.土建专项施工方案

'.土建专项施工方案Chapter1WasteWaterSumpConstructionschemeofdeeppit第一章深基坑施工方案1Projectinbrief工程概况(1)Generaldescription:RCfoundationforFFwastewaterpondandwastewatertreatment,建筑物概况：本工程为消防废水池和污水处理池，钢筋砼基础形式。(2)Sizeofthefoundationpit:thefoundationpitforthewastewaterpitissizedof320m2,bracedof92mbylength;基坑规模：根据本次围护设计方案，消防废水池基坑面积约320m2，围护长度约92m.Excavationdepth:thesiteistobeleveledto3.36withtherelativeelevationofthefoundationtothecollectionpitof±0.00(3.35),whoseslabisthickening800mmandbeddingcourseof100mm;anditsrelativeelevationatthebottomof-5.9M.Withgivenfigures,wecouldworkoutexcavationdepthsrespectivelyof5.9m.基坑开挖深度：本工程取场地平整后标高为3.36，工艺废水池基础底板面相对标高为±0.00(3.35)，底板厚800mm，考虑垫层厚100mm，坑底相对标高为-5.9M，因此基坑开挖深度为5.9m.2.Ambientandpiping周边环境及管线概况(1)Ambient周边环境Thesiteisquitesmooth;thusisolatedfromthesurrounding.场地较平整，没有建筑物和其它影响(2)Pipingaround周边管线Thereisnopipinginformationavailableyet.Therefore,wewillcarefullyconductourworkandperformnecessaryprotectionincaseanypipelinefoundonsite.暂无基坑周边管线资料，在正式施工、基坑开挖阶段如发现管线，应加强管线监测，确实做好管线保护工作。3.Constructionplancompilingbasis施工方案的编制依据3.1.Existingconstruction&installationpolicies,rules,regulationandstandardsinTaicangcityandinChina;156 根据国家和苏州市现行有关建筑安装工程的政策、法规、规范、规定和标准；3.2.ConstructionLayoutsandSectionsprovidedbyDesignInstitute;设计院提供的施工平面布置图和剖面图；3.3.GBJ212—8FoundationProject’sConstructionandCheck&AcceptanceRegulations;GBJ212—8《地基与基础工程施工及验收规范》；3.4.SuzhoucityConstructionandInstallationWorker’sSafetyOperationRegulation;苏州市《建筑安装工人安全技术操作规程》；3.5.JGJ33—86ConstructionEquipmentSafetyOperationRegulation;JGJ33—86《建筑机械使用安全技术规程》；3.6.JGJ59—88JobsiteTemp.ElectricityandSafetyConstructionManagementSystem;JGJ59—88《施工现场临时用电安全生产管理制度》；3.7.Ditchandfoundationcalculationformulas.沟槽/基坑围护计算式。4.Constructiondiagram施工流程Positioning,settingoutsheetpileditchexcavationsheetpiledriving(wellpointdewatering)roundpurlinditchexcavationinstallationofsteelroundpurlinandsteelbracefoundationsoilexcavation,pipelineembedment(foundationstructure)soilbackfillsteelbraceremovalsheetpileremoval定位放线开挖打桩沟槽打设钢板桩（井点降水）开挖围檩支撑沟槽安装钢围檩、钢支撑基坑土方开挖、埋设管线（基础结构施工）回填土方拆除钢支撑拔钢板桩。（1）constructiondiagram12Mlongsheetpilewithinterlocks156 12M拉森钢板桩、Equipmentmob.andassemblygroundandU/Gbarrierremovalpositioning,excavationpilingequipmentreadysheetpiledrivingtopsoilexcavation,ditchexcavationroundpurlinandbraceinstallationsoilexcavationpipelineembedment(foundationconstruction)soilbackfillremovalofroundpurlin&bracesheetpileremoval.设备进场拼装清除地面、地下障碍物定位挖沟打桩机械设备就位打设钢板桩挖第一皮土、开挖沟槽安装围檩、支撑挖土埋设管线（基础施工）回填土方拆除围檩支撑拔钢板桩。（2）Constructiondiagram-steelbraceandroundpurlin钢支撑、围檩的施工流程Equipmentmob.splicingoutsideofjobsitebaseweldingbraceinstallationbraceremoval机械设备进场整根场外拼装焊接支座整根支撑安装拆除支撑。5M&Eplan:Constructionequipment施工机械的配备Equipment设备名称Model型号规格Liftweight起重量/KWQty.(set)数量（台）EquipCondition设备完好情况Checktime检验时间Remarks备注Pedrailcrane履带式起重机KH10030t1Passed合格2011.2.25Manipulator机械手加藤1880PC-35035t1Passed合格2011.2.25Elecweldingequipment电焊机BX-3002Passed合格2011.2.256.Constructionmethod施工方法6.1.Constructionpreparation施工准备6.1.1.CoordinatewithpartAtosetoutpilingaxils,andelevationisconfirmed.施工前配合甲方测放出打桩的轴线，确定标高.6.1.2.Siteleveling,drainageexcavationandU/Gbarrierremovalbeforeconstruction.156 施工前必须平整好场地，开挖排水沟，做好地下障碍物的清理。6.1.3.Checkonpilingequipments桩机机组人员应检查桩机运转是否正常。6.1.4.Three-levelsafetytrainingpriortoconstructionpersonnelmobilization.施工人员进入工地前应做好三级安全教育培训工作。6.1.5.Reasonableconstrictiondiagramarrangement,maintainingsmoothtrafficforconstructionequipmentandsheetpilingtransportation.合理安排施工流程，保证施工机械设备及拉森桩进出道路的畅通。6.2.Constructionmethod施工方法6.2.1.Cautionofsheetpiling钢板桩的施工注意事项（1）U/Gbarrierremovalworkcan’tbecarriedoutuntilaclearU/Gpictureisachieved.必须先摸清有关地下障碍物情况，并清除后才能施工。（2）Ditchexcavationiscarriedoutaspersettingoutdimension,andpilingstartswhenpilingmachinesareready.按定位尺寸挖好沟槽，打桩机移机就位，开始打桩。（3）For4#sheetpilewithsmallinterlocks,CCH350pedrailliftand45KWvibrationhammerareusedasmainpilingmachine.4#小咬口拉森桩选用CCH350履带吊和45KW振动锤为沉桩主机。（4）UponpartA’srequestandactualsitecondition,we’llarrangereasonableconstructionsequence,sothatpilingmachine’sspaceandconstructionmaterial’ssmoothtransportationareensured.根据甲方要求及实际情况，合理安排施工流程，保证打、拔钢板桩机械设备的施工场地及材料进出。6.2.2、Pilingandremovaltechniquefor4#sheetpilewithsmallinterlocks打、拔4#拉森桩（小咬口）施工工艺（1）Inpiledriving,hitchCCH350cranewithvibrationhammer,underwhichhangasafetysteelwire.Liftsheetpile,andmakeitstandvertically,andthenclipthepileendwithvibrationhammer.Startupvibrationhammer,pressbuttontotightensheetpile,liftittopilingpositionandputitin.Loosenclamp,adjustpileperpendicularityandcliptightlyagain.Startupcontrolbutton,vibrationhammerstartworking,craneloosethepile(pile’sperpendicularitymaintained)anddrivethepiletorequiredelevation.Allsheetpileswithinterlocks’drivingfollowtheabovementionedsequences.沉桩将CCH350156 起重机挂好振动锤，在振动锤下放挂一根保险钢丝绳，用钢丝绳扣好拉森桩，利用吊机吊起拉森桩，并使之垂直，使振动锤夹桩口，咬住拉森桩，启动振动锤控制油泵上的夹紧按钮夹紧拉森桩，吊至样桩位置插入桩位。松开夹紧器校正桩身垂直度并重新夹紧，启动控制器按钮，振动锤开始工作，吊机慢慢放松（必须确保桩身垂直），将桩振入地下至要求标高。依次打入所有拉森桩。Sheetpilingwithinterlocks打拉森钢板桩（2）Insheetpileremoval,hangasafetysteelwireonvibrationhammer,andloosevibrationhammerclippedwithsheetpiletop.Startupvibrationhammertocontroloilpump;startupcontrolbuttontopulloutsheetpile,whensheetpileisdrawnto1mhigh,stoppedraillifting.liftagainwhensheetpileareboundwithsteelwireandlocked.Whensheetpileispulledout,loosenvibrationhammer’soilpumpcontrol,andcranelaydownsheetpileslowly.拔桩时，在振动锤上挂一根保险钢丝绳，放下振动锤使之咬住拉森桩上口，启动振动锤控制油泵，夹紧拉森桩，启动控制按钮，拔出拉森桩至1m高时，履带吊停止提升，用钢丝蝇捆住拉森桩并用卸扣锁好后开始提升。拔出拉森桩后松开振动锤的油泵控制器，吊车慢慢放下拉森桩。。6.2.3、installationandremovalofsteelbraceandroundpurlin钢支撑、钢围檩的安装、拆除（1）、steelbraceislocatedat－0.8mundersheetpile.Accordingtositecondition,differentsteelbraceisusedfordifferentexcavationdepth.Braceissetupevery5meter.钢支撑布置在钢板桩下－0.8m156 处，根据现场施工的具体情况，不同开挖深度，采用不同的钢支撑，支撑设置为每间隔5m处加设一道。（2）、workingfaceexcavation,drawoutroundpurlin’scentrallineelevationonprotectionpile.Weldroundpurlinbrace,andtheninstallroundpurlin.