软件工程,项目报告(英文版)

'ProjectReport　APROJECTREPORTON　　　　　　　　　　XXXXXXXXXX　　　　　　　　　　SubmittedtoOsmaniaUniversityforthepartialfulfillmentofthe　requirementforthe　　　　　　　AwardofDegreefor　　　XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX　　　　　　　　　　　　Doneby　　　　　Mr./Miss.XXXXXX　　　　　　　XXXXXInstituteofManagement&ComputerSciences　Hyderabad　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　CERTIFICATE　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ThisistocertifythatMr.XXXX,bearingRollNo.XXXXXXXXXXXhavedevelopedSoftwareprojecttitledXXXXXXXXforxxxSOFTWARESOLUTIONSasapartialFulfillmentfortheawardoftheDegreeofXXXXXXX.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　HEADOFDEPARTMENTPRINCIPAL　XXXinstituteofManagement&　ComputerSciences　　　　　　　　　　　　　　EXTERNAL　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　ACKNOWLEDGMENT　　　　　　　　MyexpressthanksandgratitudeandthankstoAlmightyGod,myparentsandotherfamilymembersandfriendswithoutwhoseuncontainedsupport,IcouldnothavemadethiscareerinXXXX.　　　Iwishtoplaceonmyrecordmydeepsenseofgratitudetomyprojectguide,Mr.XXXXX,xxxSoftwareSolutions,Hyderabadforhisconstantmotivationandvaluablehelpthroughtheprojectwork.ExpressmygratitudetoMr.XXXX,DirectorofXXXXXInstituteofManagement&ComputerSciencesforhisvaluablesuggestionsandadvicesthroughouttheXXXcourse.IalsoextendmythankstootherFacultiesfortheirCooperationduringmyCourse.　　　FinallyIwouldliketothankmyfriendsfortheircooperationtocompletethisproject.　　　　　　　XXXXXXX　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　ABSTRACT　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　ThisprojectisaverypopularandwidelyusedinmanybigSupermarketsDepartmentalstoresandisusedtocatertheneedofthesalessystemthere.Thisisanonlinesystemandisusedmaintain/controlmostoftheactivitieshappeninginbigstores.Thismaintainsandcontrolsthestockdetailsanddoesonlinebillingandgeneratesvariousonlinereports.　　Theprojecthasbeenplannedtobehavingtheviewofdistributedarchitecture,withcentralizedstorageofthedatabase.Theapplicationforthestorageofthedatahasbeenplanned.UsingtheconstructsofMS-SQLServerandalltheuserinterfaceshavebeendesignedusingtheASP.Nettechnologies.Thedatabaseconnectivityisplannedusingthe“SQLConnection”methodology.Thestandardsofsecurityanddataprotectivemechanismhavebeengivenabigchoiceforproperusage.Theapplicationtakescareofdifferentmodulesandtheirassociatedreports,whichareproducedaspertheapplicablestrategiesandstandardsthatareputforwardedbytheadministrativestaff.　Theentireprojecthasbeendevelopedkeepinginviewofthedistributedclientservercomputingtechnology,inmind.Thespecificationhasbeennormalizedupto3NFtoeliminatealltheanomaliesthatmayariseduetothedatabasetransactionthatareexecutedbythegeneralusersandtheorganizationaladministration.Theuserinterfacesarebrowserspecifictogivedistributedaccessibilityfortheoverallsystem.TheinternaldatabasehasbeenselectedasMS-SQLserver200.Thebasicconstructsoftablespaces,clustersandindexeshavebeenexploitedtoprovidehigherconsistencyandreliabilityforthedatastorage.TheMS-SQLserver200wasachoiceasitprovidestheconstructsofhigh-levelreliabilityandsecurity.ThetotalfrontendwasdominatedusingtheASP.Nettechnologies.Atallproperlevelshighcarewastakentocheckthatthesystemmanagesthedataconsistencywithproperbusinessrulesorvalidations.Thedatabaseconnectivitywasplannedusingthelatest“SQLConnection”technologyprovidedbyMicrosoftCorporation.Theauthenticationand-147-　　 ProjectReport　authorizationwascrosscheckedatalltherelevantstages.Theuserlevelaccessibilityhasbeenrestrictedintotwozonesnamely.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　CONTENTS　　　　　1.INTRODUCTION　　　　INTRODUCTIONTOPROJECT　ORGANIZATIONPROFILE　PURPOSEOFTHEPROJECT　PROBLEMINEXISTINGSYSTEM　SOLUTIONOFTHESEPROBLEMS　　2.SYSTEMANALYSIS　　　　2.1.INTRODUCTION　2.2.SYSTEMWORKFLOW　　2.3.STUDYOFTHESYSTEM　　2.4.HARDWARE&SOFTWAREREQUIRMENT　　　2.5.PROPOSEDSYSTEM　2.6.INPUT&OUTPUT　　　2.7.PROCESSMODELSUSEDWITHJUSTIFICATION　　　　　3.FEASIBILITYREPORT　　3.1.TECHNICALFEASIBILITY　3.2.OPERATIONALFEASIBILITY　　　3.3.ECONOMICFEASIBILITY　　　　4.SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTSPECIFICATIONS　　　　　4.1.FUNCIONALREQUIREMENTS　　　4.2.PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS　　　　5.SELECTEDSOFTWARE　　　　　　5.1.INTRODUCTIONTO.NETFRAMEWORK　5.2.ASP.NET　　　5.3.C#.NET　　　5.4.SQLSERVER　　　6.SYSTEMDESIGN　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　6.1.INTRODUCTION　6.2.SYSTEMWORKFLOW　　6.3.NORMALIZATION　　6.4.E-RDIAGRAM　6.5.DATAFLOWDIAGRAMS　　6.6.DATADICTIONARY　　　　　1.OUTPUTSCREENS　　　　　　2.SYSTEMTESTINGANDIMPLEMENTATION　　　　　8.1.INTRODUCTION　　8.2.STRATEGICAPPROACHOFSOFTWARETESTING　　　8.3.UNITTESTING　　8.4.TEST　　　　　3.SYSTEMSECURITY　　　　　　9.1.INTRODUCTION　　　9.2.SECURITYINSOFTWARE　　　　4.CONCLUSION　　　5.FUTUREIMPROVEMENT　　　　6.BIBLIOGRAPHY　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter1　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　INTRODUCTION　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　1.1.INTRODUCTIONTOPROJECT　　TheSalesTerminalisawebbasedproject.Thedomainoftheprojectisretailindustry.　　Thisprojectisverypopularandwidelyusedinmanybigsupermarkets/Departmentalstoresandisusedthecatertheneedofthesalessystemthere.Thisisanonlinesystemandisusedmaintain/controlmostoftheactivitieshappeninginbigstores.　Thismaintainsandcontrolsthestockdetailsanddoesonlinebillingandgeneratesvariousonlinereports.ThisprojectishelpfultocustomersifanybodywanttodoonlineShoppe.　　1.2.ORGANIZATIONPROFILE　　　　　SOFTWARESOLUTIONS　　　　xxxSoftwareSolutionsisanITsolutionproviderforadynamicenvironmentwherebusinessandtechnologystrategiesconverge.TheirapproachfocusesonnewwaysofbusinesscombiningITinnovationandadoptionwhilealsoleveraginganorganization’scurrentITassets.Theirworkwithlargeglobalcorporationsandnewproductsorservicesandtoimplementprudentbusinessandtechnologystrategiesintoday’senvironment.　　　　XXX’SRANGEOFEXPERTISEINCLUDES:　　　·SoftwareDevelopmentServices　·EngineeringServices　·SystemsIntegration　　·CustomerRelationshipManagement　·ProductDevelopment　·ElectronicCommerce　　·Consulting　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·ITOutsourcing　　　Weapplytechnologywithinnovationandresponsibilitytoachievetwobroadobjectives:　　　·Effectivelyaddressthebusinessissuesourcustomersfacetoday.　　·Generatenewopportunitiesthatwillhelpthemstayaheadinthefuture.　　　　THISAPPROACHRESTSON:　　·Astrategywherewearchitect,integrateandmanagetechnologyservicesandsolutions-wecallitAIMforsuccess.　　　·Arobustoffshoredevelopmentmethodologyandreduceddemandoncustomerresources.　·Afocusontheuseofreusableframeworkstoprovidecostandtimesbenefits.　　Theycombinethebestpeople,processesandtechnologytoachieveexcellentresults-consistency.Weoffercustomerstheadvantagesof:　　　　　SPEED:　Theyunderstandtheimportanceoftiming,ofgettingtherebeforethecompetition.Arichportfolioofreusable,modularframeworkshelpsjump-startprojects.Triedandtestedmethodologyensuresthatwefollowapredictable,low-riskpathtoachieveresults.Ourtrackrecordistestimonytocomplexprojectsdeliveredwithinandevensbeforeschedule.　　　　EXPERTISE:　Ourteamscombinecuttingedgetechnologyskillswithrichdomainexpertise.What’sequallyimportant-theyshareastrongcustomerorientationthatmeanstheyactuallystartbylisteningtothecustomer.They’refocusedoncomingupwithsolutionsthatservecustomerrequirementstodayandanticipatefutureneeds.　　AFULLSERVICEPORTFOLIO:　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　TheyoffercustomerstheadvantageofbeingabletoArchitect,integrateandmanagetechnologyservices.Thismeansthattheycanrelyonone,fullyaccountablesourceinsteadoftryingtointegratedisparatemultivendorsolutions.　　　　　SERVICES:　Xxxisprovidingit’sservicestocompanieswhichareinthefieldofproduction,qualitycontroletcWiththeirrichexpertiseandexperienceandinformationtechnologytheyareinbestpositiontoprovidesoftwaresolutionstodistinctbusinessrequirements.　　　1.2.PURPOSEOFTHEPROJECT　　　　　ThesoftwareisfullyintegratedwithCustomerRelationshipManagementsolutionanddevelopedinamannerthatiseasilymanageable,timesavingandrelievingonefrommanual.　　TheSalesTerminalisawebbasedproject.Thedomainoftheprojectisretailindustry.Thisprojectisverypopularandwidelyusedinmanybigsupermarkets/Departmentalstoresandisusedthecatertheneedofthesalessystemthere.Thisisanonlinesystemandisusedmaintain/controlmostoftheactivitieshappeninginbigstores.Thismaintainsandcontrolsthestockdetailsanddoesonlinebillingandgeneratesvariousonlinereports.Thisprojectishelpfultocustomer.IfanybodywanttodoonlineShoppe.　　　　　　　　　1.3.PROBLEMINEXISTINGSYSTEM　　　　·Itislimitedtoasinglesystem.　　·Itislessuser-friendly.　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Itishavinglotsofmanualwork(Manualsystemdoesnotmeanthatyouareworkingwithpenandpaper,italsoincludeworkingonspreadsheetsandothersimplesoftware"s).　　　·Thepresentsystemisverylesssecure.　　·Itisunabletogeneratedifferentkindsofreport.　　　　1.2.SOLUTIONOFTHESEPROBLEMS　　　　　Thedevelopmentofthenewsystemcontainsthefollowingactivities,whichtrytoautomatetheentireprocesskeepinginviewofthedatabaseintegrationapproach.　·Userfriendlinessisprovidedintheapplicationwithvariouscontrols.　·Thesystemmakestheoverallprojectmanagementmucheasierandflexible.　　·ItcanbeaccessedovertheInternet.　　　·Variousclasseshavebeenusedtoprovidefileuploadandmailfeatures.　　　·Thereisnoriskofdatamismanagementatanylevelwhiletheprojectdevelopmentisunderprocess.　·ReportgenerationfeatureisprovidedusingCrystalReportstogeneratedifferentkindsofreportslikebargraphs,piechartsandtabletypechartsetc.　　Itprovideshighlevelofsecurityusingdifferentprotocolslikehttpsetc.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SYSTEMANALYSIS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　2.1.INTRODUCTION　　Afteranalyzingtherequirementsofthetasktobeperformed,thenextstepistoanalyzetheproblemandunderstanditscontext.Thefirstactivityinthephaseisstudyingtheexistingsystemandotheristounderstandtherequirementsanddomainofthenewsystem.Boththeactivitiesareequallyimportant,butthefirstactivityservesasabasisofgivingthefunctionalspecificationsandthensuccessfuldesignoftheproposedsystem.Understandingthepropertiesandrequirementsofanewsystemismoredifficultandrequirescreativethinkingandunderstandingofexistingrunningsystemisalsodifficult,improperunderstandingofpresentsystemcanleaddiversionfromsolution.　　2.2.ANALYSISMODEL　　　Thisdocumentplayavitalroleinthedevelopmentoflifecycle(SDLC)asitdescribesthecompleterequirementofthesystem.Itmeansforusebydevelopersandwillbethebasicduringtestingphase.Anychangesmadetotherequirementsinthefuturewillhavetogothroughformalchangeapprovalprocess.　　SPIRALMODELwasdefinedbyBarryBoehminhis1988article,“AspiralModelofSoftwareDevelopmentandEnhancement.Thismodelwasnotthefirstmodeltodiscussiterativedevelopment,butitwasthefirstmodeltoexplainwhytheiterationmodels.　　　Asoriginallyenvisioned,theiterationsweretypically6monthsto2yearslong.Eachphasestartswithadesigngoalandendswithaclientreviewingtheprogressthusfar.Analysisandengineeringeffortsareappliedateachphaseoftheproject,withaneyetowardtheendgoaloftheproject.　　ThestepsforSpiralModelcanbegeneralizedasfollows:　　·Thenewsystemrequirementsaredefinedinasmuchdetailsaspossible.Thisusuallyinvolvesinterviewinganumberofusersrepresentingalltheexternalorinternalusersandotheraspectsoftheexistingsystem.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Apreliminarydesigniscreatedforthenewsystem.　　·Afirstprototypeofthenewsystemisconstructedfromthepreliminarydesign.Thisisusuallyascaled-downsystem,andrepresentsanapproximationofthecharacteristicsofthefinalproduct.　　·Asecondprototypeisevolvedbyafourfoldprocedure:　　1.Evaluatingthefirstprototypeintermsofitsstrengths,weakness,andrisks.　　2.Definingtherequirementsofthesecondprototype.　　3.Planningandesigningthesecondprototype.　4.Constructingandtestingthesecondprototype.　　·Atthecustomeroption,theentireprojectcanbeabortediftheriskisdeemedtoogreat.Riskfactorsmightinvolveddevelopmentcostoverruns,operating-costmiscalculation,oranyotherfactorthatcould,inthecustomer’sjudgment,resultinaless-than-satisfactoryfinalproduct.　