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南京景点导游词的翻译项目报告.pdf

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学位论文独创性声明本人郑重声明:所提交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作和取得的研究成果。本论文中除引文外,所有实验、数据和有关材料均是真实的。本论文中除引文和致谢的内容外,不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中作了声明并表示了谢意。学位论文作者签名;日親巧辦>皆玉.心/学位论文使用授权声明研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属南京师范大学,。学校有权保存本学位论文的电子和纸质文挡可W借阅或上网公布本学位论文的部分或全部内容、复印等手段保存、汇编,可W采用影印本学位论文。学校可向国家有关机关或机构送交论文的电子和纸质文档),允许论文被查阅和借阅。(保密论文在解密后遵守此规定保密论文注释:本学位论文属于保密论文,密级:么i保密期限为年。学位论文作者签名:巧玄指导教师签名:1日觀;,护^5.v日期| AProectReorton化eTranslationofjpTourGuideIn化eductionstoScenicSotspinNaningBasedonTheorofFunctionaljyEuivalenceqbyZhouWuianqUndertheSuervisionofpProfessorYuanXiaSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentof化eRequiremen权ForMTIDereegSchoolofForeinLanuaesandCulturesgggNaninNormalUniversityjgMa2015y 中文摘要随着中国经济的发展W及文化的传播,旅游业成为我国对外交流的重要窗口。它不仅可W弘扬我国悠久的历史文化,还能促进经济的快速发展。改革开放W来,我国。。的旅游业取得迅速发展在送样的环境下,对导游的要求也越来越高这就对导游词的翻译提出了不小的挑战。不仅涉及自然地理,文化风俗等方面,还要考虑到外国游。客的思维方式,还;不仅要处理字句的对应性要准确把握跨文化的特性所W现在导游词的翻译越来越受到业内外人±的关注。本项目报告W笔者对南京旅游景点导游词的翻译实践为基础。在报告中笔者结合奈达的功能对等理论对文本进行分析处理,并在翻译过程中运用省译,音译,音译加注等方法解决因中西方文化的不同而可能产生的理解问题。同时笔者还详细地描述了。本项目报吿的准备,实施过程接下来笔者结合实例,讨论如何通过谨懷的遣词造句,。多样的翻译技巧来保证译文的准确与流畅报告的最后,笔者归纳出如何翻译导游词的方法,目P:深入理解原文,考虑西方思维,恰当运用翻译技巧等。一。本报告文化角度出发,希望能为参加导游词翻译的译员提供些可靠的建议关键词:导游词;跨文化交流;功能对等理论;思维差异;翻译技巧 ABSTRACT’ThedevelopmentofChinaseconomyandthespreadofculturemakePurismanimportantwi打dowforcommunicatingwith0化ercountries.Notonlycantourismcarry’forwardtheuintessenceofChinasc山ture,b山alsoitcanboosttheeconom.Undersuchqycircumstances,theKquirements化guidersbecomemoreandmoKstrictwhichmao化,ypsomechallengesforthetranslationonintroductions化化enicspo化.Thetranslatio凸shouldresenttouristintroductio打s化也elacesofinterestornaturalbeaut化alsoinvolvestheppy,acceptanceofthewaysofexpressio打byforeignerswhoh江V6di抵re打tthinkingmodes.Thetranslatorsshould色ndeq山valentwords化turnChineseintoEnglish,孤dtheyshoulddealwiththeroblemsaboutvariouscultures.Therefore,也etranslation0丑introductionsp化scenicspo化drawsmoreandmoreattention.虹化isreport,化eauthoranalyzes化etextontheintroductions化scenicspotsinNanjingbasedonthetheoryofF皿ctional巨quivalence,andsolvestheproblemscausedbydifferentculturesandthoughtswithproperskillsoftranslationsuchasellisis,p,化航sliterationandsoon.Meanwhile,theauthoralsoKcordsthepreparationandtheprocessoftheroectindetails.Thentheauthordiscuss货how化dealwiththeroblemspjpacco化-rdin化thesecificexamlesmakinsureabouttheaccuracandcoherenceofegpp,gytargettext.Attheendof化ereporttheauthorofferssomeadviceabouthow化translate,-theintroduction化scenicsotsthatisinde化understan出打ofthesourcetextdp,,pg,anadoptio凸ofWesternthinkingmodesandroerusaeoftranslationskills.ppgThisreportaims化givesomevaluablesuggestions化tho巧whotranslatetheintroductio打tosee打icspotsfromaculturalersective.ppo打so打see打cso-Kewords:introductiitscro巧culturalcommunicationyp;;化eoryofFunctionalEquivalence;化inkingmodes;translationskills Con化ntsi中文摘嬰STiABRACTi1ChapterOneProectSurvejy11.1BackgroundofProectj12Introduct2ion化Proect.j1.3下heFeaturesofGhi打eseLa打guageSLandEnlishLanuaeTLofIntroductions0打Scenic()ggg()Sots2p:1.4ProcessoftheProect..3j*-1t3.4.1Pretranslaio打Pieparationn?巧s?????31.4.2TraslationandExpiion414.3Checkinand民efinin.ggChapterTwoMaorProblemsandDificulties,A打alysisofCauses5j2iftfhi打eseLaneSLitoEnlishL細uaeTL5.1ShsromCuanggggg()()2.2Shifts,Expla打ationa打dGomprehe打sio打ofChi打eseand目nglishGulture702.3Dfili讯tilEi1icultiesin技npoyn呂eTheoryofFunconauvalencqyChateriiff15pThreeSolutionstoManProblemsandDiculties315.1SolutionstotheShiftsbetweenTwoLanguages153.1.1SelectionandChangingofWords163*1EllisisConversionandTransliteation.2pr,3民tio打GlsesandAdustmentofSentences17.1.3eco打strucofauj3it化btlt18.2Soluto打soeShiftseweenTwoCuures3titt19.2.1LiteralTranslaonwihNoes3iduci20.2,2Ad<Htonand民etonChaterFourda22pConclusionandRecommention4.1Conclusion2242Recommendation22.B24ibliograhpyAendix27pp6Acknowledement6glit Chap1:erOneProectSurveyj1.1BackgroundofProectjWiththedevelopmentoflobalization,theexchaneofeconomandculturebetweenggymo*Chi口aandothercountrieshasbecomeireandmoiefreque打t.Asoneofthemostusefulways化makeChinaimpressive,1;ourismplaysavitalroleinthisarea.Besides,China,withitslonhistorhasbeenanattractivenation1:0othercountriesinthewodd.Naninlikegy,jg,,Xian,enjoys过reatreutatio打amo。theforeinersbecause〇ntswonderfullhistoricalgp吕gyheritages.According记someresearches,化e打umberofinboundtouristshasreachedoveronemillio打inNanjing.Und巧thesecircumstances,theirequireme打ts0打boththeguidesandtheintroductionso打scenicspobbecomehigherandhigher.Thequalityofintroductio打toscenicspotsusedbyguidesdecideswht她erthecultureandspiritofNanincanbeconveedandunderstoodbforeignerswhohavedifferentwasofjgyyythinkin.Thereforethetranslationofintroductiontoscenicsotsnotonlbooststheg,py,PurismindustrinNaning,butalsoChinasdevelopment.yjHoweverthecurrentsituationisaboutthetranslatio打ofintroductiontoscenicscrts,pisfarfromsatisfactory.Itmayhaveabadefect0打thetx)urismindustryi打Nanin.jgTh^eforefurtherstudis打eede过inorder化chanetheterribledilemma.,ygc*Acording化astiesearchesbanscholars,itisnotdificult化行打过outtwomainpymyaspectsi打thisarea*Thefirstoneistoappropriatetargetlanguagewhentranslatingintroductions0打scenicspots.ErikGastello(2002hasstudied也eusingfreuencyofsome)qwordsrammarsandtheroblemsofintroductio打s化scenicsotsbasedo打thecorus.,gpppAndCaro-tlnSumber2004:329353alsooi打edoutth如theskillstotra打slatetheyg()pintroductio打stoscenicspotsshouldservefor化eracticalefect.Thesecondoneisaboutpthecultureintouristattractionintroduction,whichisthemostdificultproblemtodealiwith,becau化culturesometimescanbeexplo化dbythemeaoi打gsbene如hthesourceuaeSian-:6friinkhahelangg.omeschol站slkeChe打Gg2002773omCh打athttt()translationofintroductionst:oscenicsotsshouldincludethefU打ctionofcultureptransmission.王 Howeverttudainorethefeaturesofintroductionstoscenictsus,mossymysoedbygpesvondoducecuurefnfaeseuid1:oleadisitrsaintrltoNanjing.Ict,thintroductionsshouldgmixthesokenEnglishandtermsaswellasinteratelanuaeandc山ture.Thisroectp,gggpjtri巧化技ndoutthemethodstoimprovethetranslationandmake化eintroductio打s化,mscenicsotsconform化化eforeinersunderstandinwhichcanheldevelothe化urispgg,ppnduinaninandhenChinaistrNt.yjg,1.2Introduction化ProectjThisroectappliestheFu打ctionalEquivale打ceTheory化analyzethetextofpjintroductio打s0打scenicspotsinNa打i打.WithIhesecificexamlesof化anslationthisjgpp,projectemploysdiferentways化translate,suchasellipsis,化0巧anization,translitemtio打andsoon.Thisprojectdividedinto抗urparts:the员rstchapterisaboutthegeneralintroduction1:0thebackgroundandroce巧ofthisreortthesecondchaterrevealsthepp,pmai打roblemsand出ficultiesduri打gtranslationandanaly之esthecausesthethirdchaterp,p-sdiscu巧ethevarioustranslati打skillstosolvetheimortantanddificultointsandthegpp,lastchapterisaboutthesummaryandrecommendation.1TheFeaturesofChineseLanuaeandEnlishLanuaeTL.3ggSL()ggg()ofIn化o过uctionsonScenicSotspInintroductions化化enicspots,languageisputinthefirstplace,becauseitisabridgebetweentourismandculture.Inthisaspect,theSLsourcelanuaeaimsto(gg)expresswhatguideswant化tellthe化uristsinanaccurate,clear,vivid,humorousanddirectway.Soduringtranslation,theTL(targetlanguage)of化朋ismguidancealsoshouldabidebtheseruleswhichmaktheworkoftranlatirechaUeni打*Thefolloy,esso打moggwingarecharacteristicsaboutSLand了Lofi打troductions〇打scenicspots:1Clarit()yBecausetheintroductionstoscenicsotsaretaretedtoattracttouriststhelanuaepg,gg,'wheth巧i打SLorTLshouldbeeastounderstandbvisitois.Besidesthetextalso,,yybelongstoinformativetextthatgivestravelers过lotofi打formatio曰,soitmustbeasclearas2 ^oss化le.ThustheielativetranslationorTLneedstomakeclarit过highriorit.pypy2Simlicit()py虹introductions化scenicspots,thelanguageshouldavoidtobewordy.Thereaso打isthatifguidesleadvisitors1:0appreciatelacesofi打terestbwords,thevisitorwillbepyborediftheuidessa化i打sdificult化ras.SoSLandTLshouldbothbesimle.gyggpp3Directness()Theessenceofintroductions1:0scenicspotsusedbyguidesisdirectne巧.Peoplelikedrecte打r化betoldilyh化eareinfomedofsomethin.Sodotourists.Inthisreardbothwygg,theSLandLLshouldbedirect.4Vividness()>Theway化drawvisito巧attractionis1:0describethesee打erasvividlastheuidesyyg,canItntldeethideilitbutalo打thelifinri.oonndsoneusabsouattoducto打stoypgy,qyosceioicspotsandtheirtranslations.Andvividtouristguidanceinturncanstimulate,,,visitorsinterestFenWe打2004.(g,)1.4Processof化6扔roectj1-.4.1Pretransla巧〇打PreparationBasedontheabovefeaturesofSLinintroductionstoscenicsotstherearationsp,ppbefoKtransiati打gseemtobevery打ecessaiy.How化findoutaway!:〇balancetheSLandTListhefirstroblem.AfterconsultinganKferencestheauthordecidestoemlothepmy,pyFu打ctio打alEquivalencetheory化呂uidetheworkoftranslation.Thenaccordi打gtotheastresearchesbsomescholarstheauthorsumsuseveralpy,pmethodstosolvetheproblemsi打translatio打5suchasellipsis,CO打version,reorganizationandtransliteration.1.4.2TranslationandExressionpTaking化eintroductions化scenicsotsinNaningasexamles,theroectincludespjppjiitfthetranslato拉sofCWalloMinDastYanshanS化leandsoon.区ecau化oftheygyny,g反aturesofSL,化etranslationsshouldalsofollowtherincilesofclarity,simlicit,pppy3 vividne巧andi也s.Forexamledrecesp,首先欢迎大家来到南京阳山碑材(明文化村)景区参观游览。我们整个景区是由汤山温泉旅游度假区W全新的品牌理念把阳山碑材景区打造成为国家级大遗址公园,一一。这又是个新的起点,同时也是汤山又个新的亮点.Firstof址,welcome化theYa打gsha凸Stele(theMi打gCulturalVillage)scenicspotinNanin.ThewholesotiscreatedasanationalmaorheritaearkbTanshanHotjgpjgpygSpringsResortwithanewideaofbrand.ForTangshan,thisisanewbeginningaswellasahighliht.gFromtheaboveexampleitiseastofmdoutthatthetranslatedversionaims化,yexpresstheSTascompletelyasossiblesothatvisitorscanobtaintheinformationandpenoent.Thisartisthemo巧imortantoneintherocessoftranslatin.jympppg1.43CheckingandRefiningAttheendofthetranslationtheauthorchecksandrefinesthetranslationscarefull.It,yisanecessarstefortiheualitoftranslations.Inthis妨manroblemsaboutTLcanypqyp,yp,be抗und,andre化inkingin化eforeignerswaymakestranslationbeter.ThroughtranslationsaboutintroductionstoscenicsotsinNanintheroectsumsupsomepjg,pjadvicefortranslatorsinthisarea.4 ChaterTwoMaorProblemsandDifficulties乂凸alsisofpj,yCauses2.1ShiftsfromChineseLanguage(SL)intoEnglishLanguage(TL)Whentalkinabo扣化eshiftsfromSLintoTLinintroduction化化enicsots,thefirstgp’thingthatcantbeignoredisthefeaturesoflanguage.Withrespect化vocabulary,rammargaeb-ndp化sagtherearemandiferencesetweenIndoEuroeanlanuaeand,ypggi-tanlA化vocabuSnoTibeanuae.slarChineselanuaetends化emloverbsbutggy,ggpy,Englishpreferstousenouns.SowhentranslatingfromChinese化Engli浊,moKnouns’thanverbsareused化adhere化化evisitors化ought.Asfar化rammarisconcernedg,rammarinEnlishismorecomplicatedthanthatinChineseincludin化nseendergg,g,g,numberandsoon.Translatorsmayaoireatention化this.Thethirdimortantthinispympgthewholestructure,whichisdecidedbywordsandgrammar,thusitisthemo巧dificult化art.pWhenitcomes化thestructureofassaethe扣nctionsoflanuaelaavitalrole,pgggpyinouriuidancAin化KarlBuhler1934ththrmainfunctionsoflanuaetstge.ccordg(),eeeggaretheexpressivetheinformativeandthevocativethesearethemainurosesof,pp’usinglanguage.RomanJacobson。960modifiesBuhl巧stheorbaddinthree0化巧)yygminorfiinctionsoflanguage:化eaestheticthehaticandthemetalingual.Newmark,padoe-fsptedandadaptedtheBuhlrJacobsonunctionoflanuaeandclassifiedthetextsggintothreeeneraltes:theexr的sivetheinformativeandthevocativetext.Newmarkgypp,(88巧:巧)ThereasonChin的elanguagecanbetranslatedinto化eequivalentEnglishlanguageisthattheyhavethesame扣凸ctions.However,itisalsothemajordificulty化ataffectsqualityoftranslations.Chin朗eisparataxis,whileEnglishishypotaxis.The化suhis化at■wothereisnoexactlmatchinrdsinEnUshtoexressChine化mean.Ththeyggpingsenfiinctionofexressionorinformationishinderedtheonla化dowithitis化贷ndout汪p,ywy化’ndbride化atcantranscend化ea.NeverthelessemeaninsinSLcantbeuerstoodbggp,gyreadersorlistenersinthetargetlanguageaswellasthenatives.5 Anotherireaso口i打volvesthediferentculturesbetweenChi打aandWesternecu凸tries.Someexpre巧ionsorimaesinsourceculturescannotbefoundinthetaretcultures.