工作面挖出后，在围护桩上用墨线弹出围檩中心线标高，烧焊围檩支架。然后安装围檩。（3）、Basedonexcavationsection,preparebrace,beddingblocksandsteelpipeofdesignlength.Bracesaremadeof￠280*10steelpipes,and￠609*12steelpipesaretobeusedforsomedeeperandwiderplaces.根据土方开挖段，及时配齐该开挖段所需的支撑及垫块等件，并将钢管装配到设计长度，等待工作面挖出后进行安装。钢支撑采用￠280*10钢管。若开挖的基坑较深，并且沟槽宽度较宽，则采用￠609*12钢管作支撑。（4）、OneKH100pedrailcranewillbeusedinbraceinstallation.Toensureaxes’centerloading,measureoutcenterpointandmeasuresplicingsteelpipe’slength.支撑安装采用一台KH100履带吊，为确保支撑做到轴心受力，根据实测支撑两头中心点位置，量出两点实际长度下料和拼接使用的钢管。（5）、Allelectricalweldedpointsmustbeconnectionofuniformstrength.所有需电焊的部位均应保证等强度连接。7.Earthworkexcavation土方开挖7.1.Priortoexcavation,contractorshalldevelopadetailedconstructionorganizationdesignforexcavationworkanditshallbeexecuteonlyafterobtainingconfirmationfromTOYO-C土方开挖前施工单位应编制详细土方开挖的施工组织设计，并取得TOYO-C认可后方可实施。7.2.Constructionprocedureshallbefromlayersandzones.施工顺序应遵循分层，分区域开挖的原则。7.3.Excavationshallcooperatewithenclosureconstructortightly.挖土应与围护施工单位密切配合，协同作战。7.4.Exceptfordewateringwork,drainagemeasuresshallbesetonfloorandinpittodrainstormwaterandgroundseeperintime;prohibitdiggingtrenchalongthepitfordrainage.除井点降水措施外，地面及坑内应设排水措施，即时排除雨水及地面流水。坑内排水严禁在坑边挖沟。7.5.Prohibitlargequantityofloadingbythesideofpit;loadingexceedingongroundshallbecontrolledwithin2t/m2.基坑边严禁大量堆载，地面超载应控制在2t/m2以内。7.6.Mechanicalaccessshallbepavedwithroadfoundationcontainertodiffusestressorshall156 beequippedwithreinforcedfoundation.机械进出口通道应铺设路基箱扩散压力，或局部加固地基。7.7.Concretecushionshallbecastwhileexcavating,thatistosay,concretecushionmustbecastwithin24hoursaftershowingbottom.砼垫层应随挖随浇，即垫层必须在见底后24小时内浇筑完成。8.Dewateringandexcavation降水与开挖8.1.Aftercompletionoffencingpile,pitdewateringworkshallbecarriedoutincuringduration;lightwell-pointdewateringmethodisrecommended;dewateringdepthshallbecontrolledas1.0munderpitbottom.在围护桩完工后养护期间应进行基坑降水，建议采用轻型井点降水，降水深度控制在坑底以下1.0米左右。8.2.Astatementofmethodistobepreparedpriortoexcavationoffoundationpitinconsiderationofsitelayoutandtrafficmap;inaddition,awrittenpermissionshallbeobtainedfromthedesignerandotherpartiesinvolved.基坑开挖之前应结合场布图、车辆走向等情况编制相应的施工组织计划，并征得设计方及各有关方同意后方可进行挖土。9.Pitmonitoringwork基坑监测9.1.Monitoringcontents监测内容⑴.Decliningstatusmonitoring:decliningstatustubeisrecommendedtobeburiedinpileorpointsshallbearrangedinsoilatexteriorsideofpiletoobservepiledisplacement.斜测：建议在桩身内埋设测斜管或在桩身外侧土体内布点，观测桩身位移。⑵.Horizontalandperpendiculardisplacement:includepileandaccessoriespipelinesandbuildings(ifany).水平、垂直位移：包括桩身及周边管线、建筑物（如有）。⑶.Waterlevel:includepitexteriorandinterior.水位：包括坑外及坑内。9.2.Observationrequirements观测要求⑴.Priortoconstructionoffencingstructure,preliminaryreadingsshallbeobtained.在围护结构施工前，须测得初读数。⑵.Duringpitdewateringandexcavationperiod,measuringshallbecarriedouteachday.Observationintervalduringpitconstructionshallbeextendedorshortenedas156 displacementandinitialstresschangingstatusobserved.在基坑降水及开挖期间，须做到一日一测。在基坑施工期间的观测间隔，可视测得的位移及内力变化情况放长或减短。⑴.Dataobservedshallbesubmittedtorelatedpartiesincludingowner,designinstituteandothercompanies.测得的数据应及时上报甲方、设计院及相关单位和部门。⑵.Alarmline报警界限：①.Perimeterpipelineandbuildings周边管线及建筑物Itshallbedeterminedaccordingtorequirementsofpipelineownerandrelatedgovernmentdepartments.根据管线单位及有关部门要求确定。②.Maintenanceofstructure维护结构Horizontaladperpendiculardisplacementshallbemorethan3mm/daypraccumulatedtobemorethan30mm;undergroundwaterlevelbyexteriorofpitshalldescend500mm.水平、垂直位移大于3mm/日或累计大于30mm；坑外地下水位下降达500mm。10.QAmeasures质量保证措施10.1、sheetpile钢板桩10.1.1.Priortosheetpileconstruction,checksheetpile’soutlook.Ifthereareanyabnormal,carryoutrectificationworktoensuresheetpile’sperpendicularity.Foreveryextendedmeter,add2.5sheetpileswithinterlocks,oradd4channelsteelsheetpiles.钢板桩施工前应检查钢板桩是否完好，有无变形，做好矫正工作，保证钢板桩顺直。拉森钢板桩每延长米打设2.5根，槽钢板桩每延长米打设4根。10.1.2.Insheetpiling,firstliftsheetpiletopilingpoint,maintainsheetpile’sperpendicularitywithoutdisplacement.Whenpilingreachespredefineddepth,fixsheetpiletoroundpurlinbrace.钢板桩打设时，先用吊车将钢板桩吊至插桩点进行插桩，并控制好钢板桩垂直度，不让钢板桩位移。打设至预定深度后，应将钢板桩与围檩支架连接固定。10.1.3.Connectionbetweenroundpurlinandsheetpilemustbeunderlaidtightly,itsbesttousesteelsheetassupport,andweldedaswell.156 围檩与钢板桩相接处必须垫实，最好用钢板顶撑，采用焊接方法进行。10.1.4.Afterpipingembedment(orfoundationbaseplate),immediatebackfillandcompactwillbecarriedout.管道埋设结束后（或基础底板施工完成后），应立即回填夯实土方。10.2.steelbraceandroundpurlin钢支撑、围檩10.2.1.BraceconstructionstrictlyfollowFoundationDesignRegulationanddesignrequirements.支撑施工严格按《地基基础设计规范》的规范要求及设计要求进行施工。10.2.2.Bracesplicingandinstallationwillbecarriedoutwithoutdistort,andmaxdeviationislessthan2%.拼接和安装支撑应平整无弯曲，最大误差不得大于2%。10.2.3.Braceinstallationandfoundationexcavationareinterrelated,somutualcoordinationandcooperationisneeded.支撑安装与基坑挖土是不可分割的一个整体，必须相互协调、配合。10.2.4.Roundpurlinconnectionendmustbeweldedwithconnectionboard,andweldingseamthicknessisnotlessthan8m，fullfilletwelding.围檩接口处必须用连接板焊牢，焊缝不得小于8mm，满焊。10.2.5.Inroundpurlinebraceconstruction,braceweldingqualitymustbeensured,fullfilletweldingandweldingseam’sthicknessisnotlessthan8mm.围檩支撑施工时应保证托架的电焊质量，焊接必须牢固满焊，焊缝不得小于8mm。10.2.6.Excavationmustfollowconstructionstrictly;nofreewillcollisiononbrace.挖土施工必须严格执行施工方案，不得随意碰撞支撑。10.2.7.Coordinationbetweenexcavationandsteelbraceinstallation挖土与钢支撑安装的配合Inexcavation,uponbraceinstallationcompletion,firstplaceathicksteelplateonsteelbrace,steelplatesurfaceis40cmabovesteelbrace.Besides,duringexcavation,blockupsteelplatebasedonitssinkage.Soilexcavationiscloselyrelatedwithbraceinstallation,sotimelycheckandobservationwillbecarriedoutonsteelbrace’slooseorfoundationprotectiondisplacement.Toensuresafety,measuresmustbetakenimmediatelyifanythinghappened.挖土时，当支撑安装完成后，先用路基箱跨越钢支撑，保证路基箱垫高后高出支撑面40cm，并且在开挖过程中随时根据路基箱下沉情况再作垫高，确保路基箱不碰支撑，不使之受力。土方开挖与支撑安装关系密切，应定时检查、观测支撑松动、基坑围护坝体位移等，发现情况，及时采取措施。确保安全。