·Theexistingprototypeisevaluatedinthesamemanneraswasthepreviousprototype,andifnecessary,anotherprototypeisdevelopedfromitaccordingtothefourfoldprocedureoutlinedabove.　·Theprecedingstepsareiterateduntilthecustomerissatisfiedthattherefinedprototyperepresentsthefinalproductdesired.　·Thefinalsystemisconstructed,basedontherefinedprototype.　·Thefinalsystemisthoroughlyevaluatedandtested.Routinemaintenanceiscarriedonacontinuingbasistopreventlargescalefailuresandtominimizedowntime.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　Fig1.0-SpiralModel　　　　　　　　Thedeveloperisresponsiblefor:　　　·Developingthesystem,whichmeetstheSRSandsolvingalltherequirementsofthesystem?　　·Demonstratingthesystemandinstallingthesystematclient"slocationaftertheacceptancetestingissuccessful.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Submittingtherequiredusermanualdescribingthesysteminterfacestoworkonitandalsothedocumentsofthesystem.　　·Conductinganyusertrainingthatmightbeneededforusingthesystem.　　·Maintainingthesystemforaperiodofoneyearafterinstallation.　　　　　　2.3.STUDYOFTHESYSTEM　　　Intheflexibilityoftheusestheinterfacehasbeendevelopedagraphicsconceptinmind,associatedthroughabrowsesinterface.TheGUI’Satthetoplevelhavebeencategorizedas　　　1.Administrativeuserinterface　2.Theoperationalorgenericuserinterface　　　　　Theadministrativeuserinterfaceconcentratesontheconsistentinformationthatispractically,partoftheorganizationalactivitiesandwhichneedsproperauthenticationforthedatacollection.TheinterfaceshelptheadministrationswithallthetransactionalstateslikeDatainsertion,DatadeletionandDataupdatingalongwiththeextensivedatasearchcapabilities.　　　　　　Theoperationalorgenericuserinterfacehelpstheusersuponthesystemintransactionsthroughtheexistingdataandrequiredservices.Theoperationaluserinterfacealsohelpstheordinaryusersinmanagingtheirowninformationhelpstheordinaryusersinmanagingtheirowninformationinacustomizedmanneraspertheassistedflexibilities.　NUMBEROFMODULES　　　　Thesystemaftercarefulanalysishasbeenidentifiedtobepresentedwiththefollowingmodules:　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Themodulesinvolvedare:　　1.Administration　　　2.Users　　　　　Administrator:-　　　Adminhasallprivilegestoadd/modifyemployeeandgeneratereports.Inthistherearesubmoduleslike　　1.UserDetails/CustomerDetails　　　2.StockDetails　　3.EmployeeDetails　4.Reports　UserDetails:　　Thismodulecontains2parts.Usermaintenanceandpasswordchange.　·Usermaintenanceisusedtocreateanewuser,modifythedetailsofexistinguserorremovetheexistinguser.Onlytheadmintypeuserwillhaveaccesstothispart.Normaluserwon’thaveaccesstothis.Whilestoringintodatabasethepasswordshouldbeencryptedandstored.Theusercanchooseitsownlogictoencryptthepassword.　·Userpasswordisusedtochangeownpassword.Bothadminandnormaluserwillhaveaccesstothis.　　　StockDetails:　Thismoduleisusedtomaintainthevariousproductsavailableinthestore.Eachproductavailableinthestoreshouldbeclassifiedunderaproductcategory.Thismodulewillbeenabledonlytotheadmintypeofusers.Ifanewproductisreceiveditshouldbeaddedtothesystemwiththecorrespondingdetailslikeproductinformation,quantity,category,etc.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Reports:　Thismoduleisusedtoprintvariousonlinereports.Thismodulewillbeenabledonlytotheadmintypeofusers.Thiscontainsvariousinformationabouttheusersareavailable.Comingtosalesreportsitgeneratesthereportsbydatewiseasinputandgivesdetailsofsalemadeonthatdatealongwithiteminformation.Thisreportshouldbeavailableforagivendateorforadaterange.　　　　Users:　Inthisusermaintenanceisusedtocreateanewuser,modifythedetailsofexistinguserorremovetheexistinguser.Onlytheadmintypeuserwillhaveaccesstothispart.Normaluserwon’thaveaccesstothiswhilestoringintodatabasethepasswordshouldbeencryptedandstored.Theusercanchooseitsownlogictoencryptthepassword.Userpasswordisusedtochangeownpassword.Bothadminandnormaluserwillhaveaccesstothis.　　Billing:　　　Thisisthemain/corepartoftheentiresystem.Theonlinebillingisdoneinthispart.Thisincludesvariousthingslikecollectingitemdetailsandupdatingprice,andgettingpaymentinformationetc.Thecontinuousonlinebillnumbershouldbegenerated.Itshouldnotbeacyclicnumberorapreviouslyusednumber.　PROJECTINSTRUCTIONS:　·Basedonthegivenrequirements,conceptualizetheSolutionArchitecture.Choosethedomainofyourinterestotherwisedeveloptheapplicationforultimatedotnet.com.Depictthevariousarchitecturalcomponents,showinteractionsandconnectednessandshowinternalandexternalelements.Designthewebservices,webmethodsanddatabaseinfrastructureneededbothandclientandserver.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Provideanenvironmentforupgradationofapplicationfornewerversionsthatareavailableinthesamedomainaswebservicetarget.　　2.4.HARDWARESPEDIFICATIONS　　HARDWAREREQUIREMENTS:　　　　　·PIV2.8GHzProcessorandAbove　　　·RAM512MBandAbove　　·HDD20GBHardDiskSpaceandAbove　　　　　　SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTS:　　　　·WINDOWSOS(XP/2000/200Server/2003Server)　　　·VisualStudio.Net2005EnterpriseEdition　　·InternetInformationServer5.0(IIS)　　　·VisualStudio.NetFramework(MinimalforDeployment)　　·SQLServer2000EnterpriseEdition　　　　　2.5.PROPOSEDSYSTEM　　　Todebugtheexistingsystem,removeproceduresthosecausedataredundancy,makenavigationalsequenceproper.Toprovideinformationaboutauditsondifferentlevelandalsotoreflectthecurrentworkstatusdependingonorganization/auditorordate.Tobuildstrongpasswordmechanism.　　　NEEDFORCOMPUTERIZATION　　　　　Weallknowtheimportanceofcomputerization.Theworldismovingaheadatlighteningspeedandeveryoneisrunningshortoftime.Onealwayswantstogettheinformationandperformataskhe/she/theydesire(s)withinashortperiodoftimeandtoowithamountofefficiencyandaccuracy.Theapplicationareasforthecomputerizationhavebeenselectedonthebasisoffollowingfactors:　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Minimizingthemanualrecordskeptatdifferentlocations.　·Therewillbemoredataintegrity.　　·Facilitatingdesiredinformationdisplay,veryquickly,byretrievinginformationfromusers.　　·Facilitatingvariousstatisticalinformationwhichhelpsindecision-making?　　·Toreducemanualeffortsinactivitiesthatinvolvedrepetitivework.　·Updatinganddeletionofsuchahugeamountofdatawillbecomeeasier.　　FUNCTIONALFEATURESOFTHEMODEL　　　　　Asfarastheprojectisdevelopedthefunctionalityissimple,theobjectiveoftheproposalistostrengthenthefunctioningofAuditStatusMonitoringandmakethemeffectiveandbetter.TheentirescopehasbeenclassifiedintofivestreamsknowsasCoordinatorLevel,managementLevel,AuditorLevel,UserLevelandStateWebCoordinatorLevel.Theproposedsoftwarewillcovertheinformationneedswithrespecttoeachrequestoftheusergroupviz.acceptingtherequest,providingvulnerabilitydocumentreportandthecurrentstatusoftheaudit.　　2.6.INPUTANDOUTPUT　　　　　Themaininputs,outputsandmajorfunctionsofthesystemareasfollows.　　　Inputs:　　　　　·Adminentershisorheruseridandpassword.　·Usersenterhisorheruseridandpassword.　　·Admingeneratethereports.　　　·Adminrequeststhesearch.　　　·Publicuserrequeststhesearch.　·Admincaneditthestockdetailsandsoon.　　Outputs:　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Usersreceivethepersonaldetails.　　　·Userscanseetheproductsdetails.　　·Displayssearchresult.　　·Userreceivesthebills.　　　　　2.7.PROCESSMODELSUSEDWITHJUSTIFICATION　　　ACCESSCONTROLFORDATAWHICHREQUIREUSERAUTHENTICATION　　Thefollowingcommandsspecifyaccesscontrolidentifiersandtheyaretypicallyusedtoauthorizeandauthenticatetheuser(commandcodesareshowninparentheses)　　　　USERNAME(USER)　　　　　Theuseridentificationisthatwhichisrequiredbytheserverforaccesstoitsfilesystem.Thiscommandwillnormallybethefirstcommandtransmittedbytheuserafterthecontrolconnectionsaremade(someserversmayrequirethis).　　　　　PASSWORD(PASS)　　　Thiscommandmustbeimmediatelyprecededbytheusernamecommand,and,forsomesites,completestheuser"sidentificationforaccesscontrol.Sincepasswordinformationisquitesensitive,itisdesirableingeneralto"mask"itorsuppresstypeout.　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter3　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　FeasibilityReport　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　Preliminaryinvestigationexamineprojectfeasibility,thelikelihoodthesystemwillbeusefultotheorganization.ThemainobjectiveofthefeasibilitystudyistotesttheTechnical,OperationalandEconomicalfeasibilityforaddingnewmodulesanddebuggingoldrunningsystem.Allsystemisfeasibleiftheyareunlimitedresourcesandinfinitetime.Thereareaspectsinthefeasibilitystudyportionofthepreliminaryinvestigation:　　　·TechnicalFeasibility　·OperationFeasibility　　·EconomicalFeasibility　　　　3.1.TechnicalFeasibility　Thetechnicalissueusuallyraisedduringthefeasibilitystageoftheinvestigationincludesthefollowing:　·Doesthenecessarytechnologyexisttodowhatissuggested?　·Dotheproposedequipmentshavethetechnicalcapacitytoholdthedatarequiredtousethenewsystem?　　·Willtheproposedsystemprovideadequateresponsetoinquiries,regardlessofthenumberorlocationofusers?　·Canthesystembeupgradedifdeveloped?　　　·Aretheretechnicalguaranteesofaccuracy,reliability,easeofaccessanddatasecurity?　　Earliernosystemexistedtocatertotheneedsof‘SecureInfrastructureImplementationSystem’.Thecurrentsystemdevelopedistechnicallyfeasible.ItisawebbaseduserinterfaceforauditworkflowatNIC-CSD.Thusitprovidesaneasyaccesstotheusers.Thedatabase’spurposeistocreate,establishandmaintainaworkflowamongvariousentitiesinordertofacilitateallconcerned-147-　　 ProjectReport　usersintheirvariouscapacitiesorroles.Permissiontotheuserswouldbegrantedbasedontherolesspecified.Therefore,itprovidesthetechnicalguaranteeofaccuracy,reliabilityandsecurity.Thesoftwareandhardrequirementsforthedevelopmentofthisprojectarenotmanyandarealreadyavailablein-houseatNICorareavailableasfreeasopensource.Theworkfortheprojectisdonewiththecurrentequipmentandexistingsoftwaretechnology.Necessarybandwidthexistsforprovidingafastfeedbacktotheusersirrespectiveofthenumberofusersusingthesystem.　　　3.2.OperationalFeasibility　Proposedprojectsarebeneficialonlyiftheycanbeturnedoutintoinformationsystem.Thatwillmeettheorganization’soperatingrequirements.Operationalfeasibilityaspectsoftheprojectaretobetakenasanimportantpartoftheprojectimplementation.Someoftheimportantissuesraisedaretotesttheoperationalfeasibilityofaprojectincludesthefollowing:-　·Istheresufficientsupportforthemanagementfromtheusers?　　·Willthesystembeusedandworkproperlyifitisbeingdevelopedandimplemented?　·Willtherebeanyresistancefromtheuserthatwillunderminethepossibleapplicationbenefits?　　　Thissystemistargetedtobeinaccordancewiththeabove-mentionedissues.Beforehand,themanagementissuesanduserrequirementshavebeentakenintoconsideration.Sothereisnoquestionofresistancefromtheusersthatcanunderminethepossibleapplicationbenefits.　Thewell-planneddesignwouldensuretheoptimalutilizationofthecomputerresourcesandwouldhelpintheimprovementofperformancestatus.　　　　　　3.3.EconomicFeasibility　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Asystemcanbedevelopedtechnicallyandthatwillbeusedifinstalledmuststillbeagoodinvestmentfortheorganization.Intheeconomicalfeasibility,thedevelopmentcostincreatingthesystemisevaluatedagainsttheultimatebenefitderivedfromthenewsystems.Financialbenefitsmustequalorexceedthecosts.　　　Thesystemiseconomicallyfeasible.Itdoesnotrequireanyadditionhardwareorsoftware.SincetheinterfaceforthissystemisdevelopedusingtheexistingresourcesandtechnologiesavailableatNIC,Thereisnominalexpenditureandeconomicalfeasibilityforcertain.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter4　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTSPECIFICATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　Thesoftware,SiteExplorerisdesignedformanagementofwebsitesfromaremotelocation.　　　INTRODUCTION　　Purpose:Themainpurposeforpreparingthisdocumentistogiveageneralinsightintotheanalysisandrequirementsoftheexistingsystemorsituationandfordeterminingtheoperatingcharacteristicsofthesystem.　　　