虹ggorder化makevisitorsunderstand,化eskillsoftranslatingsho山dbeemploed.yForexample;……如果当时打造成功后,是要运到南京明孝陵四方城的,树立在其父亲朱元璋的陵墓前,来显示他的孝也,W此来笼络民也,稳定其江山。IfhetablethadbltditldhavebeecaritthCit...teencomeewounredoeSuareofp,qyMw’theMingXiaohnausoleumthisMausoleumwasbuUUoshoZhuLis技lialiet化〇g(py,)’’andinstalledbeforeZhuLisfatherZhuYuanzhansmausoleum化showhisfilialiet,gpy’sothathecouldwineolesheartandcontrolhisireime.ppglInthisexamlethereareseveraldificultiesintranslatin.Frotthenameofacep,g,p"。,,“明孝陵maconfusesomeforeiners,theMinXiaolinMausoleumcanbeaccetedygggp,bu‘‘,,’tthebestwais化exlainthe孝陵indetails.Becauseuidesarelikevisi化rsfriendsypg,’itdoesntmateriftheirfriendsspendm併etime化Uingthem細interestingstoryorexplainingmore.Sotheauthoremlosthemethodofliteraltranslationwithnotes:...ofpy’theMingXiaolinMausoleumthisMausoleumwasb山。化showZhuLisfilialieg(pty,"化〇.Andoneotherwordthatshouldbeointedoutis江山Infactthesetwowordsare)p,''''ticalChineseeseciallinancienttimes.Ithasalarerranethancountr.Butinyp,pyggy’",nWesterncoun杜ieseoleusthavetheimaeofcountr.Itisdificult化balace也ese,ppgyjtwoimag的becau化wecan、exlainthe化twowordsliketheformerexaml氏了heonl,ppy"’’""’wais化translate江山intocountr.Thusmantimestheworkoftranslationcantyyy,beerfectwhichiithdit.sscarmanp,pyAnotherexample:大明文化村是民俗文化旅游区,它具有表演性,参与性与娱乐性,是根据明代初年打造碑材的历史背景而建造的,再现明代的生活场景。TheMingC山turalViUageis1;ourismzoneoffolkcustomandculturewitherformancearticiationandentertainment.Itismadeunder化ehistoricalbackroundp,ppgwhenthestelewasfo:rgedindiebeginningof化eMingDynasty,reproducingthelifesceneoftheMinDastgyny.’"Ch",,,",,i凸esela日guagerefers化usemoreverbslike具有打造.Howeverp,再现,,,""""initsEnglishversion,the化threeverbsaretranslatedintow抽i,forgeand6 ""reproducin呂化spectively.Accordin呂totherespectiveruleofusagesofChineseandEn-lish,Englishliketorelaceverbswithnounsreositionsnonfiniteverbsandsoon.gp,pp,0化erwise,Westernpeoplemay拓elbored.Andintouristguidance,化eprincipleofvividnessisalsonecessary.Sothetranslationshouldusevariousstructuresandvocabularies.2.2ShiftsExlanationandComrehensionofChineseandEnlish,ppguu*CltieTranslationasarocessofchaninfromonelanuaeintoanotherisalsoashift,pgggg,betweentwocultures.SoisJuristguidanceacasei打point.Thereforeitisan,indispensableste化understandthediferen化3betweentheChin巧6andtheEnglishpcultureswhiletranslatingintroductionstoscenicot.sspThe归rstdiferenceisshownthroughthebackground:Chineseeolehavebeenppdeendentonmountainsandriversforalongtimesotherearemansainsaboutp,yygagriculturethroughwhichtheymakealiving.Meanwhile,WesternculturemainlyoriinatesfromtheseOa凸dmo巧eoletherehaveobsaboutsailin.Soitisnotdificultgjppjg化伍id化atsomewords,hrasesorsentenc朗inChine;searenoteual化化0化inEnlish.pqgAndintouri巧guidance,manywordshaveChinesecharacteristics,whichtakethetranslators111〇化ti巧e化缸dthecorrespondentword义Theseconddifferentconcernisthedivergenceofimagination.AlthoughmanymetaphoirsinbothChineseandEnglisharethesame,peopleinthesecountriesalwaysm*'employthesaeimaeormetaortodescribedifferentmeanins.Forexamleastimidgphgp,"",,"""asarabbitmeans胆小如鼠inChinese,sorabbithasthesamemeaningas鼠Thethirddiferenceisabo山viewsof化6world.Becauseofthevarietyofsystems,revnaialigionsandviewsofaluetveChine化ndEnlisheolemahavecontrast,,gppyoinionsandunderstandingsaboutthesamehenomenon.Theticalexamleisideasppypp'''*whaboutcolors.ChineseeolealwasuseredtoexressoandhainessileWesternppypjypp,peoplethinkitisthecolorthatrelatestoviolenceandblood.The拉urth巧化0凸is化atdiferentcountrieshavedifers凸tcus化msin也eirsocial""activiti朗.Forexamlehineseisused1;ocallin化eirou巧loverb山inWesternp,Cg巧:7 ""culturelovermeansmistressorsomeo打elikethat.ItisatabooforWesterneoleso,pp,"",,,'thealwayscalltheirmatewi反〇111115倍舶少.yTosumupcultureis过打indise打s化leartfortranslatin.Theotonlafecttheppgynylrsonbualsoheu打过edinofiri巧ualitoftransatedveittrstanforeers.目ecausetouqy,ggnuidanceisakindoftextthatconveysi打formationt;ovisitorsincludi打diferentculturesg,gandtraditions化etranslationshouldobethisruleand山moireemhasis0打thisoint.,ypppForexample:""""""""。现在我们就来到了大明文化村的材口上方有春夏秋冬四季图,它就表示对大家的到来的欢迎一,并祝大家。旁边还有两幅象團,年四季平安如意NowwearriveatthegateoftheMingCulturalViUage?孔ereis过icturethatpcontaeanrisueraumnandwinteraboveinsfourssoss打mmtu他eateandonpg,,,geachsideofthisicturearetwoicturesdrawintwoelehants.Allofthesemeanwarmppgpwelcomeforourcomingandoodblessinstousinthewholeyear.ggThisexampleshowsthetypicalcultureandtraditio打thataredifere打tinChinaandu'Westerncountries.WithinChineseclturefour化asonshavetheirmeaninsIesectivel.,gpy""Theainlareelated.化diet1:oariculturesrinsthatfarmerslantoseedymy,g,pgpp''''^'^'ummsedhasasinalthatlantsrowuicklautumnisaseasonforharvestandevengpgqy,,"^thecodSvintefhasasecialfunctionthateolecanstorefofornexte^.Thewholelpodppycircletellsthateolecangetsomethingseciali打everyseason,and打atureivesthebestpppg,wishtohumanbeings.ButWesterneoledo打tthinkso.Forinstance,thebelievethatppy【(,,autuimialsohasaowertodestroyeverthinoldwhichcanberovedin(9娠於pyg,p*Jn脈5/巧献bFarcBssheShelle.Sowhetheuideintroducesthese抗uricturesheyyyygp,shouldspend江litle巧meexplainingtheimageoffburseaso打sinQii打asoas化avoide(,,evso風e化is咖derstMdi打.Then化成hanthowerhasverdist打uishedimlicationsigp,,ygp""in出fere打tcultures.I打Westerncountrieselehantalsoknre巧eseolebits,ppppy"clumsi打e巧stuiditandsomethinlikethese?了healwasu化asthickskinnedasan,pygyy,’elephant化describesoniecmeclumsy.OnceaChinesecompanywantedtoexportitsWhiteElephantBrandsoap,fewwesterncus化merswerei打terestinit,becausethebad""imageofelephantmadepeoplebelievethatthequalityofsoapwasnotuptothestandard.ContrarytothethoughtofWesternpeople,Chineseusuallytakeelephantasananimalthatisloallovelandhonest.InChinesetraditioneolehanutwoicturesofy,y,ppgpp8 elephant〇打eachsideofdoorinSpringFestival化showthatthehostwelcomesguests化""fromanywh班e.Intheabove化uri巧guidance,itisobviousatelephantcangivepeopleoodwishes.Sincetheexlanatio打canbefoundinthefbllowinsentencesthetranslationgpg,’needntaddanyoreinformation.Otherwi说,化ewholetouristdanceseemstobesom細wordthatvisitorsmaynotareciatethelacesofinterest.Itisnoticedthatwhenyppptranslatintouristuidance化ereadersorlistemersshouldbeutinthe日rstlace.Thisgg,ppexamlenotonlillustratesthediferentimaescausedbdiferentvocabularindifferentpygyylanguages,butalsoexplainstheimportanceofculture.Anotherexample:一在进入大明文化村时,大家请留意下这口道旁的两个附属建筑,圆圆的像个石""鼓。。皮就是人们常说的口当自古W来,郎才女貌,口当户对被认为是男女结合的最佳组合。也就是说他们的婚姻是由父母做主,要男女双方家庭的化会地位和经济""!状况相当才可W结亲,这个口当在古代建筑中只有大户人家才有WhensteppingintotheMingCulturalVillaeleaseaatention1:0twoafiliatedg,ppy",,buildinslikeroundstondrums.ThisiscalledMe凸Dan.Sincetheancienttheg,ygbestmarriagehasbeenaperfectmatchbetweenamanandagirlwhichmeanstheir,化’marriageisdeterminedbyeirar幻Itsandonlheneachotherssocialstatusandp,yweconomicsituationareequalcantheyettoether.ThisislikeRomeoandJuliet.Soonlaggy""bihouseholdhasMenDangintheoldbuildings.g ̄ec"Inthisexamletouristuidancre日etsoneofits拓aturessoke打Enlish.Atthep,gpgbeginningofthispart,itiseasytofindthat比eguideasksvisitorstoayatentio打化psome化ing化atheorshewillintroducenext.Sointranslatio打,thetranslatormu巧take化is""characterintoconsideration.Thenn当asticalChinesewordsshouldbeexlained.,yp,pFortunately,thereisthesamephenomenoninWesterncountries.Lookingbackatthehistorweknowthateinancienttetrhomeorbbmarriaimeswhheataroadareasedony,g,,equalwealthandequalstatusoftwofamilies.0也erwise,也ecouplemaybe化reed化separatebytheirownfamily.Suchstoriescanbefoundinmanyclassicalliteratures,like’口九/zgfbyShakeseare.Andi打chinaalotoffamouslovestoriesalsohavethep,samecontent.Sointhispart,translatorcanaddsomeexamples化makethetouristguidancemorevividandattractive.9 2.3DifficultiesinEmlointheTheorofFunctionalEuivalencpygyqyEueneA.NidainhisownresearchmakestheconclusionthatantMngaidinonegysnidano化e也ccreblihutintlaguagecanbesainrwireasonableauacybstasi打eivalenosygqp’ofreferencein化e皮ceptorscultureandmatchinghiscognitiveframeworkthroughrestructuring化econstitutiveelementsof化em的sage.Eachlanguagehas化eirowndistinctivefeatureswhichmakeabsolutecommunicationpo巧化leamongallpeoplebecauseofthesimilarityofmentalprocesses,somaticresponse,rangeofculturalexperience,andcapacityforadjustmenttothebehaviorpatternsofothers.Nidaappli的linguistics化translation.Hepointsout化attheprocessoftranslationcan"beobectiveandscienlific,becauseustaslinuisticsmabeclass近edasadescritivejjgypsciencesothetransfere打ceof瓦m的saefromonelanuae1;oanotherislikewise泣valid,ggg"subjectforscientificdescription(Nida,2004a:3).Thenheintroduc的theconceptof""kn-ernelinliguisticsandadvancedathreesteptransla杜onprocess:1Toanalze()ysource-nuaressirlsernellaeexonsintemsofbasickernee打fencesTotransform化ekggp;口)formsofthesourcelanguageinto化eequivalentkernelformsofthereceptor4anguage;。)Totransformthekernelutterancesofthereceptorlanguageintothestylisticallyappropriate-iNida20046869expressons(:a;)."Equivalenceisatermusedbyanriterstodescribe也enatureandtheextentofmyw化erelationshipswhichexktbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage化xtsorsmaller"’linguisticunitsShutleworth皮Gowie,2004:49.Euivalencedoesntmeanidentit.It()qy""ubnot:reisatroledion(Shutleworth&Gowie200449ofsomecontovrswithits,)y,precisesenseinwhichitisunderstoodvarying任omwritertowriter.Forexample,Baker"""Monacategorizestranslationequivalenceintoequivalenceatwordlevel,equivalence’’"""""abovewordlevelrammaticaleuivalencetextualeuivalenceandraatic,gq,qpgm"eu-qivale打ce2000:2142.()Onthe0化erhand,suchaviewoffimctionalequivalenceimpliesdifferentdegre的ofadequacyfromminimaltomaximalefectivenessonthebasisofbothunderstandinandg"experientialfactors.Minimalefectivenesscanbestated:也e化adersofatranslated化xtshouldbeabletocomprehendittotheointthatthecanconceiveofhowtheoriinalpygreadersofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit.Anythinglessthanthisdegree10 ’"ofequivalenceshouldbeunacceptable.Nida,1998:87)Whilemaximalefectiveness(m-ipliesahighdegreeoflanguageculturecorrespondencebetweenthesourceandtarg巧languagesandanunusuallyefiFectivetranslationsoastoroduceinrecetorsthecaacitpppy抗raresponseverydosetowhattheoriinalreadersexerienced.Thismaximallevelofgpeuivalenceisrarelifeverachievedexcetforthetextshavinlitleor打0aestheticqy,,,pgvalueandinvolvinonlyroutineinformation.g’Butitisstilldificult化employFunctionalEquivalenc.First,euivale打cdoesntyqy’meanidentitwhichilhistrat的化attranslationscantbecomletel化esameassourcey,py""textswhe化erinlexiconrammarstructureorc山ture.Sofimctionaleuivalencema,g,qybe化饥ightasarangeofadequacy,whichistheexactcoreof化istheory.Und巧化iscircumstancetheseco打droblemwhichshouldbesolvedishow化&idabalance,pbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage化narrowtheabetweenthem.Itmabegpyeasytodealwi化lexiconandphrases.However,diferentstructuresandgrammarbetween"whtwolanguagesmaketranslatoisconfused,ichalwaystakethemmoretime化searchanaccuratewordorsentencetomakeutliea.Themostdificultbutvitalasectishowtopgppshi行twodiferentcultures."isknownthattranslationnotonlyconveys化eoiigmalmeanins化taretedreadersImtalsoives化em化esamefeelinthrouhc山化ralgg,gggtransmiMion.Sodoesthetranslationoftouri巧uidance.Hencethefollowinexamlesggpwillmainly化cus0打thedificukiesinemlointhis化eor.pygyForexample:这就由于当时朱祿皇帝在打造该块碑的时候留下了许许多多的疑问给我们的后人,比如说朱様皇帝为什么选择在此为其父亲朱元璋打造送块神功圣德碑?在耗费了巨大的人力和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半途而废,停止了开采呢?而且在当时明代的历史条件下,该怎样把如此巨大的碑材给运到南京明孝陵呢?正是因为留下了如此多的疑问所W称之为问碑。那么接下来的这些疑问呢,我们将W探索发现的方式详细为大家解答。Thereasonis化at化erearealotofuestionsleftbehindlaterenerationswhenqgEmpbrorZhu。