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毕业论文外文翻译-钢结构工程施工方案

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'SteelStructureConstructionSchemeⅠ.AbriefaccountofsteelstructureworkTherewillbe68tbridgetravelingcranesinproductionhall,weldingH-sectionsteelcolumnandbeam,structuralmainmaterialisQ345B,coldbendingsheetsteelZ-purlin,wallandroofcladdingaredouble-skinpressedsteelsheetandthermalinsulationwool.Ⅱ.CharacteristicofsteelstructureworkThesinglespanoftheworkis18m,theheightofsteelcolumnislarge,singleframeplaneexternalrigidityisverysmall,sothekeypointofsafetytechnicalcontrolistoguaranteethestabilityoutsidethestructuralplane.Takeout6steelcolumnsfromgridline9~14intheproductionbuilding,insteadof52.5mspacetrussastrimmerbeamtosupporttheupperstructureandcraneload,theinstallationofthespacetrussisadifficultypointofthiswork.Ⅲ.FabricationofsteelstructuralmembersTechnicalpreparationspriorfabrication1.Studyandcheckthedesignworkingdrawingbeforefabrication,makeshopdrawingandgetapprovalfromdesignerthenpreparematerialforfabrication.2.Makeaplanandprogramforfabricationasperthetype,quantityandmaterialofthestructuralmembers.3.Writeconstructiontechniquesandtechnicalmeasures,andtheequipmentregularexamineandmaintainplan,keepthemachineryingoodcondition.Materialrequirements:1.Selectandconfirmthematerialfortheproject.2.Allkindsofmaterialshouldbewithqualityguaranteeandex-factorycertificate.Ifthereisanydoubt,samplingexaminationshouldbetakenaccordingtorelevantnationalstandard,onlywhenpassedtheexaminationmaterialinbatchescanbeused.3.Rustdegreeofsteelsurfaceshouldconformtothepresentnationalstandard.4.Jointingmaterial(weldingrod,solder,flux),highstrengthbolt,andcoating(undercoatandtopcoating)shouldbewithex-factoryqualitycertificateandconformtothedesignandnationalstandard.5.Iftheskinofweldingrodispeeledofforthecoreisrust,weldingfluxiswettingandagglomeratingormelting,thehighstrengthboltisrust/damagedortakenfromdifferentbatches,thesematerialsarestrictlyprohibited. 6.Anti-corrosionpaintshouldconformtothedesignandrelevantstandard,andwithqualitycertificateandoperationinstruction.Equipmentandtoolpreparation1.Checkandmaintainthefabricatingequipmentinadvance.2.Thefabricatingtoolsandmeasuringinstrumentshouldbewithcertainaccuracy,andbeexaminedandmarkedbythemeasurementtestingdepartmentregularly.3.Weldershouldbearingthequalificationcertificate,anddotheworkwithinthescopestipulatedincertificate.Iftheweldingworkstoppedmorethan6months,theweldershouldbere-examinedandpassedtheexamination.KeypointsofsteelstructuralmemberfabricationweldingadjustmentpartassemblyIntegralassemblyEndmillingweldingadjustmentEndmillingPuchingRust-removalAnnealingtrPainting&packingSemi-readyproductstoragebendingEdgemachiningPunchingandboringSecondmaterialutting割Ex-factoryloftingRawmaterialcalibrationCutting,punching,sawingsawingGascuttingSparepartsstraighteningassemblyweldingadjustment Ⅳ.SteelstructureinstallationmethodPreparationspriortoinstallationAspertherequirementofsteelstructureinstallation,beforeinstallationworkstarted,itisneedtocheckandclearthesite,insuretheaccessforhoistingissmoothandfirm,andconstructionpowerisready,thefollowingworksarealsoneedtodosimultaneously:1.Surveythehorizontallevelandaxialdeviationoftheallgroupsofembeddedbolts,makerecordsforthehandingoverwiththecivilworkteaminwriting.2.Thesincethequantityofstructuralmembersislargeandhasagreatvariety,itmustbenumberedandconfirmedtoavoidmis-placed.3.Makenecessaryinspectionandacceptancejointlywiththeemployerandsupervisorbeforeinstallation.Transportationandstorageofstructuralmembers1.Transportstructuralmembersbyappropriatevehicleasperthegeometricdimensionandunitweight,makenecessarysoftmatandbindingduringtransportation.2.Whileloading/unloadingandmovingthestructuralmembers,itmustbehandledgently.Insertspacerwhilenecessarytoavoiddamagethepainting.3.Someonemustbeputinchargeoftransportationandstorage.Structurehostingandinstallationmethod1.ConsiderationaboutinstallationofsteelstructureThetypethestructureinthisprojectisastandardportal-framedstructurewithmovingcranebeam,externalrigidityofasingleframeissmall,thesequenceofmobilizationofstructureisstartfromgridline1,firstinstallsteelframeatgridline1~2,bracingtocolumnandroofinstalledandadjustedsimultaneouslytoformastablespacesystem,thenmovedtogridline29.SteelcolumntobehoistedandinstalledthroughSinge-Crane-Rotating-method,thesteelbeamtobehoistedthroughTwo-Crane-Lifting-methodafterassembledontheground.TrusstrimmertobeassembledwithboltsonthegroundandhoistedthroughTwo-Crane-Lifting-method.Spacebetweencranebeamandroofpurlinis3.5m,itisenoughforminimumhostingspace,andcanbedoneafterthestructureinstalledoralternatedin.2.HoistingandinstallationandadjustmentofsteelcolumnSteelcolumntobehoistedthroughRotatingMethod.Someonemustbeinchargeofhoistingandinstallation,safety,qualityandtechnologytobetalkedoverindetailsbeforehoisting. Fortheefficienthosting,whilepilingthecolumns,putthebindingpoint/columnfootingcenter/basecenteratasamearc.Whilethecolumnisbeinghoistedslowly20cmabovethefloor,stophoistingforawhiletochecktheslingandcrane,opentheswingbrake,thenputthecolumndownat40~100mmtotheinstallationplane,aligntothedatumline,directthecranedescend,insertthecolumntotheanchorboltandfixedtemporarily,tiethecolumnattwodirectiontostablethecolumnstructure.Afterinitialadjustmentofthecolumn,onlywhentheverticaldeviationcontrolledwithin20mmthencanremovethehookofcrane,checktheverticalitywiththeodlite,anydeviationtobeadjustedimmediately,whileadjustmentisbeingdone,observethebottomandlevelcontrolblocktoavoidhorizontalleveldeviation.Verticaladjustmentofthecolumn,fixtwotheodlitestothelongitudinalandtransverseaxis,firstaimatthecolumnbottomwingorcenterlinethenmoveupwardtothecolumntop,ifthecenterlinedriftedoffthelineofsight,toadjustthetieropeorsupport,makethecolumntobeverticalthroughprying.Usuallytoerectarowofcolumnsfirstthentodoadjustment.Atthattime,twotheodlitescanbeplacedatonesideoflongitudinalandtransverseaxis,deviationtothecenterlinenotmorethan3m.whilehoistingrooftrussorinstallingverticalmembers,thesteelcolumnmustbere-checkandadjusted.2.Hoistingandinstallationofsteelbeam3.Afterthesteelbeamturnedoverandpositioned,trialhoistmustbedonerepeatedlyandbondagain,whiletrialhoistisbeingcarriedoutitmustbeliftedslowly,thebeststateisthatuniformforceateachpointandthebeamwillnotdeformed,thentohoistandrotatetothedesignedposition,pullthecontrollingropebuckledonthebeaminadvancebyhandontheground,rotatingtotheposition,fixthecolumnandbeamconnectingholewithhighstrengthbolt.Sincethefirsthoistedbeamlengthis46m,5guyropesshouldbetied,whilefixingit,checktheverticalitywithpendant.Thesecondandtheafterbeamstobefixedtemporarilybytheroofpurlinandtiebeam..4.Re-checkthecolumnwhilehoistingthebeam,normallyusethechainblockandsteelwirerope,theropetoberemovedtillthebeaminstalled.Thesteelbeamridgelinemustbecontrolled.Makethedeviationbetweenthetrussandthecolumnendscenterlinebeequal,sothatalltherooftrusstobeatasamecenterline.TheconnectionofthehighdensityboltMaterial1.Thebolt,nutandwasherswillbeaccompaniedwiththequalitypasscertificateofwhichiscompliedwiththenationalstandardandthespecification.2.Thebolt,nutandwashersshouldbeinuniform.Thethreadshouldnotbeworn-out.Itshouldbeincleananddrystateandbekeptinthestorageaccordingtothespecification. Preparationtotheboltbeforeinstallation1.Checkeachpartoftheinstallationisinrightpositionandmakesurethattheinstallationiscomplywiththe“Regulationforcheckandacceptancetothequalityofsteelstructurework”codeno.GB50205-20012.Checkthemainmaterialwiththeholeiscorrectindiameterandthesize.Makesurethatthesmoothismetthespecifiedrequirement.Ifthereisthreadonthemainmaterial,weimmediatelyremoveit.3.Weshallfamiliarwiththeinstallationconstructiondrawingandprogramscheduleandmakefullpreparationtotheworkspannerandtheotherrelatedequipment.4.PreparationtothemeasuringtoolsTheworkmanship1.Theconnectiontothesteelplatemustbestraight,thesideandholeshouldcontainnothorntomakesurethesurfaceiscloselyattached.Ifthereisthebending,weshallmakenecessaryadjustmentandavoidthedamagetothefractionsurface.2.Beforefixing,weshallcleandirtyoilandpaintontheholeside.3.Beforeinstallation,weshallusetemporarybolttofixinposition,thenumberwillbemorethanonethirdofthetotalnumberfortheconnectedbolt.Themethodispreadjustthesteelholeandputthetemporaryboltinsideandthenusethenuttoscrewit.Therewillbetwotemporaryboltsineachpoint.Notallowedtousethehighdensitybolttobeservedasthetemporarybolt.Afteronesectioniscompleted,thentocheckitandconfirmedthentocarryouttheworkwiththehighdensitybolt.4.Whileinstallthehighdensitybolt,weshallmakesurethatthecentralpositionischeckandnomistakeandthenproceduretheworkofthehighdensitybolt(Thisprojectadoptthedoublenutscrewtight).Thewasherwillbeputononesideofthenutandbesurenotinoppositedirection.Iftheboltcannotbethroughtheholefreely,weshallusetheknifetoadjusttheholeandthenprocedurethework.Itshouldnotusetheforcetogothroughtheholesoastoavoidthedamagetothethread.Cleanthethornafteradjustingthehole.5.Thetightforhighdensitybolt:Thisworkwillbeintwostage,thefirststageiscalledpreliminarytight,thetightforceisabout50%-60%ofthedesignedpre-pullforce.Thesecondstageiscalledthefinaltight.Thetightforcewillreachthedesignedpullforce.Thedeviationwillbelessthan±10%.Thepre-pullforcewillbedeterminedaccordingtothedesignedspecification.Duringthework,thespannerforceformulawillbeTc=k*Pc*dk=0.11~0.15Pc(designedpre-pullforce)d=thediameterofthebolt.6.Checktheturnspacespannermarkrecordandtheboltconstructionrecord.Ifthereisanyquestioning,weshallcheckthepreliminarytightrecord.Qualitystandard 