Scope:ThisDocumentplaysavitalroleinthedevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC)anditdescribesthecompleterequirementofthesystem.Itismeantforusebythedevelopersandwillbethebasicduringtestingphase.Anychangesmadetotherequirementsinthefuturewillhavetogothroughformalchangeapprovalprocess.　　　DEVELOPERSRESPONSIBILITIESOVERVIEW:　　Thedeveloperisresponsiblefor:　　　　·Developingthesystem,whichmeetstheSRSandsolvingalltherequirementsofthesystem?　　　·Demonstratingthesystemandinstallingthesystematclient"slocationaftertheacceptancetestingissuccessful.　·Submittingtherequiredusermanualdescribingthesysteminterfacestoworkonitandalsothedocumentsofthesystem.　·Conductinganyusertrainingthatmightbeneededforusingthesystem.　　·Maintainingthesystemforaperiodofoneyearafterinstallation.　　　4.1.FUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS:　　　OUTPUTDESIGN　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Outputsfromcomputersystemsarerequiredprimarilytocommunicatetheresultsofprocessingtousers.Theyarealsousedtoprovidesapermanentcopyoftheresultsforlaterconsultation.Thevarioustypesofoutputsingeneralare:　·ExternalOutputs,whosedestinationisoutsidetheorganization.　·InternalOutputswhosedestinationiswithinorganizationandtheyarethe　　　·User’smaininterfacewiththecomputer.　　　·Operationaloutputswhoseuseispurelywithinthecomputerdepartment.　　·Interfaceoutputs,whichinvolvetheuserincommunicatingdirectlywith　　　　OUTPUTDEFINITION　　　Theoutputsshouldbedefinedintermsofthefollowingpoints:　　　　§Typeoftheoutput　§Contentoftheoutput　§Formatoftheoutput　§Locationoftheoutput　　　§Frequencyoftheoutput　　§Volumeoftheoutput　　§Sequenceoftheoutput　　　　　　Itisnotalwaysdesirabletoprintordisplaydataasitisheldonacomputer.Itshouldbedecidedaswhichformoftheoutputisthemostsuitable.　　　ForExample　§Willdecimalpointsneedtobeinserted　§Shouldleadingzerosbesuppressed.　　　OutputMedia:　　　Inthenextstageitistobedecidedthatwhichmediumisthemostappropriatefortheoutput.Themainconsiderationswhendecidingabouttheoutputmediaare:　　　·Thesuitabilityforthedevicetotheparticularapplication.　　　·Theneedforahardcopy.　　　·Theresponsetimerequired.　·Thelocationoftheusers　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Thesoftwareandhardwareavailable.　Keepinginviewtheabovedescriptiontheprojectistohaveoutputsmainlycomingunderthecategoryofinternaloutputs.Themainoutputsdesiredaccordingtotherequirementspecificationare:　Theoutputswereneededtobegeneratedasahotcopyandaswellasqueriestobeviewedonthescreen.Keepinginviewtheseoutputs,theformatfortheoutputistakenfromtheoutputs,whicharecurrentlybeingobtainedaftermanualprocessing.Thestandardprinteristobeusedasoutputmediaforhardcopies.　　　INPUTDESIGN　　Inputdesignisapartofoverallsystemdesign.Themainobjectiveduringtheinputdesignisasgivenbelow:　　　　·Toproduceacost-effectivemethodofinput.　　·Toachivethehighestpossiblelevelofaccuracy.　　　·Toensurethattheinputisacceptableandunderstoodbytheuser.　　　INPUTSTAGES:　　　Themaininputstagescanbelistedasbelow:　　　　　·Datarecording　　·Datatranscription　·Dataconversion　·Dataverification　　·Datacontrol　·Datatransmission　·Datavalidation　　　·Datacorrection　　　　INPUTTYPES:　　　Itisnecessarytodeterminethevarioustypesofinputs.Inputscanbecategorizedasfollows:　·Externalinputs,whichareprimeinputsforthesystem.　·Internalinputs,whichareusercommunicationswiththesystem.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Operational,whicharecomputerdepartment’scommunicationstothesystem?　　·Interactive,whichareinputsenteredduringadialogue.　　　　　　　　　INPUTMEDIA:　Atthisstagechoicehastobemadeabouttheinputmedia.Toconcludeabouttheinputmediaconsiderationhastobegivento;　　·Typeofinput　·Flexibilityofformat　·Speed　·Accuracy　·Verificationmethods　　　·Rejectionrates　·Easeofcorrection　　·Storageandhandlingrequirements　　·Security　　·Easytouse　　·Portability　　　　Keepinginviewtheabovedescriptionoftheinputtypesandinputmedia,itcanbesaidthatmostoftheinputsareoftheformofinternalandinteractive.As　Inputdataistobethedirectlykeyedinbytheuser,thekeyboardcanbeconsideredtobethemostsuitableinputdevice.　　　　　ERRORAVOIDANCE　　　Atthisstagecareistobetakentoensurethatinputdataremainsaccurateformthestageatwhichitisrecordeduptothestageinwhichthedataisacceptedbythesystem.Thiscanbeachievedonlybymeansofcarefulcontroleachtimethedataishandled.　　　　ERRORDETECTION　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Eventhougheveryeffortismaketoavoidtheoccurrenceoferrors,stillasmallproportionoferrorsisalwayslikelytooccur,thesetypesoferrorscanbediscoveredbyusingvalidationstochecktheinputdata.　DATAVALIDATION　　Proceduresaredesignedtodetecterrorsindataatalowerlevelofdetail.Datavalidationshavebeenincludedinthesysteminalmosteveryareawherethereisapossibilityfortheusertocommiterrors.Thesystemwillnotacceptinvaliddata.Wheneveraninvaliddataiskeyedin,thesystemimmediatelypromptstheuserandtheuserhastoagainkeyinthedataandthesystemwillacceptthedataonlyifthedataiscorrect.Validationshavebeenincludedwherenecessary.　Thesystemisdesignedtobeauserfriendlyone.Inotherwordsthesystemhasbeendesignedtocommunicateeffectivelywiththeuser.Thesystemhasbeendesignedwithpopupmenus.　　　　　　USERINTERFACEDESIGN　　　Itisessentialtoconsultthesystemusersanddiscusstheirneedswhiledesigningtheuserinterface:　　　　　　USERINTERFACESYSTEMSCANBEBROADLYCLASIFIEDAS:　1.Userinitiatedinterfacetheuserisincharge,controllingtheprogressoftheuser/computerdialogue.Inthecomputer-initiatedinterface,thecomputerselectsthenextstageintheinteraction.　　2.Computerinitiatedinterfaces　　　Inthecomputerinitiatedinterfacesthecomputerguidestheprogressoftheuser/computerdialogue.Informationisdisplayedandtheuserresponseofthecomputertakesactionordisplaysfurtherinformation.　　　　　　USER_INITIATEDINTERGFACES　　　Userinitiatedinterfacesfallintotowapproximateclasses:　　　1.Commanddriveninterfaces:Inthistypeofinterfacetheuserinputscommandsorquerieswhichareinterpretedbythecomputer.　2.Formsorientedinterface:Theusercallsupanimageoftheformtohis/herscreenandfillsintheform.Theformsorientedinterfaceischosenbecauseitisthebestchoice.　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　COMPUTER-INITIATEDINTERFACES　　　Thefollowingcomputer–initiatedinterfaceswereused:　　　1.Themenusystemfortheuserispresentedwithalistofalternativesandtheuserchoosesone;ofalternatives.　2.Questions–answertypedialogsystemwherethecomputerasksquestionandtakesactionbasedonthebasisoftheusersreply.　　　　　　Rightfromthestartthesystemisgoingtobemenudriven,theopeningmenudisplaystheavailableoptions.Choosingoneoptiongivesanotherpopupmenuwithmoreoptions.Inthiswayeveryoptionleadstheuserstodataentryformwheretheusercankeyinthedata.　　　　ERRORMESSAGEDESIGN:　　Thedesignoferrormessagesisanimportantpartoftheuserinterfacedesign.Asuserisboundtocommitsomeerrorsorotherwhiledesigningasystemthesystemshouldbedesignedtobehelpfulbyprovidingtheuserwithinformationregardingtheerrorhe/shehascommitted.　　Thisapplicationmustbeabletoproduceoutputatdifferentmodulesfordifferentinputs.　　　4.2.PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS　　　Performanceismeasuredintermsoftheoutputprovidedbytheapplication.　　Requirementspecificationplaysanimportantpartintheanalysisofasystem.Onlywhentherequirementspecificationsareproperlygiven,itispossibletodesignasystem,whichwillfitintorequiredenvironment.Itrestslargelyinthepartoftheusersoftheexistingsystemtogivetherequirementspecificationsbecausetheyarethepeoplewhofinallyusethesystem.Thisisbecausetherequirementshavetobeknownduringtheinitialstagessothatthesystemcanbedesignedaccordingtothoserequirements.Itisverydifficulttochangethesystemonceithasbeendesignedandontheotherhanddesigningasystem,whichdoesnotcatertotherequirementsoftheuser,isofnouse.　　　　Therequirementspecificationforanysystemcanbebroadlystatedasgivenbelow:　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Thesystemshouldbeabletointerfacewiththeexistingsystem　　　·Thesystemshouldbeaccurate　　　·Thesystemshouldbebetterthantheexistingsystem　　　　Theexistingsystemiscompletelydependentontheusertoperformalltheduties.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter5　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SELECTEDSOFTWARE　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　5.1.INTRODUCTIONTO.NETFramework　　　　The.NETFrameworkisanewcomputingplatformthatsimplifiesapplicationdevelopmentinthehighlydistributedenvironmentoftheInternet.The.NETFrameworkisdesignedtofulfillthefollowingobjectives:　　　　　　·Toprovideaconsistentobject-orientedprogrammingenvironmentwhetherobjectcodeisstoredandexecutedlocally,executedlocallybutInternet-distributed,orexecutedremotely.　·Toprovideacode-executionenvironmentthatminimizessoftwaredeploymentandversioningconflicts.　　·Toprovideacode-executionenvironmentthatguaranteessafeexecutionofcode,includingcodecreatedbyanunknownorsemi-trustedthirdparty.　　·Toprovideacode-executionenvironmentthateliminatestheperformanceproblemsofscriptedorinterpretedenvironments.　·Tomakethedeveloperexperienceconsistentacrosswidelyvaryingtypesofapplications,suchasWindows-basedapplicationsandWeb-basedapplications.　　　·Tobuildallcommunicationonindustrystandardstoensurethatcodebasedonthe.NETFrameworkcanintegratewithanyothercode.　　The.NETFrameworkhastwomaincomponents:thecommonlanguageruntimeandthe.NETFrameworkclasslibrary.Thecommonlanguageruntimeisthefoundationofthe.NETFramework.Youcanthinkoftheruntimeasanagentthatmanagescodeatexecutiontime,providingcoreservicessuchasmemorymanagement,threadmanagement,andRemoting,whilealsoenforcingstricttypesafetyandotherformsofcodeaccuracythatensuresecurityandrobustness.Infact,theconceptofcodemanagementisafundamentalprincipleoftheruntime.Codethattargetstheruntimeisknownasmanagedcode,whilecodethatdoesnottargettheruntimeisknownas-147-　　 ProjectReport　unmanagedcode.Theclasslibrary,theothermaincomponentofthe.NETFramework,isacomprehensive,object-orientedcollectionofreusabletypesthatyoucanusetodevelopapplicationsrangingfromtraditionalcommand-lineorgraphicaluserinterface(GUI)applicationstoapplicationsbasedonthelatestinnovationsprovidedbyASP.NET,suchasWebFormsandXMLWebservices.　　The.NETFrameworkcanbehostedbyunmanagedcomponentsthatloadthecommonlanguageruntimeintotheirprocessesandinitiatetheexecutionofmanagedcode,therebycreatingasoftwareenvironmentthatcanexploitbothmanagedandunmanagedfeatures.The.NETFrameworknotonlyprovidesseveralruntimehosts,butalsosupportsthedevelopmentofthird-partyruntimehosts.　　　　Forexample,ASP.NEThoststheruntimetoprovideascalable,server-sideenvironmentformanagedcode.ASP.NETworksdirectlywiththeruntimetoenableWebFormsapplicationsandXMLWebservices,bothofwhicharediscussedlaterinthistopic.　　　　　InternetExplorerisanexampleofanunmanagedapplicationthathoststheruntime(intheformofaMIMEtypeextension).UsingInternetExplorertohosttheruntimeenablesyoutoembedmanagedcomponentsorWindowsFormscontrolsinHTMLdocuments.Hostingtheruntimeinthiswaymakesmanagedmobilecode(similartoMicrosoft®ActiveX®controls)possible,butwithsignificantimprovementsthatonlymanagedcodecanoffer,suchassemi-trustedexecutionandsecureisolatedfilestorage.　　　　　　Thefollowingillustrationshowstherelationshipofthecommonlanguageruntimeandtheclasslibrarytoyourapplicationsandtotheoverallsystem.Theillustrationalsoshowshowmanagedcodeoperateswithinalargerarchitecture.　　　FEATURESOFTHECOMMONLANGUAGERUNTIME　　Thecommonlanguageruntimemanagesmemory,threadexecution,codeexecution,codesafetyverification,compilation,andothersystemservices.Thesefeaturesareintrinsictothemanagedcodethatrunsonthecommonlanguageruntime.　Withregardstosecurity,managedcomponentsareawardedvaryingdegreesoftrust,dependingonanumberoffactorsthatincludetheirorigin(suchastheInternet,enterprisenetwork,orlocalcomputer).Thismeansthatamanagedcomponentmightor-147-　　 ProjectReport　mightnotbeabletoperformfile-accessoperations,registry-accessoperations,orothersensitivefunctions,evenifitisbeingusedinthesameactiveapplication.　　Theruntimeenforcescodeaccesssecurity.Forexample,userscantrustthatanexecutableembeddedinaWebpagecanplayananimationonscreenorsingasong,butcannotaccesstheirpersonaldata,filesystem,ornetwork.ThesecurityfeaturesoftheruntimethusenablelegitimateInternet-deployedsoftwaretobeexceptionallyfeaturingrich.　