毕业设计 某3层框架教学楼全套设计建筑图结构图计算书施工组织设计外文翻译

'页论建筑由于多种原因，要论述大体上以建筑设计标准为根据的基本原则在近年来日益困难。其原由主要是目前人们对新技术条件下建筑风格的发展有不同的观点；设计人员面对有一大串可以用来解决结构问题的方法，还有大量可供选择的建筑材料。结果常常是建筑群杂乱无章，设计详图粗糙。在过去，选择性非常有限，人们通过长期努力提高建筑学学识水平和精确性来避免设计粗糙。在18世纪，这个国家乔治王朝时期的居住工程清楚地表明了这些特性。在还保存有这些工程的地方，两百年后的今天这些工程仍然有很强的适应性和实用性。无疑，乔治王朝式的鳞次节比的房屋在很大程度上符合阿历克斯。戈登所说的建筑设计应该达到的四个目标。这些目标：1.改善气候；3、增加财富2.带来乐趣4、利于活动当然，他还可以加一条：任何设计必须与投资规模相称。在发生石油危机的1974年，人们的反应是千方百计节省剧烈上涨的室内能源开支。戈登倡导了一项设计方案。在这设计方案中他提出了如下设计指导目标-------使寿命长，能源消耗低，适应范围宽。其目的在与通过降低建筑无的燃料消耗和维修成本，使其更易于适应不断变化的用途来减少建筑物的周转资金。今年来有迹象显示这些原则正在得到人们的考虑，并且现在有些建筑在很大程度上反映了这些约束条件。运用有限选择建筑材料的指导原则对设计大有好处。虽然在过去的3年中仿乔治王朝式住房令人惊异地有了小小的复兴，但是这种解决办法提不出任何真正的答案，而且在当今这种微不足道的规模也不具有任何真实的意义。然而20世纪20年代威尔文花园城最后应用新乔治王朝式建筑风格却有很大的优点，在建筑比例，建筑形式，建筑色彩和细部的理解上显示出很高的学识水平。曾有一种流行办法显示出这种简洁设计受到人们的高度尊重。她源自讲究轴线和对称性古典装饰风格，放映了对诸如窗户，前门及山墙等标准细部的理解。或显得单调甚至不尽妥当，但绝非粗俗不堪。设计人员在这个选定的风格范围内，根据方便设计的矩阵布局画出简略的设计图，也认识到一些（简单的）制约因素，如场地，用途，标准细部以及当时的规范，条例等。剖面图和里面图自然而然地出自总图，由那些在细部基础设计方面技艺娴熟的能工巧匠准确地完成。设计，量度，设计说明书，合同以及建造过程几乎都能得到理解和实施。这一切当然不能持久，虽然一些近代大师柯布西埃，赖特，以及还有一两位不那么知名的人的作品还留有对这些早期设计方法的信心的痕迹。由于其他许多权威人士已对过去50年来的设计和建筑进行了诸多论述，因此对最近20年的建筑设计史的进一步探讨必须就此停笔总之，为受到良好教育的客户服务的学者型的建筑师的影子已经随着双方自信心的饿丧失一起消失了。现在他们得依靠许多其他专家的特殊技能。深受世界范围的，特别是德国及其邻国的经济崩溃的影响，一个新的建筑世界在本世纪20至30年代发展起来。其中一个明证就是“国际风格”。我们必须在新的要求范围内搞建筑，旧式设计看来已不再合适宜。官方客户，公众需要，日益增加的都市人口，以及成本核算都对设计产生影响。在更加严格的规则范围内，轻型构架和建筑饰面材料的技术发展 页显得日益有用。现在我们的建筑有的新颖时髦，有的还属探索性的，有呈几何图形的，有精雕细刻的，也有毫无特色的，以及组件装配。形形色色的结构绝技与有待完善的用料革新同时并存。一端是公共建筑大专院校，声名显赫的商业大厦（设计上全都各显千秋），另一端是组件装配的建筑，为社会提供诸如学校，住宅，办公楼，厂房及工业建筑等等需要。我们仍燃面临有着设计和施工基本方法的这种对分局面。这一局面突出了我们这个时代社会的和技术的目标之间的差异。在建筑领域我们已达到其中一个分水岭——处在两难矛盾之中：简便住所高性能住所坚固型实心墙体轻便型框架结构保护隐秘利于社交低密度高密度车辆用道人行通道在这种厉害犬牙交错的两难中，我们现在必须正确处理好设计和使用性能两个重点之间的关系。一个可以接受的解决办法似乎是对以前的最佳方案进行辨别和分析，然后再决定是否支持大刀阔斧的改变。很有必要弄清楚深刻的变化对以前的方案的适应性有多大影响，是哪些新的制约因素使其不能再次使用。持续变化的戏剧性效果并不适应于长寿命的建筑着一人工产品。这就意味着要认识到人类对住处的第一要求是便于人类活动，关键是要能躲避风雨。依沙克。维尔斯的格言看来很适应今天的要求：“建筑艺术再重要也不如其实用性重要，对其雄伟的赞美在多也不能超过对其提供的舒适性的赞美。”为了更加接近这条哲理，我们就需要发展新的设计方法，以便更有信心地对许多互相冲突的问题找出现在和将来的答案。在寻找连续性的途中没有现成的方案，而目标必须是连续的——一个满意的设计会带来卓有成效的，报偿丰厚的合同。OnDesignFormanykindsofreasons,ithasbecomeincreasingdifficultinrecentyearstomakeastatementaboutthegroundruleonwhich,ingeneral,buildingdesigncriteriashouldbebased.Itsreasonmainlyisthepresentpeopletheconstructionstyledevelopmenthasthedifferentviewpointtothenewengineeringfactorunder;Designsthepersonnelfacingtohaveabigstringtobepossibletousefortosolvethestructurequestionmethod,butalsohasmassivelymaysupplythechoicethebuildingmaterial.Theresultisfrequentlythearchitecturalcomplexischaotic,thedetaillayoutisrough.Inthepast,choicewasextremelylimited,thepeoplethroughdiligentlyraisedthearchitectureknowledgelevelandtheaccuracyforalongtimeavoiddesigningroughly.Inthe18thcentury,thisnationalGeorgedynastytimehousingprojectclearsurfaceunderstandsthesecharacteristics.Inalsopreservedhastheseprojectplace,200yearaftertodaytheseprojectsstillhadtheverystrong 