156 11.Safetyandcivilizedconstruction安全生产及文明施工11.1.Safetydutysystem安全责任制度Basedontheprincipalthatproducermustberesponsibleforconstructionsafety,andrelatedwiththispackage’sspecialtiesandactualsitecondition,wedefineprojectmanageristhefirstsafetyprincipal.Besides,projectmanagerwillassigncertifiedprofessionalsafetyworkertojobsite,whowillbewhollyresponsibleforsitesafetyconstruction.Safetyworkerwillcheckconstruction’ssafetyconditionandclearupanyinsecurityelementsinconstruction.根据谁负责生产谁就负责安全的原则，针对本工程特点和现场施工实际情况，确定本工地的项目经理为第一安全责任人，再有项目经理派人为专职安全员（安全员须有上岗证），全权委托负责安全生产，经常检查生产中安全情况，对生产中不安全隐患应及时消除。11.2、safetyeducationsystem安全教育制度Aftermobilization,safetyeducationwillbecarriedoutforallconstructionworkersandperiodicalandNon-periodicalsafetymeetingwillbeheld.Fordifferentdisciplines,safetyexplanationwillbecarriedout,anduponworkteamshifting,safetyexplanationwillbecarriedoutaswell.进入工地后，应对施工人员进行安全教育，定期或不定期召开安全会议，对不同工种人员进行安全技术交底，施工人员上下班进行交接班安全交底。11.3、Safetyinspectionsystem安全检查制度Inconstructionperiod,safetyinspectionisabsolutelynecessary.Professionalsafetypersonnelwillcarryoutperiodicinspectionandreporttoprojectmanagerontime,andcheckpointsinclude:equipmentconditionandworker’soperation.施工过程中安全检查必不可少，专职安全员定期检查并及时汇报给项目经理。检查内容包括：设备的检查、施工人员的操作安全。11.4.safetymeasures安全技术措施Uponmobilization,workersmustabidebysafetyconstructionrulesandsiteregulations进入施工现场必须遵守安全生产六大纪律和工地有关规章制度。Payattentiontoelectricityusagesafety,andmaintainequipmentclean.Priortodailyworkstart,checkonequipment,electricalappliance,electricalsourcewillbeheld.156 注意安全用电，设备保持清洁完好，每天上班前必须对起重机械、吊具设备、电器、电源进行检查，检查完好后方能施工。Laborprotectionproductsmustbeused.必须使用好劳防用品。Forlargeconstructionmachine,pedrailcrane,thicksteelplatemustbepavedonroad.It’sforbiddenforthesemachinestomoveonsoftfoundationorloosesoil.对大型机械，履带吊机必须铺设路基箱，不得在软地基及松土上行走施工。Inconstruction,operatorslikecraneoperatororwelderareforbiddentowalkonbrace.操作人员（起重工、电焊工等）在施工时，不得随意在支撑上面行走。Toavoidcrackdownonfacilitiesorharmonworkers,braceorotherlongstructureelements’liftingneedmoreconduct.支撑等长构件起吊时必须加强指挥，避免因贯性等原因而发生撞坏现场其它设施或伤人。Carryoutfrequentcheckonliftsteelwire’sabrasion,andexchangeitimmediatelyifconditionisbeyondrequirements.经常检查起吊钢丝绳损坏情况，如断丝超出要求应立即更换。Insoilexcavation,excavationequipmentisforbiddentohitbrace.挖土过程中挖土机械严禁碰撞支撑。Inconstruction,moreattentionshouldbepaidtojobsiteconditionsuchaspassenger’ssafety,andnotconstructionworkerisforbiddentoenterconstructionsite.施工时要注意现场道路情况，注意行人的安全，非施工人员不得进入施工范围。Basedonsiteprogress,duringpileremovalandequipmentdemobilization,maincontractorshouldprovideadequatespaceforconstructionequipmentnormalrunning.根据工程实际进展情况，乙方在拔桩施工和机械退场时，总包单位应留置足够的使用空间，确保施工机械的正常运转，以利工程施工的顺利进行。156 Chapter2MeasurementControlSchemeforWholePlant第二章全厂控制测量方案Theworkofscopeincludesfoundation,structure,civil,andMEP,Theplantsurveywillbeaccordingtotheaxlesandelevationindicatedbyfoundationtreatmentcontractoraswellascitycoordinatesandelevationnetwork,andwillcheckitandturnoverundersupervisionofOwner/TOYO-C,andSupervisionCompanybeforeapplyingforacceptanceandstartingourpackagework.本工程有基础、结构、建筑、地下管和接地线安装；对全厂的测量将根据地基处理工程的施工单位在现场标出的轴线、标高，结合市政坐标、高程网，我司将在业主/TOYO-C、监理见证下进行复查审核后移交和接收，并进行本工作包的下步施工。Fortheconstructionsurvey(includingthatforthevertical),onespecialgroupconsistingof4～6personswillbeorganizedtodothesurveyofbuildingstructureandsubmitsurveyreporttoowner/TOYO-C,andSupervisionCompany.为了做好测量工作，专门建立4～6人的测量组、负责建筑结构的测量定位（包括垂直投点等测量）工作，并提交测设报告给业主/TOYO-C、监理。1.Preparativeworks准备工作1.1Preparationofinstruments仪器准备InstrumentsandsteelrulersaresupposedtobeexaminedbyaqualifiedinspectionauthorityinSuzhoubeforetheyareapplied.测量中所用的仪器和钢尺等器具，根据有关规定，送具有苏州市仪器校验资质的检测厂家进行校验，检验合格后方可投入使用。2setofJ2-2transits,4setsofNAL132gradients,1setoflaserverticalitymachine,2extensionrods,4setsof50msteelruler,4setof5msteelruler,4setofwalkie-talkieand4setofplumb;J2-2经纬仪2台、NAL132水准仪4台、激光垂准仪2台、塔尺4把、50m钢卷尺4把、(5m)钢卷尺、对讲机4对、线坠等。1.2Preparationintechnical技术准备Verifyandaccepttheseveralbenchmarkpointsreferencingfromoutsideofsitetransferredbyfoundationtreatmentcontractorandsetupthecoordinatesforfutureconstruction.复核并验收由地基处理承包商场外引测的多个点，并设立场内高程系统。156 Thepositioningshouldbeonlycarriedoutwiththeapprovalfromthesurveyinstituteortheowneraswellasagoingthroughofallthehandoverprocedure.Setoutistobeconductedinaccordancewiththedesign,technicalexplanationandchangeorder.定位工作实施前必须取得测绘院或业主签认的成果通知单和工作移交手续，作为定位依据；每次测量放线都得以设计图纸、技术交底、变更洽商为准。Surveyorsgettowellknowtheoveralllayout,theprojectbynatureandthesurroundingwiththestudyoftheGPPanddesignnotes.Indetails,theyarerequiredtounderstandwherethebuildingissituatedandwhatarethecoordinatesthereof,therelationshipbetweenthecoordinatesandthebuilding,locationofthegradientpointandelevationaswellastheabsoluteelevationofthe±0.00ofthetopsoil.InformedwiththeGPP,theyshouldstarttoreviewtheconstructiondrawingintermsofphysicaldimensions,shapeandstructureindifferentversionsofdrawings,saylayoutplan,sectionplanandelevationplan,whichprovesthebasistosetout.Itisnotedtowellgraspthedimensionbycomparisontoseewhetherthereisanydeviationexisting.施测人员通过对总平面图和设计说明的学习，了解工程总体布局，工程特点，周围环境，建筑物的位置及座标，其次了解现场测量座标与建筑物的关系，水准点的位置和高程以及首层±0.000的绝对标高。在了解总图后认真学习建筑施工图,及时校对建筑物的平面、立面、剖面的尺寸、形状、构造，它是整个工程放线的依据，在熟悉图纸时，着重掌握轴线的尺寸、层高，对比基础，楼层平面，建筑、结构几者之间轴线的尺寸，查看其相关之间的轴线及标高是否吻合，有无矛盾存在。2.Settingout定位测量2.1Basedonconstructioncharacters,itisdecidedtouseplanecontrolgrid根据工程特点，我们决定采用平面矩形控制网。2.2Toguaranteetherelativeexactness,theplanecontrolgridforbuildingswillbesetupbasedonthepointsofferedbytheowner/TOYO-C.为保证建筑物平面控制网的相对精度，根据业主/TOYO-C提供的点位进行测设。2.3Directsurveywillbemadebasedontheofferedpoints.Inaccordancewiththepolarmethod,firstmeasurethecenterofmaincrossaxis.Afterchecked,setoutallsiteintoaclosedgrid;orwiththerectangularcoordinatemethod,extendtoalldirectionstoformanenclosednetworkofsiteasawhole.采用直接测法，根据提供点位，采用“极坐标法”先测定控制网的中心十字主轴线，经校核后，采用“直角坐标法”向四周加密并扩展成整个场地的闭合网形。2.4Principlestosetflatcontrolnetwork156 平面控制网布设原则Itstartsinaviewofthewholesite,thenproceedstoallareasinlightofthehigheraccuracyprevailing.平面控制应先从整体考虑，遵循先整体、后局部、高精度控制低精度的原则。Thecoordinationsystemhereiniskeptsameasthedesignedinformofrectangular.平面控制网的坐标系统与工程设计所采用的坐标系统想一致。