forgedthisstele.Forexamples,whyEmperorZhuLi浊〇化thisplace化forgethisTabletofDivineMeritsandSagelyVirtuesforhisfatherZhuYuanzhan?Wh,gythewholeroectwasleftunfinishedwhenitwasalmostcomletedwithcostinhuepjpggmanpowerandmaterialresources?Andwi化thehistoricalconditionoftheMingDynasty,11 howitl山dbecarried化thMiXiaolinMauoleumNanin?ThereforewiththsseeCOenggs,,jg",,somanuestionsJhssbecoesastnedsb.Andewillxlainleftti化lemueiole化neweyq,qptheaboveuestionsindetailsbexlorin.qypgAccording化化eTheoryofFunctionalEquivalencethetranslatio打hassome,roblemsinlexico打,吕rammarandstructureofsentencesinmi凸imalaspect."isthemo巧p"important!;〇conveytheaccurateme細ingsbecausetranslatineans打anslatinthe,gmgean**mingNida2001:103.Howeveritisdifficulttofindtheexactlsamewordsor(,),ysentences化replacethesourcelanguage,becausewecanfind化atChineselanguagetends化usemanshortphraseswi化〇山subect,objectandotherelements,whileEnglishrefersyjp化makelonsentenceswithcomlicatedrammarstructure.呼pgg"Inthissentence在耗费了巨大的人力和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半途"""""虹而废?化esubectis整个工程theverbis半途而.,停止了开采呢度停止开采,j,"w,,Eng化shV巧sion,aistranslatedintoacompletesentencebyith+doinwhichmakesg,thesentencemoreclearandsuccinct.Thesecondointthatshouldbenotediscomaredppexwi化word出smwithEnlishChineseoftenressesideassofeameeaninsuchasg,pg,半’’"途而废and停止了开采B山ansl她onustoneofthemisleft.Sodurinintr,jg任孤slatingweshouldamoreatention化suchstructuresinorder化avoidimnece化ar,pyyrepetition.Maximalview,especiallyinculturethathasbeendiscussedabove,isbeyondthelevel‘’’‘oflanguage,becausenothingcanbetranslatedperfectly.Forexample,神功圣德碑,if.translatedbypingyinmaybemisunders化odbforeinvisitorseseciall化o化wi化,yg,pyChristianreligion."isirelated化ireligio打andoUticalstem.虹ChristiancountriesGodp巧,""istheonlyonethatcanbeadmiredasholy.Evenemperorsshcmldadhere化theme站aesfromGod.ButinChinaeolehavefaithinBuddhismandtheemerorsareg,,ppprepresentativesofHeaven.Theyhavethesupremeowersoordinareolethinkthatthep,yppee"achievementsmadebymero。canbcomared化化0巧madebGod.Therefoieweppy,’",,",,",,’cantusehol化relacewith幸申and圣.Andintheauthorsoinion,somethinginypp."culturecannotbetranslated,evenitisaword.Thisalso"lustrates化atfunctional"’euivalencecantuidetranslators化achieve化己irworkwordbwordandsentencebqgy,ysentence.Theonlaistofindraneofadeuactonarrowthea.ywygqygpAnotherexample:12 左墙一《洪武大石碑歌》是清代袁枚所著。袁妆为清代江宁知星,也是位大诗人!""一诗中有句碑如长剑青天倚,十万骆驼拉不起充分猫写了碑材的巨大。紧接着又个神话传说揭示了碑材的半途而废!,W至未完成的碑搁置在阳山寂寞百年最后!诗人!^诗#浪歌了劳动人民的智慧与力量的伟大jT’heotherarticleontheleftwallisTheSongofHonusGreatStoneTabletbYuangwyMeiofinDanst.YuanMeiisnotonlthemaistrateof九3雌址巧countbutalsoaQgyyygygreatpoet.Thereisa化ntenceofthisoemfoUdescribin也eoreousnessofthisstele,pyggg"thatis,stelericksintothesklikesword,tenthousandcamelscouldnotmove化ThenpyYuanMeidescribedafairytalethatrevealedwhythestelewasleftunfinishedandstainytheYanshanuferinllis抗rhundredsear.At化endoftheoemheeuloizedsone打的seggyp,ghowreatthewisdomandstrenthofeolewere.ggppIntouristuidanceitisobviousthattherearemanoemsori打archaicg,ypprowChinese,whichmakestranslatingmoKdificu比Uiukrsuchcircumstances,how化usethe""functionalequivalencebecomesanimportantroblem.Wecan化ethisexamleexhibitsppm‘‘Chineseculturesthrouh化eformofoem.Thefirstroblethatshouldbesolvedis失口g,ppThn*县iswordcotainsicalChineseculture.AsweknowinWesterncountries化eieis巧p,,onlycounty(郡)orstate(少H),whichrefers化areasdefi打edaccording!:〇出ferent"’,boundaries.So《口甚meansachiefoficerinsuchalaceascount.目utitshouldbepy""""unders化odthat县andcountyhave出ferentmeanings.Howeverbasedon也etheor,yofflinctionalequivalencetranslationisaob化findaraneofadeuacichmeansitis,gqy,whjalmo巧imossible化findanexactlysamewordinthetaretlanuae.Thereforewepggg,sometimesonlydealwiththe化roblemsbnarrowintheao泌化leaswecan.Inpyggp犯p"’,""thisexamlewehavenochoiceb山化reacew化count.p,pl知县iy’Intheauthorsoinionthereisnothinmoredificult化betranslatedthanoemp,gp,becauseoemforitselfhasmanuniuefeaturesuchasrheimaeandaesthetics.p,,yqs,,ym,gAnd’maybesomecultureinaoemcantbeabsorbedbeolein0化ercountries.Inthispypp""casemaximalleveloffiinctionale山valenceshouldbet浊enintoconsideration.虹,q""thesetwosentences碑如长剑青天倚,十万骆驼拉不起,itiseasy化observethatthereis""",,hm—*reinChineseiinininwhichmakestheoemieadable.Besid货isypgy,青天,panotherword化becarefliUconsidered.Fromtheancienttime化resenttherearemanyp,y‘‘"’’debatesabout天Ac化ally天inEasternandWesternculturehasdiferentmeanins,g13 ’。’orire凸CCSwhichrelts1;rlii.Chiianlthiis化ltintrefeae〇化組eo打srsteoenk天ansaedo,gpp"H"‘‘’’eavenwhereGodlives.Chine化eoleontheotherhandbelieve天isGodwhoispp,,,‘‘,,"inchargeofeverything,andemperorsinlandaresonsof天.SohowU)translate青thisexample?First,weshouldgodeeperintothemeaningofthisoem.ThissteleispbuilttocommemoratethereatachievementsandvirtuesofEmerorZhuYuanzhan,whogpg""canbecompared化Heaven.Hence,化esetwosenten化snotonlydescribereallength,andhtofthisstelebutalsodmire化tss化eerrerthweigaereaneofmpero.Mooveeoet,吕p’thinkshighlyofChinesepeopleswisdom.虹order化keep化eoriginalimageandmeanings,化eauthorhas化abandonrhymein化eEnglishversion.InprinciplesoftranslatinbYanFufaithfulnesscomesfirstthenexressivenessandeleance.gy,,pgConsideringthefunctionofthistourktuidance化isnecessar化keefaithfiiln的sattheg,ypcostofelegance."Itisobservedfromthesetwoexamplesthat化isimprop巧化takefonctional"""equivalenceasexactsame.Translation,asanartwi化it,canbedonebsearchinthepyygmostroerbalancebetweensourcelanuaeandtaretlanuaethrouhsomesolutionsppggggggwhichwillbediscus化dinthenextchapter.14 ChaterThreeSolutions化MainProblemsandDifficultiesp3.1Solutio田stotheShiftsbetweenTwo巳anguages3.1.1SelectionandReplacementofWordsSincetranslatio打isanartjthereare打ofixedrules化guideeole.Whatwecandoispp化员凸dsomewaysinwhichreadersorliste打ersaccept1:hetargetlanguageasmuchasthoseinsourcelanguage.Basedo打thereviousanalsisof把aturesoftouristuidanceandthepy呂化eoriesemploed,thischaterwiUbedevotedtosomeefe幻iveandragmaticsolutionsypp1:0roblemsintranslation.pililehilllietheAccordin!;〇FunctonaEuvancetemnimaeve,atthesametmgq,fUndame打talart,iswordwhichis化ebasicelementoflanuae.Butowin化diferencep,gggofChineseandEnglishtheselectionofwordsshouldbeaidmoreattention.Combined,pwiththecharacteristicsof化uristuidance化etranslatio打ivesromi打ence1:0oral,clearg,gpandvividfeatures.Forexample:''"大家可站看到在我们面前的是阳山问碑的展示图。它是整个阳山碑材成聖后一全貌的微型直观展示,。7.5个很形似的模型它的高度是米,相当于阳山碑材总高一度的十分之,,所可想而知,整个阳山碑材如果真的完全树立起来且立于孝陵么前""那将是何等的气势磅磯。阳山问碑这四个大字出自我省书法家协会副主席、著名""女书法家孙晓云之手。为化么要叫做问碑呢?NoweveronecanseewhatdislaysbeforeUSisa幻atatemmakinof也eYanshanyppggQuestio打edStele.打isaminiaturemodelthatisverysiirdlarto化0completedYan吕shanStelebwhichwecanseethewholeictureoftheYanshanStele.Themodersheihtis,ypgg7.5meters,whichison^tenthofthe1;otalone.SowecanimagehowgorgeousthewholeYangshanSteleisifitireallyhadbeenerectedbefbretheMinXiaolinMausoleum.Thesegg""fourChin的echaractersYanshanwenbeieansYanshanuestioned別eleareg(mgQ)’writenbySunXiaoun化eviceresidentofJiansuProvincesCallirahersAssociationy,pggp""andfamousfemalecalligrapher.Butwhyis巧calledquestionedstele?虹"thisexamlethe赶rstroWem化如shouldbesolvedishow化translate阳山问p,p15 ’‘‘,’,h碑.Actuallterealdificultis.Accordin化theaststudofEnlishvocabulary,y问g,pygy""""""""wecanfindseveralwords防ferringto问inChinese,suchasask,question,query,""",,orinuire.Soat化ebeinninitisnece巧arto色ure0山what石牵meansinqgg,yg问Chineseculturesoas化化lectaCO打ectword.。’"C’"’’"hine化languagehasmanywordsw地问,1化e问鼎中原问省,or吊死问"""。’’""疾and化on.Taking问鼎中原forexample,化is问canbetranslatedintoaskinndth-EnlishaisChinesefourcharacteridiomcomesfromanallusionthatLordZhuangg,askedZhouemperorwhat化eweightoftheDing(anancientvesselreresentsowerofppwhen-emperorwastheformeronelaned化lotZhouDastinSri打AutumnPeriod.)ppynypgThenthisidiomisused化describesomeonedesiring化usurppower.Fromthiscase,we’""’"canfind问ischangedintoask.Butace加ding化化e化llowingexplanationitis,"’’obviousthat问碑meansthattherearemanyestionsleftbehindin化issteleforthequ""nextgenerationsratherthansomeonewants化askthisstele仿rsomethinSoaskisnot,g.""aroerwordfor任anslation.Theauthorthinksuestionedmaconfo啤化theliteralppqyanddeepsinificance.g’’whThesecondointis出自之手ichisticallhineseexiression.p,ypyCpHoweverdiinfiirther化intothemeaninsofthisexressionweknowitustrefers化,ggggp,Jthefactthatsomethingiscreated,built,madeorevenwritenbysomeone.So化isunnecessarytotranslatewordbywordintranslation.Insteadwecanillustratethe,meaningsbyreconstructinEnlishwords.gg3.1.2EllisisConversio凸andTransliterationp,Besidesselectionsandchangingofwordsthereareotherwastomaketranslation,ymorecomprehens化le化抗巧ivisito。.gnForexamle:p送""就给了想要夺权篡位的燕王W日边有乌5(也就是说皇帝身边有小人)的""""借口,于建文二年屯月打着清君侧的旗号,发起了史上非常著名的靖难之役。In化isway,LordYan,whoplannedtousurppower,pretendedthatsomeoneevilwasaroundtheemperor,andlaunchedJingnanCampaigninMingDynasty,afamouswarinChinesehistorybreakingoutamongrulingclassforthrone.16 ComparingChineseandEnglishversions,wecanseetherearesomewordsorphrases"""leftout,becauseth巧refer化也esamemeaning.日边有乌云,也就是说皇帝身边有小,’""andrte化sillithett人清君巧!illustaatomevanssaaroundteemrorsoiisno1yp,necessary化任anslatethemall.Besides,allofthemaretypicalsayingsinChinese.Ifwe"’’"化"translate日边有乌云intoereareblackcloudsaround化esun,touristsmayfeelconfusedwhat化isphrasemeans.Thereforewecan杜anslatethemwiththesame,"二,,descrionwhi沈iscalledelsis.And建文isalsousedbChinesepti^邮年屯月y,’especiallyinancienttim的.B山someChine化peoplecantworkout化eexacttime‘‘’,according化thisphrase,letaloneforeignvisitors.So建文二年屯月canbeleftout,""MingDnastisbetter.yy""Whenitcomes化conversiontheEnlishversionintroducesJinnanCamai,ggpgn"before:faamouswar.whichismoreireadableinEnlish.Asweknow,Enlishseakersggpgetused化utinglongo出fiedhrasesbehindthekeord.Andthiskindoftranslationmpywpalsoconforms化化estyleoftouristguidance,whichmakesvisitorsfeellikelistening化astoryratherthanbeinforce化accetsomeinformation.gp了ransliterationisakindofmethodusedi打typicalQiineseexpiressio打s,because"’"sometimeswecantfindanequalwordorphraseinEnglish.Inthisexample,靖难么役""",,‘‘"istranslatedintoJingnanCampaign,inwhich靖难istranslatedbypingyin.靖’",meansaciclearsomethinandrefers化unstablesituationcausedV化ains.pfy,呼(g),难bySoifel出vorwtransateesetwowordsonebyoneisitsmafeelbored.Becausethere貼on,yofthiswarhasbeenexplainedbefore,itisnouseintroducing也isaain.TransliterationisgwidelyusedintranslationeseciallfromChinese化Enlish.,pyg3.1.3ReconstructionofClausesandAdustmentofentencesSjWithdiferencesinstructuresbetweenChin的eandEnglish,itisnearlyimposs化leforus化translateclausesorsentencesascompleteasorigi凸alonessoweshouldadustor,jreconstructtheclauseshrasesorsentencesinorderforthem化beaccetedbreceivers,ppyintargetlanuae.ggForexample;首先,从我们送个方向看这座山是看不出名堂的,但据说,从南京方向看阳山,17 ""非常像山羊的两只角,所当地人就称它为山羊的羊,羊山,自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,有多个朝代建都于此,自南北朝开始古代皇家采石场就建在此,后来朱様又为他的父亲打造神功圣德碑,为了显至尊、图吉禅,所W改羊山为太阳的""阳阳山。’化泊Fromthisway,wecantfindwhatuniquefeaturethismountainhas.Butitissaid化emountainisliketwocleatsofoatifwelookatitfromNanincitsothelocalgjgy,peoplecallsitGoatMountain.SinceSouthandNorthDynasties,Nanjing,wheremanyemperorsb山Ittheirowerslaedamoreandmoreimortantrolein^reionssouthofthep,pypgYangtzeRiver.Meanwhilethismountai打wasaplacefortheruleirs化buildquarries.The打MinDntEmZhuLdthtforher虹odehowdiingaserori抗reeselehisfat.rr化sityy,pggny"andursueoodfo加nehechanedthenameintoSunMountain.InChinesepg,g^阳山)"""羊goat孤d阳sunhave化esameronunciation.()()p'虹thisexample化isobviousthattherearesomeclausesandsentencesthathavebeen,reconstructedoradusted.Chineselanaerefe巧化utadverbialclau化oftimeorlacejgugpppatthebeginningofthesentence.ButinEnglish,thiselementisgenerallytattheendofpu‘‘化ntence.Anotherd加nguisheddiferenceisin化etranslationof自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,有多个朝代建都于此Analyzingthissentencewecanfindthe,"’,""",’subjectis南京,theobjectis江南重镇,andtheverbis成为.Theothercomponents"areused1:0modify南京Sowhentranslating,weneed化adju:sttheord巧ofsomeparts.""