1.Thehighdensitybolt’stype,specificationandthetechnicalconditionshouldbecomplywiththedesignedspecificationandtherelatedstandard.Wemustcarryoutthetesttodeterminetheturnspacecoefficientandrecheckboltpre-pullforceandcheckthequalitypasscertificateandthetestreport.2.Theconnectionsurfacefortheboltinfrictioncoefficientwillbecompliedwiththedesignedrequirementandtherelatedspecification.Onitssurface,thereshouldbenorust,thorn,weldingremaining,dirtyoilandpaint,etc.3.Thehighdensityboltmustbetightintwostage,thequalityofthepreliminaryandfinaltightshouldbecompliedwiththeconstructionregulationandtherelatedspecification.4.Thehighdensityboltwillbeputthroughinthesamedirectionandthethreadringsshouldlessthan2rings.5.Thefrictionsurfacebetweenshallcompliedwiththedesignerandtheregulationforsteelstructurecheckandacceptancerequirement.ItemstobetakeninconsiderationduringtheinstallationforhighdensityboltQualitycontrol1.Thesurfacewithrust,dirtyoil,thornandweldingremainingshouldbecleaned.2.Aftertreatingthefrictionsurfaceshouldbereachedtheantislidecoefficientrequirement.Theuseofthehighdensityboltandthenut,washersshouldbeuniformandbeusedatthesametimenotallowedtoexchange.3.Treatthepart’sfrictionsurface.Whileinstallation,therewillbenodirtyoilandsoil,etc4.Whileinstallationthepart,thefrictionsurfaceshouldkeepdryandavoidtoworkinrain.5.Beforeinstallation,weshallcheckandrechecktheconnectedsteelplateandmakenecessaryadjustmenttothebending.6.Whileinstallation,weshallnotusethehammertohitthebolttoavoidthethornoftheboltbedamaged.7.Weshallcheckandmeasurethespannertimelytothepreliminaryandthefinaltightofthehighdensitybolt.Weshallmakesurethepreciseanddothenecessaryrecord.Thetightworkwillbecarriedoninrightprocedure.Majorsafetytechnicalmeasures1.Tousetheflexiblespannerthesizewillfitthenut.Whileworkhighabovetheground,weshallusethefixedspanner.Ifweareusingtheflexiblespanner,weshallbetiedwithsafetybelt.2.Whileassemblethesteelparttoconnectthebolt,weshallavoidtousethehandin testingthescrewhole.Thehandwillbeonthesideofthesteelplate.Ⅴ.TheroofpanelinstallationmethodTheinstallationofthecolorsteelsheetcomposedofthedetailedpartdesign,productionsequence,transportandinstallation,etc.Everypartoftheworkandthemethodisthekeylinktotheproject’scompletion,safety,andquality.Theinstallationworkwillbecarriedoutafterthesteelstructureworkhasbeencompletedwiththeformalityofthecheckandacceptcertificate.DetailedpartdesignworkThispartofthedetaileddesignplaysakeyroletotheinstallation.Weshallmagnifyeveryconnectionpointontheoriginaldrawingsoastoinstructtheworkandworkmanshipprocedure.Thefollowingsarethemaincontentforthedetaileddesign:1.Theroofcoveragearrangement2.Theconnectpointenlargedrawing(includethetreatmenttogutter,thejoint,facialandflush)3.DetailedpartdesignflowProject→constructionjointdesign→editdrawing→check→audit→sent→issuePreparationforthecolorsteelsheetinstallation1.Beforetheinstallationofthecolorsteelsheet,weshallcheckthesizebetweenthestructureparts,thelevelandthequality.Ifthereisanybendingonsteelstructureparts,weshallcarryouttheadjustmentworkimmediately.2.Beforetheinstallationofthecolorsteelsheet,weshallcheckthosealreadyinstalledcoolbendthinplatepartofwhichshouldnotbeheavyloadedorwelded.3.Beforetheinstallationofthecolorsteelsheet,weshallmakesurethatthepullpoleorthepresspolearetightandthepurlinareinrightposition.Thetwistedangleforprulinshouldlessthan3°.4.Beforetheinstallationofcolorsteelsheet,weshallcheckallthecoolbendedstructurewhetherthepartsaretreatedwiththerustprotected,fireprotected,convenientforinspection,brush,paint,avoidwatercollectedandsealedtheendofthesteelstructurepart.5.Thetemporarystackforcolorsteelsheetshouldbearrangedaccordingtothegeneralconstructionlayouttoputinposition.Weshallprepareasolidcompacted,flatareawithgooddrainagesystemandconvenienttransportationforcolorsteelsheetandtemperaturereservecotton.Weshallalsomakesurethattheareawillhavethemeasurestobecoveredwithplasticclothetoprotecttherainwater.6.Weshallmakesurethattheinstallationtools,equipment,protectitems,connectparts,propandtheaccessoriestothecolorsteelsheetarefullyprepared.Allthesewillbetestedandqualified.Theseitemswillbeinstoragewithafulltimepersonto