布设呈矩形。ItistobesetcomplyingwiththeGPPandSiteLayoutPlan.布设平面控制网首先根据设计总平面图、现场施工平面布置图。Itistobesetwhereisvisible,safeandaccessibleforprotection.选点应在通视条件良好、安全、易保护的地方。2.5Afterthat,immediatelyprotectionwillbemadeforthepilepositioning,bycasting500mm×500mm×1400mmpilesandinstallingasteelplatesized100mm×100mm×6mmonthetopofconcretedpiles.Theplateswillbemarkedcrossordilled1mmholesontheirsurfaceforfrequencyclosedcheck.当控制网测定后，应立即对桩位采取保护措施，浇筑500mm×500mm×1400mm的桩，混凝土桩顶面覆以100mm×100mm×6mm的钢板，钢板面上刻十字线或钻1mm小孔，并经常性进行闭合校核。2.6Exactnessrequirements:Thegridtoleranceaccordstotablebellow.精度要求：控制网的容许误差应符合下表规定。Griddegree矩形网等级Squaregridtype矩形网类别Mainaxisandsquaresideexactness主轴线、矩形边长精度AngleToleranceofsquare矩形角容许差ⅡSinglesquaregrid单一矩形控制网1:20000±7"2.7PrinciplestoSetFlatcontrolnetwork156 建筑平面控制网的布设Asperthelayoutandthepositioningprinciple,themaincontrolledaxisesaredividedinto4inhorizontaland4inverticalforHCbuilding.依据平面布置与定位原则，本工程HC楼施工设置四横四纵八条主控轴，Eductionlineistobesettolocalizethemaincontrolaxis.Boththeeductionlinesonthewallandthegroundaretoberedtrianglemarkedinaclearway.Oncetheyareallsurveyedout,itisrequiredtotimelyapplyfortheinspectionofthesupervisioncompanyandtheowneraswell.Inthemeantime,particularcaretoprotectthemfromdamageistobepaid.主控轴线定位时，均布置引线，墙上、地面引线均用红三角标出，清晰明了。施测完成后报监理、建设单位确认后，加以妥善保护。3．Elevationcontrolgridsettingout标高控制网的测设3.1、Basedontheoriginalbenchmarksofferedbyowner,uselevelmeasuringmethodingradethreeandfourtosetupaelevationcontrolgridconsistingsixpoints,formingaclosedgridforclosedcheck.Subsequentlygradefourlevelswillbeusedforadditionalpoints.根据业主提供的原始水准点，采用三、四等水准测量的方法建立，首先建立一个有六个点组成的标高控制网，并构成闭合图形，以便闭合校核，其下用四等水准加密。3.2、Thebenchmarksmadewillbecheckedaftertwoweeks.ThevisualtoleranceingradeⅢbetweentwobenchmarksinfrontandbackisnotmorethan5mmandingradeⅣisnotmorethan10mm.水准点的观测在水准点埋设两周后进行，两水准点间前后视距差Ⅲ等不大于5mm，Ⅳ等不大于10mm。3.3、Whendothecomplexcheck,theclosedtoleranceshouldbelessthan±6mm√n(nrefertomeasuredpoints),distributedindirectproportion.水准点复合校对时，闭合差应小于±6mm√n(n为测站数)，闭合差核定后，应按测站数成正比例分配之。3.4、Whendotheactualcheck,theexactnessoflevelinginstrumentusedisnotlessthanS3andthevisuallengthisnotmorethan80m.Thevisuallengthinfrontandbackshouldbeequal.Thepositionoflensandturningpointshouldbesteady.Bycheckinginanorderofback-front-frontbacktwotimes,theevenvaluewillbetakenonthemeasuredvaluewhenitsdifferenceislessthan±6mm.实测时应使用精度不低于S3的水准仪，视线长度不大于80m，且要注意前后视线等长，镜位与转点均要稳定，采用两次镜位法按“后--前--前--后”次序观测，转点间两次镜位测得高差小于±6mm时取其平均值。156 3.5、Allofthebenchmarksandlevelreference±0.00atsitehavetobeself-checkedandcheckedbytherelatedauthoritiesandbeforetheirusing.Allthebenchmarksshouldbenumberedandprotectedtoensuretheirexactness.Aftersettingupthebenchmarks,afrequentcheckshouldbecarriedoutfortheircorrection.整个场地内各水准点标高和±0.00水平线标高经自检及有关技术部门和业主检验合格后方可使用，各水准点应编号并妥善保护，以保证标高的正确性。水准点测设后，应经常检查标高有无变动并校对。4.InspectionforhandoverofPilefoundation桩基交接检查AfterPilefoundation,GCconstructorwillstartfoundationandsuperstructureofbasement,sohandoverisrequiredbetweenthetwoconstructors.桩基工程完成，由GC施工队进行基础和上部结构的施工，中间存在两个施工队交接过程；4.1.Inspectionofthedatummark测量基准点检查Conductaninspectionofthedatummarkshandedoverfromtheowner//TOYO-Ctothenewcontractor(originallyfromtheexistingcontractor)andmaintainrecordsthereafter;由接收方从业主/TOYO-C提供的坐标测量至移交方的测量基准点，检查测量基准点是否准确，并作好记录；4.2.Inspectionofaxesandelevation建筑物轴线、标高检查Theexistingcontractorisrequiredtoinkmarkaxesofthebuildingtocontrollingpartofpilefoundation,thencheckedandrecordsmaintainedbythenewcontractor.Theexistingcontractorandthenewcontractorwilltogethersurveythetopplatesandbottomplatesofthebasementandthenkeeprecordsofthegridnet.由移交方把建筑物各条轴线以墨斗线的形式弹在桩基控制部位上，由接收方进行逐条轴线进行检查并作好记录；有移交方和接收方共同进行地下室顶板和底板标高测量，并作好方格网记录；4.3.Inspectiononqualityofpilefoundation;同时对桩基进行质量检查；4.4.Allinspectionsshouldbeundertakenatwitnessoftheowner,themanagementcompanyandthesupervisioncompany.Ifnodisputeisfound,itistobesignedattheturnoverdocumentagainatwitnessofthethreepartiesmentionedabove.156 所用检查经在业主、管理公司、监理见证下进行；检查结束双方无异议，双方在交接验收书上签字，业主、管理公司、监理签字见证。5.Surveyduringconstruction施工过程的测量5.1Cosntructionsurveyforundergroundwork地下部分施工测量：5.1.1Forplaneaxiswork,surveyshallbefulfilledwiththeodolitedirectlybymaincontrolaxispileatthesideofpit;forelevationwork,“suspendedsteelruler”methodshallbecommittedbyelevationcontrolgridonjobsitetoleaddowntosurvey,andmarkshallbedonebythesideofslopeprotectionpile(locationsforleadingtosurveyshallbenolessthan3);aftercompletionofcraneinstallation,itshallbeleddownfromcranetosurveyandshallreviewandmodified.(Seeinsketch.)平面轴线直接以坑边的主控轴线桩用经纬仪向下投测；标高以场区内的高程控制网采用“悬吊钢尺”的办法向下引测，并在护坡桩边作好标识(引测部位不少于三个)；待塔吊安装完毕后再从塔吊向下引测，予以校核并改正（见图）。5.1.2Surveycontrolforconstructionoffoundationplatecushion基础底板垫层施工的测量控制：Forcontroloflengthandwidthoffoundationplate,dimensionandretainingwallaroundindesignrequirementsshallbemet(includingwater-proofinglayer,andwater-proofingprotectionof5cmthich),thereforesurveyofcontrolaxisaroundshallbesetatbottomoffoundationpit,andconstructioninterfaceshallbeleftaccordingtorelatedrequirements.Forelevationcontrolofcushion,40cmlongΦ14rebarshallebinsertedintofoundationpitground;surfaceofrebarheadshallbetopelevationofcushion,withcontroldifferenceof±0.5cm.156 基础垫层长度宽度的控制，主要是满足图纸要求的尺寸和四周挡土墙(包括防水层、防水保护层厚度5CM)，故施工时将四边控制轴线测设至基坑底部，按要求留出施工作业面。垫层的标高控制使用长40cm的Φ14钢筋插入基底地面，钢筋头上表面即为垫层顶部标高，控制误差为±0.5cm。5.1.3Constructioncontrolforfoudationplate基础底板施工控制：Aftercompletionoffoundationcushionconcrete(water-proofingprotectionlayer),pre-surveyfoundationbeam,thenmarklineandpaintwithredcoatingtoguaranteecorrectlocatingoffoundationbeamrebar.基础垫层混凝土(防水保护层)施工完毕后，将基础梁预先测量、弹线并用红油漆标涂，保证基础梁钢筋安置准确。5.1.4Controlforcolumnworkofcapforbottomplateandrebarinstallingforwall:底板承台上柱、墙插筋控制：Surveymainaxisoncompletedrebarsurfaceofcapandmarkwithwhitesingle-adhesivetapeandredpainttoguaranteecorrectlocatingofcolumnandwallrebar.在已绑扎完成的承台钢筋面上投测主轴线，用白色单面胶和红漆做好标志，然后再在门洞口转角处、柱子、墙边线用红油漆标涂，保证柱子和墙体钢筋安置准确。