页compatibilityandtheusability.Inlargemeasure,theGeorgedynasty-likescalepartialnoderatiohousetoagreatextentconformstoArabLeagueexperienceAlexGordonsaidthearchitecturaldesignshouldachievefourgoals.Theyare:1.Tomodifyclimate;2.Tosupportpatternsofactivity;3.Toaddtoourresources4.ToprovidedelightCertainly,healsomayaddone:Anydesignmustrelatetoanoverallfinancialcommitment.Duringoccurredpetroleumcrisisin1974,people"sresponsewassavesthefiercerisebyanymeanspossibleintheroomtheenergyexpenditure.Gordonhasinitiatedadesignproposal.Hesetthefollowingdesigninstructiongoalinthisdesignproposal-------longlife,lowenergy,loosefit.—withtheintentionthefollowingtellingdirective,Itsgoalinandthroughreducesthefuelconsumptionandtheservicecostwhichtheconstructiondoesnothave,causesitschangetheusewhichchangesunceasinglyintheadaptationtoreducebuildingtherevolvingfund.Hasthesigntodemonstratethisyeartheseprinciplesareobtainingpeople"sconsideration,andpresentsomeconstructionshavereflectedtheseconstraintconditiontoagreatextent.Utilizesthelimitedchoicebuildingmaterialtheguidingprincipletodesignisofgreatadvantage.AlthoughimitatedtheGeorgedynastytypehousinginthepast3yearstohavethesmallrevivalamazing,butthissolutioncouldnotproposeanytrueanswer,moreoverdoesnothaveanyrealsignificancenowinthisnotworthyofmentioningscale.Howeverthe20thcentury20"sWillarticlegardencityfinallyappliesthenewGeorgedynastytypeconstructionstyletohavetheverybigmeritactually,intheconstructionproportion,theconstructionform,theconstructioncolorandinthedetailunderstandingdemonstratestheveryhighknowledgelevel.Therewasanavailablestock-in-tradeinthegeneralsimpleplandignityofsolutionswhichcamefromtheBeauxArttraditionsofaxisandsymmetry,andintheunderstandingofthestandarddetailsofwindows,frontdoorspediments,whichmighthavebeendullandeveninappropriatebutwerenevervulgarorexhibitionists.Thedesigner,withinthischosenidiom,sketchedouthisplansolutionsonthebasisofaconvenientmatrixofaccommodation,recognizingthe(simple)constraintsofplace,usageandthestandardbyelaws,codesandregulationsofthetime.Sectionsandelevationsnearlyautomaticallybuiltupfromtheresultantplan,andcouldbeveryaccuratelyworkedoutbydraftsmenwonderfullyskillfulinelementdesignindetail.Thewholedesign,measurement,specification,contractandproduction,thoughtheworkofrecentmasters,LeCorbusier,Wright,MiesvanderRohe,andoneortwoothersnotquitesoprominent,retainsthevestigesoftheconfidenceresultingfromtheseearliertechniques.Thetemptationtoreferfurthertothemorerecent20thcenturyhistoryofbuildingdesignmustberesistedbecauseothershavewrittenwithgreatauthority 