lookafter.7.Weshallmakesurethatthestaffwillbefullyunderstandthetechnical,quality,safetyoftheworkbeforeundertakingtheroofinstallationwork.Weshallmakethemfullyunderstandtheconstructiondrawings,workmethod,safetyoperation,qualityrequirement.Weshallrechecktheaxisfortheinstallationparts,thelevel,etc.TheinstallationmethodofColorplate1.Theinstallationofroofpanelstartedfromthegable.Surveyandsetadatumpositioninglineatthelowerendofroofinadvancetoguaranteetheaccuracyofinstallation,theninstallinorder.2.Checktheroofpanelinlengths(normallytenpanels)duringinstallation,tocheckthestraightnessofthetwoendofthepanelandtheparallelismtoavoidthatitwillbeinclinedorfan-shaped.Necessaryadjustmenttobedoneduringinstallation,micro-adjustmenttobedoneonebyonetomeettherequirementofquality.3.Jointofroofpanelinlengthdirectionwillbeover-lappedonthebracingmembers,lappinglengthis250mm.4.Reliablesealanttobedonetolapatthelengthdirectionoftheroofpanel,siliconeorweatherstriptobefilledattwoends,15mmapartfromthepanelend.Bottompanelover-lappinglengthis80~100mm,sealantmightnotbedoneatover-lap.5.Leave50mmgapbetweentwopanelsatridge,itispreferabletobentthepanelupwardat80”toformaflashing.Thepressedsteelpaneltobeprojected120mmatgutter,bentdownwardat10”toformadrip.6.Over-lapofflashingboardnotlessthan100mm,withenoughwidthandrollededge,spacingofjointsnotmorethan50mm.Sealanttobedonetoover-lapforwater-tightness.7.Atroofridgeandinterfacebetweenupperandlowerspan,flashingandroofpaneltobejointedbyover-lap,lapnotless200mm,insertwaterproofclosureinlap.Ⅵ.Wallpanelinstallation1.Wallpaneltobeinstalledpriortoroofeavesgutterwithspecialpurposehoistingandclampingapparatus.2.Thefirstwallpaneltobeinstalledasperthegableoutsidecornerline,usetheodliteandorpendanttofixthedatumline.3.Screwtobefixedtothetopandbottomendofthewallpanelfortemporarypositioning,whenagroup(about10)ofpanelslaidandadjusted,fastenthescrewtothewallpurlin.4.Markthepositionofscrewbetweenwallpanelandpurlin,itshouldbeeventothepurlinandbeuniformlyarranged.5.Installthepaneltobeover-lappedinlengthdirectfrombottomtotop,theover-lap tobearrangedatthepositionwallpurlin,interpanelover-lappinglengthis80-100mm,outerpanelover-lappinglengthis120mm,sealantmightnotbeneededatover-lap.6.Inspectiontobedonebyroomsforwallpanel,usetheodliteorhangthependantatcolumncenterlinetosurveytheverticality.7.Gablepanelstobecutatdifferentlengthaspertheroofpitch,thentoinstallit.Addendclosuretogableeaveflashingifnecessary.8.Gableflashingtobedonestartedfromeaveuptotheridgeaftertheroofandwallpanelinstalled.Outsidecornerpaneltobedownfrombottomtotop,rivettobeusedforthejointstowallpanel,spacingasperthetechnicalrequirement.9.Doorandwindowflashingstartedfromtoptothetwosides,usewallpurlinordoor/windowframeforfixing.Ifitistobeconnectedtothepressedplate,userivetforjoint.Flashingatopeningonwall,it’stoptobeinstalledinsidethewallpanel,bottomoutsidethewallpanel.Tofixthewallpanelandflashingtothewallpurlinwithself-tappingscrew.10.Jointsbetweenflashingstobesealedwithsilicone,andifwrongscrewholeopenedonthewall,itmustbefilled.Ⅶ.FireproofingcoatingPreparations1.Tofulfillthehighrequirementofappearance,andthecoatingmustbefireproofingasperthedesign,sothetopcoatingtobedonewithnon-airspray-onmethod.2.Thefireproofcoatingshouldbewithex-factoryqualitycertificateandex-factorycertificate.3.Beforefireproofingcoatingdone,thesurfaceofstructuralmembersshouldbefreefromrustanddust.Applycomplementaryanti-rustundercoattotheexposedareaontheinstalledstructuralmembersandjoints.4.Checkthereceivingsurfacebeforecoating,toseewhetheritisfreefromrust,oil,anddustetc.Makesurethematerial,machineryandscaffoldingareready.WorkingprocesschatReceivingsurfaceclearing→applyundercoat→drying→repeatasperproductrequirement→filler→grinding→sprayfireproofcoating4layers(metalgloss)Technologicaloperationmainpoints1.Togetgoodadhesion,thicknessofdryfilmofthefirstlayerofcoatingshouldbenotmorethan200μm,after24hoursapplynextlayer,theafterlayersthicknessnotmorethan300μmtofulfilltherequirementoffireproofinglimit. 2.Sprayingdistancetobecontrolledwithin300~380mm,sprayingrange30~50cmforlargeobject,10~30cmforsmallobject,normallyitis30cm.3.Anglebetweenspraynozzleandtheobjectsurfaceis30°~80°,spraygunrunningspeedis0.1~1.0m/minPointsforattention1.Onpresentmarket,therearevariedkindsoffireproofcoating,applyingmethodisbasicallythesame,butthethicknessshouldrefertotheproductdirectionandtestingreportissuedbygovenmentfirefightingdepartment.2.Environmentrequirementforcoating:theairtemperatureshouldbeabove3℃,coatingshouldnotbedoneoutdoorifitrains,condensationofsurfaceorairhumidityexceed85%.3.Afterlastlayerofundercoatfinished,scrapingthesurface,andthenfollowedby4layersofsprayingcoating.4.Whilecoatingbedoneontheground,leavethemarkofnumberofthestructuralmembers.Consideringspoilanddamagemayoccur,leavecertainthicknessfortouch-upcoatinghighabovethegroundtomatchthecolor.Acceptancestandardofquality1.Thereshouldbenomistake,misses,peelingandrusting.Thecoatingshouldbeuniformnoobviousriveling,runs,airbubblesetc.2.Thesecondlayeroffireproofcoatingmustbeappliedonlywhenthefirstlayergetdriedcompletely,otherwiseitwillberiveling,peeling.It’sthicknesstobetestedandacceptedaspertheproductdirectionandtestingresultissuedbyqualifiedfirefightingdepartment.3.Coverthecoatingwhichisnotfilmedwhenitrain,coverthepaintedstructuralmembersoranyotherpartwhichmightbespoiledwithPVCmembrane.