Theruntimealsoenforcescoderobustnessbyimplementingastricttype-andcode-verificationinfrastructurecalledthecommontypesystem(CTS).TheCTSensuresthatallmanagedcodeisself-describing.ThevariousMicrosoftandthird-partylanguagecompilers　GeneratemanagedcodethatconformstotheCTS.Thismeansthatmanagedcodecanconsumeothermanagedtypesandinstances,whilestrictlyenforcingtypefidelityandtypesafety.　Inaddition,themanagedenvironmentoftheruntimeeliminatesmanycommonsoftwareissues.Forexample,theruntimeautomaticallyhandlesobjectlayoutandmanagesreferencestoobjects,releasingthemwhentheyarenolongerbeingused.Thisautomaticmemorymanagementresolvesthetwomostcommonapplicationerrors,memoryleaksandinvalidmemoryreferences.　Theruntimealsoacceleratesdeveloperproductivity.Forexample,programmerscanwriteapplicationsintheirdevelopmentlanguageofchoice,yettakefulladvantageoftheruntime,theclasslibrary,andcomponentswritteninotherlanguagesbyotherdevelopers.Anycompilervendorwhochoosestotargettheruntimecandoso.Languagecompilersthattargetthe.NETFrameworkmakethefeaturesofthe.NETFrameworkavailabletoexistingcodewritteninthatlanguage,greatlyeasingthemigrationprocessforexistingapplications.　　Whiletheruntimeisdesignedforthesoftwareofthefuture,italsosupportssoftwareoftodayandyesterday.InteroperabilitybetweenmanagedandunmanagedcodeenablesdeveloperstocontinuetousenecessaryCOMcomponentsandDLLs.　　　Theruntimeisdesignedtoenhanceperformance.Althoughthecommonlanguageruntimeprovidesmanystandardruntimeservices,managedcodeisneverinterpreted.Afeaturecalledjust-in-time(JIT)compilingenablesallmanagedcodetoruninthenative-147-　　 ProjectReport　machinelanguageofthesystemonwhichitisexecuting.Meanwhile,thememorymanagerremovesthepossibilitiesoffragmentedmemoryandincreasesmemorylocality-of-referencetofurtherincreaseperformance.　　　Finally,theruntimecanbehostedbyhigh-performance,server-sideapplications,suchasMicrosoft®SQLServer™andInternetInformationServices(IIS).Thisinfrastructureenablesyoutousemanagedcodetowriteyourbusinesslogic,whilestillenjoyingthesuperiorperformanceoftheindustry"sbestenterpriseserversthatsupportruntimehosting.　　.NETFRAMEWORKCLASSLIBRARY　　　　The.NETFrameworkclasslibraryisacollectionofreusabletypesthattightlyintegratewiththecommonlanguageruntime.Theclasslibraryisobjectoriented,providingtypesfromwhichyourownmanagedcodecanderivefunctionality.Thisnotonlymakesthe.NETFrameworktypeseasytouse,butalsoreducesthetimeassociatedwithlearningnewfeaturesofthe.NETFramework.Inaddition,third-partycomponentscanintegrateseamlesslywithclassesinthe.NETFramework.　　Forexample,the.NETFrameworkcollectionclassesimplementasetofinterfacesthatyoucanusetodevelopyourowncollectionclasses.Yourcollectionclasseswillblendseamlesslywiththeclassesinthe.NETFramework.　　　Asyouwouldexpectfromanobject-orientedclasslibrary,the.NETFrameworktypesenableyoutoaccomplisharangeofcommonprogrammingtasks,includingtaskssuchasstringmanagement,datacollection,databaseconnectivity,andfileaccess.Inadditiontothesecommontasks,theclasslibraryincludestypesthatsupportavarietyofspecializeddevelopmentscenarios.Forexample,youcanusethe.NETFrameworktodevelopthefollowingtypesofapplicationsandservices:　·Consoleapplications.　·Scriptedorhostedapplications.　　　·WindowsGUIapplications(WindowsForms).　·ASP.NETapplications.　　　·XMLWebservices.　·Windowsservices.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Forexample,theWindowsFormsclassesareacomprehensivesetofreusabletypesthatvastlysimplifyWindowsGUIdevelopment.IfyouwriteanASP.NETWebFormapplication,youcanusetheWebFormsclasses.　　　　　　　　　　CLIENTAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENT　　　　　ClientapplicationsaretheclosesttoatraditionalstyleofapplicationinWindows-basedprogramming.Thesearethetypesofapplicationsthatdisplaywindowsorformsonthedesktop,enablingausertoperformatask.Clientapplicationsincludeapplicationssuchaswordprocessorsandspreadsheets,aswellascustombusinessapplicationssuchasdata-entrytools,reportingtools,andsoon.Clientapplicationsusuallyemploywindows,menus,buttons,andotherGUIelements,andtheylikelyaccesslocalresourcessuchasthefilesystemandperipheralssuchasprinters.　　AnotherkindofclientapplicationisthetraditionalActiveXcontrol(nowreplacedbythemanagedWindowsFormscontrol)deployedovertheInternetasaWebpage.Thisapplicationismuchlikeotherclientapplications:itisexecutednatively,hasaccesstolocalresources,andincludesgraphicalelements.　　　Inthepast,developerscreatedsuchapplicationsusingC/C++inconjunctionwiththeMicrosoftFoundationClasses(MFC)orwitharapidapplicationdevelopment(RAD)environmentsuchasMicrosoft®VisualBasic®.The.NETFrameworkincorporatesaspectsoftheseexistingproductsintoasingle,consistentdevelopmentenvironmentthatdrasticallysimplifiesthedevelopmentofclientapplications.　　　TheWindowsFormsclassescontainedinthe.NETFrameworkaredesignedtobeusedforGUIdevelopment.Youcaneasilycreatecommandwindows,buttons,menus,toolbars,andotherscreenelementswiththeflexibilitynecessarytoaccommodateshiftingbusinessneeds.　Forexample,the.NETFrameworkprovidessimplepropertiestoadjustvisualattributesassociatedwithforms.Insomecasestheunderlyingoperatingsystemdoesnotsupportchangingtheseattributesdirectly,andinthesecasesthe.NETFrameworkautomaticallyrecreatestheforms.Thisisoneofmanywaysinwhichthe.NETFrameworkintegratesthedeveloperinterface,makingcodingsimplerandmoreconsistent.　-147-　　 ProjectReport　UnlikeActiveXcontrols,WindowsFormscontrolshavesemi-trustedaccesstoauser"scomputer.Thismeansthatbinaryornativelyexecutingcodecanaccesssomeoftheresourcesontheuser"ssystem(suchasGUIelementsandlimitedfileaccess)withoutbeingabletoaccessorcompromiseotherresources.Becauseofcodeaccesssecurity,manyapplicationsthatonceneededtobeinstalledonauser"ssystemcannowbesafelydeployedthroughtheWeb.YourapplicationscanimplementthefeaturesofalocalapplicationwhilebeingdeployedlikeaWebpage.　　　ASP.NET　　　　ServerApplicationDevelopment　Server-sideapplicationsinthemanagedworldareimplementedthroughruntimehosts.Unmanagedapplicationshostthecommonlanguageruntime,whichallowsyourcustommanagedcodetocontrolthebehavioroftheserver.Thismodelprovidesyouwithallthefeaturesofthecommonlanguageruntimeandclasslibrarywhilegainingtheperformanceandscalabilityofthehostserver.　Thefollowingillustrationshowsabasicnetworkschemawithmanagedcoderunningindifferentserverenvironments.ServerssuchasIISandSQLServercanperformstandardoperationswhileyourapplicationlogicexecutesthroughthemanagedcode.　　SERVER-SIDEMANAGEDCODE　　　　ASP.NETisthehostingenvironmentthatenablesdeveloperstousethe.NETFrameworktotargetWeb-basedapplications.However,ASP.NETismorethanjustaruntimehost;itisacompletearchitecturefordevelopingWebsitesandInternet-distributedobjectsusingmanagedcode.BothWebFormsandXMLWebservicesuseIISandASP.NETasthepublishingmechanismforapplications,andbothhaveacollectionofsupportingclassesinthe.NETFramework.　　　XMLWebservices,animportantevolutioninWeb-basedtechnology,aredistributed,server-sideapplicationcomponentssimilartocommonWebsites.However,unlikeWeb-basedapplications,XMLWebservicescomponentshavenoUIandarenottargetedforbrowserssuchasInternetExplorerandNetscapeNavigator.Instead,XMLWebservicesconsistofreusablesoftwarecomponentsdesignedtobeconsumedbyother-147-　　 ProjectReport　applications,suchastraditionalclientapplications,Web-basedapplications,orevenotherXMLWebservices.Asaresult,XMLWebservicestechnologyisrapidlymovingapplicationdevelopmentanddeploymentintothehighlydistributedenvironmentoftheInternet.　　　IfyouhaveusedearlierversionsofASPtechnology,youwillimmediatelynoticetheimprovementsthatASP.NETandWebFormsoffers.Forexample,youcandevelopWebFormspagesinanylanguagethatsupportsthe.NETFramework.Inaddition,yourcodenolongerneedstosharethesamefilewithyourHTTPtext(althoughitcancontinuetodosoifyouprefer).WebFormspagesexecuteinnativemachinelanguagebecause,likeanyothermanagedapplication,theytakefulladvantageoftheruntime.Incontrast,unmanagedASPpagesarealwaysscriptedandinterpreted.ASP.NETpagesarefaster,morefunctional,andeasiertodevelopthanunmanagedASPpagesbecausetheyinteractwiththeruntimelikeanymanagedapplication.　　　The.NETFrameworkalsoprovidesacollectionofclassesandtoolstoaidindevelopmentandconsumptionofXMLWebservicesapplications.XMLWebservicesarebuiltonstandardssuchasSOAP(aremoteprocedure-callprotocol),XML(anextensibledataformat),andWSDL(theWebServicesDescriptionLanguage).The.NETFrameworkisbuiltonthesestandardstopromoteinteroperabilitywithnon-Microsoftsolutions.　　　Forexample,theWebServicesDescriptionLanguagetoolincludedwiththe.NETFrameworkSDKcanqueryanXMLWebservicepublishedontheWeb,parseitsWSDLdescription,andproduceC#orVisualBasicsourcecodethatyourapplicationcanusetobecomeaclientoftheXMLWebservice.ThesourcecodecancreateclassesderivedfromclassesintheclasslibrarythathandlealltheunderlyingcommunicationusingSOAPandXMLparsing.AlthoughyoucanusetheclasslibrarytoconsumeXMLWebservicesdirectly,theWebServicesDescriptionLanguagetoolandtheothertoolscontainedintheSDKfacilitateyourdevelopmenteffortswiththe.NETFramework.　　IfyoudevelopandpublishyourownXMLWebservice,the.NETFrameworkprovidesasetofclassesthatconformtoalltheunderlyingcommunicationstandards,suchasSOAP,WSDL,andXML.Usingthoseclassesenablesyoutofocusonthelogicofyourservice,withoutconcerningyourselfwiththecommunicationsinfrastructurerequiredbydistributedsoftwaredevelopment.　　Finally,likeWebFormspagesinthemanagedenvironment,yourXMLWebservicewillrunwiththespeedofnativemachinelanguageusingthescalablecommunicationofIIS.　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　ACTIVESERVERPAGES.NET　　ASP.NETisaprogrammingframeworkbuiltonthecommonlanguageruntimethatcanbeusedonaservertobuildpowerfulWebapplications.ASP.NEToffersseveralimportantadvantagesoverpreviousWebdevelopmentmodels:　　　·EnhancedPerformance.ASP.NETiscompiledcommonlanguageruntimecoderunningontheserver.Unlikeitsinterpretedpredecessors,ASP.NETcantakeadvantageofearlybinding,just-in-timecompilation,nativeoptimization,andcachingservicesrightoutofthebox.Thisamountstodramaticallybetterperformancebeforeyoueverwritealineofcode.　　·World-ClassToolSupport.TheASP.NETframeworkiscomplementedbyarichtoolboxanddesignerintheVisualStudiointegrateddevelopmentenvironment.WYSIWYGediting,drag-and-dropservercontrols,andautomaticdeploymentarejustafewofthefeaturesthispowerfultoolprovides.　·PowerandFlexibility.BecauseASP.NETisbasedonthecommonlanguageruntime,thepowerandflexibilityofthatentireplatformisavailabletoWebapplicationdevelopers.The.NETFrameworkclasslibrary,Messaging,andDataAccesssolutionsareallseamlesslyaccessiblefromtheWeb.ASP.NETisalsolanguage-independent,soyoucanchoosethelanguagethatbestappliestoyourapplicationorpartitionyourapplicationacrossmanylanguages.Further,commonlanguageruntimeinteroperabilityguaranteesthatyourexistinginvestmentinCOM-baseddevelopmentispreservedwhenmigratingtoASP.NET.　　　·Simplicity.ASP.NETmakesiteasytoperformcommontasks,fromsimpleformsubmissionandclientauthenticationtodeploymentandsiteconfiguration.Forexample,theASP.NETpageframeworkallowsyoutobuilduserinterfacesthatcleanlyseparateapplicationlogicfrompresentationcodeandtohandleeventsinasimple,VisualBasic-likeformsprocessingmodel.Additionally,thecommonlanguageruntimesimplifiesdevelopment,withmanagedcodeservicessuchasautomaticreferencecountingandgarbagecollection.　　　·Manageability.ASP.NETemploysatext-based,hierarchicalconfigurationsystem,whichsimplifiesapplyingsettingstoyourserverenvironmentandWebapplications.Becauseconfigurationinformationisstoredasplaintext,newsettingsmaybeappliedwithouttheaidoflocaladministrationtools.This"zerolocaladministration"philosophy-147-　　 ProjectReport　extendstodeployingASP.NETFrameworkapplicationsaswell.AnASP.NETFrameworkapplicationisdeployedtoaserversimplybycopyingthenecessaryfilestotheserver.Noserverrestartisrequired,eventodeployorreplacerunningcompiledcode.　　