5.2Localconstructionsurveyaboveground:地上部分施工测量：5.2.1Planecontrol:平面控制：Afullstationinstrumentofprecisiondegreeof2″classandspacingaccuracyby2mm+2ppmisproposedfortheprimarysurvey.Afteritissetoutandacceptedinthefirstfloor,leadtothebuildingoftheaxisforcontrol.Setinternalcontrolpointsinsidethebuildingasperthedatummarksetbeforeworkaswellasthedivisionofthesections,usuallyembedded1mawayfromtheaxis.Thedatummarkissetonthesteelplateof100mm×100mm,crosscarvedandweldedtothefirstfloorbyanchorrebar,andservedasthedatummarkforverticalaxis.Noforeignstuffisstoredaroundthedatummark.Abovethemarknecessaryholesarereservedinplace（150mm×150mm）．采用测量精度2″级、测距精度2mm+2ppm的全站仪，根据首级控制进行校测；首层放线验收后，应将控制轴线引测至建筑物内；根据施工前布设的控制网基准点及施工过程中流水段的划分，在建筑物内做内控点，埋设在首层相应遍离轴线1m的位置；基准点的埋设采用100mm×100mm钢板，钢针刻划十字线，钢板通过锚固钢筋与首层楼面钢筋焊牢，作为竖向轴线投测的基准点；基准点周围严禁堆放杂物，向上各层在相应位置留出预留洞（150mm×150mm）。Doublecheckthedatumcontrolgridinthefirstlayerpriortothatintheverticaldirection,withadesignedprecisiondegreenolessthanthatfortheelevationcontrolgridofthebuildingsoastoachievetheprecisiontobetransferred.156 竖向投测前，应对首层钢板基准点控制网进行校测，校测精度不宜低于建筑物平面控制网的精度，以确保轴线竖向传递精度。Allowabletolerancefortheverticalsurveyseesasthefollowingtable.轴线竖向投测的允许误差见下表Allowabletolerancefortheverticalsurvey轴线竖向投测允许误差表Height高度（m）Allowabletolerance（㎜）Perlayer每层3H≤30m5Thecontrolpointfortheaxisisprojectedbyalaserplumb,whichiserectedonthedatummarkofthebaselayer,andadjustedtoaplumbstate;afterthat,itisturnedonandvisibleraythenisshotandreceivedbythereceiverattheopeninginthefloor.Adjusttherayindiameterwiththewalkietalkietooptimizeit;givenoticetothesurveyortorevolvetheplumb,thusformaconcentriccircle(ring),whosecenterservesastheprojectionpointandfixedbythereceiver.Repeattheprocesstomakeonemorepoint.Generally2to3pointsforeachsectionshouldbeensuedandregardedasthereferenceforangleandspacing.Astheaxisisprojectedtotheworklayer,makeitenclosedandlimitedtoarulerlengthofitsspacing.轴线控制点的投测，采用激光垂准仪，先在底层基点处架设激光垂准仪，调校到垂直状态后，打开激光电源，就会发射和该点铅垂的可见光束。然后在楼板开口处用接收靶接收。通过无线对讲机调校可见光光斑直径，达到最佳状态时，通知观测人员逆时针旋转垂准仪，这样在接收靶处就可见到一个同心圆（光环），取其圆心作为向上的投测点，并将接收靶固定。同样的办法投测下一个点，保证每一施工段至少2-3个点，作为角度及距离校核的依据。控制轴线投测至施工层后，应组成闭合图形，且间距不得大于所用钢尺长度。5.2.2Referenceofelevation标高传递：Uponcompletionof±0.000level,extendthe+1.000forthe1stfloortoallpointsoftheshaftwellorexternalsideoftheanglecolumn,reservingasthereferencepointforupwardsurvey.Itiseducedupwardswithasteelrulerof50m.Atleasttwopointsforeachzonearerequired(everyeductionisnolongerthanonerulerbyitslength.).Puttoplaceofthegradienttorectifyelevationsobtainedfromdownwardswithanallowabletolerancenomorethan±3mm.Incaseatolerancemorethanthedesigned,atimelycorrectionisrequired.Whilepassingonthedeterminedelevation,therulerappliedistobestraightenuptoavoidtoleranceoccurredoneafteranother.Elevationobtainedonthefloorisgenerallysettotheconcretewallorcolumninsteadofrebarorformwork.156 工程出±0.000以后，将首层标高+1.000米线引测到各电梯井内四个角点或角柱外侧面，依此做为向上引测的依据。引测使用50米大钢尺直接向上传递，每个区段至少有两个以上的标高引测点（每次标高传递不得大于一个尺长）。然后将水准仪安放在工作面上，校测从下面传递上来的各标高准点误差，误差不得大于±3mm,大于此误差后，应及时检校调整。传递标高时，应注意上下拉通尺，杜绝层层传递，避免累计误差。引测到楼层面的标高点，应选择在砼墙面或柱子上做固定后视点，不得选在钢筋或模板上。Itistransferredupbythreepoints(3internalcontrolpoints)everybuildingwiththeallowabletoleranceindicatedasthebelowtable:每栋建筑物应由三处（选择三个内控点）分别向上传递，标高的允许误差见表Allowabledeviationofelevationtransfer标高传递允许误差表Height高度（m）Allowabletolerance允许误差（㎜）Perlayer每层±3H≤30m±5Threeelevationpointsshouldbedoublecheckedpriortolevelingtheconstructionlayer.Whenthetoleranceissmallerthan3mm,educethelevellineinlightoftheevenpointandkeepitthecenterpointofthegradient;again,preciselypositionittogettheallowabletoleranceoftheelevationwithin±3mm.施工层抄平之前，应先校测首层传递上来的三个标高点，当误差小于3mm时，以其平均点引测水平线。抄平时，应尽量将水准仪安置在测点范围的中心位置，并进行一次精密定平，水平线标高的允许误差为±3mm。5.2.3Plumbnesscontrol建筑物垂直度控制Aftercompletionofwallworkonthefirstfloor,flickoutoneverticallineonexternalwallsrespectively,30cmawayfrombothsidesoflargeranglesandmarkitwithtworedtrianglesascontrollineinerectingformworkofupperwall,duringwhich,theedgeofformshouldbealignedtothelinesoastoensurethatwallcornerisinthesameverticallineasthatonthenextfloor.Theprocessappliestotherestoffloorstoensureplumbnessoflargerangles.首层墙体施工完成后，分别在距大角两侧30cm处外墙上，各弹出一条竖直线，并涂上两个红色三角标记，作为上层墙支模板的控制线。上层墙体支模板时，以此30cm线校准模板边缘位置，以保证墙角与下一层墙角在同一铅直线上。以此层层传递,从而保证建筑物大角的垂直度。5.2.4Surveycontrolofformwork模板工程测量控制：156 Formofwallandcolumn:flickoutlineofinternalopeningofform(i.e.lineofexternalsurfaceofwall)and20cmcontrollineofexternalsurfaceofwall(column).Duringformerection,conductsettingoutperinternalopeningofformandcontrolandcheckforacceptanceper20cmexternalsurfaceofwallandcolumn.墙柱模板：在混凝土面上弹模板内口线（即墙外皮线）和墙(柱)外皮20cm控制线。支模时，以模板内口线就位，以墙、柱外皮20cm控制校核。检查验收时，以墙柱外皮20cm控制线验收。Whileerectingbottomformofbeam,setnecessaryaxesonwallandcolumnbeneathbeamperplanecontrollinesonfloortoderivesideformofbeam.Duringwork,markmainrebarofbeamwithremovableredpaintaxesforprimarysettingout,butduringacceptance,surveyors’cooperationisneededtocheckaxes.Inerectingformoftopplate(bottomformofbeam),surveyloweropeninglineasper0.200mflickedcontrollineontopplatestructureinlowerfloorofwallandcolumntocontrolthepositionofbottomform.支梁底模时，利用楼（地）面上平面控制线，把所需轴线测设在梁下的墙上和柱子上，由此引出梁侧模线。施工时，可在梁主筋上打临时轴线红油漆点，作为初步定位用，但验收时，须由测工配合，进行轴线检测。顶板模板（梁底模）支设时，应以弹在墙体和柱子上的下层顶板结构0.200米控制线为准引测下口线，并以此控制底模位置。5.2.5Surveycontrolofrebarwork:Thesidelinesofwallmarkedonfloorconcretewillbealsousedaslinesforrebarsettingoutofwallandcolumn.Aftersettingoutofbeamrebaroneachfloor,setthesetting-outlineofmainrebarofcolumnonmainrebarofbeamtoensurethatnoreplacementoccurs.钢筋工程测量控制：在楼板混凝土面上弹设的墙体边线同时也作为墙体和柱子钢筋的定位线；每层梁钢筋基本就位后，应在梁主筋上测设柱子主筋定位线，以保证柱主筋不偏移。5.2.6Surveycontrolofconcretework混凝土工程测量控制：Elevationcontrolofconcreteslab:referasrearpoint0.500mcontrolelevationoncorecylinderorcornerpostsoneachfloorandtransferittorebarandembeddedreinforcementofcolumnsandwalls.Duringconcretecast,controlsurfaceelevationandfloorthicknesswithpoleandpullwires.混凝土板面标高控制：以各层核心筒上或四周角柱上的结构0.500米控制标高为后视点，用水准仪引测到各柱子、墙体钢筋和插筋上，打混凝土时，用插钎和拉线的方法控制表面高度和楼板厚度。