Ⅷ.SafetyguaranteemeasuresSafetyworkingmeasures1.Allconstructermustbeabidestrictlybynationalsafetyrulesandregulations,makeself-protectionconscientiously.2.Allconstructermustbetrainedandeducatedwithprofessionalsafetyknowledge,andgotoworkingbearingthecertificate.3.Appointfulltimesafetysupervisortothesite.Appointfulltimesafetyadministratortoeachworkingteamtoformaeffectivesafetynetwork..4.Arrangedifferentsafetymeasurestodifferentworks,makerecords,organizeinspections.Safetypointsforattentionatconstructionsite 1.Firmlycarryoutnationalstipulationof2.Strengtheningsiteconstructionmanagement,constructingroadtobelevel,smooth,andhardened,materialandstructuralmemberstobepiledandstoredstablyandinorder.3.Nosmokingonsite,inworkshopandtemporarywarehouse,equipwithfirefightingdevice.4.Providesafetyprotectioncoverandgroundprotectiontoelectricalequipment,someonemustbeputinchargeofmachineoperation,eachmachinetobeinstalledwithaelectricshockprotector.5.Providesufficientprotectiveglasses,maskandsafetyshoestostaffonsite.6.Allmaterialandstructuralpiledandstoredstablyandinorderinproperplace.Structuralmembersmustbefixedwhilepilingandassembling,nowalkingaheadtothemovingmembers.7.Pryupobjectwithhands,itisprohibitedtorideonthecrowerandcarrythecrowerunderarms.Donotoverexertoneselfwhileusingcrowerworkhighabovetheground.8.Checkthespringboard,scaffolding,swingingscaffold,scalingladder,ropeandsafetynettingetcpriortoworkhighabovetheground.9.Nooneallowedtogointothehoistingsite,donotstandunderthecranecantilever.Thehoistingdirectorcannotstandaheadtotheheavyobjecttobehoisted.Runningstablywhilehoisting,thehookcanberemovedonlywhenthehoistedmembersinpositionandfixedtemporarilyorconnectedreliably.10.Whenthewindspeedreaches10m/s,partofhoistingworkshouldbestopped,whenitreaches15m/s,alltheworkmustbestopped.Noweldingoutdoorinrain.Checkthestructuralmembersafterrainandwindmakesuretheblindingandsupportbefirm,slip-resistanceworkneedtobedone.11.Clearthesiteaftereachshift,keeptheroadsmooth,cutoffthepowerafterwork,checktheworkingsiteafterworkmakesurenofiredangerous.Safetyofconstructionelectricity1.Maketemporaryconstructionelectricityorganizationdesignorelectricitysafetytechnicalmeasuresandfireproofmeasures.2.Establishsafetyelectricitysystem.Selectexperiencedprofessionalelectriciantothesite.3.Constructionelectricityistobearrangedaspertheconstructionelectricityscheme.Oneequipmentprovidedwithonegear,andconnectedwithreliablegroundprotection.4.Iftheconstructionsiteandoutsidelinesharewithonepowersupplysystem,the electricalequipmentmustbeprotectedwithgroundconnectionorzerocircuit,butshouldbeallthesame,partgroundprotectionpartzerocircuitisprohibited.5.Groundconnectercannotusealuminiumconductor,verticalgroundconnecterprefersteelangle,steeltubeorroundsteelbutnotscrew-threadedsteel.6.Distributionboxandswitchboxpreferablytobemadeofsteelplateorgoodqualityinsulatedmaterial,thicknessofsteelplatenotlessthan1.5mm.Spacingbetweenthefixeddistributionandswitchboxbottomshouldwithin1.3mto1.5m;Spacingforportableboxeswithin0.6mto1.5m.Alltheseboxestobeprotectedfreefromrainanddust,inletandoutletforconductingwireshouldbeatthebottomoftheboxes.7.Oneequipmentuseoneswitchbox,aswitchboxcannotbesharedbytwoormoreequipment(includingsocket),maindistributionboxandswitchboxmustbeequippedwithelectricleakageprotectivedevice,ratedleakageactiontimeshouldbereasonablydisposed.8.Allthedistributionandswitchboxshouldbemarkedwithnameandusage,signofbranch.,someonemusttobeputinchargeofthework,providelocktoit,inspectandmaintainonceamonth.Usequalifiedfuse.9.Alltheelectricalequipmentanditsdevice,safety,protection,useandmaintainmustbeaccordwiththerequirementofJGJ46—88.Boldsafetysignandoperationrulesboardtobeprovided.10.Dailysafetyinspectionistobetakenonsiteforelectriclineandequipment.Anyproblemistobesettleddownbycertainpersonwithinthefixedtime.ⅨQualityguaranteemeasuresFabricationqualityguaranteemeasures1.Organizeainternalfulltimeinspectionteamtocarryoutregularandirregularinspectionorspotchecks.2.Operatingworkerstobeeducatedandtrainedbythefulltimeinspectionteambeforework.3.Inspecteachprocessby3steps:initialinspection,selfinspectionandspecializedinspection,onlywhenitpassedthespecializedinspectionthennextprocedurecanbeproceed.4.Strictlycheckontherawmaterial,takenecessarytest.Materialwhichhasnotbeentestedmustnotbeusedinadvance.5.Weldingflawdetection,tensilestrengthandskidresistancecoef.testistobetakenasperrelativestipulations.6.Arrangereasonablescheduleforfabricationwork,fixthetimeforeachprocessandlink,chaseandfeedbackandadjustitpromptly. 