·ScalabilityandAvailability.ASP.NEThasbeendesignedwithscalabilityinmind,withfeaturesspecificallytailoredtoimproveperformanceinclusteredandmultiprocessorenvironments.Further,processesarecloselymonitoredandmanagedbytheASP.NETruntime,sothatifonemisbehaves(leaks,deadlocks),anewprocesscanbecreatedinitsplace,whichhelpskeepyourapplicationconstantlyavailabletohandlerequests.　·CustomizabilityandExtensibility.ASP.NETdeliversawell-factoredarchitecturethatallowsdevelopersto"plug-in"theircodeattheappropriatelevel.Infact,itispossibletoextendorreplaceanysubcomponentoftheASP.NETruntimewithyourowncustom-writtencomponent.Implementingcustomauthenticationorstateserviceshasneverbeeneasier.　·Security.WithbuiltinWindowsauthenticationandper-applicationconfiguration,youcanbeassuredthatyourapplicationsaresecure.　　　LANGUAGESUPPORT　　　TheMicrosoft.NETPlatformcurrentlyoffersbuilt-insupportforthreelanguages:C#,VisualBasic,andJScript.　　　　　　WHATISASP.NETWEBFORMS?　　　TheASP.NETWebFormspageframeworkisascalablecommonlanguageruntimeprogrammingmodelthatcanbeusedontheservertodynamicallygenerateWebpages.　　　IntendedasalogicalevolutionofASP(ASP.NETprovidessyntaxcompatibilitywithexistingpages),theASP.NETWebFormsframeworkhasbeenspecificallydesignedtoaddressanumberofkeydeficienciesinthepreviousmodel.Inparticular,itprovides:　　　·TheabilitytocreateandusereusableUIcontrolsthatcanencapsulatecommonfunctionalityandthusreducetheamountofcodethatapagedeveloperhastowrite.　　·Theabilityfordeveloperstocleanlystructuretheirpagelogicinanorderlyfashion(not"spaghetticode").　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·TheabilityfordevelopmenttoolstoprovidestrongWYSIWYGdesignsupportforpages(existingASPcodeisopaquetotools).　　　　ASP.NETWebFormspagesaretextfileswithan.aspxfilenameextension.TheycanbedeployedthroughoutanIISvirtualrootdirectorytree.Whenabrowserclientrequests.aspxresources,theASP.NETruntimeparsesandcompilesthetargetfileintoa.NETFrameworkclass.Thisclasscanthenbeusedtodynamicallyprocessincomingrequests.(Notethatthe.aspxfileiscompiledonlythefirsttimeitisaccessed;thecompiledtypeinstanceisthenreusedacrossmultiplerequests).　　　AnASP.NETpagecanbecreatedsimplybytakinganexistingHTMLfileandchangingitsfilenameextensionto.aspx(nomodificationofcodeisrequired).Forexample,thefollowingsampledemonstratesasimpleHTMLpagethatcollectsauser"snameandcategorypreferenceandthenperformsaformpostbacktotheoriginatingpagewhenabuttonisclicked:　ASP.NETprovidessyntaxcompatibilitywithexistingASPpages.Thisincludessupportfor<%%>coderenderblocksthatcanbeintermixedwithHTMLcontentwithinan.aspxfile.Thesecodeblocksexecuteinatop-downmanneratpagerendertime.　　　　CODE-BEHINDWEBFORMS　　　ASP.NETsupportstwomethodsofauthoringdynamicpages.Thefirstisthemethodshownintheprecedingsamples,wherethepagecodeisphysicallydeclaredwithintheoriginating.aspxfile.Analternativeapproach--knownasthecode-behindmethod--enablesthepagecodetobemorecleanlyseparatedfromtheHTMLcontentintoanentirelyseparatefile.　　　INTRODUCTIONTOASP.NETSERVERCONTROLS　　　　　Inadditionto(orinsteadof)using<%%>codeblockstoprogramdynamiccontent,ASP.NETpagedeveloperscanuseASP.NETservercontrolstoprogramWebpages.Servercontrolsaredeclaredwithinan.aspxfileusingcustomtagsorintrinsicHTMLtagsthatcontainarunat="server"attributesvalue.IntrinsicHTMLtagsarehandledbyoneofthecontrolsintheSystem.Web.UI.HtmlControlsnamespace.Anytagthatdoesn"texplicitlymaptooneofthecontrolsisassignedthetypeofSystem.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl.　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Servercontrolsautomaticallymaintainanyclient-enteredvaluesbetweenroundtripstotheserver.Thiscontrolstateisnotstoredontheserver(itisinsteadstoredwithinanformfieldthatisround-trippedbetweenrequests).Notealsothatnoclient-sidescriptisrequired.　　InadditiontosupportingstandardHTMLinputcontrols,ASP.NETenablesdeveloperstoutilizerichercustomcontrolsontheirpages.Forexample,thefollowingsampledemonstrateshowthecontrolcanbeusedtodynamicallydisplayrotatingadsonapage.　　　1.ASP.NETWebFormsprovideaneasyandpowerfulwaytobuilddynamicWebUI.　　2.ASP.NETWebFormspagescantargetanybrowserclient(therearenoscriptlibraryorcookierequirements).　　3.ASP.NETWebFormspagesprovidesyntaxcompatibilitywithexistingASPpages.　4.ASP.NETservercontrolsprovideaneasywaytoencapsulatecommonfunctionality.　5.ASP.NETshipswith45built-inservercontrols.Developerscanalsousecontrolsbuiltbythirdparties.　6.ASP.NETservercontrolscanautomaticallyprojectbothuplevelanddownlevelHTML.　7.ASP.NETtemplatesprovideaneasywaytocustomizethelookandfeeloflistservercontrols.　　　8.ASP.NETvalidationcontrolsprovideaneasywaytododeclarativeclientorserverdatavalidation.　　　　　C#.NET　　　　　ADO.NETOVERVIEW　　　ADO.NETisanevolutionoftheADOdataaccessmodelthatdirectlyaddressesuserrequirementsfordevelopingscalableapplications.Itwasdesignedspecificallyforthewebwithscalability,statelessness,andXMLinmind.　　ADO.NETusessomeADOobjects,suchastheConnectionandCommandobjects,andalsointroducesnewobjects.KeynewADO.NETobjectsincludetheDataSet,DataReader,andDataAdapter.　　　　TheimportantdistinctionbetweenthisevolvedstageofADO.NETandpreviousdataarchitecturesisthatthereexistsanobject--theDataSet--thatisseparateanddistinct-147-　　 ProjectReport　fromanydatastores.Becauseofthat,theDataSetfunctionsasastandaloneentity.YoucanthinkoftheDataSetasanalwaysdisconnectedrecordsetthatknowsnothingaboutthesourceordestinationofthedataitcontains.InsideaDataSet,muchlikeinadatabase,therearetables,columns,relationships,constraints,views,andsoforth.　　ADataAdapteristheobjectthatconnectstothedatabasetofilltheDataSet.Then,itconnectsbacktothedatabasetoupdatethedatathere,basedonoperationsperformedwhiletheDataSetheldthedata.Inthepast,dataprocessinghasbeenprimarilyconnection-based.Now,inanefforttomakemulti-tieredappsmoreefficient,dataprocessingisturningtoamessage-basedapproachthatrevolvesaroundchunksofinformation.AtthecenterofthisapproachistheDataAdapter,whichprovidesabridgetoretrieveandsavedatabetweenaDataSetanditssourcedatastore.ItaccomplishesthisbymeansofrequeststotheappropriateSQLcommandsmadeagainstthedatastore.　　　TheXML-basedDataSetobjectprovidesaconsistentprogrammingmodelthatworkswithallmodelsofdatastorage:flat,relational,andhierarchical.Itdoesthisbyhavingno"knowledge"ofthesourceofitsdata,andbyrepresentingthedatathatitholdsascollectionsanddatatypes.NomatterwhatthesourceofthedatawithintheDataSetis,itismanipulatedthroughthesamesetofstandardAPIsexposedthroughtheDataSetanditssubordinateobjects.　WhiletheDataSethasnoknowledgeofthesourceofitsdata,themanagedproviderhasdetailedandspecificinformation.Theroleofthemanagedprovideristoconnect,fill,andpersisttheDataSettoandfromdatastores.TheOLEDBandSQLServer.NETDataProviders(System.Data.OleDbandSystem.Data.SqlClient)thatarepartofthe.NetFrameworkprovidefourbasicobjects:theCommand,Connection,DataReaderandDataAdapter.Intheremainingsectionsofthisdocument,we"llwalkthrougheachpartoftheDataSetandtheOLEDB/SQLServer.NETDataProvidersexplainingwhattheyare,andhowtoprogramagainstthem.　　　Thefollowingsectionswillintroduceyoutosomeobjectsthathaveevolved,andsomethatarenew.Theseobjectsare:　　　　　·Connections.Forconnectiontoandmanagingtransactionsagainstadatabase.　·Commands.ForissuingSQLcommandsagainstadatabase.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·DataReaders.Forreadingaforward-onlystreamofdatarecordsfromaSQLServerdatasource.　　·DataSets.Forstoring,Remotingandprogrammingagainstflatdata,XMLdataandrelationaldata.　　·DataAdapters.ForpushingdataintoaDataSet,andreconcilingdataagainstadatabase.　Whendealingwithconnectionstoadatabase,therearetwodifferentoptions:SQLServer.NETDataProvider(System.Data.SqlClient)andOLEDB.NETDataProvider(System.Data.OleDb).InthesesampleswewillusetheSQLServer.NETDataProvider.ThesearewrittentotalkdirectlytoMicrosoftSQLServer.TheOLEDB.NETDataProviderisusedtotalktoanyOLEDBprovider(asitusesOLEDBunderneath).　　　　Connections:　Connectionsareusedto"talkto"databases,andarerepresentedbyprovider-specificclassessuchasSqlConnection.CommandstraveloverconnectionsandresultsetsarereturnedintheformofstreamswhichcanbereadbyaDataReaderobject,orpushedintoaDataSetobject.　　　　　　Commands:　　　Commandscontaintheinformationthatissubmittedtoadatabase,andarerepresentedbyprovider-specificclassessuchasSqlCommand.Acommandcanbeastoredprocedurecall,anUPDATEstatement,orastatementthatreturnsresults.Youcanalsouseinputandoutputparameters,andreturnvaluesaspartofyourcommandsyntax.TheexamplebelowshowshowtoissueanINSERTstatementagainsttheNorthwinddatabase.　　　　　DataReaders:　　　TheDataReaderobjectissomewhatsynonymouswitharead-only/forward-onlycursoroverdata.TheDataReaderAPIsupportsflataswellashierarchicaldata.ADataReaderobjectisreturnedafterexecutingacommandagainstadatabase.TheformatofthereturnedDataReaderobjectisdifferentfromarecordset.Forexample,youmightusetheDataReadertoshowtheresultsofasearchlistinawebpage.　　DATASETSANDDATAADAPTERS:　-147-　　 ProjectReport　DataSetsTheDataSetobjectissimilartotheADORecordsetobject,butmorepowerful,andwithoneotherimportantdistinction:theDataSetisalwaysdisconnected.TheDataSetobjectrepresentsacacheofdata,withdatabase-likestructuressuchastables,columns,relationships,andconstraints.However,thoughaDataSetcananddoesbehavemuchlikeadatabase,itisimportanttorememberthatDataSetobjectsdonotinteractdirectlywithdatabases,orothersourcedata.Thisallowsthedevelopertoworkwithaprogrammingmodelthatisalwaysconsistent,regardlessofwherethesourcedataresides.Datacomingfromadatabase,anXMLfile,fromcode,oruserinputcanallbeplacedintoDataSetobjects.Then,aschangesaremadetotheDataSettheycanbetrackedandverifiedbeforeupdatingthesourcedata.TheGetChangesmethodoftheDataSetobjectactuallycreatesasecondDatSetthatcontainsonlythechangestothedata.ThisDataSetisthenusedbyaDataAdapter(orotherobjects)toupdatetheoriginaldatasource.　TheDataSethasmanyXMLcharacteristics,includingtheabilitytoproduceandconsumeXMLdataandXMLschemas.XMLschemascanbeusedtodescribeschemasinterchangedviaWebServices.Infact,aDataSetwithaschemacanactuallybecompiledfortypesafetyandstatementcompletion.　　　　DATAADAPTERS(OLEDB/SQL)　　　　　TheDataAdapterobjectworksasabridgebetweentheDataSetandthesourcedata.Usingtheprovider-specificSqlDataAdapter(alongwithitsassociatedSqlCommandandSqlConnection)canincreaseoverallperformancewhenworkingwithaMicrosoftSQLServerdatabases.ForotherOLEDB-supporteddatabases,youwouldusetheOleDbDataAdapterobjectanditsassociatedOleDbCommandandOleDbConnectionobjects.　　TheDataAdapterobjectusescommandstoupdatethedatasourceafterchangeshavebeenmadetotheDataSet.UsingtheFillmethodoftheDataAdaptercallstheSELECTcommand;usingtheUpdatemethodcallstheINSERT,UPDATEorDELETEcommandforeachchangedrow.Youcanexplicitlysetthesecommandsinordertocontrolthestatementsusedatruntimetoresolvechanges,includingtheuseofstoredprocedures.Forad-hocscenarios,aCommandBuilderobjectcangeneratetheseat-147-　　 ProjectReport　run-timebaseduponaselectstatement.However,thisrun-timegenerationrequiresanextraround-triptotheserverinordertogatherrequiredmetadata,soexplicitlyprovidingtheINSERT,UPDATE,andDELETEcommandsatdesigntimewillresultinbetterrun-timeperformance.　　　1.ADO.NETisthenextevolutionofADOforthe.NetFramework.　　　2.ADO.NETwascreatedwithn-Tier,statelessnessandXMLintheforefront.Twonewobjects,theDataSetandDataAdapter,areprovidedforthesescenarios.　3.ADO.NETcanbeusedtogetdatafromastream,ortostoredatainacacheforupdates.　　4.ThereisalotmoreinformationaboutADO.NETinthedocumentation.　　5.Remember,youcanexecuteacommanddirectlyagainstthedatabaseinordertodoinserts,updates,anddeletes.Youdon"tneedtofirstputdataintoaDataSetinordertoinsert,update,ordeleteit.　6.Also,youcanuseaDataSettobindtothedata,movethroughthedata,andnavigatedatarelationships　　SQLSERVER　　　　　Adatabasemanagement,orDBMS,givestheuseraccesstotheirdataandhelpsthemtransformthedataintoinformation.SuchdatabasemanagementsystemsincludedBase,paradox,IMS,SQLServerandSQLServer.Thesesystemsallowuserstocreate,updateandextractinformationfromtheirdatabase.　