有多个朝代建都于此istr犯slated犯anatributiveclausewiththerelativeadverb化"’,modifyesubect南京.化jAdjustmentorreconstructionisagoodsolutiontodealwithsomesentenceswithmanymodifiedartseseciallintranslatinJuristuidance,becauseEnlishsentencesppygggarealwayslongandcoherent,whileChin的eonesareshortanddispersed,.3.2Solutions<:〇化eShiftsbetweenTwoCultures民的earchesshowthatthemostdificuhpartintranslationisculture,becauseevery’civilizationhasitsownuniqueculturewheremanyelementscantbetranslated.Oncetranslated,someimageormeaningmay,moireorless,losetheiroriginalquality.Soweneed化employproperskillstomakeupthe化gaps,otherwisenoteverybodycan18 understandascompletelyasthecan.y3.2.1LiteralTranslafionwi化NotesLiteraltransl她onmeans化erend知ingoftextfromonelanguage化地otherby""--化ifforrath巧anconveynthesenseo也eoriinaliibewordwordgg.Lteraltranslatoncanemployedwhen化eculturalm的sageisreservedwi也outcausinisunderstandi打orpgmgconfusiononthepartofthetargetedreaders.ReflectingtheessenceofFunctionalEquivalenceitisaoodwaforreaders化comrehendcontentandcultures.,gypForexample:碑材由三块石头纽成。,即碑座、碑身、碑额如果完全打造成功后,就是图上右""下方的样子。在碑下方会打造成攝质的形状。ThissteleismadeuofthreeS化nes.Theareedestalbodandhead.Ifcoml別ed.pyp,yp,itwillbelikethis(pointing化化ebottomlight).Thebotomofthisstelewouldbemadeas‘’3和址.-Note:Bixilikeaturtleissonofdraon.Hecanloadheavthinsandcarrstelefor,,gygyyearsandyears.虹’"thisexample也ereisaticallhine化exression化drawvisitorsattention.編,ypyCp"’质isanoldwordinChinese,evenmostofChineseeolecantknowit.Ifwetranslateitppthroughalongstory,itmayconfuselisteners.Sowecantransliterateitbyininandpgy,h’tenaddsomenotes化exlainbutitisnotedthattheexlanationcantbe化〇lonandp,pgcomplicated.Dragoninvolvesaculturalphenomenon化atistotally出筋rentbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.Wi化culturalexchanges,however,也eWesternpeoplemayhaveunderstoodthatdragonisasymbolofowerandfortuneinChina.Soitisnousepintroducin化0muchaboutdragon.gAnotherexample;""""在我们上方是日月坊。日和月相加就是明字。“0打thismemorialarchwayaretherethreeChinesecharacters,theyareRiyuefang"""“""’’""Arcli.日meanssuninEnglish,and月meansmoon,andthesetwocharactersare“’’""—which.combinedintoanothercharacter明meansbriht,g19 Thisexampleisrelative化化etranslationoflace.Undersuchcircumstances,wep""alwas化literal杠alatiwi化somesifnecessar.Whentranslatin日月坊heunsonno怡tyyg,"""authoretsinsirationfro阻化etranslationof曰月潭,whichistranslatedintoRiuetangpyPo〇r\AstoChinesecharactersitisnecessartointroducetheirronunciationsand,ypmeanins化visito。whomaunderstandChinesecultureinthiswa.g,yyLiteraltranslationwithnotesisusedwidelyintranslation,becauseitmaybeabetterway化keep化esourceimag的andmakereaderscomprehend也emeanings.3.2.2AdditionandReduction,化’InNidastheoryoffunctionaleuivalenceekeistherecetorsireso凸巧,Theq,ypptr-anslatoremploysareceptororientedapproachtoadustthetexfslenthandlevelofjgdificultywhicharethet^vobasicdimensionsofeachmessaetransmittinchannelNida,gg(底Taber,2004:163.Therefoirebesidesliteraltranslationwith打otesweshoulduseother),,translatingmethodst;odealwiththedificultiesintheshiftsbetweentwocultures.Forexample:""一好了,大家现在就随我进入大明文化村去观看下,它再现了600年前打造""碑材的场景。里面的建筑体现的是青砖小瓦马头墙,回廊挂落花格窗的典型的明清时代的徽派建筑。前面该三道墙就是马头墙,又称封火墙,它起到了装饰、减少风势和延缓着火房屋火情蔓延的作用!WelllefSoandvisittheMinCulturalVillaewhichshowsthesceneofforgin,ggg,gstele600earsao.Theb山IdinsinthevillaesuesttheicalHuistlearchitectureygggg吕typy"ofMingandinDnastieswhicharedescribedashorsdieadwallsmadebsmallbrickQgy,y"tilescorridorshaninlaticewindowscarved化。owers.了he化threewallsinthefront,ggarehorseheadwalls,namedalsoasfireproofwall,whichisused!:〇decorate,slowdownwindanddelayfire.Anotherexample:一""在进入大明文化村的同时大家抬头可W看到这里有个八卦镜。八卦镜分为""""。!、先舞和后卦先卦是指观音卦,保平安后卦是指周易卦,指的是天地日月、人和、生死。我们这副八卦镜是先卦,在古代陵墓建筑中都是用神兽来镇守陵一!墓W示裤邪,在园林建筑中般都是用八封镜来镇妖辟邪,W保平安20 "Whenoi’lEihgingnto也eMingCulturalVilagewecanlookandseeant,呼gDiagramsMirrof\ItissaidthatthereareGuanyinDiagram(GuanyinisagoddessinBuddhismandIChingDiagram.Theform巧isusedt;osafeguardoursecurity.Thelater)representstheheavenandtheearth,thesunandthemoon,theharmonyofhumanbeings""and"技anddeath.ThisEihtDiagramsMirrorbelonst;otheformerone.Inancientgg"tim的,mythicalcreatureswereused化exorciseevilsinmausoleumswhileEight"DiagramsMirrorusuallyplayedthesamerolei打safeguardingsecurityingarde打architectures.'Itisobviousthatsomecontentinculturecantbetranslatedwordbyordoritisnotw,"打ecessar化transliterate.虹化efirstexamle化erearesomereeatedartssuchas大明yp,pp,""’,""文化村and它马头墙and它.虹English,wecanuseattributiveclauses化integrateseveralshortsente打ceswhichreducesomeunnecessarreetition.,yp",,""Inthesecondexamwhentc化nditi化odificult1:0leiomes先卦asp,后挂,exlainevenamonChine化eole.Sowecanreducethesetwoartsandsuchreductionpgppp,",ldhbedud化〇Iketwoudnotinfluencethemeanings.Antenthe观音圭Pmawce.fweyp^"shoulddosomeadditionsaboutGuanyin.虹址elastsentence,mythicalcreatureandEight■'"DiagramsMirrorhave化esameftmction,sowecanireduce汾mewordstoavoidreetitionandmaketranslationmoresuccinct.pAllinallnomaterwhatsolutionweturn化wealwasadhere化theTheorof,,yyFunctionalEquivalencewithitsminimalandmaximallevels.Thepurposeis化make'translatio打acceptedbytheforeignersandhelp化emappreciatebeautifulsceneryandunderstandChineseculturewhiletravelling.21 ChaterFourConclusiona打dRecommendationp4.1ConclusionAsanorientalcountrywithalonghistoryandoutstandingcivilization,Chinahaswhe化-化awoeat化enerer凸aturalormanmadettracteoleallover化erld.With也e巧y,,ppdevelomentoftourismforeinersareeaertoknowmoreaboutChinaHencetourist.p,gg,g山dancebecoIn的incr朗singlysinificantinculturalexchanes.gg虹termofthestyleof1;ouristuidanceitisnecessaramoireattentio打化itsg,y化py扣nctio打whichis化conveyinformationandmakevisitoKenothetravellin.Onl也6jygy-laedsuideoeundersndCherurnwelltranst化uritancecanhelpppltai打abte.Diggtranslating,thefirststepis!:〇kee也eruleoftranslationinmind.Sincewecannotfind也epexactlysamewordsinanotherculture,theb的twais化findabride化linktwoculturesygso化atreadersorlistenersintargetlanguagecanknowasmuchasthoseinsourcelanguage.Therefore,theauthoremploystheTheoryofFunctionalEquivalencet:oguideprocessoftranslation.Takingthefeaturesoflanguageintoconsideration,weal泌need化expi:的stranslatedversionswi也such挺aturesasclarity,vividne巧,simplicityandaesthetics.Butitis111〇巧dificulttoapplyallthesecharacteristicsinthetranslation.Someofthemmabelostoryleftoutinorder化maketranslatedversionsfaith&landexpressive.Themoistdificultoneistheshiftbetweentwocultures.Asweknowtherearerules,aboutlexiconandrammarbutnorulescanbe抗Uowedinculture.Withdiferentwasofg,ythinkingWesterneolemanotunderstandChineseculturesoatranslatorhastoactas,ppy,anexplainer.There仿化,someskillsmaybeusedintranslating,forexampleliteraltranslationwithnotes,additionandreduction.4.2RecommendationThisroectdoessomeresearchesonhow化吐anslate化uristuidanceabo山scenicpjgspotsinNanininviewsofcharactersoflanuaetheoruidinandskillsusedinjggg,yggtranslating.22 Duringtranslating,theauthormeetssomeproblems犯dtri的化贷ndbetermethods化solvethem.With化36姐[1168andractices化eauthorwants化ofersomevaluablep,suggestionsforfurtherstudyandtranslationoftouristuidance.Firstlweshouldfiuregy,goutthestleof化eoriinaltextandkeethefunctionofitinmind.Secondlitisusefbl化ygpy,distinguishdiferencesbetweenChine化andEnglish,whetheringrammar,structure,orresentedbleinbecauhiisthbiflimagerepyxcosetseassotransation.Thirdlitisvital化,y,comprehendvariouskindsofcultures.Noonecandoanytranslationwithoutunderstandingculturewhichembo出esareatdealofinformation.,g23 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40许余龙2008,《对比语》M。上海;上海外语教育出版社。,言学[][]"987-余叔1,》(3)5459。[]许语言类型区别与翻译化《外国语:似-川杨觀2004,英语导游词语体特征研究阴,《贵如大学学报(社会科学版)》(4):109。[]""43-杨秋怡,2010,关联理论和旅游翻译的结缘,《外语论坛》(7):586587。[]饥44-苗,2005,旅游资料的语用翻译化《上海涵译》(2)26]叶:29。[45叶款2010,,旅游论坛》(4):],从文化语境视角论桂林汉语旅游宣传资料的英译[J]《[藝490。4-1999差异对翻译的影响邮《中国翻译》(1):2123。[巧张海涛,,英汉思维4720-张义12,旅游景点介绍语翻译中的语用等效抓《开封教育学院学报》(4);7073。[]26 Aendixpp概况Overview首先欢迎大家来到南京阳山碑材Firstofallwelcome.to也eYangshan(明,文化村)景区参观游览。我们整个景区是Stele(theMingCulturalVillae)scenicspotg由汤山温泉旅游度假区W全新的品牌理inNanin.Thewholesotiscreatedasajgp念把阳山碑材景区打造成为国家级大遗nationallyaorheritaearkbTanshanmjgpyg一HoSrinsR址公园tesortwithanewideaof,这又是个新的起点,同时也是pg一"adhan汤山又新的亮点brn.ForTangsthisisanew。我们将致力于阳山,碑材从4A级向5A级风景区发展。汤山及beinningaswellasanewhighlight.Weg一"整个汤山风景区将展现给各位t全新commit化makeYangshanSteledevel哗的文化旅游胜地。说到汤山我们不得不说from4Ascenicspot化5Aone.Tangshan一dhswhohowlescenicstwillsa下我们汤山的H大法宝,即温泉,汤山她poyoud-古猿人洞,阳山碑材。那么我们送里的阳totallyiferentc山turalresort.Whenit山碑材讲述的是600年前明成祖朱様为其comes化Tangshan,wehave!:〇mention一rins父亲朱元璋打造的块举世无双的碑材threetreasuresthatisHotS。,.pg,如果当时打造成功后,是要运到南京明孝TangshanAncientApeMenCave,and陵四方城的,树立在其父亲朱元璋的陵墓YangshanSteleMaterial.Here,theahtleerialetiisa前,^此来笼络民也,Ynsansematwemnonedn,来显示他的孝也[g稳定其江山。但是由于明代错综复杂的政unrivalledsteleintheworldthatwassetby一m局演变及种种原因直没有被运走,遗留ZhuDitheeerorChenzuof化eMin,pggastformmemorainhisfathZh窒!了现在。DyncoteruJygYuanzhang,thefoundingemperoroftheMingDnast600earsao.Ifthetabletyyyghadbeencompleted,itwouldhavebeencarried化化eSquareCityoftheMingXiaolingMausoleum(thisMausoleumwas’b口化化showZhuLisfilialpiety,too)and巧 ’Zin巧ailedbefo化Zhu1/isfather,hu’Yuanzhangsmausoleum化showhisfUial’hathldeolsheartandietsotecouwinepyppmakehiscountrystable.Butdue化化eiuaihMincomplicatedpoliticalsttonofteg’Dnastandothervariousreasonsithasntyy,beenremoved,stayinghereuntil化day.阳山问碑YangshanQuestionedStele"阳山Noweveronecanseewhat出slays大家可W看到在我们面前的是yp"e问碑的展示图beforeusisaflatpattemmakingofth。它是整个阳山碑材成型一ee后全貌的微型直观展示个很形似的模YanshanuestionedStl.Itisaminiature,gQ7el化atisversimilar化化ecomleted.5mod型。它的高度是米,相当于阳山碑材yp一anseeYnnStlwhichwecthe,ashaeeb总高度的十分之,所W可想而知整个g,y阳山碑材如果真的完全树立起来且立于wholeictureoftheYanshanStele.Thepg"’磅磯modelsheihtis7.5meterwhidiis。阳,孝陵之前,那将是何等的气势g"山问碑送四个大字出自我省书法家协会one-tenthofthetotalone.Sowecanimage副主席。为什howgorgeousthewholeYanshanSteleis、著名女书法家孙晓云么手g""么要叫做问碑呢?这就由于当时朱ifitreallyhadbeenerectedbeforetheMingMausoefourChinese様皇帝在打造这块碑的时候留下了许许Xiaolingleum.Thes""多多的疑问给我们的后人,比如说朱様皇charactersYangshanwenbei(meansYangshanuestionedStelearewritenby帝为什么选择在此为其父亲朱元璋打造Q)这块神功圣德碑?在巧费了巨大的人力SunXiaoyun,thevicepresidentofJiangsu’ProvincesCallirahersAssociationand和物力,整个工程又接近完工的情况下半gp途而废famousfemalecalliraher.Butwhyisit,停止了开采呢?而且在当时明代gp""的历史条件下,该怎样把如此巨大的碑材calledquestionedstele?Thereasonisthat?therearealotofuestionsleftbehindlater给运到南京明孝陵呢正是因为留下了q如此多的麗问所W称之为闷碑。那么接下generationswhenEmperorZhuLiforged■sstele.ForexamleswherorZhu来的这些疑问呢,我们将W探索发现的方地p,yEmpi沈othis化妃e加sTabletof式详细为大家解答。LseplacergDivineMeritsandSaelVirtuesforhisgy28 fa.therZhuYuanzhan?Wh也ewhole,gyproectwasleftunfinishedwhenitwasjalmo巧completedwkhcostinghugemanpow汾andmaterialrcsourc巧?Andwiththehistoricalconditio凸oftheMingDynasty,howthissteleCO山dbecarried化化eMingXiaolingMausoleum,Nanjing?Therefore,withsomanyquestionsleft,this""stelebecomesquestionedsliele.And化enwewill放lain化eaboveuestionsinpqdetailsbyexlorin.pg一Thes整个景区呢主要分为两个部分,第wholescenicpotconsistsoftwo""个部分就是我们马上进入的大明文化arts.Wewillvisitthe&starttheMinpp,g""村。大明文化村是民俗文化旅游区,它CulturalVillagerightnow.TheMing'具有表演性,参与性与娱乐性,是根据明CulturalVillageistourismzoneoffo化代初年打造碑材的历史背景而建造的,再customandculturewithperformance,现明代的生活场景。particip組onandentertaimtient.。ismadeunderthehistoricalbackgroundwhenthestelewasforgedinthebeginningoftheMingDynastyreroducinthelifesceneof,pg也eMingDynasty.第二部分就是我们文物保护区The化condartisourhistoricpservationtheYanshanStea阳山碑材,是省级重点文物保护单位,是regle.Itis一kere-南京明文化遗产中个不可分割的组成ylicunitunderprovincelevel部分,目前己经列入吉尼斯世界之最、最prote如on,andanindispensiblepartof大的碑材。culturalheritageoftheMingDynastyinNanin.IthasbeenlistedintheGuinnessjgWorldRecordsasthelargeststele.大明文化村TheMingCul化ralVillageNowwearriveattheateoftheMingg现在我们就来到了大明文化村的村CulturalVillage,Thereisapicturethat29 """"""""co四季ntainsfourseasonssringsummer,口。上方有春夏秋冬p,autumnandinterabovetheateandw,图,它就表示对大家g,旁边还有两幅象图一eachsideofthisicturearetheretwo的到来的欢迎,并祝大家年四季平安如onpwolha打llt意。picturesdrawingteepts.Aofhesemeanwarmwelcomeforourcomingandeargoodbkssings化usinthewhole.y""""-wabl下面八字墙上有两篇文章。右墙Thereiseightcharacterlleowteonwhichwecanseetwoarticles.山记胡广手书的,規广是化ea《游阳》是明代g,ThearticleontherihtwallisrAe当时朱祿的书记宫,相当于我们现在的秘g扳s&an7>w地writenHuGuanin书。这篇文章里主要记载的是阳山的H大雌切g、inDnastwhowasthederkofZhuDi、望阳山碑树。在后Mg,景孤古泉井江亭yy’面的游览中我会为大家介绍的。ustlike化adssecretary.Thisarticlejym這inl化11susaboutthreesceneriesin化eyshanuanW-Yan;GuellRiverViewingq,gLoftyandYanshanStele.Iwillintroducegite仿lwinviit.oneby0凸enhlosgThtherarticleonheleftwallisThe左墙《洪武大石碑歌》是清代袁枚所eot’一us是SonofHonGreatStoneTabletby著。袁枚为清代江宁知县,也位大诗ggw"一tYeiisnotYuMeiofinDans.uanM,an人!诗中有句碑如长剑青天倚十万Qgyy"骆驼拉不起充分描写了碑材的巨大。紧only化emagistrateofJiangningcountybut—enencefltthisasoareatoe.Thereisasto接着又l:U个神话传说揭示了碑材的半gp山寂寞poemMydescribing化egorgeousnessof途而废至未完成的碑搁置在阳"!最盾诗人W诗情泥歌了劳动人民的舶sstele,thatis,stelericksintothesky百年p!likeswordtenthousandcamelscouldnot智慧与力量的伟大,moveThenYuanMeidescribedafairyhelfttalethatrevealedwhytsteewasleunfinishedandstayintheYangshaneaAtsuferinglo打eli打essforhundredsyrs.theendoftheoemheeuloizedhowgreatp,gthewisdomandstrengthofeolewere.pp30 一WhtttMinCultural在进入大明文化村时,大家请留意enseppinginoheg下送口道旁的两个附属建筑,圆圆的像个Village,pleasepayatention化two""石鼓。这就是人们常说的口当。自古af邮atedbuildings,likeroundstonydrums.""W来,郎才女貌,口当户对被认为焉男女ThisiscalledMenDang.Sincetheancienttimethebestmarriaehasbeena结合的最佳组合。也就是说他们的婚姻是,g.erfectmatchbetweenamairlnanda,由父母做主,要男女双方家庭的社会地位pg""ichmeanstheirmarriaeisdetermine(i和经济状况相当才可W结亲,这个口当whg’ther!btheirarentsandonleneachos在古代建筑中只有大户人家才有yp,ywhsocialstatusandeconomicsituationareequalcantheygettogether.ThisislikeRomeoandJuliet.Soonlyabihouseholdg""hasMenDangin化eoldb山Id虹gs."’好了大明文Wellletsgoandvi泌theMin,大家现在就随我进入,g"一600aef加tulVUlawhidi沈owsthesceneo去观看下,她再现了年前打rg化村,"造碑材的场景。里面的建筑体现的是青forgingstele600earsago.Thebuildingsiny".hevillaesuest也eticalHuistle砖小瓦马头墙,回廊挂落花格窗的典型tgggypy的明清时代的徽派建筑architectureofMinandinDnasties。前面送H道墙就gQgy,''、whicharedescribedashorseheadwalls是马头墙,又称封火墙,它起到了装饰减少风势和延缀着火房屋火情蔓延的作madebysmallbricktilescorridorshaning,g"icarvedasflowerThe!aticewndowss.se用lthreewallsinthefrontarehorseheadwalls,namedalso化fireproofwallwhichisused,化decorateslowdownianddelayfire.wnd,在进入大明文化村的同时大家抬头WhengoingintotheMingCultural"""一可W看到送里有个八卦镜八卦镜分VillaewecanlookandseeanEightg,啤"""""。DiaramsMirror.Itissaidthatthereare为先卦和后卦先卦是指观音卦,giW保平安!后卦是指周易卦、GuaninDiaramGuaninisaoddessn,指的是天地yg(yg日月、人和、生死。我们送副八卦镜是先Bud池ism)andIChingDiagram.Theformerisused化safeuardoursecurit.The圭h,在古代陵墓建筑中者P是用神兽来镇守gy一dathelatresentstenantheerth,在园林建筑中般都是用erreheheav陵墓W示辟邪p,31 ,!dthethehrhan八卦镜来镇妖麟邪:Usunanmoonamonofum1保平安,y"beingsandli托anddeath.ThisEight"DiagramsMirrorbelongsto化eformerone.Intheancienttimemthicalcreatures,ywereused化exorci洗evilsinmausol飢ms""whileEightDiagramsMirrorusuallyplayedthesameroleinsafeguardingsecurityinardenarchitectures.g—r碑FstSteleunderHeaven天下第i在进入大明文化村迎面看到书写着邮onenteringtheMingCulture""一一V天下第碑的个大照壁illaeouwillseealarestonewall。运五个大g,yg""字也是出自孙晓云么手。aheadengravedFirstSteleunderHeaven.ThisinscriptionalsocomesfromSun’Xiaoyunscalligraphy.""一ea’lhave现在大家随我到天大第碑后面OKlse仿Iowme.Letsa,p一下。okatwhatlookslikebehindthisstele.来看lo一eanaoundandwill转身,seturrseea,可W看到这里有块浮雕是Plyou,中国浙江著名的青田浮雕。这块浮雕主要famousrelievo也atismade虹Qingtian描述了当时打造碑材的历史背景,在这里countyofZheiangProvince.Thisrelievoj’一下ainldescribesthehistoricalbackround我为大家介绍。mygofbudins3l:eeiiDnast.ilg化ilnMngyy1370I1370thethidr在洪武H年的时候,也就是年,nreaofHongwu,y明朝开国皇帝朱元璋第四子朱様在北京EmerorZhuDithefourthsonofZhup,,册封燕王。不久他的兄长朱标英年早逝。Yuanzhang,wascreatedasthePrinceof一w朱元璋共有%个儿子。除了他的长子、YanithhiscaitalinBeiinodem,ppg(m第九子和第二十六子早逝外,其余二十三B均ing).Notlongafterthat,hiselder儿子皆封到全国各地做藩王。长子去世brotherZhuBiaodiedyqung.Zhu后,朱元璋为了按照传统的摘长维承制Yuanzhanghadatotalof:26sons.Excetp-trstnttttss度传长不传次的说法,该时化岁的朱也ahisfiinhandwensixhon,y32 *?—'d。illhe0化允化被立为皇太孙到了洪武三i年,edyoungatersonswere,也就是1398年,朱元璋驾崩,朱允巧继appointedasgovernorsacrossthecountry.位。朱允巧继位后,为了加强新皇帝位,AfterthedeathofhisfirstsontheHonu,gw采纳了齐泰、黄子澄等大臣们的建议,强Emperorspec近edhisgrandsonZhu一Yunw力推行削藩政策。先后不到年的时间内en,whowasjust16years〇化as化e就废除了他好几位亲近的叔父,其中的湘crownprinceaccording化thetraditional王朱柏被迫在府内自焚而死,其余被贬为linealprimogenituresystem.ZhuYunwen庶民发配边疆。这就给了想要夺权篡位的assumedthethroneastheJianwenEmperor""燕王日边有乌云(也就是说皇帝身in13%afterthedeathofHongwuEmperor.边有小人)的借曰,于建文二年屯月打着Headopted化esuggestionsofQiTai,""清君侧的旗号,发起了史上非常著名HuangZichengandotherministers化""’的靖难之役。经过四年的内战,朱様stronglycurtailhisunclespowerinorder化就彻底的将朱允巧赶走了,登基坐上了皇consolidatehisownosition.虹lessthanp位!eearhereealedmanofhisowerful,也就是明朝的第三代皇帝他就是历ony,pyp史上非常有名的永乐大帝。虽然他做了皇intimateuncles.AmongthemZhuBothe,,一PrinXwa帝,但是他毕竟是位篡位的皇帝ceofiansdrivent;obumhimself,所谓g,名不正言不顺,为了巩固他的江山W及维化deathinhismansion,and也e0化erswere""一护国家的稳定,他必然要树立个明君demotedascommonpeoleexiled化p,的形象。阳山碑材就是在送样的历史背景borderareas.虹thiswayLordYan,who.一化a下产生的,方面对其父的丰功伟绩島功planned!:〇usurowerwi化aretencetpp,p一en颂德,另方面恪守孝道,籍此来收犹人someonevilaroundtheemperorlauched,也。JinininMin,稳定其江山政局于是他派人四处寻gnanCampaggDynastya,找石料,终于找到了神气聚集的阳山并在famouswarinChinesehistorbreakingtyou全国范围内征调能工巧匠开凿阳山碑材!amonrulinclassforthronegg.Afterfour,yearswarZhuDivoidedtheentirereime,gof也eanwenJiEmerorandheassumedthep,throneoftheYonleEmerorthethirdgp,emperoroftheMingDnast.Eventhouhyyghebecametheemperor,itwasnotperfectlyusti扫able.Thereforeinordertoj,33 consolidatehisownowerandmaintainthepnationalstability,hemustsetanimageofagoodemperor.Hesentpeople化lookfor化6stonematerials,andeventuallyhefoundtheYangshanaccumulatingspiritandenergy.Skilledcraftsmennationwidewerecalbuildnl.UleduptotheYagshanSteendersuchhistoricalbackgroundtheYanshan,gStelecame0山.Itwasononehand仿rextollinthedivinemeribofhisfatherandg,ontheotherhand扣rhimadheringfaith扣Uy!;〇化efilialpietysoas化win,’peoplessupportandconsolidatehiscountr.y这里就是十万石匠、工匠打造碑材的Hereisthescenewheretensof'场景。也ousandsofsquaremenandcr泌smenb山Itthestele.碑材当时就没有打造成巧,只是做碑Thestelewasnotbuiltsuccessfullyat的材料!,attimestisstillbilinateil.This。碑材由E块石头组成即碑座、th,oiudgram。teleisthrto.Theare碑身、碑额如果完全打造成功后,就是smadeupofeesnesyandedi图上右下方的样子。在碑下方会打造成pedestalbodhead.Ifcomlett,yp,""攝质的形状。关于它的故事,上山么willbelike加sointing化化ebotom(p后我再为大家介绍。right.Thebottomofthisstelewouldbe)""sarlemadeaBixi.No化:Bbcilikeatut(,,issonofdragon.Hecanloadheavythinsgandcarrystele抗rearsandears.Lateryy)whenweclimb化eYanshanIwiU化11化6g,’storyaboutthat.日月坊RiyuefangArch。OKlealanother抹,大家随我继续往前面参观在我sefolowme化a,ppy34 vi北Onourrihtisaheadwearsho.们的右手边是头饰店,里面出售各种精美sgp虹sidetheshoarevariousexisite的头饰品和手工芝品,有兴趣的游客们可pqu一arsandhandheadweicraftsonsale.IfouW进去选购下。在前方的舞台上马上将yareinterestedoucano化busome.会有精彩的表演。前方达里是竹木编。里,ygy面的工芝品大部分都采用竹木编制,品种Thereisgoing化beanexc祀ngshowon也e。staeahead.Goonwalkinandthereis繁多,充满生活气息有兴趣的不妨进去gg,"一fi看下翠花豆腐ano也ershopthatisll!ofkindsof。在前方我们来到的是'坊。豆制品是传统的营养美食,具有养handicraftsmostlymadeofwoodandbamboo.Itisalsofilledwi化aflavoroflife.颜美容的功效。待会下山大家可W来享受,—比olikeoudbeterenter化havea下美容大餐。yu,yok.Ke虹wlkinaheadwcanseeloae巧gg,""化eCuiHuaTo扣Workshop.So外e犯roductsaretraditionaldelicacyofnutritionpandu化fillforbeautycare.Aftergoi打gdownthemountain,oucancome化enoyyjseaut-caree化ibydlicacy.""hiilhwaa化eethree在我们上方是日月坊。日和月相Ontsmemoraarcyrer""""Chinesecharacters化areRiuefan.加就是明字。,巧yg"’""""’日me孤ssuni打Engl細,and月’‘【m,meansoon,and化e化twocharacte巧站e’—"’combinedintoanothercharacter明,""whichmeansbright.明代古街TheAncientStreetsof化eMing台阶上来之后,首先在我的左手边是Dynasty""明代展示厅。里面陈列了明朝的化位Upongoing叩stairs,firstyouwillseeanExhibitionHallconcernintheMin皇帝的画像和送些大明皇帝生平简介,大gg家可进去看看Dnast.Insidethehall出slasthe16。yypy?portraitsoftheMingandintroductionstotheirlifestories.Youcano化havealook.g""""我们前方可看到金陵標局,金虹泣ontofus,化LingBiao化(an35 """,,ortencstandsthere.加Linisthe,esca陵是南京的古称,镶局又称標斤gjOg’"’,专口为保护人身或财产ancie曰tnameofNaning.BiaoJu,also是受人钱财武功j"’’安全的机构,相当于我们现在的保安公namedasBiaoHang,wasoperatedfor司、。rofit化seciallrotect化eperso打aland、快递邮局ppyppropertysecurity.Itisequaltomodem化curitycompany,expre巧companyandpostoffice.一ee条街都是根据Thewholestretwareainavisit我们所参观的整个pyg一lbund明代初年打造碑材的个历史背景而建towasbuiltunderthehistoricaackgro造的ofbuildinthesteleintheearleriodof。这里是吉禅赌坊,据说赌坊是古时gypehe候唯个游戏场所,不像现在游戏那么化eMingDynasty.Hrecomest"XianGblinHouse.Itissaidthatthe多。现在的赌坊主要妒游戏为主,有转盘gamgainhousewastheonllacewhere游戏等。在古代赌坊的对面往往是当铺。gmblgyp一n我们这边同样设立了当铺。当铺般认为peoplecouldhavefUnintheanciettime.起源于南朝,距今己经有化00多年的历Nowwehavesuchplacesandthereare""slamelikthewheelame.史了,会有精motseg。这里还有秀泡演绎场yg,彩的泡泡秀演出Oositetheamblinhouseisalw巧sa。ppggawnshoHerewecanalsoweapp.awnsho.Generallseakintheppypg,pawnshopcandateback化SouthernDnasthasbeenover1600earssince.Ityy,yitfirsteared.Therewillbealsoan巧p"lexcitinbubbleshowfromBubbeg"Entertainment.绣楼Xiulourelateroucan^ThisisXiulouwhe这里是绣楼,待会在这里可1^?观看民,y"一arr化erformancenamedMiae俗表演《赐御婚》。它是场民俗表演。enoafogjyp"一GntedbtheEmerorThiia抗Ik.ss说的是当时打造碑材时有位张石匠,他rayphowtlliusasaboutZhanCuicui张翠翠孝顺,货惠又漂sentor,技艺超群,其女儿gygdauhterofasuaremanwhosefamil亮。经常到工地上为父亲洗衣送饭,照顾化egqy36 得无微不至,备受工匠们的喜爱。此事辕namewasZhang.Thesquaremanwasone一ftheworkerswhomadethestee.His,皇上l转流传,直传到了皇上那里为了o鼓励工匠,特嘉奖张石匠和他的女儿,并daughter,ZhangCuicui,wasafilial,为张翠翠选夫婿,赐御婚。这个表演是Wvirtuousandbeaut航Igirlwhooften出d。larbroutealsandiedhbt化抛绣球的形式展开的待会表演开始时,undhmtreresy,g男±们请踊跃参与akecareofherfatherwhidiwasoken。t,巧highofbytheothersuaremen.Thes记lofqyZhangCuicuihonoringherfathergraduallysreadandeven化okair化theEmerorofp,pthattime.虹order化encourage化〇化squarementheEmerorawardedZhan,pgandhisdaughteranddecided化choose汪,husbandforZhangCuicui,whichiscalled""MarriageGrantedbytheEmperor.Thiserformanceisdeveloedbthrowinappygballofcoloredsilkstris.Whenthepperformancestarts,yougentlemencantakepartinitifoulike.y"""-绣楼的对面是南北杂货店。在古Opposite化兒ukmistheSouthNorth"代统称杂货店,可想而知就是里面什么都Grocery.Suchaplaceiscollectivelycalled。rocerin化eancienttimesfromwhichwe有,就相当于现在的超市里面有饮料和gy,fdaii,cafindthataUkindilecesstes各种食品,是为游客上山做准备的拾阶nsoyn而上,大家注意脚下,注意安全。aresoldhere.Itissomewhatlikethe"sekedas-urmartnowa.In化eSouthNorthpy*whGrocery^therearedrinksandfoodich,arepreparedforvisitorsclimbingthein巧bflilliimounta.easeecareuwhecmbngupon化estes.p古泉井GuquanWell""一在这里有口古泉井。这口井是扣isisaGuuanWellwhichhasaq,巧 600多年前留下来的。在前面的山historofmore化an600years.The《游阳y记。在600多年前这里全YanshanTravelwhichismentionedbefore》中曾记载了它g是草房,住的都是石匠,工匠,劳工,监haseverrecordecUt.About600yearsago,i工等erewereall化at浊edcottageiere,n。他们全靠这口古泉井生新而且靠化|ivedsuaremenartisanslaborerswhkhl,这口井的水来锻造凿子,睡子等开石工q,具andoverseers.ThalllivedontheGuquan。现在这口井里的水被评为南京市第H巧矿泉水,其水质清纯甘甜。Wellandalsousedthewater化仿巧e化olslikechisels,andhammers.Nowthewaterofthiswellis打amed化eThirdMineralWaterofNaninCitwhichiureandsweet.,sjgyp阳山碑材景观图Firstletuslookat化elandscapemap,一fed顺着我手指的方向我们先看下阳oYangshanstele.Thestelewasunfinish山碑材的景观图underthesituationofoliticalevolutionin。送块碑是在当时明代政p一naIcoH块化eMinDst.tnsistsofthree局演变下直没有完成的碑材。共有gyystoneshdbodthestele.。:baseeadanof石头组成,即碑座、碑额、碑身单个碑,y一6198下abaeiaheavas6198tons.Here吨。我们稍作了解,Onlsssy,座就重达y,?foweustetsomeinrmationandIwill待会上去看到实物之后,我再为大家做详jg,细的介绍iveouadetailedintroductionwhenwe。gyseeit前方我们的右手边是射箭场,有兴趣虹仔ontofUS,thereisanarcheryfield一herh。ontit.Ifouareinterestedoucan的话可^试下自己的眼力和臂力在前gy,y""一t上面写着阳山圣迹aveatr.Andthereisastonearchinfron,h,方有块石牌坊,y"H同样出。onwhichwritesYangshanistorical自孙晓云之手"民elics,write打bySunXiaoyun.往前继续走。他Wecanseecastledriftwhenwego,可W看到古堡漂流一一foandshowsrwarlItisanindoordrift是个室内的漂流,W神话的形式展现些历史题材人物雕像mehistoricalstatuesoffiguresintheform,有兴趣的可W进去so一res。ofmth.Ifouareinte把doucango感受下yy,yinside化feel比一wlarrive路往上化化estesweil台阶(上台阶请大家注意安邮p,38 全),我们就来到了关圣殿。里面供奉的饥anshengTemple(Pl閒sebecarefolwhen是大家非常熟悉的关羽、关云长。他被世going哗化estep.).虹化eTemple,Guanyu,llGuanYunwithwe人尊称为武财神。alsocaedchangwhomarcfamiliar,isworship己d.Heisho打OTsd汪5MartialGodofWealth.