7.Examineandmaintainequipmentbeforeworking.8.Arrangerationalflowprocessandintersectionwork.9.Takeregularandpromptinspectiontoguaranteesmoothproduction.In-situinstallationqualityguaranteemeasures1.Tofulfillthequalitypolicy,targetandourpromisetocustomer,ourguidelineforthisprojectis‘qualityiscentraltask,safetyfirst,onschedulecompletionandacceptance’.Establishcompany,steelstructureprojectmanagementteam,workinggroup3-levelmanagementsystem.Besidesdailyinspection,materialtestingisalsotobedoneonsite.TheQCteamwillbeconstitutedbyprojectmanager,projecttechnicalengineer,projectqualityengineerandrelativetechnicians,laydownqualityresponsibilitysystemandnetwork.2.Theprojectmanagingteamshouldtalkoverthetechnicalordertotheworkinggroupseverydaybeforeworkstarted,leteachstaffbeclearatqualityrequirementandconstructionmethod,theiroperationmuststrictlyfollowthedrawingandregulations,inspectandrectifywhileworking,toeliminatequalityproblematthefirststage.3.Bepreparedagainstpossiblefocalpointanddifficulty,laydownadvancecontrolplanandinstallationhandbookforprocess,procedure,equipmentandfinishedproduct,inspectedandexecutedbysomeoneassigned.4.Strengthenqualityinspectionandevaluationsystem.5.Strictlycarryoutrawmaterialandfittingsacceptancesystem,themainmaterialmustbedeliveredwithex-factorytestingresultorqualityguaranteeandchemicaltestingresultorre-testingresult.6.Allmeasuringinstrumentshouldbeinspectedandtestedbygovernmentmeasuringdepartment.Measuringinstrumentforrelativecivilworkandsteelstructureworkistobeuniform.Ⅹ.Finishedworkprotection1.Metalsurfacesandwichpanelistobeprotectedduringinstallationandbeforeacceptance.2.Whileboringandcutting,clearoutmetaldust,rivet,nail,screwandwastesteelplateorfoamtoavoiddamagethepanelsurface.3.Toavoidscratchingmetalsurface,installationworksshouldnotweartheshoeswithmetalbottomornail.4.Draggingthemetalpanelordraggingsth.Onthepanelareprohibited.5.Whilegasorelectricalweldingisbeingdone,takemeasuretoavoidsparkdamagethemetalpanelsurface.6.Whiledoingintersectionwork,nottoknockthefinishedroofandwallcladding .Pressingthescaffoldontothefinishedwallandroofisstrictlyprohibited.7.Metalpanelworkisprohibitedtobeinterestedwithconcretework,topreventthemetalfinishcorrodedbycement.8.Centralizedloadisprohibitedontheroofcladdingtoavoidtheroofpanelcracking.9.Afterroofworkfinished,nowalkingonitwithoutpermission,ifitmustbedone,refertotheprovidedbyconstructorormanufacturer,avoiddamagingroofcladdingandflashing. 中文翻译:钢结构工程施工方案一、钢结构工程概述生产车间内设有6个8T桥式桁车,钢柱、钢梁采用焊接成型的H型钢,结构主材采用Q345B,檩条采用Z型钢,墙面采用双层压型钢板+保温棉的构造,屋面采用钢承板+保温板+柔性防水卷材的构造。二、钢结构工程的特点1、该工程单坡最大跨度为18m,钢柱高度大,单榀框架的平面外刚度极小,吊装过程中做好保证结构平面外的稳定作为安全技术控制的重点。2、厂房最大连续24跨,长度方向252m,制作安装时应注意误差累计,做好测量控制点,保证整个厂房的安装精度。三、钢构件的制作(一)、制作前的技术准备1、钢结构制作前必须熟悉设计的施工图,了解设计要求,并审核图纸,根据蓝图编制加工制作图,并在得到原设计部门的认可后方可进行备料加工。2、根据构件类型、数量、用材制定加工计划和加工程序。3、编制施工工艺和技术措施,以及对加工用的设备制定检查维护计划,使机械设备处于良好状态。(二)、主材采购计划1、对工程用的材料应进行选定和确认。2、各种材料均应有质量证明书和出厂合格证。若有疑议则应按国家有关标准的规定进行抽样检验,经检验合格后方可批量使用。3、钢材表面锈蚀等级应符合现行国家标准《涂装前表面锈蚀等级和除锈等级》规定。4、连接材料(焊条、焊丝、焊剂)、高强度螺栓等,以及涂料(底漆和面漆等)均应具有出厂质量合格证书,并应符合设计的要求和国家现行有关标准的规定.5、严禁使用药皮脱落或焊芯生锈的焊条、受潮结块或已熔烧过的焊剂以及锈蚀、碰伤或混批的高强度螺栓。6、防腐油漆应符合设计要求和有关标准的规定,并应有产品质量合格证书及使用说明。(三)设备及工具等准备1、对加工制作使用的设备应事先检查,进行必要的维护。2、对加工制作使用的工具和计量工具应具有相当的精度,并定期送计量检测部门进行检测标定。3、焊工必须具有上岗证,且应做符合其证书规定范围的工作。凡停焊时间超过半年以上时,应重新考试合格才可上岗操作。 (四)、钢结构制作工艺要点焊接矫正小装配总装配端部铣平焊接矫正端部铣平成品钻孔铲磨除锈退火处理油漆包装半成品按分类堆放弯制煨(滚圆)模压边缘加工(铣、刨、铲)制孔(冲、钻)二次下料割出厂放样原材料矫正器剪冲锯气割零件平直拼装焊接矫正四、钢结构安装方法(一)、安装前准备工作根据钢结构安装工程要求,在钢结构安装前,必须对安装现场进行了解、场地已清理,吊装道路应通畅坚实,施工电源已明确,并做好如下工作:1、对各组预埋螺栓进行了水平高度、轴线偏移等进行测量,并与土建施工单位做好书面交接记录。2、由于本工程构件量多面广,对钢构件应编号和确认,避免用错位置。3、会同业主或现场监理进行安装前的相关检查和验收。 (二)、钢构件运输及堆放1、根据钢构件几何尺寸、单重合理配备运输车辆,运输中需做好必要的软垫绑扎。2、钢构件在装卸、运输过程中,必须轻拿轻放。必要时垫起,防止损伤漆膜。3、运输堆放应有专人负责指挥和管理(三)、结构吊装方法1、钢结构安装思路本工程钢结构为带有桁车梁的标准门式钢架,单榀刚架平面外刚度小,进货顺序从1轴线开始,先安装1~2轴线的刚架,同时安装柱间支撑、屋面支撑并校正形成稳定的空间体系后,再向29轴线推进,钢柱采用单机旋转法吊装,钢梁地面拼装后采用双机抬吊法。桁架式托梁采用地面螺栓拼接,双机抬吊法。吊车梁高度距屋面檩条距离有3.5米,满足最小起吊高度,可在屋面结构安装完成后或穿插结构吊装过程中进行。2、钢柱的吊装与校正(1)钢柱采用旋转法吊装(2)吊装应有专人指挥,吊装前进行安全、质量、技术的详细交底。(3)为提高吊装效率,在堆放柱时,尽量使柱的绑扎点、柱脚中心与基础中心三点共圆弧。(4)起吊时吊机将绑扎好的柱子缓缓吊起离地20cm后暂停,检查吊索牢固和吊车稳定,同时打开回转刹车,然后将钢柱下放到离安装面40~100mm,对准基准线,指挥吊车下降,把柱子插入锚固螺栓临时固定,并在两个方向采用临时拉结稳定柱子的结构。(5)钢柱经初校正后,待垂直度偏差控制在20mm以内方可使起重机脱钩,钢柱的垂直度用经纬仪检验,如有偏差立即进行校正,在校正过程中随时观察底部和标高控制块扎之间是否脱空,以防校正过程中造成水平标高误差。(6)柱子的垂直校正,测量用两台经纬仪安置在纵横轴线上,先对准柱底垂直翼缘板或中线,再渐渐仰视到柱顶,如中线偏离视线,表示柱子不垂直,可指挥调节拉绳或支撑,可用撬动等方法使柱子垂直。在实际工作中,常把成排的柱子都竖起来,然后进行校正。这时可把两台经纬仪分别安置在纵横轴线一侧,偏离中线一般不得大于3m。在吊装屋架时或安装竖向构件时,还须对钢柱进行复核校正。2、钢梁的吊装3、钢梁翻身就位后需要进行多次试吊并及时重新绑扎吊索,试吊时吊车起吊一定要缓慢上升,做到各吊点位置受力均匀并以钢梁不变形为最佳状态,达到要求后即进行吊升旋转到设计位置,再由人工在地面拉动预先扣在大梁上的控制绳,转动到位后,即可用板钳来定柱梁孔位,同时用高强螺栓固定。