Elevationcontrolofcastconcreteoncolumnandwall:markelevationcontrolpointsonmainrebarofwallandcolumndirectlyandcontrolconcreteelevationbypullingwires.Bindhorizontalrebarorstirruptotheupperopeningofformtopreventreplacementofverticalrebar.156 柱墙砼浇筑高度控制：直接在墙、柱主筋上打标高控制点，拉线控制混凝土浇筑标高。墙、柱钢筋须在模板上口绑一道水平筋或箍筋，防止竖筋移位。5.2.7Surveyandsettingout装修阶段的测量放线：(Plane)Duringstructuralworksoneachfloor,protectproperlyaxesand0.200mcontrollinesofwallforlateruseinfinishing.Thestructurallineswouldbereferredtoduringsettingoutofpartitionwall(andotherfacilities)infinishingphase.(平面)各层结构施工时的轴线、墙体0.200米控制线均要妥善保护，以备装修施工使用；装修阶段的隔墙放线（包括其他设施）均得以结构线为准。(Elevation)beforestartoffinishing,change0.500mcontrollineonwallandcolumninto1.000buildingcontrollinebyre-surveyandclosegeneralelevationwithgo-nogo.Duringplasteringandputtyworks,markonered-paintedtriangleateachopeningandretainittillceilingandfloorworksarefinished.(标高)装修开始前应把墙体和柱子上0.500米控制线重测成建筑1.000米控制线，总标高应拉通尺闭合。抹灰、刮腻子施工时应在每个开间设置一处三角红油漆点并保留引出重新校核后继续使用，直至顶棚、地面各分项施工结束。Fourlinesoflargeangles(centrallinesofanglecolumns)shouldbeonthesamelineverticallytoensureplumbnessofexternalwallandsquare-nessoflargerangles.Thefourlinesshallbeusedasreferenceofsegmentlinesofexternalfinishing.外装修四大角线（各角柱中心线）应上下贯通，以保证外墙面的垂直度和大角方正，外装修各分档线必须以四大角线为基准。6、QAmeasuresforsurveywork测量工作的质量保证措施Surveyplaysanimportantroleintheprojectmanagementprocess.Whetherthesurveyisrightorwrongwilldirectlyinfluencethehandover;inaddition,itisalsoamusttoensurethefinalaccomplishmentoftheproject.测量工作是项目管理的一项重要工作，测量工作准确与否，直接影响工程的使用功能及能否顺利交验，同时也是项目创优工作的必要保证。6.1.Generalrules总则6.1.1.Abidingbytheprinciple:entiretyforemostpartsecondary;highprecisionsuperiortolowprecision;测量工作遵循“先整体、后局部，先控制、后碎部，高精度控制低精度”的原则。6.1.2.Externalmeasureandinternalcalculationshouldbedonesimultaneouslyastheworkgoeson.156 测量外业施测和内业计算要作到步步校核6.1.3.Allarchivedfilesandproductshandedovertocustomersshouldbeinspectedbytheworkstaffandthechargehandaswellasthebranchcompany.所有归档的资料和需交付顾客的测绘产品必须经过作业人员的自检、工程主持人检验和分公司最终检验。6.2.Processcontrol过程控制6.2.1.Controlofthepreparationstage准备阶段的控制1）Accordingtothesurveytask,thechargehandwillorganizeanddevelopasurveymethodstatement.根据测绘任务，由测量负责人组织编制测量方案。2）Thechargehandandthesurveyforemanwilldoublecheckthesurveyedoutcomeinfullaccordancewithoriginaldataandmaintainrecordsthereafter.由工程主持人或测放组专业工长对作业所依据的原始资料，测绘成果进行校测、核算，并记录校核结果。3）Thechargehandandthesurveyforemanshouldcomeupwithaplanofinstrumentstobeproposed.工程主持人或测放组组长依据测量方案向设备管理部提出仪器需用计划。4）Theinstrumentscontroldepartmentshouldconductadoublecheckoftheinstrumentsandassistingtoolsasplanned.设备管理部按计划做好测量仪器及测量辅助工具的校准工作。5）Theinstrumentcontroldepartmentshouldselectcompetenttechniciansandoperatorsasspecifiedbythestatementofmethod.测绘管理部要依据测量方案要求，选择能够胜任工作的技术人员、操作人员。6）Thechargehandshoulddeliveratechnicalexplanationtotheworkstaffandmakeeveryworkerwellunderstandtheirdutiesandtechnicalrequirement.工程主持人要在作业前向作业人员做好技术交底，使得每位作业人员都明确职责和技术要求。6.2.2.Processcontrol过程控制1）Thechargehandandsurveyforemanshouldarrangeworkfullycomplyingwiththescheduleandprogramandmakesurveylogs.工程主持人或测放组长要按进度和方案要求，安排工作，并做好测绘日志。156 2）ConductinspectionandmaintenanceasspecifiedintheAdministrationMethodsforApplicationofMeasuringInstrumentandkeeprecordsthereafter.Ifanydefectisfound,takeitforacheckpriortoapplication.作业过程中应根据《测量仪器使用管理办法》的规定进行检校维护、保养并做好记录，发现问题后立即将仪器送检。3）Workshouldbeconductedinfullaccordancewiththespecificationsandtechnologies.作业过程中，要严格按作业规范和技术要求进行。4）Three-inspectionsystematfullprocessofworkistobefollowed.作业过程中严格执行“三检制”。Selfinspection:workersshouldperformworkfullycomplyingwithspecifications.Everyfinishedworkshouldbeinspectedandcorrectedpromptlyuntilallofthemareacceptedandkeptrecordsandsignedthereafter.自检：作业人员要按作业要求进行操作，每道过程完成立即进行自检，自检中发现不合格项应立即更正，直到全部合格，并填写自检记录（签字）。Mutualinspection:aninspectionofqualityisorganizedbythechargehandandthesurveyforeman.Workwillnotbeaccepteduntilalldefectshavebeeneliminated.互检：由工程主持人或测量专业工长组织进行质量检查活动，发现不合格项立即改正至合格。Inspectionforhandover:organizedbythechargehandandthesurveyforeman.Nextworkcannotbecarriedoutwithouttheacceptanceofthepreviousone.Theworkcanonlybehandedoverwithtwopartiessighedanddateeffected.交接检：由工程主持人或测量专业工长组织。上道过程合格后交给下道过程，交接双方记录上签字，并注明日期。Controlonthespecialprocess:anyspecialprocessshouldbequalitymanagedfullycomplyingwiththetechnicalmethod,andmonitoredandrecordskept.特殊过程控制：凡被列为特殊过程的，在实施中均作为质量管理点，加强管理，按技术方案要求，进行连续监控并记录。Enhanceself-inspectionfrequency:tracinginspectionsystemcarriedoutbyprofessionalforemanandkeptrecordsthereafter.增加自检频率：实行跟踪检查制度。由专业专业工长跟踪检查，做好记录。实行超标准控制7．Settlementobservation沉降观测Accordingtocharacteristicsanddesignrequirementsofthisproject,setupobservationpointsonperipheryframecolumnofeachbuilding,+-0.00highfromthegroundandassignspecificpersonstoobserveregularlyduringconstructionphase,onceperlayer.156 Determinearelativeobservationpointfirstwhenthefirstlayeriscompleted.Astotheotherlayers,regularobservationpointswillbeused.Observeoncewhileas-builtacceptanceisunderwayandproduceasettlementcurveforas-builtdocumentation.Observeforatleast4timesinthefirstyearafteracceptanceandatleasttwiceinthesecondyearandonceperyearafterwardstillsettlementmaintainsinasteadystatus.Incaseofemergentabnormities,notifydesignunitforsolutionrightafterobservation.根据本工程特点和设计要求，每座建筑均在外围框架柱上+-0.00高处设置沉降观测点，在工程施工阶段派专人定期观测，每施工一层观测一次。首层施工完毕后，先设置相对观测点进行观测，其它各层按正式观测点观测，竣工验收时观测一次，并绘制沉降曲线，做为竣工资料。竣工验收后，第一年不少于4次，第二年不少于2次，以后每年一次，直至沉降稳定为止。对突发性异常情况，观测完立即通知设计单位处理。156 Chapter3EarthWork第三章土方工程BasicRequirement基本要求lEarthworksasperdesigndrawings,national&localcodesandSolvay（Changshu)&/TOYO-Crequirements,etc.根据设计图纸、国家/地方规范业主和/TOYO-C要求实施土方工作；lTheearthworkscoverallworksrelatedandfuturephaseIIareaandnecessaryrelocationofearthtofutureareaforstacking.土方工程涵盖了所有区域以及运输；lStripofforiginaltopvegetationdowntothelayerNo.2refertotheGeotechnicalreport,removethetoplargerubblesoranyotherdepositstuffoffsite.