoodenstructuredoctanleildingwi化gscultureson.Thebuildingislocatedinthepnorthwest她dfacingsoutheast.Onthe化口63
-cdocanisawoodenstruturetglepointednhavilionwithcoloredlazeotop.IntepgtWPavilionstillQingDynasyenchan,gs化odin化ew的t.Aoemgoes化化eefectptechoesthatavilionsontheCiyWallp化mpl班andb山Wingsin化eci巧fromafar.S山Idinshe化canberatedas化emostgfantasticscenicso化ithariche山ture.pw--an6公里ThethousandearoWShuglin千年古刹双林寺位于县城西南y3Temilocadinthenorthofaotou处达蒲乡桥头村北leste巧。整座庙宇建在米多p高的止台基上,四周围W红色的穷上墙,Village,DapuTown6kilometerssouthwest一-e-h墙上有操煤of巧naoCount.Builtona3metrigh,看上去就像座坚固的城gyy中都soifoundationandwitharaetsontheredl堡。观体寺原名中都寺,因其地本为,pp一ee。loamwallthtemllookslikean故城之所在,因而得名中都寺当时为,p人不绝eablecastle.ShuanlinTemlewas,imrn方胜境,庙貌雄伟,香火隆盛,游pggp""n^edasZhonduTemleiil屯重楼阁,ornal,曾建有,高可望省可惜毁gygp一du于火灾,原阁础石至今犹存,直径米有because化locationiswheretheZhong余,CitinMinDnastwas.Thegrand,足证其规模之大。约至宋代中都寺ygyyv-i。seenstoriedZhonduTemlewasascenc改名双林寺据佛经记载,佛祖释迦牟尼gp涅盘之地为古代天竺拘尸那城跋提河旁spotatthattime,andenjoyedaboomingri尔时佛在双树之下ilrimae.PitiMitwasavaedna,头北p,g沙罗双树之间,ggy--eTheover-onemeerdiameter边双树顿fir.t,圆,四面西,右胁而卧寂升天"。foundatioiitnesses化loi.About开白花双林入灭。宋,寺n紛stswgy。称为后"""ZhonduTlinSonDasemewas,中曾住有尼姑,故有姑姑之碑及贞gyntygp"Hunl虹Temle.Accordin。双enamedasSag义祠等遗迹,盖与纪念尼姑有关林rgp一h化Buddhistsutrastenirvanalaceof寺建筑千数百年的风雨兵灾么,p,历遭患,SakamuniwasamongtheShoreaassamica,庙貌渐即倾化虽然历代皆有修葺y""DersmKusinarainIndia.When但到元末,已到了殿極损壤,厅廊倾顽y的地步、弘治、Sakamuniassedaway,hewasheading化。因化明朝景泰、天顺yphetlinthe化enorthfacintwes,andon正德、隆庆年间W及清道光、宣统年间都,gyg54
曾大规模地重建或重修,现存庙宇己全为righthandsidewi也legscrossed.At也at明代和清代建筑了。moment,ShoreaassamicaDyersaroimdsuddenlyblossomed.Therefore,thiseve打tis""caUe过ShuanlinrumiewhichmeansthatgSakyamunipassedawayamo打g化eShoreaassamicaDers.AftertileSo打gDynastyy,Buddhistminso打celivedin化etempleso,thereisaStoneTabletofNuns,anAnces比這1HallofNmsandsoon.AfteronehudredyearsofsufferinsofwarsandgdisasterstheShuanlinTemlewas,gpradualldamaedThouhitwasrestoredgyg.ginsomedynastic,itstillbecameunrearatteeanDnas.pibleahndofYuytySoitunderwentmassivereconstructions,durinthe化inofEmerorJintaiggpg,Tianshun,Hongzhi,Zhen呂de,Lo打gqi打ginMinDanstandEmerorDaouangyy,pgg,XuantongintheQingDynasty.Now,theShuanglmTempleisthe0打erebuUtinMingandQingDynasties.65
AcknowledementgFirstandforemo巧,Iwould1化e化payhightribute!:〇maysupervisor,Profe巧orYuanXia,notonlyfbrheracademicguidance,butalsoherpatienceinrefiningmythesis.Shespentmuchtimecheckingandrefiningmythesis,includinganyerrorofspelling,grammarandstructure.Hersupportandencouragementhelpme1:0comletethisthesisinanporanizedwa.gyIalsoouldshowmratitude1;oallmembers;打e化細1who任isltheJuriswyg化如atetuidancew诚化ersecializedknoweiseigipkdg.It化ywhovemethisoortunittogppyimprovemytranslationskills.Mythanksalsoo化alltheother1;eacherswhohavetauhtmeacademicstudiesandgg,someofthemwlioavemesorneadvice1;hathelmealot.gpMheartfeltthanksalsoo仿SchoolofF〇]:einLanuaesandCultures.Theyggg马riare;ssnfoao打amatelsfomithelptoetaccetoirmtissoo打asoss化le.mgpLastbut打otleast,Iwouldlike1:oexpressmyheartythanks化myfamil.Theiveyygmealotofsupportinmystudandlife.Iwillcherishalli打mwholeH拓.yy66'
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