阳山碑材TheYangshanStele’好了,大家现在就随我去参观文物保Nowletso化visitculturalrelicprotectiong。zoneYanshanStele.Ittakestenit化护区阳山碑材到阳山碑材还有十分mnues,g钟路程,利用这段时间我简单的为大家介arrivethere.Andwecanmakeuseofthe一Y绍下阳山的来历。首先ime化introducetheoriinofangshan,从我们送个方tg’向看这座山是看不出名堂的,但据说,从briefly.Fromthisway,wecantfindwhat南京方向看阳山,非常像山羊的两只角,uniquefeatureofthismountainis.B山化is""idthtthtiisliketwocleatsof所,,saaemounanlil当地人就称它为山羊的羊羊山自南北朝开始,南京逐渐成为江南重镇,goatifwelookatitfromNanjingcity,so有多个朝代建都于此,自南北朝开始古代thelocalpeoplecalleditGoatMountain.皇家采石场就建在此,后来朱様又为他的SinceSouthandNorthDynasties,Nanjing,—n为了显至尊、图吉wheremaemerorsbuilttheirpowers父亲打造神功圣德碑,yp,""ledareareimtrlein祥,所W改羊山为太阳的阳阳山。当paymondmoportano一hofhY然改名也有定的道理。因为我们碑材北reionssoutteangtzeRiver.g"""且、Meanwhilethismountainwasalacefor面依山,碑面朝阳,阳具有高尚p"之意erulers1:0builduarries.TheninMin刚毅、吉祥,所W改名也就是顺理thqg一eroZhuL直延用到现在。Dynastyriforedthestele成章的事了,且,Empgforhisfather.Inorder化show出gnityandpursueoo过fortu打ehechanedthenameg,g""intoSunMountain阳山.虹Chin的e()"’’""羊oatand阳sunhavethesame(g)()pronunciation.Itissurelyreasonable化changename.Thereis过mountaininthenorthof5化le,""andthestelefacessouth.YanginChine化39 meanssun,whichrepresentsdignity,历mn的sandausiciousne巧.Sothenamepremainsusednow.风雨亭FengyuPavilion"一一化间草亭叫风雨虹ourway哗erewiUbeagrass路上来前方有,"""亭可W避风遮雨,大家可W过来休息下。pavilioncalledFengyuPavilion,whidiheltfromindandrainandwhere在风雨亭旁边是古采石场遗址。它是南北canserw一riwecanhavearest.Beside化is化ehistocal朝时期的采石场,比碑材要早上千多年iuaNorthernand的历史。南京是六朝古者P,历代皇帝修建siteofancentqrryin宫殿,SouthernDnastieswhichismore1,000、陵园需要大量的石料都采之于此y,我们送边保留了原貌,但是路不太好走。yearsearlierthanYangshanStele.Nanjinges。theancientcaitaloftheSixDnasti待会儿我们上碑材的路是这边的ispyandeerorsneededstonematerialwhichmp,camefromthisquarry,化buildpalacesandhriilmausoleums.Weke巧teognaapearanceof化euarrsoitisnoteas化pqy,ywalk.LaterwewillothatwaytoclimbgYangshanStele.袁机墓YuanJiTomb袁机原名袁素文,她是清朝的大支学YuanAiwhoseformernamewas,一一也是anSuwenwasthethirdsisterofYuan家袁枚的H妹,代才女,代悲女,Yu,她指腹为婚嫁入高家受尽拆磨,大约4年M吐agreatmanofletersinQingDnasty.yShewatalentbutherlifewastraic.之后由父亲领会杭化老家,后来随着全家sg一hBsbomsewasenaed1;〇a起,eforeshewa迁徙到南京随园,与哥哥袁枚住在,gg40岁时因病亡故。考虑到南京到抗州路送boywho化familynamewasGao.Whenshe之otmarreredalotinheri对shesuf遥远,难W归葬,袁枚在征得母亲同意g’husbandshomeAbout4latershe.ears后,将袁机葬于他任,,为了方便W后祭扫y江宁知是时千分喜爱的汤山,并为妹妹写wastaken化herhometownHangzhouby一犯dedCaus下了篇凄楚动人的《祭妹文》,寄托思herfatherthenmov化Suim,,p一it(aninithherfamilieslivnihher妹么情,也是我国H大祭文之另两篇Njgw,gw40 二郎文》和欧阳修《泼brotherYuanMei.Shediedatherageof40分别为韩愈《祭十,冈Pf》)。becauseofilln的s.Considering化edistance表fromNanintoHanzhouandmakinitjgggconvenient化visitandsweep.YuanMeidecidedtoburyhissisterkiTangshan,whichheHkedwhenhewas化emaistrategof?liangningCounty,泌ergetinghis*mothersareement.Andhealsowroteangtouchingarticle巧喊口c游mss化蛛汉封er化exp防sshislongingforhissister,whichisoneofourthreeelegiacaddressesinChina(the0化ertwoare如孤各!VjcAddress化theTwelfthNephewbyHemYu,班AnEUahInscribedo内化eMemorialidppTabletattheP汹hLeading化化e恥mbinShmnggangbOuanXiu.yyg碑座TheSteleBase一t块突出来的巨大Thehuestonestandingoumfrontof在我们正前方有g"石块这就是我们阳山碑材的最底部碑usisusedasthebaseoftheYangshanStele."座,就是基础部分,也是这H块碑材中Thatis化sayitisthefoundationof化e一6198吨。大家请留意stele.Withaweihtof6198tonsit最重的块,,,重达g一eshe下在碑材的左下方有H块非常清晰的becomtheaviestoneofthethreestones。因formakin化estele.Nowleasea方孔,是为了方便运输事先留下来的gppy为我们度三块碑材都要运到南京明孝陵atention化thethreesarelyperforatedqu朱元璋的陵墓前,然而明孝陵距离我们这holesatthelowerleftofthestone.Theyare边有30公里的路程,该怎样把如此巨大perforatedinadvanceso化at化estelecan的碑材运走昭?在我们古时候运送像送betransportedmoreconveniently.Asallthe‘threehuestonesshouldbetransorted1:o样笨重的物体,通常采用的都是结冰滚木gp法。也就是说从我们这个方向往南京明孝Nan脚gMingXiaoling,MausoleumofZhu一条大道Yuanzhangwhoisthefoundinemerorof陵铺设,沿途打井,也就是每隔gp41 一e200口thMinDnasthowcanwemakeit米打井,将从北方取来大型的原gyy,木塞入方孔中,等冬天来的时候,取出井sinceitisa30km出stanceawayfromhere?水泼在路面上.5ancienttimessuchbulkobectsare,使路面结冰达到1米后虹,yj一化化e的时候边usualltransortedwiheloficeand,利用人工牵引,人推马拉,ypp一一一边拖los.Thatmeansifelewanted化推,边拉,边滚,,把碑材运gp邱到南京明孝陵去。说到送儿呢,大家或许transportthestelefromrighthere化有点怀疑,我们南京属于北温带,现在的NanjingMingXiaolingMausoleum,th巧最低温度也就是零下六度左右,怎么泼水would缸stiylayaroadalongthislineand?但是在600diellsever200meterssecondlthe成冰呢年前的明代,史料记gwy,yy载那时候气温可W达到零下20度,这就putthelargelogstakenfromtheNorth给结冰滚木法提供了现实的依据。through化osepreviouslyperforatedsuarelyholes.After化at也eyustwahedqjuntilwinterarrivedwhentheweatherwasextremelcold.Then也ey化okwaterfromy化〇化weUsandoured化0凸化eroadwhichpwouldimmediatelyturnintoice.Whentheeze.eolicfro化ashihas15metereg,ppwo山dusehorses化pull化e巧elein化efrontthethemselveswouldushitatthe,ypback,andthelogskeptrollingallthewayinord巧化moveforward.Inthiswa化ey,ysuccessfull化ansortedthestele化MingypXiaolinMausoleum.Seakinofthisougpg,yeolmiht化mewhatdoubthowCO山dpegpourwaterintoicesinceNaninislocatedp,jgin也enorthtemeratezonewhoselowe巧ptemeraturenowadasmabearoundpyy°minus6C.ButaccordingtohistoricalrecordsearlintheMinDnast600odd,ygyy,yearsfromnow,thetemperaturethenCO山d42 ,Kachminus20C.Thisiswhyeole化enppcouldmakeitwi化化ehelpoficeandlos.g"一fo我们民间还流传了个关于龟驼ThereisalktaleinChinaaboutthe"""。eleCarriisBak.The碑的传说,欤碑的就是攝辰传说龙有StyngonaTortoecithiiewas九子,onecarrnetebletnamedBXLI,旦九子不象龙子子生相不同,其ygthldtstheonemewho中龙的大儿子叫攝质,也称霸下,形似乌eeesonofdragprorhadal1;oethernineso.However龟,它愿长年累月地疵载石碑,W报父恩lgnsnone,德,朱祿就特意把它打造成踰质的形状。ofthesesonslookedlikethedragon一erohimlnoJlt好负重是长寿和吉样的象征,我国些显emprsefr航theookhe,y一n赫石碑的基座都由攝辰歇着,在碑林和same.TheeldestsoalsonamedBaXia,些古迹胜地中都可W看到。好了,参观完wholookedlikeatortoise.Hewaswilling、;rreeonhisbacki碑座,大家随我继续往上攀爬,碑额碑tocaythstelyearnand身更为的壮观。yearo山inorder化sing化eprai化ofhis,fath巧s巧eatgovernance.L化ewke,oneof'ZhuYuanzhangssonsZhuDithethird,(emperorof化eMingD打犯tyorderedy),’泌mepeople!;〇makethestelescarryingn’aimalinBiXisshape.SincethewUlingne巧tocarryweightisasymbolof’longevityandgoodluck,someofChinasmostfamousstelesareallcarriedbyiXiB,andthiscanbeseeninsteleforestandsomeof化ehistoricalinterestsinChina.Anlight.N,owthatouhaveseen也eSteleBaseitsy,timeforus化continue化goupward.了hen'ryoullhaveaviewofmoresplendidsceney’of化esteles化reheadnditd.asboyeLatterartofStPdtl碑座后半部ThP化eeleeesa走到这里我们看到的是碑座的盾半Herewecanseethelaterpartofthe。送teleeteewutai1部分,刚才看到的是碑座的前半部分sbasandhonewsasnowws,j43 一u化里原本是座大山,四周与山体完全连在Thiswasbecaseifsoestelewould,起的,现在大家看到的碑材,全都是人工neverbeascompleteasitis化day.Thetools一一uo用整子点点的凿出来的,当时明代己theysedwereuncheschiselsrp,经发明了火药,那么为什么没有用火药炸something.Youcanstillseemanygouges呢?由于火药炸的话,碑肯定不会像现在ontheborderofthestonemai.Ignehow送么完整,他们采用的是当时最原始的开wiseourancestorswereintheancient’凿工具!tueoutr.M,只是整子、键子之类的硬凿出来timesNowlescontinripind的。我们可W看到石头旁边有很多凿痕。yoursteps!Becarefiil!可想而知,当时古代人民的智慧是无穷尽的。来我们继续沿着台阶走,当也脚下,?注意安全!碑首The!SteIeHead上来之后一N’owwvrivh.Stin,在前方,又有块突出来eearedereig的巨大的石块,它就是碑材的第二个部infrontofusisanotherhugestonewhkht.I分,称么为碑首,它形似帽子又有碑帽的sandsouttisthesecondartofthestele,p■说法!在碑的最顶端adceec,所W也是运三块碑namedSteleHe.Sinlookedlika巧,一862吨it-材中最轻的块,仅重。碑首同样gotanothernameSteleCap.Wi也a一-预留了H块方形石孔,唯不同的是eihtO〇62tonsthisstonebecamethe,它wg,的最左边的那个方孔已经被完全凿通了。lightestoneofthethreestonesformaking抬头,我们可W看到,在碑首上方有突出thestele,化uswasplacedonthetop.There""lthreeldhole来的石块,我们称么为石牙,如果大areasosquareyperforatesonhinehedifel家有兴趣的话,待会自由活动的时候,可tsstoandtrenceisthat化ehoe一一I胁有HW绕此周数下。它呢,巧块。onitsfareastwascompletelyperforated.运是用来雕两条幡龙的龙头、龙爪和龙尾Lookingup,wecanseesomero浊sonits""的。因为送是朱様为他的父亲朱兀璋所打uppersidewhichwecallstoneteeth.If造的神功圣德碑。它乃是皇家的工程,在youareinterestedoucanwalkaroundand,y上方雕两条幡龙,两条幡龙置于碑顶,更countthemlaterinourfreetime.Actuallyit显皇家的气势和尊严。而且在古时候有hasaltogether14ro沈swhichwereused化""九五之尊的说法,9巧刚好等于14。carvetheheads,clawsandtailsoftwo44 c-度块碑首不仅是H块之中最轻的,也是最uiieddraonssincethisstelewasmade呼g,一e完整的块,它的四周与山体已完全脱离forEmprorZhuYuanzhangbyhissonZhu’开。Di1:0showhisfathersdivinemeritsandsaelvirtueBecausei江roectfthegy.化sopjroalfamilhetwoculed-daonsonyytrur,pgtheuppersideofthestelecanbettershowthehighstatusanddignitofit.Besidesiny,化"eancienttimes化enumberofnineand,"fivesymbolizeddignityandharmonywhichcanonlybeused化d的cribeemerors.And9lus5hae打s化be14pppp,""thenumbarofthestone化eth.TheSteleHeadisnotonlthelihtestoneofthethreeygsto订esformaki凸gthestelebutalsothemostcompliedonewhichhastotallysearatedpfromthemountain.'碑身IheSteleBody碑身是按山体侧卧式开凿的,方便开Inorder化make化equarrying采。其北端与山体连接而未凿断。碑身底moreconvenientthestelebodas^yw部留有支撑石,这是为了防止碑身与山体chiseledinaccordancewi化化einclination连接断开的时候碑身下落,支撑石能起到angleofthemountain.Itsnorthartisstillp—wihhemounainheom定的缓冲作用,也有利于下边放置原connectedttt.Attbot木,方便运输。碑身竖起来的島度是巧oftheSteleBodyaresomesupporting米,重达2617吨。stoneswhichwereleftforbuferingincase化eSteleBodyfallswhenitsconnectionwi化mountai辽wasbroken.虹addition,化estonesarealsoconvenientfortransportation.asitiseasy化belaidloson.Thesteleg,bodyis25metershiwhenereUedandaghweighs2617tons.45 阳山碑材的系列故事YangshanSteleSeriesH块碑材大家都看到过了,H块碑材Aswehaveseenallthethree加起来的总高度是40米,重达%77吨。steles,whichadd啤化40metershighand一是个多么宏伟的工程啊!然而更令人不wei班9677tons.Whatamarvelousworicit1405is!Thererriinthinithatthe可思议的是,我们这个工程是从公元mosupsggs8069'u年的月到14的月。它仅仅只用了proectwasstartedfromAust1405ADjg,13个多月的时间就凿成我们大家所看到化December,1406,whichmeansit化ok的维形。可想而知l13oddmonthsforus化see化e,当时耗费了多少的人ony!为了能尽快打造神功圣德碑r.Oainethr力物力,皇embyonecnimagemanpowe家在全国各地征调能工巧匠、劳王和数千andmaterialrecoursesitconsumed.虹order余人的囚徒,并且派出了残酷的监工,让化finishtheTabletofDivineMeritsand他们每人每天必须交出这凿下来的三斗SagelyVirtue,theroyalfamilyinductedS升的碎有屑,也就是相当于现在的100thousandsofskilledcraftsmenlaborsand,厅重。逸个工程刚开始的时候,大家是勉prisonersalloverthecountry,andsentcruel强能够完成任务的,但是越往后趙困难。supervisors,ensuringthateveryworker一andv完不成任务的,唯出路就是被处死。工hoer浊iseledrubblesofthreebuckets’匠们,生andthreeliterswhichareasheavasthatof,吃的是杂粮、住的是草棚活条y件极差。工匠们有病死的、饿死的、有的100kilosnow.Atthebeginningof化eectlecldbalfinih在山上凿石头不小也滑落下来摔死的,等roeoourespj,ppy化等。他们把这些死伤的劳工用草席裹起来whereas化wasgetingharderandharderas山下事先一掩埋在挖好的个坑里。这样久timewenton.Tho化whocouldnotfin础一thtlathtt.而久之,送个坑就形成了个很大的坟头easkwoudginnoingbuexecued包,居住在附近的村民们,为了纪念这些Craftsmenwereeatingcoarsecereals,living一死去的劳工,就把自己个非常好听的村inthatchedshackallinbadlivin,g""名双龙镇改成了坟头林至今仍叫坟conditions.Someofthemdiedofdiseases,*nd头村。someofhungejasomewereaccidentall,yfallup化deathwhenchiselingstones.'Thosedeadandwoundedlaborswerewrappedwithstrawmatsandburiedinabigholewhichhadbeenpreparedearlier.As46 timeassedbtheholebecameahugepy,-avemoundpackageshapedgr.Forcommemorating也〇化I沁ors,Villag知srchanedareatlivinintheneighbohoodgggvillaenamefromDoubleDrago打5TowngintoGraveMound.d-inThenwhidthisreatconsumg那么,yg,为什么巧费了巨大的人力物力工程又接近完工的情况下却停止了proectstoitsproductionwhilebarely整个jp?我们这边有种说法,也comleted?Thereisanoldsayinghere,开采半途而废呢p""a-迂namelForMovintheCitara是历史书上记载的非常有科学根据的y,gp"co也就是说当时朱様scient近csainwlii沈isalsoKrdedin都说,自打当上皇帝yg化erWhenZhuDiethirdemerorhisto.么后,他的龙兴之y他p,意图把国都迂往北京一of化eMinDnastcame化化e也orn,he地么些大量的、重要的工程也自然gyy),那intded化move化ecaitalfromNanin而然的集中在建筑他北京的皇宫上面,久enpjg化Beiwhichwas化eroundofhis而久之,打造神功圣德碑这事就慢慢懈怠恤gg.risin.Sonaturallythebiandimportant。当初打造碑材时,朱棟怕老百g了况且,g正言不顺roectscenteredon也econstructionofhis姓指责他是谋权篡位的,名不pjalacethereforemakinTabletof,固他的政化证明他的帝位是p,g的,为了巩tlDeMeritandSaelVirtueosack.ivinsg克承正统的,所W为其父立碑歌功颂gy德,民也己顺,天Besides,wheninakingthestele,ZhuDiwas。眼下时代背景不同了迁往北京,于是无泌aidofbeinaccusedbyciviliansof下太平,况且帝都即将guuinthethronehkhseemedlike。srw也再为父亲陵园做过分的装饰但是为父pg,打造unworthofthethrone.Fortheurposeof立碑又不能半途而废,因此他又下令yp一sreinhis了朱consolidatinhiimeandustig了,而且亲自撰文颂扬ggjfy块石碑代替re山ationhemadestele化sing化epraise元璋的功德伟绩,这块碑就是现在明孝陵p,""。ofhisfatherHoweversincetimewas.四方城内的大明孝陵神功圣德碑有,之不用dentthentheardentsuortoftheifer,了这个替代品么后,阳山碑材就弃pp了eolewereWon,peacereignedover化e。pplandandcaitalwas油outtobemoved,,pZhuDiwasnotinthemood化m沁e47 M’bexce.ssiveornaments化rsfathers化mNeverthelesssetinsteleforhisfather,g叩cannotbegivenuphalfway,sohegaverde'iho巧化makanewsto凸etabl別takngteeplaceoftheoriginalsteleandwrotearospinperson化singthepraiseofZhuYuanzhanhfahe.Tistatisgistrhstoneble()nowtheTabl约ofDivineMeritsandS巧elyVirtueintheSquareCitadelofMinxiaolinMausoleum.AstheggrelacementappearedYanshanStelewasp,gabandoned.Moreoverthereisafolksain然而我们民间当地老百姓还流传了,yg""—amone天意说。