Adatabaseisastructuredcollectionofdata.Datareferstothecharacteristicsofpeople,thingsandevents.SQLServerstoreseachdataiteminitsownfields.InSQLServer,thefieldsrelatingtoaparticularperson,thingoreventarebundledtogethertoformasinglecompleteunitofdata,calledarecord(itcanalsobereferredtoasraworanoccurrence).Eachrecordismadeupofanumberoffields.Notwofieldsinarecordcanhavethesamefieldname.　DuringanSQLServerDatabasedesignproject,theanalysisofyourbusinessneedsidentifiesallthefieldsorattributesofinterest.Ifyourbusinessneedschangeovertime,youdefineanyadditionalfieldsorchangethedefinitionofexistingfields.　　　　　　SQLSERVERTABLES　-147-　　 ProjectReport　SQLServerstoresrecordsrelatingtoeachotherinatable.Differenttablesarecreatedforthevariousgroupsofinformation.Relatedtablesaregroupedtogethertoformadatabase.　　PRIMARYKEY　EverytableinSQLServerhasafieldoracombinationoffieldsthatuniquelyidentifieseachrecordinthetable.TheUniqueidentifieriscalledthePrimaryKey,orsimplytheKey.Theprimarykeyprovidesthemeanstodistinguishonerecordfromallotherinatable.Itallowstheuserandthedatabasesystemtoidentify,locateandrefertooneparticularrecordinthedatabase.　　　RELATIONALDATABASE　Sometimesalltheinformationofinteresttoabusinessoperationcanbestoredinonetable.SQLServermakesitveryeasytolinkthedatainmultipletables.Matchinganemployeetothedepartmentinwhichtheyworkisoneexample.ThisiswhatmakesSQLServerarelationaldatabasemanagementsystem,orRDBMS.Itstoresdataintwoormoretablesandenablesyoutodefinerelationshipsbetweenthetableandenablesyoutodefinerelationshipsbetweenthetables.　　FOREIGNKEY　Whenafieldisonetablematchestheprimarykeyofanotherfieldisreferredtoasaforeignkey.Aforeignkeyisafieldoragroupoffieldsinonetablewhosevaluesmatchthoseoftheprimarykeyofanothertable.　　　REFERENTIALINTEGRITY　　NotonlydoesSQLServerallowyoutolinkmultipletables,italsomaintainsconsistencybetweenthem.Ensuringthatthedataamongrelatedtablesiscorrectlymatchedisreferredtoasmaintainingreferentialintegrity.　　　DATAABSTRACTION　Amajorpurposeofadatabasesystemistoprovideuserswithanabstractviewofthedata.Thissystemhidescertaindetailsofhowthedataisstoredandmaintained.Dataabstractionisdividedintothreelevels.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Physicallevel:Thisisthelowestlevelofabstractionatwhichonedescribeshowthedataareactuallystored.　　　ConceptualLevel:Atthislevelofdatabaseabstractionalltheattributedandwhatdataareactuallystoredisdescribedandentriesandrelationshipamongthem.　　Viewlevel:Thisisthehighestlevelofabstractionatwhichonedescribesonlypartofthedatabase.　　　　　ADVANTAGESOFRDBMS　　　　·Redundancycanbeavoided　　　·Inconsistencycanbeeliminated　·DatacanbeShared　　·Standardscanbeenforced　　·Securityrestrictionscabeapplied　　·Integritycanbemaintained　　·Conflictingrequirementscanbebalanced　·Dataindependencecanbeachieved.　　　　DISADVANTAGESOFDBMS　　　AsignificantdisadvantageoftheDBMSsystemiscost.Inadditiontothecostofpurchasingofdevelopingthesoftware,thehardwarehastobeupgradedtoallowfortheextensiveprogramsandtheworkspacerequiredfortheirexecutionandstorage.Whilecentralizationreducesduplication,thelackofduplicationrequiresthatthedatabasebeadequatelybackedupsothatincaseoffailurethedatacanberecovered.　　　FEATURESOFSQLSERVER(RDBMS)　　　SQLSERVERisoneoftheleadingdatabasemanagementsystems(DBMS)becauseitistheonlyDatabasethatmeetstheuncompromisingrequirementsoftoday’smostdemandinginformationsystems.Fromcomplexdecisionsupportsystems(DSS)tothemostrigorousonlinetransactionprocessing(OLTP)application,evenapplicationthatrequiresimultaneousDSSandOLTPaccesstothesamecriticaldata,SQLServerleadstheindustryinbothperformanceandcapability　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　SQLSERVERisatrulyportable,distributed,andopenDBMSthatdeliversunmatchedperformance,continuousoperationandsupportforeverydatabase.　　　SQLSERVERRDBMSishighperformancefaulttolerantDBMSwhichisspeciallydesignedforonlinetransactionsprocessingandforhandlinglargedatabaseapplication.　　　　SQLSERVERwithtransactionsprocessingoptionofferstwofeatureswhichcontributetoveryhighleveloftransactionprocessingthroughput,whichare　　　　　·Therowlevellockmanager　　　　ENTERPRISEWIDEDATASHARING　　TheunrivaledportabilityandconnectivityoftheSQLSERVERDBMSenablesallthesystemsintheorganizationtobelinkedintoasingular,integratedcomputingresource.　　PORTABILITY　SQLSERVERisfullyportabletomorethan80distincthardwareandoperatingsystemsplatforms,includingUNIX,MSDOS,OS/2,Macintoshanddozensofproprietaryplatforms.Thisportabilitygivescompletefreedomtochoosethedatabaseseverplatformthatmeetsthesystemrequirements.　　OPENSYSTEMS　　　SQLSERVERoffersaleadingimplementationofindustry–standardSQL.SQLServer’sopenarchitectureintegratesSQLSERVERandnon–SQLSERVERDBMSwithindustriesmostcomprehensivecollectionoftools,application,andthirdpartysoftwareproductsSQLServer’sOpenarchitectureprovidestransparentaccesstodatafromotherrelationaldatabaseandevennon-relationaldatabase.　　　　DISTRIBUTEDDATASHARING　　　SQLServer’snetworkinganddistributeddatabasecapabilitiestoaccessdatastoredonremoteserverwiththesameeaseasiftheinformationwasstoredonasinglelocalcomputer.AsingleSQLstatementcanaccessdataatmultiplesites.Youcanstoredatawheresystemrequirementssuchasperformance,securityoravailabilitydictate.　　　　　UNMATCHEDPERFORMANCE　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　ThemostadvancedarchitectureintheindustryallowstheSQLSERVERDBMStodeliverunmatchedperformance.　　　　SOPHISTICATEDCONCURRENCYCONTROL　RealWorldapplicationsdemandaccesstocriticaldata.WithmostdatabaseSystemsapplicationbecomes“contentionbound”–whichperformanceislimitednotbytheCPUpowerorbydiskI/O,butuserwaitingononeanotherfordataaccess.SQLServeremploysfull,unrestrictedrow-levellockingandcontentionfreequeriestominimizeandinmanycasesentirelyeliminatescontentionwaittimes.　　NOI/OBOTTLENECKS　SQLServer’sfastcommitgroupscommitanddeferredwritetechnologiesdramaticallyreducediskI/Obottlenecks.Whilesomedatabasewritewholedatablocktodiskatcommittime,SQLServercommitstransactionswithatmostsequentiallogfileondiskatcommittime,Onhighthroughputsystems,onesequentialwritestypicallygroupcommitmultipletransactions.Datareadbythetransactionremainsassharedmemorysothatothertransactionsmayaccessthatdatawithoutreadingitagainfromdisk.Sincefastcommitswritealldatanecessarytotherecoverytothelogfile,modifiedblocksarewrittenbacktothedatabaseindependentlyofthetransactioncommit,whenwrittenfrommemorytodisk.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter6　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SYSTEMDESIGN　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　6.1.INTRODUCTION　　　　　Softwaredesignsitsatthetechnicalkernelofthesoftwareengineeringprocessandisappliedregardlessofthedevelopmentparadigmandareaofapplication.Designisthefirststepinthedevelopmentphaseforanyengineeredproductorsystem.Thedesigner’sgoalistoproduceamodelorrepresentationofanentitythatwilllaterbebuilt.Beginning,oncesystemrequirementhavebeenspecifiedandanalyzed,systemdesignisthefirstofthethreetechnicalactivities-design,codeandtestthatisrequiredtobuildandverifysoftware.　　Theimportancecanbestatedwithasingleword“Quality”.Designistheplacewherequalityisfosteredinsoftwaredevelopment.Designprovidesuswithrepresentationsofsoftwarethatcanassessforquality.Designistheonlywaythatwecanaccuratelytranslateacustomer’sviewintoafinishedsoftwareproductorsystem.Softwaredesignservesasafoundationforallthesoftwareengineeringstepsthatfollow.Withoutastrongdesignweriskbuildinganunstablesystem–onethatwillbedifficulttotest,onewhosequalitycannotbeassesseduntilthelaststage.　　　　Duringdesign,progressiverefinementofdatastructure,programstructure,andproceduraldetailsaredevelopedreviewedanddocumented.Systemdesigncanbeviewedfromeithertechnicalorprojectmanagementperspective.Fromthetechnicalpointofview,designiscomprisedoffouractivities–architecturaldesign,datastructuredesign,interfacedesignandproceduraldesign.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　6.2.SYSTEMWORKFLOW　　Mainconsoleforcoordinator　　　Index.aspx　　　　　Homepagetoseeproductsinformation　　　　　　　　　　　　frmProducts.aspx　　　　　　　　frmAdminLogin　　　CustomerSection　　　　　AdminhastotypethecredentialstoenterAdminmodule　　　　　Typetheweburltogetproductsinformationpage　　　　AdminHomePage..aspx　ProductInformation.aspx　　　　　Allowtoviewtheriskandobservationforthatapp.No.　　　frmBills.aspx　frmOrder.aspx　Generatebillsfororderproducts　Viewofstatisticaldatareport　　Herecustomerorderfortheproduct　　　　　Reports.aspx　Addproducts.aspx　　Addingnewproducttoproductsdetails.andupdatingproducts　　Viewtheproductsreports　Viewemployeedetails　Andaddingnewemployees　EmployeeDeails.aspx　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　CustomerSection　　　　MainconsoleforAuditor　index.aspx　　　　　Homepagetologin,EnterUserId&Password　　　　　Homepage.aspx　　　　Toorderaproductusermusthavetoregister.Ifalreadyregistertheycandirectlylogin　　　frmUserLogin.aspx　　frmProducts.aspx　　　　　Allowtoviewtheriskandobservationforthatapp.No.　　　　　CustomerTypelogincredentialstoorderproduct　　frmShoppingcart.aspx　　　　　　　Customerpaymoneyindifferentways.　　frmPayments.aspx　　　　　　　Customershouldtakethebillfromthispage.　　　　　frmBill.aspx　　　　　　　　　　6.3.NORMALIZATION　　Itisaprocessofconvertingarelationtoastandardform.Theprocessisusedtohandletheproblemsthatcanariseduetodataredundancyi.e.repetitionofdatainthedatabase,maintaindataintegrityaswellashandlingproblemsthatcanariseduetoinsertion,updation,deletionanomalies.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Decomposingistheprocessofsplittingrelationsintomultiplerelationstoeliminateanomaliesandmaintainanomaliesandmaintaindataintegrity.Todothisweusenormalformsorrulesforstructuringrelation.　　　　Insertionanomaly:Inabilitytoadddatatothedatabaseduetoabsenceofotherdata.　　　　　　Deletionanomaly:Unintendedlossofdataduetodeletionofotherdata.　　　　　　Updateanomaly:Datainconsistencyresultingfromdataredundancyandpartialupdate　　　　　NormalForms:Thesearetherulesforstructuringrelationsthateliminateanomalies.　　　　　　　FIRSTNORMALFORM:　　Arelationissaidtobeinfirstnormalformifthevaluesintherelationareatomicforeveryattributeintherelation.Bythiswemeansimplythatnoattributevaluecanbeasetofvaluesor,asitissometimesexpressed,arepeatinggroup.　SECONDNORMALFORM:　　ArelationissaidtobeinsecondNormalformisitisinfirstnormalformanditshouldsatisfyanyoneofthefollowingrules.　1)Primarykeyisanotacompositeprimarykey　2)Nononkeyattributesarepresent　3)Everynonkeyattributeisfullyfunctionallydependentonfullsetofprimarykey.　　　　　THIRDNORMALFORM:　Arelationissaidtobeinthirdnormalformiftheirexitsnotransitivedependencies.　　TransitiveDependency:Iftwononkeyattributesdependoneachotheraswellasontheprimarykeythentheyaresaidtobetransitivelydependent.　　Theabovenormalizationprincipleswereappliedtodecomposethedatainmultipletablestherebymakingthedatatobemaintainedinaconsistentstate.　　　　　6.4.E–RDIAGRAMS　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·TherelationuponthesystemisstructurethroughaconceptualER-Diagram,whichnotonlyspecificstheexistentialentitiesbutalsothestandardrelationsthroughwhichthesystemexistsandthecardinalitiesthatarenecessaryforthesystemstatetocontinue.　　·TheentityRelationshipDiagram(ERD)depictstherelationshipbetweenthedataobjects.TheERDisthenotationthatisusedtoconductthedatemodelingactivitytheattributesofeachdataobjectnotedistheERDcanbedescribedresignadataobjectdescriptions.　　　·ThesetofprimarycomponentsthatareidentifiedbytheERDare　　　·Dataobject　　·Relationships　·Attributes　·Varioustypesofindicators.　TheprimarypurposeoftheERDistorepresentdataobjectsandtheirrelationships.　