因该工程第一次起吊钢梁长度为46米左右,应设五道揽风绳 拉结联系,在固定的同时,用线锤检查其垂直度。第二榀后的大梁则用屋面檀条及连系梁加以临时固定。4、在吊装钢梁时还须对钢柱进行复核,此时一般采用葫芦拉钢丝绳缆索进行检查,待大梁安装完后方可松开缆索。对钢梁屋脊线也必须控制。使屋架与柱两端中心线等值偏差,这样各跨钢屋架均在同一中心线上。(四)高强螺栓连接(1)、材料1、螺栓、螺母、垫圈均应附有质量合格证明,并应符合设计要求和国家标准规定。2、螺栓、螺母、垫圈应保证配套,螺纹不得有损坏,保持清洁、干燥状态,并应按规格分类存放在仓库内。(2)、螺栓安装前准备工作1、检查各安装构件位置是否正确,是否符合《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》(GB50205-2001)的精度要求。2、检查安装母材的螺栓孔的孔径及孔距尺寸,孔边的光滑度是否符合要求,如有毛刺应彻底清除。3、熟悉安装施工图纸及施工计划,并准备好操作扳手设备及相关机具。4、准备好检测工具。(3)、操作工艺1、连接处钢板应平直,板边、孔边无毛刺,以保证摩擦面紧贴。接头处有翘曲或变形时必须进行校正,并不得损伤摩擦面。2、装配前应清除孔边污染的油污、油漆。3、安装时,首先用临时螺栓拼装,个数不应少于接头螺栓总数的1/3。方法是先用钢穿杆对准孔位,在适当位置插入临时螺栓拧紧螺母,每一个节点至少放入两个临时螺栓。不允许使用高强螺栓兼做临时螺栓。一个安装段完成后,经检查确认合格后方可安装高强度螺栓。4、安装高强度螺栓,结构中心位置经调整检查无误后,即安装高强螺栓(本工程采用双螺母扣紧)。垫圈放置在螺母一侧,不得装反。如螺栓不能自由穿入螺孔时,要用铰刀修孔后再穿入,不得强行用力打入,以防螺纹损伤,修孔后清理毛刺。5、高强螺栓的紧固:一般分两次进行,第一次为初拧,紧固至螺栓设计预拉力的50%~60%,第二次为终拧,紧固至螺栓设计预拉力,偏差不大于±10%。预拉力按设计规范确定。施工中扳手扭矩公式Tc=k*Pc*dk=0.11~0.15Pc(设计预拉力)d=螺栓直径6、检查扭矩扳手标定记录和螺栓的施工记录,当有疑议时应检查螺栓初拧记录。(4)、质量标准 1、高强螺栓的形式、规格和技术条件必须符合设计要求和有关标准规定,必须进行试验确定扭矩系数或复验螺栓预拉力,应检查合格证及试验报告。2、螺栓连接面的摩擦系数必须符合设计要求和有关标准规定,表面严禁有氧化铁皮、毛刺、焊疤、油漆和油污等。3、高强螺栓必须分二次拧紧,初拧、终拧质量必须符合施工规范和钢结构用高强螺栓的专门规定。4、高强螺栓穿入方向应一致,丝扣外露不少于2扣。5、摩擦面间隙应符合设计和钢结构验收规范要求。(5)、高强度螺栓施工注意事项1、质量方面注意事项(1)表面浮锈、油污、螺栓孔壁有毛刺、焊瘤等均应清理干净。(2)接触摩擦面处理后要达到规定的抗滑移系数要求。使用的高强度螺栓应有配套螺母、垫圈,使用时按配套使用,不得互换。(3)处理好的构件摩擦面安装时不允许沾油污、泥土等杂物。(4)安装时构件摩擦面应保持干燥,不应在雨中作业。(5)在安装前严格检查并校正连接钢板的变形。(6)安装时禁止捶击打入螺栓以防止螺栓丝扣受损。(7)使用定期检测的扭矩扳手检验高强螺栓的初拧和终拧扭矩,保证扭矩的准确度,并做好记录。螺栓紧固应按正确的拧紧顺序操作。2、主要安全技术措施(1)使用活动扳手的扳口尺寸应与螺母尺寸相符,不应使用小扳手上加套管。高空上操作应使用死扳手,如用活扳手时,要用绳子拴牢,人要系好安全带。(2)组装钢构件连接螺栓时,严禁用手插入连接面或探摸螺孔,取放垫铁板时,手指应放在垫铁板的两侧。五、屋面板安装方法由于彩钢板安装是一项集细部设计,生产制作、运输及安装等一揽子工程,各分部分项工程的施工工艺与方法,是保证整个工程优质、安全、高速建成的关键。压型钢板的安装应在钢结构安装质量检验合格并办理结构验收手续后进行。(一)、细部设计工作细部设计是本工程制作、安装工程中最重要的环节,是将原设计的各节点等细化的设计工作,做到指导生产和施工的工艺过程。细部设计的主要内容为:1、屋面板分布图2、节点大样图(包括天沟、彩钢板拼缝处理、封沿及泛水处理) 3、细部设计流程:工程项目→节点设计→制图→底图核对→审图→送图→出图(二)、彩钢板安装的准备工作1、安装彩钢板前应检查和校核结构构件相互之间的尺寸关系,标高和构件本身的安装质量,并检查结构的局部变形,以便发现问题,及时校正妥善解决。2、安装彩钢板前应检查已安装就位的冷弯薄壁型钢构件不得在主要受力部位加焊其他物件。3、安装彩钢板前应采取有效措施保证拉条或压杆张紧,确保檩条位置的正确,檩条的扭角不得大于3°。4、安装彩钢板前应检查所有冷弯薄壁型结构的防腐、防火处理是否到位,构造上应考虑便于检查、清刷、油漆及避免该处积水,闭口截面构件沿全长和端部均应封闭。5、彩钢板临时堆放场地应按施工现场总平面图布置要求设置,准备好一个地面平整密实、排水良好、交通方便的彩钢板和保温棉堆放的场地,并做好防雨措施(如用塑料布盖好等)。6、各种安装用的工具设备,防护用品及连接件、支架、彩钢板附件等应准备齐全,并经检查合格,到达现场专用仓库后由专人保管发放。7、参加屋面安装的施工人员进入现场后,要对他们进行施工技术、质量和施工安全交底,熟悉施工图及施工方案,熟悉安全操作规程及质量要求。并对各安装部位的轴线、水平标高等进行复查。(三)、彩钢板安装方法1、屋面压型钢板的安装,应从山墙起始安装第一块板。事先应在屋面的低端测定一条基准定位线,以确保其安装位置的准确,其后顺序安装。2、在屋面板的安装过程中,应定段检测(一般间隔十块板左右),检查板两端的平直度、板的平行度,以保证不出现移动和扇形。若需调整,则可在其后安装时,逐块作微量调整,以满足质量要求。3、屋面压型钢板长度方向的连接,一般采用在支撑构件上搭接,本工程搭接长度为250mm。4、屋面压型钢板面层板长向搭接处应设置可靠密封措施,密封胶、条位于两端部,距板端15mm处。底层板搭接长度为80~100mm,搭接处可不打密封胶。5、屋面板在屋脊处,相对的两块板间宜留出50mm间隙,并宜将钢板端上弯80”,形成挡水板;在天沟处压型钢板宜外挑120mm左右,下弯10”,形成滴水线。6、泛水板和包角板的自身搭接长度应不小于100mm,并应有足够的宽度和翻边,连接件间距不宜大于50mm。搭接部位应设置密封胶,确保防水效果。六、墙面板安装 1、墙面安装应在屋面檐沟安装前进行,墙面板吊运宜采用专用吊夹具。2、第一块墙面板的安装以山墙阳角线为基准,采用经纬仪或吊线锤的方法定出基准线。3、墙面板的安装,应先将板的上下两端用螺钉作临时定位,当一组(约十块)板铺设并调整完成后,再将与墙檩的连接螺钉全部固定。4、墙面板与墙檩的连接螺栓位置应预先拉线划记号,与墙檩方向保持水平并均匀布置。5、安装有板长向搭接的墙面板,顺序应由下往上,墙面板长向搭接应设置于墙檩处,内层板搭接长度为80-100mm,外层板搭接长度为120mm,搭接处可不打密封胶。6、墙面板的安装应定段(约一间)检测,使用经纬仪或利用柱中线吊线锤的方法,测定墙面板的垂直度。7、山墙的压型板,应按屋面坡度先截取不同长度的板,再进行安装。山墙檐口包角处,必要时应加设封头。8、山墙包角的安装从檐墙檐口开始逐步向屋脊方向施工,并应在屋面、墙面铺设完成后安装。阳角板的安装,应自下而上进行,与墙板连接采用拉铆钉,其间距按技术要求。9、墙面门、窗泛水安装顺序,应先装顶部泛水,再装两侧泛水及窗台泛水,安装时可利用墙檩或门、窗框固定。若与压型板相接,可采用拉铆钉连接。墙面开口部位的泛水板,上口应安装在墙面板内侧,下口应安装在墙面板外侧。墙面板、泛水板用自攻螺钉一起紧固在墙檩上。10、泛水板间的接缝必须涂敷密封胶,墙面因施工安装误差错打的螺钉孔,必须修补完整。七、钢结构防火涂料涂装(一)施工准备1、因本工程对外露钢结构表面感观要求较高,表面的涂料按照设计要求也必须是防火涂料,为了保证表面的达到平整、光滑的效果,防火涂料面漆施工应采用无气喷涂法施工。2、根据工程设计要求,所用防火涂料其质量必须符合设计和有关标准的规定,并有产品质量证明书和出厂合格证,才能进场入库及施涂使用。3、防火涂料施工前须对已作防锈处理的钢结构表面用手洗和刷子清洗的方式,作除尘处理。并对所有安装完成的结构接头处及构件防锈底漆破损处补刷防锈漆。4、防火涂料施工前应检查基层面是否已清理至无锈蚀、油污、无焊渣飞溅、灰尘等杂质。并确认施工材料、机具及相应脚手架等已准备充分。(二)施工工艺流程基层清污处理→涂刷底层涂料→干燥→根据产品要求重复若干次数→批腻子→打磨→喷涂防火涂料面漆四遍(金属光泽) (三)施工工艺操作要点1、为了达到良好的附着力,第一遍宜薄薄地涂刷,涂装干膜厚度不超过200μm,然后每间隔24小时左右涂刷一遍,每遍涂刷厚度不超过300μm,直到最后干膜厚度要达到产品要求,从而达到耐火极限的要求。2、喷距一般控制在300~380mm之间,喷幅跨度,较大的物体30~50cm为宜,较小的物体10~30cm为宜,一般为30cm。3、喷嘴与物面的喷射为30度~80度,喷枪运行速度为0.1~1.0m/min。(四)注意事项1、目前防火涂料的种类较多,涂刷方法基本相同,但涂层厚度的控制要参照产品说明书和国家消防部门的消防检测报告。2、涂刷对环境的要求:施工过程中,环境温度宜高于3℃以上,雨天、构件表面有结露或空气温度超过85%时不宜在室外施工。3、最后一遍涂料基层涂装完成后,应用抹灰刀或类似工具对涂料表面进行抹平,去处明显的流挂物或其他杂质,在进行面漆喷涂施工,面漆施工要喷涂四遍即可达到较高的外观效果。4、在地面涂刷时,注意预留钢结构材料件编号,以便钢结构安装。考虑到在地面施工,污染、破坏在所难免,因此,准备预留一定厚度,在空中修补时进行涂刷,使涂层颜色达到美观、协调一致。(五)质量验收标准1、构件表面不应有误涂、漏涂、涂层不应有脱皮和返锈等。涂层应均匀,无明显皱皮、流坠、针眼和气泡等。2、在涂刷第二层防火涂料时,第一道防火涂料必须彻底干燥,否则会产生起皮、脱落。防火涂料的涂层厚度应参照产品说明书和具有消防检测资质的机构的检测报告进行涂层厚度的验收。3、对未成膜的涂层,雨天进行遮盖保护,涂装完成的构件,在其他工种对其可能有污染的部位,应用塑料薄膜进行覆盖。八、安全保证措施(一)、安全生产措施1、所有参加本工程施工人员都必须严格执行国家和有关部门颁发的安全生产规章制度,切实做好安全生产自身保护工作;2、所有参加本工程施工人员进场施工前都必须经过专业安全培训或安全教育,持证上岗;3、根据本工程的施工特点,指派专职安全员驻场监督。班组设专职安全员贯彻专管和群管相结合形成一个强有力的安全网; 4、根据不同施工内容,布置有针对性的安全措施,做到按时、认真、有要求、有布置、有台帐、有检查;(二)、施工现场安全注意事项1、坚决贯彻执行国家颁发的《建筑安装安全技术操作规程》有关规定。2、切实做好现场施工管理工作,道路要平整、畅通、硬化,材料、构件应堆放平稳整齐。3、现场、工作间及临时仓库内严禁吸烟,并需设置消防器材。