sreadinthlocaleolenamel,种说法就是天意说是跟我pggpp,y""heiilt。非常TheWillofHeaven.Tsayngsreaed们阳山脚下的几个村庄是有联系的化severalvillaesatthefootofYanshan巧的是我们坟头村的东面有个东流村,西ggMountain.Coincidentallthereisavillae,面有个西流村,前面有个关桥村和锁石yg"一w化么句话东边calledEastDiueastardrunningater)化于是民间就流传着这(w,西迪,东也留,西也留,theeastofvillageGraveMoundavillae有东流有西流,g一d道关calledWestDiutothewestantwo,碑材搬不中间锁石锁坟头,关桥,"ideandLockin山能走。我们大vUlaescalledClosn走,除非gBrigg,若想搬碑材g一of?onesinfrontGraveMoundTh想这句话主要说St.ensuch家想,山怎么能走呢,一adnmoneosentencesreiathele:there明这块石材它乃是块死石头,永远搬不pggpp住了碑材isanEastLiu化theeastaWestLiiUothe出去的。还说是附近几个村庄挡,""的去路west,theeastkeeskeepsoundsthe。这句话久而久之就传到了朱様的p("""耳中,朱樣就叹道不是我不搬,此乃是sameastheChinese浊aracterLiu)and"天意也。于是他就顺应了天意,下令停化ewestkeeps,themiddlelocksstonesand一hndbrid。eravemoueisclosedhencethe止了泛项浩大的工程tg,,gsteleisimossible化bemovedsoonlIfp;ythemountaincanwalkcanthestelebe48 moved.Wecanthinkaboutit.Howcanthemountainwalk?Thesentencemainlytells化at化esteleis过deadstonewhichcanneverbemovedanditisthosevillagesnearbyblockitswa.GraduallyhuDiy,Z'heardthissentenceandsigned:itisnotme化atu打wi化ng化move化e巧elebutthe"heaven.Thenhe化Uowedthewillof,heavenandstoedtheiantroect.ppgpj现在大家如果有兴趣的话,可妒沿着Ifouareinterested,youmaywalky一600itthestelealonthestes台阶进入碑身里面,观看下当时年nobodof化egpy,一ch。andwattheimressiveartificial前人工完全凿通的线天,非常之壮观p-eD-OnineSkyadein600earsao.myg一TY总的来说,阳山碑材只是朱様个作osumup,angshanSteleisjusta秀的工程,其目的就是为了稳固他的江山projectZhuDimadeforshow,who化"ri化conidatehii.地位。然而石上有痕己为前朝记功过,puposessolsregme""vltracesth碑中无字留与后人论是非,看完么后为Neertheesshetonthesoneave,我们留下了很多的感慨。recordthemeritsandmistakesoftheastp,村沮出spaceinthesteleleavestheroom化"disputesforthelatergenerations.Afterseeinthisdee托elinsremaininourg,pgheart.1824I1824eforetheri化ofalStrt在世界上还没有华尔街的年,nbWlee,送里已经开创了华尔街的事业;在全世界hereinPingyaohadalreadylaun浊edsu沈a都忙着旧貌换新颜的当下,这里依然保持business.Whenthewholeworldis着2700年前的样貌200underoinfundamentalchanesPinao。你不必早出生ggg,gy一她eesa02000Irmainsthme犯270earsao.年或年,你只要到山西来,便可yg览数百年前的中国华尔街诞生地,领略中Justcome化Shanxi,thenoucanobserveylt国保存最完整的古城风采。thebirthplaceofChinaWallStreetbuihundredsofearsaoandareciatetheyg,pp49 l-mostwelreservedancientcitinChina.py""平遥古城有龟城么称,街道格局TheAncientCityofPingyaois""为王字形,整体布局遵从八卦方位,nicknamedastheCityofTortoise.The体现了明清时期城市规划理念和形制分streetlandscapepaternlikesaChinese、古建巩300"II布。城内外有各类is址多处,characteri.and也eoveralllayout4000座有保存完整的明清民宅近,衔道compiyswithBagua(eighttrig歷susedin商铺都体现历史原貌.,被称作研究中国古,,T+,+,Taoistcosmologytorepresentthe代城市的活样本。fundamen汹iprinciplesofireality),whichrefletcts化6conceptofurbanlanninandpgshapedistributioninMingandQingDynasties.Inandoutsidethecitaremanyymonumentsover300ancientbuildins,g,4000we-llreservedresidentialhousesin,pMininDnastiesandstreetsandshosgQgy,pdemonstratingtheirhistoricalappearances.ThusPinaoisknownasthelivin,gygecimenininChin的i沾.studygeancent0es巧平遥城墙为明洪武兰年(1370年)所TheAncientCityWallofPingyaowas建,周长6.4公里,墙高]i2米左右,夕FbuUtin1370,thethirdyearduringthereign;表全部砖湖,墙外有护城河,深广各4米。ofHongmioftheMingDynasty,witha墙上筑有3000个煤口、72座敌楼,据说circumferenceof6.4kilomieters,andthe-象征孔子H千弟子及b十二贤±。城墙历wallof沁out12metershigh.Outsidethe经600余年的风雨沧桑,至今仍雄风犹存,brickCityWallisamoat4metersindepth是中国现存规模较大、历史较早、保存较andbreadthrespectively.W地3,000crenels一Wa72atchtowers化itCitll完整的古城墙么,亦是世界遗产平遥古andw,eanceny城的核也组成部分。ofPinao姐eedlsinifiesthe3000gygyg,disciplesofConfbciusand72saints.After--vointhouhover600earicissitudesthegggy,CitWallstilliremainsthelo巧in化eoldyg50 imeseofhile-lt.Asonteexstingargscae,-ear-lsinlbuiltandwellireservedcitwalypyChina,化eAncientCi巧WallofPingyaoisalsothecorecomponentoftheworldherie-iaotagPngy.if世界遗产委员会的评价:平遥古城是TheWorldR組CSCommteeo一座古代县城UNESCOkedthatthAcientCitof中国境内保存最为完整的,remarenyP-是中国汉民族城市在明清时期的杰出袍ingyaois化emostwellpreservedancient例,countinChina.Itistheoutstandin,在中国历史的发展中为人们展示了yg—幅非同寻常的文化、社会、经济及宗教exampleofChineseHannationalitycities发展的完整画卷。duringMingandinDastiesremaininQgyn,gallfeaturesofsucheriodsandPinaop,gyancientcityveals泣ictureofunexectedreppculturalsocialeconomicandreliious,,gdevelopmentinChinesehistory.一e平遥古城十大怪,其中之就是房于ThrearetenS仕angecustomsin""?P半边盖inaooneofwhidiisthathousesare。流传最广的说法为四水归堂gy,""-mo或肥水不流外人田。山西地处千旱,builtinhalflike.Thestfrequentlytoldeasonisthatitenableswatercominfrom且风沙较大,将房屋建成单坡,能增加房rg屋临街外墙的鳥度,而临街又不开窗户,fourdirections化gatherm化epatio,or化at则能够有效地抵御风沙和提高安全系数。itkeeps化egoodieswi血nthefamily.Shanxiislocatedinthearidandsandyarea.Thushel-indowsteantohouseswi化outw,facingstre巧5protect化6family扛cmsandandthefts.840-清代晚期01911),平遥经济高InthelaterperiodofQingDynasty22840-91in度发展,昌荣鼎盛,票号多达家,成U11Paoenoedaraid),gyjyp一eco为当时的金融中也。日升昌是中国第家nomicdevelopmentandpro巧erity.With22Pia〇haoalsoknownasdaftbanks票号,是中国现代银行的开山鼻祖,日升呼化(昌票号曾在山东、河南、迂宁、江苏等先orexchanehousesPinaobecame化eg),gy51 后设立分支机构,19世纪40年代,它的financialcenterofthattime.Thefirst一步扩展到日本、新加坡、俄巧aohaoinChin年Rishenchanor业务更进gg,""罗斯等国家。SunriseProsperity,was化e化underofChinamodemcommercialbank.RishengchanDraftBankestablishedgbranchesinkeyChinesecitiessuchasShandong,Henan,LiaoningandJiangsu.Inthe1840s,Rishengchangexpandeditsbusine巧化overseascountrieslikeJapan,Singapore,andRussia""您现在的位置是南口,曰迎薰口,YouarenowattheSouthGatenamed""""您可看到南街口牌楼上的薰风南来asYingxunmen.Youcanseeaplaque""迎薰口。hunonthearchatthesouthstreetcomer.四字,正是与么相对应薰风g""""乃暖风、和煎么风。迎薰隐含着欣欣ItsaysXunfengnanlaiwhidimeansthat向荣、喜庆祥和之意。您旁边的就是平遥fromsouthcomestheauspiciousa—古城墙。ircorrespon出ng化化emeaningof""""Yingxunmen.Xunfenmeanspleasantly""warmwind.Yingxunindicatesaflourishinghaandeacefullife.Riht,ppypgb的ideyouis化eAncientCityWallofPingyao.""您现在的位置是北口,曰拱极,YouarenowattheNorthGatenamed""""您可看到牌楼上拱极二字。拱,环asGongji.Youcansee化的etwo""""、。aractersontheGonmeans绕簇拥;极,北极星拱极W众星沈arch.g""捧月比喻四方归附。您旁边的就是平遥古embracinandsurroundinandJithegg,""城墻。Ploris.Go打gji化gethermeansthatamyriadofstarssvirroundthemoonwhichsignifies也atthecountrisunitedandyharmonious.RihtbesdouisAncientgie化eyCityWallofPinao.gy52 ""您现在的位置是上东口,曰太和,YouarenowattheEastGateinthe""""您可W看到牌楼上太和二字。意为和northnamedasTaihe.Youcanseethe化""平安宁,万物各得其所。您旁边的就是平twocharactersonthear沈.Taihemeans遥古瑪墙。p閒ceandthatthemyriad化ingswill巧址战化eiros出onsnaturall.Rihtbesideouispygy出eAncientCityWallofIHngyao.""您现在的位置是下东口,曰亲翰,YouarenowattheEastGateinthe""""您可W看到牌楼上亲翰二字。意为使southnamedasQinhan.Youcansee""敌人闻风丧胆,不敢来犯。您旁边的就是化e化twocharacterson也earch.Qinhanmetrembliwifearnemiare平遥古城墙。ansthatngthees,tooafraidtointrudethecity.RightbesideouisceitWallof.ytheAnintCyPingyao""您现在的位置是上西口,曰永定,YouarenowattheW的tGate虹化e""""您可W看到牌楼上永定二字寓意城池northnamedasYongding.Youcansee永固,牢不可破。您旁边的就是平遥古城化esetwocharactersonthearch.""■墙Yondinmeanshahitionl。ggtttecysstrgyfortifiedandissecureagainstassault.RightbesideyouistheAncientCityWallofPinao.gy""您现在的位置是下西口,曰凤仪,YouarenowattheWestGateinthe""二""化您可W看到牌楼上凤仪字出自《诗southnamedasFengyi.Youcansee的e""经。ocharactersonthearchOriinatedas》有凤来仪,自然是吉祥之意您旁tw.g"""边的就是平遥古城墙。YoufenglaiyifromtheConfbcianBook"""of,Songs,Fengyistandsforroitiousness.RihtbesideouistheppgyAncientCitWallofPinao.ygy古城墙是中国现存最完好的四座古TheAncientCityWallofPingyaois一-v。19郎年,被中华人民共和国国oneofthefourexistinhostwellresered城墙么gp务院公布为第H批全国重点文物保护单ancientwallsinChina.虹1%8itwas,一6163。awadedoneoftheNationalKCultural位之。它大致呈方形,周长米r巧53 H面皆直RelicsProtectionUnitsbStateCouncilof南城墙随中都河婉魄而建,其余y'ub线相围。您可目测下城墙的高度,用脚化ePeoplesReplicofChina.TheCityalihlreedandthe步丈量下它的宽度。好的,城墙大概有多Wlsrougysquashap,?a高多厚?让我来告诉您。城墙高810circumferenceis6,163meters.Excepttht??Wa81236。化eSouthCitllwasbuiltalonthe米,底厚米,顶厚米请您yg"亲身感受下城墙,平遥城依照因地制宜,wanderingZhongduRiver,化eo化erthree。werelinear.Youcanmeasuretheheihtof用险制塞的原则修建,风格古朴,重视g防御eCitWallwith巧eballinand化ewidth,工艺和用料均W精良著称。墙体内thyg,withourfeetWell.Canoutellmethe为±筑,,外用白灰包孤顶部用青砖铺墳yy内侧设马道和内向播水渠道。墙上有6座approximatelyheightandthickness?OK.I城口及口楼,四角各筑1座角楼,每隔50willtellyouthe既actnumber.TheCity-er加化1座810metshih842meters米便筑料敌楼,中架木板,外设箭孔。Wallisg,eand3-6metersthickonthe0.6曰高2米。敌atthbotom,城墙上设女墙高米,蝶巧口3000,.Youcanfeelforourself.Withs啤erior楼共有座,操共计多个据说topy是按孔子有弟子H千二来设计materialsandworkmanshitheAncient、贤人屯十p,口ofPinaowasconstructedinasense的,其余己大都残Cit。不过除了城口和操ygy一nd化。,ofclassicalaintasteaccordinlocal坏六座城口中,南北各有座东西分pgconditnanddefenditselfwith别有两座,iosse,东西口外均筑有附属的脊城,,并且城内街道布preciitouseorahicallocations.With形如乌龟的头尾和四足pggp""ridefthe。bricksasthefloor出einneso局亦颇似龟背纹络,故有龟城之称gray,-wathelimeashedearthenCityWallwsbiidlewaandinwarddrainagechannel.yThereare6gatesandarchesontheCityWalland1turretateachcomer.Awatch,化werisb山化ever50meterswithlanksypweaetinsideandarroholesoutside.Thprapwallis0.6metershighandthetW地3000machicolaions2metershi班.,crenelsand72watchtowerstheancient,citallofPinaoalleedlysignifiestheywgyg54 7sints3000discilesofConfuciusand2a.,pExceptthegatesandcrenels,mostoftherestisdestroyed.Onegatestandsinthesouthandnorth化sectivelandtwo虹thepy,eastandw的t.Andaffiliatedbarbicanentranc的stands0山sidetheEa巧andWestGate.Theoveralllaoutlooklikestheheadyandawsofatortoiseandthelaoutofthe,ypstreetsinthecityissimilartothetextureoniat;ortoisescaraace.TherefojrePinaop,gywasnicknamedastheCityofTortoise.""一o您讲述龟城SeakinoftheCitofTortiseI,说道龟城,送里跟个pgy—havecienttale化sharewi也ou.Lon的古老传说,ananyg。据传说在很久很久前一lonaatortoihavinlivedforten,gose只生活在东海的万年海龟变成了神龟g,g一也ousandearsinEastChinaSeabecame天它携儿带女到潮海去旅游,兴奋么余yaalowithhis口,进入了黄河,它immortl.Onedyhe,an不留神误入黄河入海,g一auwd化hterantetravel化BohaiSea.逆流而上又到了汾河,有天路经平遥界dg,连绵不断ereoexciedthatteaccidentall,Thesth化只见此地南边山巧起伏,ywyywentinto也eYellowRiver.Thwent酷似大海里出现的海市屢楼。日夜思念家巧,ustream化theFenRiver.Whenthey乡的这只神龟立即爬上岸准备爬回大海p一aoeressedbPin也巧wimressedb位当地的神仙发现,龟Waygy,py就在此时,被p■化erollinandsublimemountainsinthe长寿和善良给人吉祥幸福的象征,送位g仙人就想让它留在此地,为平遥人造福,south,whichstronglyresemblesthemirage一iinheseaThehomesickimmortaltortose于是将它的条腿拴了起来。栓龟的柱子t.diatellieduontotheshoreand就是平遥城东7.5公里的冀郭村北面的冀immeycmbp郭塔。由于汾河在平遥境内为略偏南北的wanted化return化thesea.Rightat化emomentAnimmortalinPinaofoundit,gy东西走向,所W象征神龟的平遥城也就与向。由于andwouldlike化keq)astayinPingyaofor汾河垂直成了略偏东西的南北走化ebenefitoflocaleolebecausetortoises龟的身体为前厚后薄,所W平遥城的地势pp,也是南高北低,areireardedasanimalsoflongevityand。为了不让这只神龟饿死g55 神仙还在南口外十几里外的西源祠村造kindness.Thus,theimmortaltiedthe了个神池,那里有水、有草又有鱼,可供tortoiseup.Thepillarthetortoisetied啤化。至此,is也eJi阱0Towerinthenor化ofKguo其食用,神龟就被神仙留在了平遥形成了现在的平遥城Village7.5kilometerseastofPingyao,Fen。Riv却runsfromeast化we巧wi化aslightathinPinaoslantingto化enorthndsougy,andvi说versa.Sincetheupperbodyofthetortoiseisthickandtheloweristhin,theaiaoihiinthegeneralterrinofPngysghsouthandlowin化enorth.Inorder化keep也etortoisefromstarving化death,化eirucredoolinXianmmotalbiltasapyuAncestralHallseveralmilesawayfromtheSouthGate.The1;ortoisecouldbe拓dbythewaterrassandfi化也ere.Thetortoise,gstaedinPinao,andthePingyaoCountyygy?hraduall化okshaeinthelonistor.gypgy一aawe口虹出e1950stherewsllwi化五十年代时,,还能看到神池内有runninsrinwaterm也esacredool.The自流井不断有泉水涌出,池水清彻见底,gpgp.鱼自由自在地来回游waterwassoclearthatyoiTcouldseethe水草茂盛,许多小botomandthewaterlantwassolushthat,温p荡,由于泉水从地下涌出度恒忘所,冬季也不会结冻,形成了局部小气候,fuhcouldswimfreely.Thespringwater植物也保持绿色,这里成为北方地区少有welled0也of化eground,so出etemperature'一eontfreeze19说wasconstantandthwaterw.的块江南美景。可惜在年的大跃,andtheereeverreellofwhichltswna,把形成自流井的不ang进年化由于打深井p,formedasouthernbeautiMscenerinthe透水层穿透,造成J这颗平遥明珠永远地yhebeinninofNorth.Howeverin1958t消失了。,,ggtheGreatLe巧Forward,thewelldisaearedbecausetheimperviousbedppwasenetratedwhendrillingadeepwell.p56 theuhescomerandEastGate平遥城墙的东南角和东口,分别有文Atsotat昌阁(现已不存)、魁星楼和尹吉甫点将oftheCityWallstand也eWen沈ang'Ku台等建筑。南口部分墙段曾在2004年倒Pavilionwhichhasntexistedixin,g册Di塌2005TowerinianJianTaiorPlatform,年已获重修。除此W外的其余大Y,jgforAintinCommandandsoon.部分墙体都保存较好,与陕西西安城墙、oersppg,rtoftheSouthGatewallcollasedin湖北荆州城墙、迂宁兴城城墙等并列为中Pap国现存最好的四座古城墙004andwasreconstructedin2005.Aart。2,p技om也atthemostre巧wallsare,-toehelliv.ThsCitWalltrwereserediyp,gafiwi化theCitWlloXianJinzhouandy,g,Xingchengislistedasthemost,-reservewawellpdcityllsinChina.hGatijPinl平遥有六个城n:分别是南n、北口、Tereare6engyao,namey上东口、下西口。