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　6.4.DATAFLOWDIAGRAMS　　Adataflowdiagramisgraphicaltoolusedtodescribeandanalyzemovementofdatathroughasystem.Thesearethecentraltoolandthebasisfromwhichtheothercomponentsaredeveloped.Thetransformationofdatafrominputtooutput,throughprocessed,maybedescribedlogicallyandindependentlyofphysicalcomponentsassociatedwiththesystem.Theseareknownasthelogicaldataflowdiagrams.Thephysicaldataflowdiagramsshowtheactual-147-　　 ProjectReport　implementsandmovementofdatabetweenpeople,departmentsandworkstations.Afulldescriptionofasystemactuallyconsistsofasetofdataflowdiagrams.UsingtwofamiliarnotationsYourdon,GaneandSarsonnotationdevelopsthedataflowdiagrams.EachcomponentinaDFDislabeledwithadescriptivename.Processisfurtheridentifiedwithanumberthatwillbeusedforidentificationpurpose.ThedevelopmentofDFD’Sisdoneinseverallevels.EachprocessinlowerleveldiagramscanbebrokendownintoamoredetailedDFDinthenextlevel.Thelop-leveldiagramisoftencalledcontextdiagram.Itconsistsasingleprocessbit,whichplaysvitalroleinstudyingthecurrentsystem.TheprocessinthecontextleveldiagramisexplodedintootherprocessatthefirstlevelDFD.　Theideabehindtheexplosionofaprocessintomoreprocessisthatunderstandingatonelevelofdetailisexplodedintogreaterdetailatthenextlevel.Thisisdoneuntilfurtherexplosionisnecessaryandanadequateamountofdetailisdescribedforanalysttounderstandtheprocess.　　　LarryConstantinefirstdevelopedtheDFDasawayofexpressingsystemrequirementsinagraphicalfrom,thisleadtothemodulardesign.　　ADFDisalsoknownasa“bubbleChart”hasthepurposeofclarifyingsystemrequirementsandidentifyingmajortransformationsthatwillbecomeprogramsinsystemdesign.Soitisthestartingpointofthedesigntothelowestlevelofdetail.ADFDconsistsofaseriesofbubblesjoinedbydataflowsinthesystem.　　DFDSYMBOLS:　　IntheDFD,therearefoursymbols　　1.Asquaredefinesasource(originator)ordestinationofsystemdata　2.Anarrowidentifiesdataflow.Itisthepipelinethroughwhichtheinformationflows　-147-　　 ProjectReport　1.Acircleorabubblerepresentsaprocessthattransformsincomingdataflowintooutgoingdataflows.　2.Anopenrectangleisadatastore,dataatrestoratemporaryrepositoryofdata　　　　Processthattransformsdataflow.　　　　　　　　SourceorDestinationofdata　　Dataflow　　DataStore　　　CONSTRUCTINGADFD:　SeveralrulesofthumbareusedindrawingDFD’S:　　　　　1.Processshouldbenamedandnumberedforaneasyreference.Eachnameshouldberepresentativeoftheprocess.　2.Thedirectionofflowisfromtoptobottomandfromlefttoright.Datatraditionallyflowfromsourcetothedestinationalthoughtheymayflowbacktothesource.Onewaytoindicatethisistodrawlongflowlinebacktoasource.Analternativewayistorepeatthesourcesymbolasadestination.SinceitisusedmorethanonceintheDFDitismarkedwithashortdiagonal.　　　3.Whenaprocessisexplodedintolowerleveldetails,theyarenumbered.　　　4.Thenamesofdatastoresanddestinationsarewrittenincapitalletters.Processanddataflownameshavethefirstletterofeachworkcapitalized　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　ADFDtypicallyshowstheminimumcontentsofdatastore.Eachdatastoreshouldcontainallthedataelementsthatflowinandout.　　Questionnairesshouldcontainallthedataelementsthatflowinandout.Missinginterfacesredundanciesandlikeisthenaccountedforoftenthroughinterviews.　　SAILENTFEATURESOFDFD’S　1.TheDFDshowsflowofdata,notofcontrolloopsanddecisionarecontrolledconsiderationsdonotappearonaDFD.　2.TheDFDdoesnotindicatethetimefactorinvolvedinanyprocesswhetherthedataflowtakeplacedaily,weekly,monthlyoryearly.　3.ThesequenceofeventsisnotbroughtoutontheDFD.　　TYPESOFDATAFLOWDIAGRAMS　　1.CurrentPhysical　　2.CurrentLogical　　　3.NewLogical　　　4.NewPhysical　CURRENTPHYSICAL:　InCurrentPhysicalDFDproecesslabelincludethenameofpeopleortheirpositionsorthenamesofcomputersystemsthatmightprovidesomeoftheoverallsystem-processinglabelincludesanidentificationofthetechnologyusedtoprocessthedata.Similarlydataflowsanddatastoresareoftenlabelswiththenamesoftheactualphysicalmediaonwhichdataarestoredsuchasfilefolders,computerfiles,businessformsorcomputertapes.　　　CURRENTLOGICAL:　Thephysicalaspectsatthesystemareremovedasmushaspossiblesothatthecurrentsystemisreducedtoitsessencetothedataandtheprocessorsthattransformthemregardlessofactualphysicalform.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　NEWLOGICAL:　Thisisexactlylikeacurrentlogicalmodeliftheuserwerecompletelyhappywithheuserwerecompletelyhappywiththefunctionalityofthecurrentsystembuthadproblemswithhowitwasimplementedtypicallythroughthenewlogicalmodelwilldifferfromcurrentlogicalmodelwhilehavingadditionalfunctions,absolutefunctionremovalandinefficientflowsrecognized.　　　NEWPHYSICAL:　　　Thenewphysicalrepresentsonlythephysicalimplementationofthenewsystem.　　RULESGOVERNINGTHEDFD’S　PROCESS　1)Noprocesscanhaveonlyoutputs.　　　2)Noprocesscanhaveonlyinputs.Ifanobjecthasonlyinputsthanitmustbeasink.　3)Aprocesshasaverbphraselabel.　　DATASTORE　　　1)Datacannotmovedirectlyfromonedatastoretoanotherdatastore,aprocessmustmovedata.　　2)Datacannotmovedirectlyfromanoutsidesourcetoadatastore,aprocess,whichreceives,mustmovedatafromthesourceandplacethedataintodatastore　　3)Adatastorehasanounphraselabel.　　　　SOURCEORSINK　Theoriginand/ordestinationofdata.　　　　　　1)Datacannotmovedirelyfromasourcetosinkitmustbemovedbyaprocess　-147-　　 ProjectReport　1)Asourceand/orsinkhasanounphraseland　　　DATAFLOW　1)ADataFlowhasonlyonedirectionofflowbetweensymbols.Itmayflowinbothdirectionsbetweenaprocessandadatastoretoshowareadbeforeanupdate.Thelaterisusuallyindicatedhoweverbytwoseparatearrowssincethesehappenatdifferenttype.　　　2)AjoininDFDmeansthatexactlythesamedatacomesfromanyoftwoormoredifferentprocessesdatastoreorsinktoacommonlocation.　　3)Adataflowcannotgodirectlybacktothesameprocessitleads.Theremustbeatleastoneotherprocessthathandlesthedataflowproducesomeotherdataflowreturnstheoriginaldataintothebeginningprocess.　　4)ADataflowtoadatastoremeansupdate(deleteorchange).　　　5)AdataFlowfromadatastoremeansretrieveoruse.　　　　　　Adataflowhasanounphraselabelmorethanonedataflownounphrasecanappearonasinglearrowaslongasalloftheflowsonthesamearrowmovetogetherasonepackage.　　　　　　　　DFDDiagrams:　ContextLevel(0thLevel)Diagram:　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　LoginDFD　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　AdminDetailsDataFlow:　　　1stLevelDFDDiagram:　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　2ndLevelDFDForManageProduct　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2ndLevelDFDForManageOrders　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　UserActivitiesDFD　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　DFDfornewuserregistration　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　UNIFIEDMODELINGLANGUAGEDIAGRAMS　·Theunifiedmodelinglanguageallowsthesoftwareengineertoexpressananalysismodelusingthemodelingnotationthatisgovernedbyasetofsyntacticsemanticandpragmaticrules.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·AUMLsystemisrepresentedusingfivedifferentviewsthatdescribethesystemfromdistinctlydifferentperspective.Eachviewisdefinedbyasetofdiagram,whichisasfollows.　　　·UserModelView　i.Thisviewrepresentsthesystemfromtheusersperspective.　　　ii.Theanalysisrepresentationdescribesausagescenariofromtheend-usersperspective.　　　Structuralmodelview　uInthismodelthedataandfunctionalityarearrivedfrominsidethesystem.　　uThismodelviewmodelsthestaticstructures.　BehavioralModelView　　　uItrepresentsthedynamicofbehavioralaspartsofthesystem,depictingtheinteractionsofcollectionbetweenvariousstructuralelementsdescribedintheusermodelandstructuralmodelview.　ImplementationModelView　　uInthisthestructuralandbehavioralaspartsofthesystemarerepresentedastheyaretobebuilt.　　　EnvironmentalModelView　　Inthisthestructuralandbehavioralaspectsoftheenvironmentinwhichthesystemistobeimplementedarerepresented.　UMLisspecificallyconstructedthroughtwodifferentdomainstheyare　·UMLAnalysismodeling,whichfocusesontheusermodelandstructuralmodelviewsofthesystem.　　　·UMLdesignmodeling,whichfocusesonthebehavioralmodeling,implementationmodelingandenvironmentalmodelviews.　　　UsecaseDiagramsrepresentthefunctionalityofthesystemfromauser’spointofview.Usecasesareusedduringrequirementselicitationandanalysistorepresentthefunctionalityofthesystem.Usecasesfocusonthebehaviorofthesystemfromexternalpointofview.　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Actorsareexternalentitiesthatinteractwiththesystem.Examplesofactorsincludeuserslikeadministrator,bankcustomer…etc.,oranothersystemlikecentraldatabase.　　　　　UsecaseModel　　SYSTEMNAME　　　　　　　　　Usecase1　　　　　　　Usecase2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Usecasen　　　　　Actor　　Actor　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　USECASEFORLOGIN　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Login　　　　　　DATABASE　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　USECASEFORADMIN　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　HomePage　　　　　　　　LoginPage　　　　　　　　　　AdminHomePage　　　　　　Add/DeleteProducts　　　　　　　　Add/DeleteEmployee　　　　　　Admin　　　Add/DeleteProductType　　　　　　　　　Searchforproduct　　　　　　　　Searchforemployee　　　　　　　　　Searchforbill　　　　　　GenerateReports　　　　　　ViewReports　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　USECASEFORCUSTOMERS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　HomePage　　　　　　　　　Viewallproducts　　　　　　　　　Viewproductinformation　　　　　　Orderproducts　　　　　　　Logintobuyproducts　　　　　　　　　Customers　　Customerregistration　　　　　　　　　Viewcartitems　　　　　　　Paymentmodedisplay　　　　　　　　　　Viewbilldetails　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Usecasename　　Login　　　Participatingactors　Admin,Customer.　Flowofevents　TheActorwillgivetheusernameandpasswordtothesystem.Thesystemwillverifytheauthentication.　EntryCondition　　　Theactorwillenterthesystembyusingusernameandpassword　　Exitcondition　　　Ifunauthenticatedshouldbeexited　　　QualityRequirements　　Passwordmustsatisfythecomplexityrequirements.　　　　　　　　Usecasename　　AdminRegistration　　Participatingactors　　Admin　Flowofevents　TheAdminwillsubmitallthedetailsandplaceintheapplication.　　　EntryCondition　MustsatisfyallthenormsgivenbytheEmployeePerformanceinterfacesite.　Exitcondition　SuccessfulorUnsuccessfulcompletionofcreationofaccount.　　　QualityRequirements　　Allfieldsaremandatory.　　　　　　　Usecasename　　　CustomerRegistration　Participatingactors　Customer　　　Flowofevents　Thecustomermustenterallhispersonaldetails.　　EntryCondition　　　ViewHomepage　　　Exitcondition　　　RegisteredUsershouldbesuccessfullyloggedout.ErrorMessageshouldbedisplayedonUnsuccessfulcreation.　　QualityRequirements　BestErrorHandlingtechniques.CheckonMandatoryfields.　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SEQUENCEDIAGRAMFORADDINGPRODUCTS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　SEQUENCEDIAGRAMFORCUSTOMER　　　　　　　　　　　Homepage　　　LoginPage　HomePage　　　Admin　UseURL　PressLoginButton　IfYesGoestoHomePage　　ValidateIfNOT　ComeBacktoLoginPage　Addproducttocart　　Paythebill　　Database　　　Conform　ClickonLinkforProductsPage　　PressButtonforaddproducttocartData　　ifValidationNOTOK　　BacktoAddDebitCardInfoPage　　IfOKThengotoConfirmationPage　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　AdministratorLoginSequenceDiagram　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　AdministratorAddCountrySequenceDiagram　　　AdminAddProductSequenceDiagram　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　AdminAddCategorySequenceDiagram　　　　　　　UserAccountDetailsSequenceDiagram　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　UserOrderProductDetailsSequenceDiagram　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　AdminLoginSequenceDiagram　　　　　　　AdminAddCountryCollaborationDiagram　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　AdminAddProductCollaborationDiagram　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　AdminAddCategoryCollaborationDiagram　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　UserOrderProductDetails　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　ClassDiagram　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　6.5.DATADICTONARY　　　Aftercarefullyunderstandingtherequirementsoftheclientthetheentiredatastoragerequirementsaredividedintotables.Thebelowtablesarenormalizedtoavoidanyanomaliesduringthecourseofdataentry.