页aboutthemanysidedplanningandarchitecturalactivitiesofthelast50years.Ingeneral,thetraditionalvisionofthescholarlyarchitectservingtheculturedclienthasfaded,alongwiththeconfidentautonomyofboth.Theynowrelyupontheadditionalskillsofmanyspecialists.Anewworldofbuildingdevelopedinthe1920-30s,muchinfluencedbytheworldwidecollapseoftheeconomy,particularlyinGermanyanditsneighbours.OneofitsmanifestationswastheInternationalStyle.Wehadtobuildwithinanewframeworkofrequirements,forwhicholdstyledesignsseemedinappropriate.Officialclients,thepublicneed,increasingurbanpopulationsandcostaccountingwereallinfluences.Andwithinmorerigidregulations,technicaldevelopmentsoflightframeworksandstructuralfacingconcretewerebecomingavailable.Nowourbuildingsarefashionable,speculative,andeitherofgeometricandsculpturedintricacy,oranonymousandcomponented.Thereisamultitudeofstructuralgymnasticsandimmaturematerialinnovations.Atoneendofthespectrumthepublicbuildings,anduniversityandprestigecommercialbuildings(allveryself-consciouslydesigned)andattheother,thecomponentassembledbuilding,providingthesocialneedsofschools,housing,offices,workandindustrialbuildings.Thisdichotomyofbasicapproachtodesignandconstructionremainswithus,andhighlightssomeofthedisparitiesofthesocialandtechnicalgoalsofthetimes.Wehaveintheworldofbuildingreachedoneofthegreatdivides—straddledbetweencontradictions:SimpletentenclosuresHighindoorperformanceSolidwallLightframeworkPrivacyCommunityLowdensityHighdensityVehiclesHumangoodchannelInthiskindoffiercejig-sawpatternedbeinginadilemma,wemustprocessgooddesignandtheoperationalperformancetwokeybetweenrelationscorrectlynow.Mayacceptthesolutionasifiscarriesonthediscernmentandtheanalysistobeforehandpreferredplan,thendecidedagainwhethersupportstheresolutechange.Hasthenecessitytoclarifyverymuchthedeeptransformationtohavethetremendousinfluencetobeforehandplancompatibility,iswhichnewrestrictionfactordoesenableittouseoncemore.Changescontinuallythetheatricaleffectdoesnotadaptforthelonglifeisconstructinganartificialproduct.Thismeantmustrealizeisadvantageousforthehumanitytothehumanitytothedwellingfirstrequesttomove,theessentialfeaturebeingthequalityofroofing,IsaacWare’smaximfitsveryseeminglytherequirementsoftoday:.“theartofbuildingcannotbemoregrandthanitisusefulnoritsdignityofgreaterpraisethanitsconvenience”:“Ifconstructionartimportanttheusabilityisagain 页unimportant,inmanycannotsurpasscomfortablepraisingtoitsgrandpraisingwhichprovidestoit.”Tomovemorecloselytothislogic,weneedtodevelopthenewdesignmethod,inordertohavetheconfidencetothequestionwhichmanywillconflictmutuallytodiscoverpresentandthefutureanswer.Isseekingcontinuouslydoesnothavetheready-madeplanontheway,butthegoalmustbeacontinual--asatisfactorydesignproducinganefficientandrewardingcontract.'