南口SouthGate,NorthGate,EastGateinthe、下东口、上西口一sesGa曰迎薰口EastGateintheouthWttein,会从城墙上下去,您可W看打0地,,"""到南街口牌楼上的薰风南来四字,迎化enorth,andWestGatein出esouth.South"‘""薰口正是与之相对应。薰风乃暧风、和GateisnamedasYinxunmen.Walkingg""晚之风。迎薰隐含着欣欣向荣、喜庆downfrom出eCityWall,youcanseea""祥和么意拱,环绕、lauehunonthearchatthesouthstreet。北口曰拱极,pqg""""簇拥;极,北极星。拱极1^1众星捧月comer.ItsaysXunfengnanlaiwhich""比喻四方归附。上东口曰thtrosth化eausicious太和,意为meansafmoucomesp"a-eeaniof和平安宁,万物各得其所。下东口曰亲ircorresponding化化mng"""""enmeanseaanl。Yinxunmen.Ximflst翰,意为使敌人闻风丧胆,不敢来犯gpy""""上西口曰永定,寓意城池永固,牢不warmwind.Yingxunindicatesa"。"可破。下西口曰凤仪,出自《诗经》有flourishing,happyandpeacefullife.North。""""凤来仪,自然是吉样么意。GateisnamedasGongji.Gongmeans""embracinndsurroundinandJithegag,""Ploris.Gongi化ethermeans化atajgmyriadofstarssurroundthemoo打whichsinifiesthatthecountrisunitedandgy57 hamonious.EastGateinthenorthisnamed""犯了aihewhichmeanspeaceandthatthemyriadthingswillrealizetheirpos化onsnaturally.EastGatein也esouthisname过as""mbU凸wi化Qinhanwhichmeans化attregfearenemiesare化oafraid化intrudethe,city.WestGateinthenorthisnamedas""Yongdingwhichmeansthatthechyisstronglyfortifiedandissecureagainstassault.W的tGateinthesouthisnamedas""""FenioriinatedasYoufenglaiyifromgyg""""化eConfiicianBookofSons.Fengyigstands化rrohiousnestppialaedas,ebarbcanentrancesonm食撤是建在城口外小城,又叫月城Th,""。平遥古城的替Yuechengisasmallcitbuiltouside用W增强城池的防御能力,y。城城口与大城口的朝向多数呈90夹角Pingyao化enhanceitsdefensecapabilities.(南口和下东口除外),即便敌军攻破了Thebarbicanentrancesare90degreesofthe食城城口,还有主城口防御,由于翁城内gates.excetforEastGatein化esouthand(p地方狭窄不易于展开大规模兵力进攻,延SouthGate.Evenifenemiesbreakthrough)讓了敌军的进攻速度,而城墙顶部的守军thebarbicanentrances,化ereisstilldefense,给敌人W致命打atthemainates.Massiveattackscannotbe则可居高临下四面射击g一击般的當城正如南carriedoutinthenarrowareainthe,正所谓食中捉蟹。一whbarbicanentrancesichdelasthe口脚下的这座样,但是在下东城的覚城,y一却有与众不同之处attacksandthedefendintroopsatothe。会您游览下东城的,gp一番CitWallcanshootfromalldirections瓷城时可W仔细观察,这里先给您讲y解whicho巧sadeathblow化enemies.Just。p"astheroverboes:catchaturtlein化earpgj"whichmeansasurecatch.Mostbarbicanentrancesarethesameastheoneoutofthe'SouthGate.But化eoneoutoftheEastGate58 'thw的tisdiferent.Ill化11outheiney出feren巧5first,andyoucanobserveyourselflater.平遥古城的瓷城城口与大城口的朝Thefirstdifferenceisthatmost。向多数呈90,下东口将脊口开在了barbicanentrancesare90dereesofthe夹角g一。atesbuttheateofthisoneisintheeast东面且正对着通衝大道而开种说法是g,g,andfacinthethorouhfare.Asainabout京城位于平遥古城的东面,下东口的食城ggyg一大口向东开为了表示对朝廷的尊敬。另化is化ateoleinPingyaoshowed化eirpp种说法是下东口外除了护城河设防,还有respectfortheroyalcourtbecausethe一a条横贯在城东的惠济河可作天然屏障。capitlintheeastofPingyao.Another一ddsainisthatinaition化themoatHuii在惠济河上仅建有座石拱桥,桥面并不yg,j一旦战事告急chcrossedEastPinaocould宽,便可拆桥断路,阻隔Riverwhigy,来犯之敌ovideanaturaldefenseforPinao.There,故而即使下东口食城的大口向prgy一isltrcrsHi,ononesoneahbrideacos邮东开,也无大碍。还有种说法把平遥yg一randh日oorwhideRiveteofichisnotw.古城说成是座龟城,古人营造它时担也,""这只鸟龟爬走,所W有意将它的左后So,inthewartime,thebridgecouldbe10公化smantled化stoanenemofensive.And腿拽直,并用绳索牢牢系在城东北pyiitintideaUfthebarbictranceout里之遥的麓台塔上,送才有了下东口脊城sabganen。oftheEastGatein化ewestisoen化the大口面东而开的奇怪现象pea化Andthethirdsayingis化aUokee化ep化rtoisefromcrawlingawaeoletieditsy,pplefthindle化theLutaiTowertenmilesgnortheastofPingyao.一人InebarbicanentranceoutoftheEast在下东口的脊城里居然还设有th一-ittewestsaumanhehtlatform,aeinhih高的平台,平台上有座关帝庙内置关Ggp、erestandstheGelewith羽、关平周仓与赤兔马塑像。庙口对面whuandiTmp‘一一建了座戏台处狭窄的GuanuGuaninhoucanand民ed。从关帝庙通过y,pg,Zg小口和砖掏步道可(^诞转登上城墙。这在Horsestatueinside.Oppositethetempleisa其他古城也千分少见。从军事防御的角度stage.YoucanmounttheCityWallthrou班59 内主要是用于交通和作战narrowdoorandabricktrailinGuandi。在曾a看,瓷城e.Itisrareitheitcities.城内建关帝庙和给关帝唱戏的戏台,无异TmplenorancenFroaitheersectiveofmilitardefense于在地面与城头之间搭建了几层攀爬的ppy,了垂直距离。出ebarbicanentrancesaremainlusedfor,自然对守城不利y台级,缩短Bu杜ansortationandmilitaroperations.t殊不知送正是平遥瓷城与众不同么处,表py明营城者对于镜城功能的设计和空间利化eGuandiTempleand化estageare用有着不同寻常的见解。也许正是因为下化sadvantagesfordefensing化ecitybecausethhortenthrticaldistance.Actuall,,eseve东口的位置举足轻重,才建起了关帝庙yy。thisifeatureofthebarbicanistheunue求助于武圣人坐镇替城,鼓舞守军±气qual3000trinPinao.Itsesanunus送与在城墙上设置72座敌楼和媒enancesyignifionadesisace、ointofviewofftm地lnand口,寓意孔子的贤人弟子同仇敌汽守城pgp。至utiliz地on.For也eEastGatein化ewestis江卫民的做法,实有异曲同工之妙于截城里的島台建筑看似拉近了两军跑离,实decisivelocation,Guan出Templewasbuiltiand际近距离作战化rafor化eGuanYusguard,对人侵之敌具有更大的杀pyiiration.Ithasthesameeffect化the伤力。nsp3000crenelsand72watchtowerson化6,CitWall.Andtheshorteneddistanceyenablesaclo化combatinwhichthedinmillbfihtedaainstinaintrugeneegywgmoreerniciouswa.pyThCitTowersometimescalled城楼,古代e,,是修筑于城池的城口顶y""""ilinancienttimesisbuiltonthe。aoou有时称憔楼平遥城墙的城楼共有六Q,座,二年(1703toofthecitates.The6CityTowerswas,创修于明代清康熙四十pyg1614onstructedinMinDnastand.张宽五间c,年)补修重筑,城楼高gyyreconstructedin1703也e42ndeardurin13.721.04。g米,进深四间0米造型古朴、,y。thereinofEmerorKanxiining典雅,结构端庄稳健城楼是城墙顶精致gpgQ,Dnast.TheCitWallsare16.14maters美观的高层建筑,平常登高瞭望战时主yyy一rseer13.72metewide,and10.04mts将坐镇指挥,是座城池重要的高空防御high,lfrmthefrontdoort:othebackdoor.设施。ongoTheCityTowersareb山Itinclassicand60 lainstyleandinfirmandsteadfastpriteframewok.Climbinguponto化edelcahigh-ri化CityTowersineacetime,peoplepcouldlookoutforalo打gdistance.Andinthewartime,chiefcommanderswouldbeinthechareofoerationsin化eCityTowergpwhichfunctionedasanimportanthh-tigatitudedefense.角楼,主Turretsarebuiltat化ecomersofacity,是建于城墙四角上的楼稽esillThedeadanlna要用^wa.secomersareg1^弥补守城死角即城墙拐角处的防御薄弱环节,从而増强整座城墙的防御能war.Thus,turretsarebuiltup化makeup""化霞叠楼化rthisweakn的s化fortiedefense.The力。角楼分别指西北角的,东fy""""。trretsPieiaToweratthe北角的栖月楼西南角的瑞讀楼,uiningyaoareDx""。northwestcomerXiueTowerthe东南角的凝秀楼,y'wdnortheastRuiaiToerthesouthwestan,■Ninxiuowerthesoutheast.gTLocatedon也etooftheCitW姐点将台,位于上东口和下东口之间城py墙顶上827betweenEastGateinthesouthandnorth,,现为砖砲高台。相传公元前''DianJianTaiisabricklatform.Itissaid年周宣王即位后,派大将尹吉甫率兵北伐gp验貌,连战连捷,后奉命屯兵今之平遥,化atafterascendingthethronein827B.C.,。EeroXuwaninZhouDast,mrany增筑城墙,并在此训练±卒点将练武pgyn明代中叶,人们为纪念尹吉甫功绩,在尹appointedChiefCommanderYinJ航to曾点将阅兵的地方修筑了高真庙。明清维wageanorthernexpeditionagainstXianyun""一一nohiitis.YiJifoandhs修城墙时并将高真庙连成体,是thetemmnorien城顶宽阔的高台,登高远眺,也旷神怡,armyscoredonevictoryafteranother."LaterYinwasordered化station杜oosin诗曰;层台百尺县城连,吉甫励名难壤,p"。,PinaoandbuildCitWallswherehe前塞草久消征战垒龙旗怯意出车年。gyytrainedhisarmyandappointedcommanders.虹化emiddleofMingDynastytocommemoratetheChief,61 CommanderYinJ泡peopleb山It化eGaozhenTempleatthepalcewhereYinappointedcommaders.WhentheCityWallwasreconstructedinMingandQingDynasties,GaozhenTemplewasconnected化theWall.Thusitserv的asabroad,aforwhelokouforapltmrepeoplecanotlong出stanceand耗el巧laxedandleasant.pJustastheoemoes化也eeffect化at化epg-whhighriseplatformichsbolizesYin,ym化扣8contributionisconnected化theCit,y'Wall.ThouhYinJifustimehaslongbeengoneenemiesarestillafraidtointmsetheg,cit.y。chdinth护城河,即围绕在城下的濛沟远古AMoatistheditsurrounge人类为了防御外敌侵扰cit.Toavoidinvasioninancienttimes,,在聚落四周掘蟹yicaoundhittlement挖療,e(edudthesrterse,随之形成的带状高地使人们受到p如g,修筑墙垣的启示。城濛的产生则可视为最化enabandinghighlandholeshape.People初穷筑城垣时,就地取±的结果。濛内积drewalesson孤dbegan!:〇buildacityallw一e,theearthtkarthewall.Thusa水而成池,成河成了难道防withanoundW逾越的,""""""线,惟城围民,惟池围城,池是城出tchwasconstructed.Withwater""的屏障,故常W护城河称。吊巧是横gathered化gether,theditchbecameapond,一跨在护城濛上的木板桥animenetrabledefense.Asthesain,桥面向外的端pyg结有绳索,通过淆轮、绞盘可随时将桥面goes,acitywallprotectsthecitizen,anda.ca吊起^。onddefensesthecitsoamoatislled,!断来路py,""asHuchengRiverinChine化whichmeansthattheponddefensesthecity.Aboardwalkacrossthemoatiscalledadrawbridge.Thereareropestiedontheexteriorbridefloorwhichcanbeliftedugp62 bypulleyandwinch.Thus,化eentrance化化ecityiscutoff.魁星楼,位于城东南隅的南城墙墙KuixingTowerislocatedonthetopofeSouthCWaacomereatitllt化esouths顶。魅星,是北斗星韦星中形成斗形的四化yiuixinistheeneraltermof颗星(天枢、天权)的总称,ofthect.Kg、天敬、天机yg也成髓91。据说魁星是主宰文章兴衰的化efourstarsformingafunnel礼科举时代人们奉祀魁星,乞求文教事shape(Tianshu,Tianxuan,Tianji,Tianquan)业蒸蒸日上。平遥南城墙的魁星楼theBiDier.ItissaidthatKuixingis,旧在ingpp南楼上,创建于清康熙三十五年(1696化eimmortalrulingtheliteralworld.So,同治十二年uixinwasworshiedintheaeof年)(化巧年)移建于东南Kgppgrcultural隅,仅imerialexaminationsforabete。新中国建立后,楼已经残缺不全p一t871990andeducaionalcause.虹1696也e35化留有砖台。巧年年,在平遥城,墙的维修工程中eardurinthereinofEmerorKangxiin,将魁星楼全面修复。楼yggp设双层,通高24米,底层筑八角形砖台,QingDynasty,KuixingTowerwas东西向辟拱券式通道,旁设砖阶可盘曲而originallybuilton也eSouthCityWall,,上。中层是仿木构八角形砖雕楼台,坐乾andin1873,the12化yearduring也ereignofEmerorTonzhiKuixinTowerwas向巽。顶层建木构八角形攒尖亭,楼顶满pg,gmoved化thesouheastcorner.Afterthe施琉璃。清朝年间,M星楼W巧尚有文昌t""阁,双阁理褒连云,建楼环拱W映日,foundingofnewChina,也eTowerwas城上的楼阁同城下庞大的文庙建筑群遥destroyedwi化thebrickfoundationleft一onaot相呼应方胜l.From巧87化1990aPinCi,文化氛围异常浓郁,堪称y,gyy境。Wallmaintenanceproectwascarried0山.jAndtheKuixingTowerwasfullyrestored.-hThetwostoried化weris24met汾sighwi化anctanlebrick化undation.Theireareogarchwaysin化eeastandwe巧withbrickystairsaside虹themiddleisanimitated.’-buwoodenstructuredoctanleildingwi化gscultureson.Thebuildingislocatedinthepnorthwest她dfacingsoutheast.Onthe化口63 -cdocanisawoodenstruturetglepointednhavilionwithcoloredlazeotop.IntepgtWPavilionstillQingDynasyenchan,gs化odin化ew的t.Aoemgoes化化eefectptechoesthatavilionsontheCiyWallp化mpl班andb山Wingsin化eci巧fromafar.S山Idinshe化canberatedas化emostgfantasticscenicso化ithariche山ture.pw--an6公里ThethousandearoWShuglin千年古刹双林寺位于县城西南y3Temilocadinthenorthofaotou处达蒲乡桥头村北leste巧。整座庙宇建在米多p高的止台基上,四周围W红色的穷上墙,Village,DapuTown6kilometerssouthwest一-e-h墙上有操煤of巧naoCount.Builtona3metrigh,看上去就像座坚固的城gyy中都soifoundationandwitharaetsontheredl堡。观体寺原名中都寺,因其地本为,pp一ee。loamwallthtemllookslikean故城之所在,因而得名中都寺当时为,p人不绝eablecastle.ShuanlinTemlewas,imrn方胜境,庙貌雄伟,香火隆盛,游pggp""n^edasZhonduTemleiil屯重楼阁,ornal,曾建有,高可望省可惜毁gygp一du于火灾,原阁础石至今犹存,直径米有because化locationiswheretheZhong余,CitinMinDnastwas.Thegrand,足证其规模之大。约至宋代中都寺ygyyv-i。seenstoriedZhonduTemlewasascenc改名双林寺据佛经记载,佛祖释迦牟尼gp涅盘之地为古代天竺拘尸那城跋提河旁spotatthattime,andenjoyedaboomingri尔时佛在双树之下ilrimae.PitiMitwasavaedna,头北p,g沙罗双树之间,ggy--eTheover-onemeerdiameter边双树顿fir.t,圆,四面西,右胁而卧寂升天"。foundatioiitnesses化loi.About开白花双林入灭。宋,寺n紛stswgy。称为后"""ZhonduTlinSonDasemewas,中曾住有尼姑,故有姑姑之碑及贞gyntygp"Hunl虹Temle.Accordin。双enamedasSag义祠等遗迹,盖与纪念尼姑有关林rgp一h化Buddhistsutrastenirvanalaceof寺建筑千数百年的风雨兵灾么,p,历遭患,SakamuniwasamongtheShoreaassamica,庙貌渐即倾化虽然历代皆有修葺y""DersmKusinarainIndia.When但到元末,已到了殿極损壤,厅廊倾顽y的地步、弘治、Sakamuniassedaway,hewasheading化。因化明朝景泰、天顺yphetlinthe化enorthfacintwes,andon正德、隆庆年间W及清道光、宣统年间都,gyg54 曾大规模地重建或重修,现存庙宇己全为righthandsidewi也legscrossed.At也at明代和清代建筑了。moment,ShoreaassamicaDyersaroimdsuddenlyblossomed.Therefore,thiseve打tis""caUe过ShuanlinrumiewhichmeansthatgSakyamunipassedawayamo打g化eShoreaassamicaDers.AftertileSo打gDynastyy,Buddhistminso打celivedin化etempleso,thereisaStoneTabletofNuns,anAnces比這1HallofNmsandsoon.AfteronehudredyearsofsufferinsofwarsandgdisasterstheShuanlinTemlewas,gpradualldamaedThouhitwasrestoredgyg.ginsomedynastic,itstillbecameunrearatteeanDnas.pibleahndofYuytySoitunderwentmassivereconstructions,durinthe化inofEmerorJintaiggpg,Tianshun,Hongzhi,Zhen呂de,Lo打gqi打ginMinDanstandEmerorDaouangyy,pgg,XuantongintheQingDynasty.Now,theShuanglmTempleisthe0打erebuUtinMingandQingDynasties.65 AcknowledementgFirstandforemo巧,Iwould1化e化payhightribute!:〇maysupervisor,Profe巧orYuanXia,notonlyfbrheracademicguidance,butalsoherpatienceinrefiningmythesis.Shespentmuchtimecheckingandrefiningmythesis,includinganyerrorofspelling,grammarandstructure.Hersupportandencouragementhelpme1:0comletethisthesisinanporanizedwa.gyIalsoouldshowmratitude1;oallmembers;打e化細1who任isltheJuriswyg化如atetuidancew诚化ersecializedknoweiseigipkdg.It化ywhovemethisoortunittogppyimprovemytranslationskills.Mythanksalsoo化alltheother1;eacherswhohavetauhtmeacademicstudiesandgg,someofthemwlioavemesorneadvice1;hathelmealot.gpMheartfeltthanksalsoo仿SchoolofF〇]:einLanuaesandCultures.Theyggg马riare;ssnfoao打amatelsfomithelptoetaccetoirmtissoo打asoss化le.mgpLastbut打otleast,Iwouldlike1:oexpressmyheartythanks化myfamil.Theiveyygmealotofsupportinmystudandlife.Iwillcherishalli打mwholeH拓.yy66'