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　AdminLogin　　　BillingDetail　　　　CartItems　　　　　　CityDetails　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　CountryDetails　　　　CustomerDetails　　　EmployeeDetails　　　　EmployeeTypeDetails　　　　FinalBillDetails　　　　LoginDetails　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　PermanentCartDetails　　　　StateSetails　　　　　StockDetails　　　StockTypeDetails　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter7　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　OUTPUTSCREENS　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter8　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SYSTEMTESTINGANDIMPLEMENTATION　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　8.1.INTRODUCTION　Softwaretestingisacriticalelementofsoftwarequalityassuranceandrepresentstheultimatereviewofspecification,designandcoding.Infact,testingistheonestepinthesoftwareengineeringprocessthatcouldbeviewedasdestructiveratherthanconstructive.　　　Astrategyforsoftwaretestingintegratessoftwaretestcasedesignmethodsintoawell-plannedseriesofstepsthatresultinthesuccessfulconstructionofsoftware.Testingisthesetofactivitiesthatcanbeplannedinadvanceandconductedsystematically.Theunderlyingmotivationofprogramtestingistoaffirmsoftwarequalitywithmethodsthatcaneconomicallyandeffectivelyapplytobothstrategictobothlargeandsmall-scalesystems.　　　　　8.2.STRATEGICAPPROACHTOSOFTWARETESTING　　　Thesoftwareengineeringprocesscanbeviewedasaspiral.Initiallysystemengineeringdefinestheroleofsoftwareandleadstosoftwarerequirementanalysiswheretheinformationdomain,functions,behavior,performance,constraintsandvalidationcriteriaforsoftwareareestablished.Movinginwardalongthespiral,wecometodesignandfinallytocoding.Todevelopcomputersoftwarewespiralinalongstreamlinesthatdecreasethelevelofabstractiononeachturn.　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Astrategyforsoftwaretestingmayalsobeviewedinthecontextofthespiral.Unittestingbeginsatthevertexofthespiralandconcentratesoneachunitofthesoftwareasimplementedinsourcecode.Testingprogressbymovingoutwardalongthespiraltointegrationtesting,wherethefocusisonthedesignandtheconstructionofthesoftwarearchitecture.Talkinganotherturnonoutwardonthespiralweencountervalidationtestingwhererequirementsestablishedaspartofsoftwarerequirementsanalysisarevalidatedagainstthesoftwarethathasbeenconstructed.Finallywearriveatsystemtesting,wherethesoftwareandothersystemelementsaretestedasawhole.　　　　UNITTESTING　　　MODULETESTING　　　　　SUB-SYSTEMTESING　　SYSTEMTESTING　　　　　　ACCEPTANCETESTING　　ComponentTesting　　　IntegrationTesting　UserTesting　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　8.3.UnitTesting　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Unittestingfocusesverificationeffortonthesmallestunitofsoftwaredesign,themodule.Theunittestingwehaveiswhiteboxorientedandsomemodulesthestepsareconductedinparallel.　1.WHITEBOXTESTING　　Thistypeoftestingensuresthat　　·Allindependentpathshavebeenexercisedatleastonce　　　·Alllogicaldecisionshavebeenexercisedontheirtrueandfalsesides　　　·Allloopsareexecutedattheirboundariesandwithintheiroperationalbounds　·Allinternaldatastructureshavebeenexercisedtoassuretheirvalidity.　　　　Tofollowtheconceptofwhiteboxtestingwehavetestedeachform.wehavecreatedindependentlytoverifythatDataflowiscorrect,Allconditionsareexercisedtochecktheirvalidity,Allloopsareexecutedontheirboundaries.　　2.BASICPATHTESTING　　EstablishedtechniqueofflowgraphwithCyclomaticcomplexitywasusedtoderivetestcasesforallthefunctions.Themainstepsinderivingtestcaseswere:　　Usethedesignofthecodeanddrawcorrespondentflowgraph.　　　DeterminetheCyclomaticcomplexityofresultantflowgraph,usingformula:　　V(G)=E-N+2or　V(G)=P+1or　V(G)=NumberOfRegions　　　WhereV(G)isCyclomaticcomplexity,　Eisthenumberofedges,　　　Nisthenumberofflowgraphnodes,　Pisthenumberofpredicatenodes.　　　Determinethebasisofsetoflinearlyindependentpaths.　　　　3.CONDITIONALTESTING　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Inthispartofthetestingeachoftheconditionsweretestedtobothtrueandfalseaspects.Andalltheresultingpathsweretested.Sothateachpaththatmaybegenerateonparticularconditionistracedtouncoveranypossibleerrors.　　　　4.DATAFLOWTESTING　Thistypeoftestingselectsthepathoftheprogramaccordingtothelocationofdefinitionanduseofvariables.Thiskindoftestingwasusedonlywhensomelocalvariableweredeclared.Thedefinition-usechainmethodwasusedinthistypeoftesting.Thesewereparticularlyusefulinnestedstatements.　5.LOOPTESTING　Inthistypeoftestingalltheloopsaretestedtoallthelimitspossible.Thefollowingexercisewasadoptedforallloops:　　　·Alltheloopsweretestedattheirlimits,justabovethemandjustbelowthem.　·Alltheloopswereskippedatleastonce.　·Fornestedloopstesttheinnermostloopfirstandthenworkoutwards.　　　·Forconcatenatedloopsthevaluesofdependentloopsweresetwiththehelpofconnectedloop.　　·Unstructuredloopswereresolvedintonestedloopsorconcatenatedloopsandtestedasabove.　　Eachunithasbeenseparatelytestedbythedevelopmentteamitselfandalltheinputhavebeenvalidated.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter9　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SystemSecurity　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　9.1.Introduction　　　Theprotectionofcomputerbasedresourcesthatincludeshardware,software,data,proceduresandpeopleagainstunauthorizeduseornatural　DisasterisknownasSystemSecurity.　　　　　SystemSecuritycanbedividedintofourrelatedissues:　　　·Security　　·Integrity　　　·Privacy　　·Confidentiality　　　　SYSTEMSECURITYreferstothetechnicalinnovationsandproceduresappliedtothehardwareandoperationsystemstoprotectagainstdeliberateoraccidentaldamagefromadefinedthreat.　　DATASECURITYistheprotectionofdatafromloss,disclosure,modificationanddestruction.　　SYSTEMINTEGRITYreferstothepowerfunctioningofhardwareandprograms,appropriatephysicalsecurityandsafetyagainstexternalthreatssuchaseavesdroppingandwiretapping.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　PRIVACYdefinestherightsoftheuserororganizationstodeterminewhatinformationtheyarewillingtosharewithoracceptfromothersandhowtheorganizationcanbeprotectedagainstunwelcome,unfairorexcessivedisseminationofinformationaboutit.　　　　　　CONFIDENTIALITYisaspecialstatusgiventosensitiveinformationinadatabasetominimizethepossibleinvasionofprivacy.Itisanattributeofinformationthatcharacterizesitsneedforprotection.　　　　　9.2.SECURITYINSOFTWARE　　　　Systemsecurityreferstovariousvalidationsondatainformofchecksandcontrolstoavoidthesystemfromfailing.Itisalwaysimportanttoensurethatonlyvaliddataisenteredandonlyvalidoperationsareperformedonthesystem.Thesystememployeestwotypesofchecksandcontrols:　CLIENTSIDEVALIDATION　　Variousclientsidevalidationsareusedtoensureontheclientsidethatonlyvaliddataisentered.Clientsidevalidationsavesservertimeandloadtohandleinvaliddata.Somechecksimposedare:　·VBScriptinusedtoensurethoserequiredfieldsarefilledwithsuitabledataonly.Maximumlengthsofthefieldsoftheformsareappropriatelydefined.　·Formscannotbesubmittedwithoutfillingupthemandatorydatasothatmanualmistakesofsubmittingemptyfieldsthataremandatorycanbesortedoutattheclientsidetosavetheservertimeandload.　·Tab-indexesaresetaccordingtotheneedandtakingintoaccounttheeaseofuserwhileworkingwiththesystem.　　SERVERSIDEVALIDATION　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　Somecheckscannotbeappliedatclientside.Serversidechecksarenecessarytosavethesystemfromfailingandintimatingtheuserthatsomeinvalidoperationhasbeenperformedortheperformedoperationisrestricted.Someoftheserversidechecksimposedis:　　·Serversideconstrainthasbeenimposedtocheckforthevalidityofprimarykeyandforeignkey.Aprimarykeyvaluecannotbeduplicated.Anyattempttoduplicatetheprimaryvalueresultsintoamessageintimatingtheuseraboutthosevaluesthroughtheformsusingforeignkeycanbeupdatedonlyoftheexistingforeignkeyvalues.　·Userisintimatingthroughappropriatemessagesaboutthesuccessfuloperationsorexceptionsoccurringatserverside.　　　·VariousAccessControlMechanismshavebeenbuiltsothatoneusermaynotagitateuponanother.Accesspermissionstovarioustypesofusersarecontrolledaccordingtotheorganizationalstructure.Onlypermitteduserscanlogontothesystemandcanhaveaccessaccordingtotheircategory.User-name,passwordsandpermissionsarecontrolledotheserverside.　·Usingserversidevalidation,constraintsonseveralrestrictedoperationsareimposed.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter10　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CONCLUSION　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Ithasbeenagreatpleasureformetoworkonthisexcitingandchallengingproject.ThisprojectprovedgoodformeasitprovidedpracticalknowledgeofnotonlyprogramminginASP.NETandVB.NETwebbasedapplicationandnosomeextentWindowsApplicationandSQLServer,butalsoaboutallhandlingprocedurerelatedwith“PROJECTNAME”.Italsoprovidesknowledgeaboutthelatesttechnologyusedindevelopingwebenabledapplicationandclientservertechnologythatwillbegreatdemandinfuture.Thiswillprovidebetteropportunitiesandguidanceinfutureindevelopingprojectsindependently.　　　BENEFITS:　Theprojectisidentifiedbythemeritsofthesystemofferedtotheuser.Themeritsofthisprojectareasfollows:-　·It’saweb-enabledproject.　　　·Thisprojectoffersusertoenterthedatathroughsimpleandinteractiveforms.Thisisveryhelpfulfortheclienttoenterthedesiredinformationthroughsomuchsimplicity.　　　·Theuserismainlymoreconcernedaboutthevalidityofthedata,whateverheisentering.Therearechecksoneverystagesofanynewcreation,dataentryorupdationsothattheusercannotentertheinvaliddata,whichcancreateproblemsatlaterdate.　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　·Sometimestheuserfindsinthelaterstagesofusingprojectthatheneedstoupdatesomeoftheinformationthatheenteredearlier.Thereareoptionsforhimbywhichhecanupdatetherecords.Moreoverthereisrestrictionforhisthathecannotchangetheprimarydatafield.Thiskeepsthevalidityofthedatatolongerextent.　　　·Userisprovidedtheoptionofmonitoringtherecordsheenteredearlier.Hecanseethedesiredrecordswiththevarietyofoptionsprovidedbyhim.　　　·Fromeverypartoftheprojecttheuserisprovidedwiththelinksthroughframingsothathecangofromoneoptionoftheprojecttootheraspertherequirement.Thisisboundtobesimpleandveryfriendlyaspertheuserisconcerned.Thatis,wecansatthattheprojectisuserfriendlywhichisoneoftheprimaryconcernsofanygoodproject.　　　·Datastorageandretrievalwillbecomefasterandeasiertomaintainbecausedataisstoredinasystematicmannerandinasingledatabase.　　　·Decisionmakingprocesswouldbegreatlyenhancedbecauseoffasterprocessingofinformationsincedatacollectionfrominformationavailableoncomputertakesmuchlesstimethenmanualsystem.　　　·Allocatingofsampleresultsbecomesmuchfasterbecauseatatimetheusercanseetherecordsoflastyears.　　·Easierandfasterdatatransferthroughlatesttechnologyassociatedwiththecomputerandcommunication.　　·Throughthesefeaturesitwillincreasetheefficiency,accuracyandtransparency,　　　　　LIMITATIONS:　·Thesizeofthedatabaseincreasesday-by-day,increasingtheloadonthedatabasebackupanddatamaintenanceactivity.　　·Trainingforsimplecomputeroperationsisnecessaryfortheusersworkingonthesystem.　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter11　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　FUTUREIMPROVEMENT　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　·ThisSystembeingweb-basedandanundertakingofCyberSecurityDivision,needstobethoroughlytestedtofindoutanysecuritygaps.　　·Aconsoleforthedatacentremaybemadeavailabletoallowthepersonneltomonitoronthesiteswhichwereclearedforhostingduringaparticularperiod.　　　·Moreover,itisjustabeginning;furtherthesystemmaybeutilizedinvariousothertypesofauditingoperationviz.Networkauditingorsimilarprocess/workflowbasedapplications...　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Chapter11　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　BIBLIOGRAPHY　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　-147-　　 ProjectReport　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　·FOR.NETINSTALLATION　www.support.mircosoft.com　·FORDEPLOYMENTANDPACKINGONSERVER　www.developer.com　　　www.15seconds.com　　　·FORSQL　　　www.msdn.microsoft.com　　·FORASP.NET　www.msdn.microsoft.com/net/quickstart/aspplus/default.com　www.asp.net　　www.fmexpense.com/quickstart/aspplus/default.com　　www.asptoday.com　　www.aspfree.com　www.4guysfromrolla.com/index.aspx　-147-　　 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