根据地勘报告，去除地表腐植土直到地下2层好土，清理现场内所有大尺寸物体和垃圾并运出厂；lBackfillsoilormaterialqualityshouldfollowDIdrawingrequirement,GBCodeand/F+GIPMTspecification,whicheverismorestringent.Thecompactnessisnolessthan95%.回填土材料须满足设计图纸，规范和/TOYO-C要求及更高者，土方夯实系数为〉95%。1．Preparation准备工作1.1Weareplanningtousebackhoeexcavatorforconstructionandself-unloadingtrucktotransportthesoiltothedesignatedarea.挖土机选用反铲挖土机，自卸卡车运土（运至指定点）。1.2Getfamiliarwiththetopography,landformsandanyobstacleunderoronground.(undergroundcable,pipingetc.)熟悉工作区段的地形，地貌及地上、地下障碍物，（地下电缆、管道等）。1.3Createagoodjobsitesituationsoastoensurethesmoothaccessingoftheequipmentandtruck.Thetemporaryroadwillbepavedifnecessary.作好施工场地，保证机械，运行的道路畅通，必要时铺设临时道路。1.4Makepreparationforde-watering(submersiblepump,drainingtrench).作好排水准备（潜水泵、排水沟）。Installinadvancetheaxiscontrolpileandreferencepile,re-checkandcorrecttheelevationofthecontrolpile.156 预先设置轴线控制桩及水准点桩，定期进行复测和校验控制桩标高。2．BackhoeexcavatorExcavation反铲挖土机挖土方2.1Herein,excavationlayerbylayerisadopted.Firstexcavationlayerisasdeposeearth,whilethesecondexcavationlayerisasashearth,accordingtogeographicsearchreport,excavationwillbeontheearthlayerbydesignrequired.本方案采用分层开挖，第一层表层土作为废土，第二层土作为灰土使用，根据地质勘测报告情况挖至设计要求土质层。2.2Confirmtheexcavationrouteaccordingtothedesigndrawing,layoutpositionandconstructionarea.根据设计图纸、平面位置、施工区段确定挖土机开挖线路图。2.3Theexcavationorderwillbefromtheedgetocenter,fromfardistancetonear,andfromupperlayertolowerlayeruntilthedesignedelevation.开挖时应先边后内，先远后近，先挖上层，后挖下层，每层保持一个扇形工作面直至设计标高。2.4Theexcavatorwilldrivealongthepitedgeparallelswhenexcavatingatsides,andkeepacertaindistanceawayfromthepitedge.侧面挖土时挖土机开行路线平行于沟侧，且距沟边保持一定的安全距离。2.5Surveyontimewhenexcavationdeepclosetotheelevation,andsetupthemeasuredelevationintothepitwithaclearmark.挖土接近至标高时，及时进行测量，并将测量的标高点移入基坑内，做好标志。2.65-6cleaningworkerwillbearrangedfortheexcavatorworkingonthefinishedlayer,tocleartheremainingsoilinthepitoutsideofthescopeofexcavator’sworkingradiusuntiltheelevationonceaccordingtotheelevationinthepit.每台挖土机在成品层施工时配备清槽工5—6人，根据基坑内标高点清槽，将清槽余土抛至挖土机工作半径之内，随挖土机进度一次清至设计标高。2.73--4self-unloadingtruckswillbeequippedtotransportthesoiltothedesignatedarea,atthesametime,thespecialpersonwillbeassignedtocommandthetruckdrivinginordertoensurethesafetyoftheconstructionsite.每台挖土机配备3—4台自卸卡车，运土运至厂区内规定地点，并配备专人指挥土方车辆行驶路线，确保工地安全。2.8Finalexcavationforthelast200mmtothelevelsindicatedasperdesignshallbedonemanuallysothatexistingsoilunderneaththefoundationsisnotdisturbed.为避免基础下的现有土受扰动，最后200mm厚土层应由人工挖除至设计标高。2.9De-watering:thebottomofthepitwillbeconstructedwithsomede-wateringslope,and400×500mmdrainingchannelwillbeinstalledinthesurroundingofthepit.Besides,atthe156 fourangleand30-40Mofthepit,wewillinstallawaterwell(1000×1000mm),theslopeofthepitis0.1-0.5%,severalsubmersiblepumpwillbeputintoworkatthesametimesoastoensurethedrynessofthepit.基坑排水：基坑底做成一定的排水坡度，并在基坑四周设排水沟，400×500mm，在四角及30—40M处设一个集水井1000×1000mm，沟底坡度0.1—0.5%采用多台潜水泵集中排水，保持基坑干燥。3.Backfill回填土方3.1PlacementandCompactionofFill填土与压实1)Soilfillmaterialshallbeplacedevenlyinlayersnotexceeding300mmthicknessandcompactedby12Trollerto93%relativedrydensitypriortoplacementofthenextlayer.Forbackfillingwithinandadjacenttofoundationbeams,approvedcompactionequipmentandtechniquesshallbeusedtoachieve93%relativedrydensitypriortoplacementofthenextlayer.填土材料应平均填于垫层内，不超过300mm厚并由在填下一层前用12T压路机压实以达到93%的密实度。在进行基础梁位置与接近基础梁位置的回填时，并在进行下一层施工前，承包商应使用被批准的压实设备与技术以使压实的回填土达到0.93密实度。2)PlacementandCompactionofSand/GravelBedding填充砂石垫层与压实Sand/gravelbeddingshallbecomposedofnotmorethan3%slimesandshallcontain30%to50%crushedrock.Crushedrocksizeshallnotexceed50mm.Sand/gravelshallbeplacedevenlyinlayersnotexceeding300mmandcompactedby15Trollernotlessthan5passespriortoplacementofthenextlayer.Compactioncoefficientshallbenolessthan93%withdrydensitynotlessthan16KN/m3.砂石垫层含泥量应不超过3%，碎石含量为30%至50%。碎石粒径应不大于50mm。砂石应平均填于垫层内，不超过300mm，并在开始填充下个垫层前用15T压路机来回压实，至少压5遍以上。压实系数应不低于0.93，干容量应不低于16KN/m3。3)Backfillmaterials:makeuseoftheoriginalpug(powderpug,mealysoil)withthearticlelessthan5cm.Thesmallsodandotherorganiccontentwillbecontrolledwithin8%.填土材料：利用原用的粘性土（粉质粘土、粉土）土块颗粒不大于5cm碎块草皮和有机含量控制在8%以下。4)Backfillthickness:thethicknessofeachbackfilllayerwillbecontrolledin25-30cm,compactingwithfrogcompactoratthreetimesatleastforeachlayer.填方厚度：每层的填土厚度控制在25—30cm之间，采用蛙式打夯机夯实，每层夯实不少于三遍。156 Item项次Soilquality土的种类Range变动范围Item项次Soilquality土的种类Range变动范围Bestwatercontent最佳含水量,(%)Maxdrydensity最大干密度(g/cm3)Bestwatercontent最佳含水量,(%)Maxdrydensity最大干密度(g/cm3)1Sandsoil砂土8—121.8—1.833SiltyClay粉质粘土12—151.8—1.92Clay粘土19—231.58—1.74Siltysoil粉土16—221.6—1.8Remark:Bestwatercontent%meansweightrate.注：最佳含水量%为重量比。2)Ifsoftfoundationbackfilloccur,wewilltakethemeasurestoalterthesoilormakethesandpad.如遇软地基填土方，可采用换土或采用砂垫层处理。3)Thebackfillfoundationwillbeinspectedfortheconcealedprojectbeforeorafterthebackfillwithgeneralcontractor,andmakingarecord.填土方基底,在填方工作进行前和完成后，进行隐蔽工程验收，并做好记录，并会同设计、监理公司、总承包方共同检查。4.HSEmeasureHSE措施1）Sprinklingwateronsiteregularlytopreventdust.场地专人定时洒水，防止扬尘2）Transportationvehicleshouldbeaddedcover.运输车辆加盖运输3)Geotextileorcolorstripetextileshouldbeadoptedforfoundationtopreventsoilfrommoving.基坑边坡铺土工布或彩条布，防止水土流失4）Vehicleshouldbewashedinwashingcarchannelbeforeleavingsite.车辆进出场地在洗车槽中冲洗干净后出厂5）Rainwatershouldbedepositedbeforedrainingtomunicipalpipenet.雨水排放须经沉淀池沉淀后方可排入市政管网156 Chapter4FormworkInstallationScheme第四章模板安装方案ThisschemecouldbeappliedforformworkprocessingandinstallationonsiteofSolvay（Changshu)Project.Formworkshouldbewooden.本方案适用于苏威（常熟）项目现场模板加工和安装，模板材料采用木模板。1.Constructionpreparation施工前的准备1.1Reviewconstructiondrawings,checkcontradictionsbetweenstructuresizeandbuilding,andcontactdesignerandownerifanyproblemfound.熟悉施工图，检查施工图的结构尺寸、建筑尺寸是否相矛盾，如有问题，及时与设计和业主联系，并解决。1.2Finalizeconstructionplanofformwork.确定模板的施工方案；1.3Forformsoffinalizedconstructionplan,carryoutformdesigning,definingstud’sdimensions,quantity,layoutandspacebetweendraw-bolt.对已确定的模板，进行模板的设计，确定龙骨的规格、数量、排列方式及模板拉结螺栓的间距；1.4Prepareconstructionequipments,includingdisk.机械设备的准备包括圆盘机、平刨机、压刨机等。