4、机电设备一律应设安全防护罩和接地接零,机具操作应有专人负责,并安装触保器,做到一机一闸一触保器,防止触电事故的发生。5、施工现场配备足够的防护眼镜、口罩、大头鞋等劳动用品,以确保施工人员的人身安全。6、一切材料、构件的堆放必须平整、稳固,应放在不妨碍交通和吊装安全的地方。构件摆放及拼装必须卡牢,移动翻身时橇杆支点要垫稳,滚动或移动时前方不可站人。7、用橇杠拨正物件时,必须手压橇杠,禁止骑在橇杠上,不得将橇杠放在肋下,以免回弹伤人。在高空使用橇杠不能用力过猛。8、高空作业要仔细检查跳板、脚手、杆子、吊篮、云梯、绳索、安全网等施工用具有无损坏、捆扎不牢、腐蚀或搭接不良等隐患。9、吊装作业时禁止人员入内,起重机工作时,起重机臂下严禁站人,吊装构件时,吊装指挥者严禁站在被吊装运输的重物前指挥。构件吊起后,运转要平稳,不得在空中摇晃,构件就位后需进行临时固定或可靠连接后才可卸钩。10、当风速为10m/s时,部分吊装工作应当停止,当风速达15m/s时,所有工作均需停止。下雨时,应停止露天焊接工作,雨后风后对构件要进行检查,必须保证垫土,支撑有足够的稳固程度,并作好防滑措施。11、每班完毕必须清理场地,做到道路畅通,文明施工、工作结束,应切断电源,并检查操作地点,确认无起火危险后方可离开。(三)施工用电安全1、临时用电应编制临时用电施工组织设计或制定安全用电技术措施和电器防火措施。2、建立安全用电制度。选派与工程难易程度和技术复杂性相适应的电工进驻现场进行用电操作。此类专业人员应熟练掌握用电基本知识和技能,做好本职工作。3、施工现场的施工用电,应按施工用电方案进行统一布置,消除乱拖乱拉现象。用电设备应按有关规定实行一机一闸,并有安全可靠的接地。4、当施工现场与外电线路共用同一供电系统时,电气设备应根据当地的要求作保护接零或作保护接地,不得一部分设备作保护接零,一部分设备作保护接地。 5、接地装置的接地体不得用铝导体,垂直接地体宜采用角钢,钢管或圆钢,不宜采用螺纹钢。6、配电箱、开关箱应采用铁板或优质绝缘材料制作,铁板厚度应大于1.5mm。固定配电箱、开关箱的下底与地面垂直距离应大于1.3m且小于1.5m;移动式配电箱、开关箱的下底与地面垂直距离宜大于0.6m且小于1.5m。配电箱、开关箱必须防雨、防尘;配电箱、开关箱中导线的进线口与出线口应设在箱体下。7、每台设备用电应各有专用开关箱。必须实行“一机一闸”制,严禁同一开关控制二台或二台以上用电设备(含插座),总配电箱和开关箱中必须装设漏电保护器,其额定漏电动作时间应作合理配合,使之具有分级保护的功能。8、所有配电箱、开关箱均应标明其名称、用途,并作出分路标记,应有专人负责,并配锁和每月进行检查和维修一次,熔断器的熔体更换时,严禁用不符合规格的熔体代替。9、电气设备的装置、安全、防护、使用与维修必须符合JGJ46—88《施工现场临时用电安全技术规范》规定的要求。应有醒目的电气安全标志、操作规程牌。10、必须经常对现场的电气线路、各台设备进行安全检查,对电气绝缘、接地电阻、漏电保护器、瓷插保险等是否完好进行检查。对查出的问题要做到定人、定时、定措施及时整改。九、质量保证措施1、制作质量保证措施针对工程的特点和重要性,厂内内部将成立专职检查组对构件制作质量进行定时和不定时检查或抽查。由专职检查组对每道工序生产人员进行上岗前教育和培训。严格按规定要求进行检验,每道工序必须有首检、自检和专检三个过程,通过专检后方可转序。严格把好原材料质量关,按规定要求进行试验、化验。不提前使用未检验和复试的原材料。按规定要求对构件进行焊接无损探险伤试验,节点抗拉强度试验,抗滑移系数测试。对制作进度进行合理按排,确定每道工序各个环节的生产计划时间,并有专人进行跟踪,反馈。对不合理的进行及时调整,使计划能切实可行。对各种设备进行生产前检查和维修,提高设备的利用率,以确保生产的顺利。流水作业、交叉作业安排做到合理化,以减少不必要的停断和碰头。专检组做到及时专检,使生产作业能顺利流畅。2、现场安装质量保证措施 为实现质量方针、预定目标和对顾客的承诺,将把“以质量为中心,安全第一,按期完工顺利通过竣工验收”作为本钢构工程的指导思想,并在现场建立公司、钢构项目部、施工班组三级质量管理体系。公司除加强日常检查外,同时品管部向工地派员蹲点作好材料检测,协助项目经理抓好质量工作。质量管理小组由钢构项目经理、项目技术工程师、项目质量工程师及有关技术管理人员组成,事先对各级质量管理人员制订切实可行的质量责任制,使现场质量责任制纵向到底,横向到边,形成三级质保体系网络。项目部每天在作业前对施工班组进行技术交底,使每一个工人都明确所做工作的质量要求和施工方法,要求其在施工过程中能严格按图纸、规范及技术要求操作,同时做到边施工,边自检、边整改,将质量问题消灭在操作第一线。对施工中可能遇到的重点、难点,预先制定应付措施,对材料操作工艺、工序、机具、产品保护均要事先制订预控计划及安装手册,确定控制点,施工中明确专人进行检查落实。加强质量检验评定制度,严格实行“三检”制,上道工序未验收合格不得转入下道工序的施工。严格实行各种原材料和配件的质量验收制度,主要材料进场必须有生产单位的出厂试验报告单或质保书,并同时具备化验单或复试单。各种测量仪器都应已通过相关计量部门的检测,涉及到土建与钢结构之间的关系,尽量做到它们之间的测量工具统一。十、成品保护金属面夹芯板工程在安装过程中以及工程验收前,应采取保护措施,不得损坏。在现场钻空.切割等作业过程中,会遗留金属屑.铆钉.铆钉芯.铁钉.螺丝钉.和废彩板.泡沫等,必须随时清除,以免磨损金属面板。为防止划伤金属面夹芯板表面,安装人员在屋面作业时,不得穿金属底鞋或钉有铁钉的鞋。施工时不得拖行金属面夹芯板,禁止在金属面夹芯板上拖行工具.配件.构件等,以防止磨损.划伤金属面夹芯板面板。进行电.气焊作业时,应采取措施防止电.气焊火花烧伤或烫伤金属面夹芯板表面。立体交叉作业时,严禁碰撞已施工好的金属面夹芯板屋面.墙面等。严禁将脚手架顶压在成品墙体或屋面上。金属面夹芯板施工严禁与混凝土施工交叉作业,避免水泥腐蚀金属面漆。应为某一段区域混凝土施工完毕后再进行金属面夹芯板施工作业。金属面夹芯板属轻型屋面材料,在屋面施工中应尽量避免施工货载集中造成屋面板断裂。屋面工程施工完毕后,非施工人员未经施工方许可不得随意上屋面行走,且应参照施工方或生产厂家提供的[屋面工程检修指导书]进行。避免损坏屋面金属面夹芯板及收边泛水配件。五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译,你想要的工具都在这里! 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。具体操作过程如下:1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献;2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了;3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。四大工具:1、Google翻译:http://www.google.cn/language_toolsgoogle,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译,首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。2、CNKI翻译:http://dict.cnki.netCNKI翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。http://dict.cnki.net3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M):http://pickup.mofile.com/69469016379448064、有道在线翻译:http://fanyi.youdao.com/?keyfrom=fanyi.logo翻译时的速度:这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,或者整点别的,导致最终SPPEED变慢,再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好,所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》,基本上挺好用。再加上网站如:googleCNKI翻译助手,这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧(主要是写论文和看论文方面) 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人,在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章,这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文,而非看英文论文,但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看,我想它是有窍门的,个人总结如下:1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放,在看论文时,对论文必须做到看完后完全明白(你重视的论文);懂得其某部分讲了什么(你需要参考的部分论文),在看明白这些论文的情况下,我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来,或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信,你可以试一试2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索,这个过程是我们对文章再回顾,而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时,将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细,而且中英文对照写的比较详细。3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了,万事不是说成的,它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样,你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的,一遍不行,可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵,我想我是这么觉得的。'