1.5Rawmaterialspreparation(basedonformdesign,assembledformsystem-18Tplywood,50*100squarewood,scaffoldingsteelpipe)willbecarriedoutaccordingtoconstructionprogressandconstructionsection,includingadequateplywood,squarewood,Φ48×3.5steelpipes,drawboltandothermiscellaneousmaterials.原材料准备（根据模板的设计，确定采用18厚的胶合板，50*100木方，脚手钢管组合模板体系）根据施工进度和施工段的划分，准备足够的胶合板、木方和配套的Φ48×3.5钢管及拉结螺栓等零星材料。1.6Formlofting,staking-outandfabricationwillbecarriedoutaccordingtoforms’designdrawings.模板的加工，根据模板设计图翻样加工模板；2.Sitepreparation现场准备2.1cleanjobsite,notifysurveyortomeasureaxis,drawoutfoundationoutline,checkrebarprotectionandinformrebarworkteamtocorrectifanyproblemfound.清理作业现场，通知测量员进行轴线引测，弹出基础边线，并检查钢筋的保护层，及时通知钢筋班组进行调整。156 2.2Carryoutformbaselevelingfirst,andformplacedincorrectposition,avoidinggroutleakage.进行找平，模板底部应先找平，确保模板位置正确防止漏浆。2.3formweldingasperfoundation’soutline.根据基础的边框线，焊接模板限位。2.4transportthefinishedformtojobsite.将已加工好的模板运至施工现场。3.Forminstallation模板的安装3.1Generalprinciples：总原则：3.1.1Toachievemonolithicstability,formassemblingwillbecarriedoutasperdesign;按配板设计进行拼装，保证模板系统的整体稳定；3.1.2Fittingswillbefirmlyinstalled;配件必安装牢固；3.1.3Inserts/embedmentandpreservedholeswillbeincorrectplacesandfirmlyinstalled;基础模板必须支撑牢固，防止变形；3.1.4Toavoiddeformation,foundationformmustbesupportedfirmly;layoutofhorizontalstrutandbridgingwillbeinconformancewithstructuralandmonolithicstability.所设的水平撑和剪刀撑，应按构造和整体稳定性置。3.2Installationofcolumnformwork柱模板安装Thesectionsofthecolumnshereinareofxxx,forwhichweproposeplywoodasformwork,andtimerof100×50fortransom,14channelsteelwith14boltsforbracing.Theassemblyoftheformworktothecolumnshouldbedoneatthetopallatonce.Aholeisgenerallyreservedinthemiddleofthetallcolumnforconcretecasting.Pleaseseeinthebelowlegend.本工程的柱子采用18厚胶合板作为模板，100×50木方作为楞木，槽钢14加14螺栓作为支撑系统用，柱模板配制时一次到顶。高柱子中间留门子洞浇混凝土；详见下图。156 3.3Installationofbeamform梁模板的支设3.3.1．Recheckelevationofbeambottom,ifelevationiscorrect,erectandlevelformrack(incl.Installationofhorizontaldrawrodandbridging),fixcrossbeam(madeofsteelpipe)andbeamclip,pavebeamsoleplateoncrossbeam,leveling(archingasrequired).Afterbeamrebarbinding,installandfixthesideforms.复核梁底标高轴线准确无误后，搭设和调平模板支架（包括安装水平拉杆和剪刀撑），固定钢管横楞和梁卡具，再在横楞上铺放梁底板，拉线找直（长粱按要求起拱），在绑扎梁钢筋后，安装并固定两侧粱模板。3.3.2Carryoutrebarbindingforbeambottom;aftercheckandaccepted,installsideform,tightensideformtobottomformwithsteelpipeandbracing,with75cmspacing.When156 beamisover60cmhigh,middleridgeisrequired,fixedwithbolt.Insideformclosing,formedgewillbeinastraightline.在底模上绑扎钢筋，经验收合格后，清除杂物，安装梁侧模，将两侧模板与底模板用钢管紧固，附以斜撑，其间距一般宜为75cm。当梁高超过60cm时，需加腰楞，并穿结拉螺栓加固。侧模板上口要拉线找直。Rechecksizeofbeamform,whichshallbebondedtoadjacentformfirmly.复核检查梁模板尺寸，与相邻模板连接牢固。3.3.4Refertothebelowdrawing–sketchmapofbeamforminstallation梁模板安装示意见下图3.4Installationofplatformform平台模板的支设3.4.1Installverticalcolumnsinrowsfromthesidespan,aftererectionofsupports,inspectthefirmconnectionbetweenlowersteelsupportsandverticalcolumns,asperthesettedlevelline,carefullyadjusttheheightoftheverticalcolumnsandlevelthesteelsupport.Installmajorjoistsatthesametime.Generally,thespacebetweenverticalcolumnsandmajorjoistsshallbe800mm,andspacebetweenverticalcolumnsandsecondaryjoistsshallbe400mm.installformworkafteradjustingtolevel.Patchtheformworkwithspliceorwoodenformworkforthosecannotmeetanintegralmodularatlast.Makesurethesplicesaretightandlevel.从边跨一侧开始逐排安装立柱，支架搭设完毕后，要认真检查下钢楞与支柱的连接及支架安装的牢固与稳定，根据给定的水平线，认真调节支柱的高度，将钢楞找平。并同时安装大龙骨，一般情况下，立柱与大龙骨间距为800mm，小龙骨间距为400mm，调平后开始铺设模板。最后对不够整数模数的模板和窄条缝，采用拼缝或木模嵌补，但拼缝应严密。3.4.2Aftercheckonformelevation,addhorizontaldrawrodsbetweencolumn,andlayersofhorizontaldrawrodsareuptocolumnheight.Generallyspeaking,installonelayerofhorizontaldrawrodswhenitis200—300mmaboveground,lateron,addalayerofhorizontaldrawrodsevery1.5minverticaldirection.在模板铺设标高校正后，立柱之间应加设水平拉杆，其道数根据立柱高度决定，一般离地面200—300mm处设一道，往上纵横方向每隔1.5m左右设一道。3.4.3Afterplatformformwork,checklevelnessandelevationby---ruler—andgradienter,andmakepropercorrection.平台模铺设后，用靠尺、塞尺和水平仪检查平整度与楼板底标高，并进行校正。3.4.4Forevery1.2—1.3mspace,installbi-directionaldrawrodforsteelpipesupport.钢管支撑每隔1.2—1.3m设双向水平拉杆。3.4.5Refertothebelowdrawing–installationofplatformformandbeamform平台及梁模板安装见下图:156 156 3.5.Formworktofloor楼梯模板Profiledsteelformworkinbigsizeisproposedforfloors,withfastenertypesteelscaffoldingasbracing.Thecalliscastinthefirstwiththerebarinsertedtothewall.Winkleouttherebarinthedismantledformworkandgetitstraightenedtobutttothatinthefloor.Thefloorandtheabovefloorslabshouldbecastatthesametime.Installationoftheformworkhereisdetailedasthefollowingsketch.楼梯模板均采用定型钢大模，支撑采用扣件式钢管脚手架，墙体混凝土先浇筑，楼梯板筋先埋入墙内，墙模拆除后剔出钢筋并扳直与楼梯板筋焊接，楼梯混凝土与上层梁板一同浇筑。楼梯模板安装见下图3.6.Pondwallformwork水池壁模板的支设156 3.6.1Priortoforminstallation,recheckaxis,outline,positionsofformandrebar,andinserts/embedmentinstallation..在安装模板前，复核轴线和边框线包括模板限位钢筋位置是否正确，并安装好预埋件等。3.6.2Duringpondwallformwork,formoftwosideswallwillbeinstalledatthesametime.Thefirststepistosimultaneouslywiththeinstallationofformwork,tolocktheedgesandinsertcounterextensionbolts(waterstopwillbeinstalledinthemiddle),alignthesideformworkstothetankwallandstabilizethem,thenfixoninnersupportwithbutterflyfastenersandbolts,boltspenetratetankwallwillinsertthroughinnerandoutersteelsupport,tightthebutterflyfastenerswithnutsandmakethebothsidesofformworkintegrity.Installbrace,adjusttheverticalnessoftheformwork,fixthemwithsupportafteradjustment.Penetrationboltsshallhavearetainingboardweldedinsideoftheformwork,outsideoftheretainingboard,a40×40×30smallpieceofwoodenplateshallbeinstalled,afterremovalofformwork,pickoffthesmallpieceofwoodenplate,cutoffatthebottomofthebolt,andthenpatchtheconcretesurfacewith1:2cementmortar.安装池壁模板采用墙两侧模板同时安装。第一步模板边安装锁定边插入对拉螺栓（中间有止水铁片），并将池壁两侧模板对准池壁线使之稳定，然后用碟形扣件与螺栓和内钢楞固定，穿墙螺栓由内外钢楞中间插入，用螺母将碟形扣件拧紧。使两侧模板成为一体。安装斜撑，调整模板垂直度，合格后，用支撑固定。穿墙螺栓在模板内侧应焊接一块挡板，挡板外侧安装一块40×40×30的小木块，在模板拆除后，起出小木块，在螺栓根部切除，用1:2水泥砂浆修补池混凝土表面。3.6.3Boltsandconnectingpiecerunthroughwallwillbefixedfirmly.穿墙螺栓、连接件都要连接牢靠，松紧一致。3.6.4Boltsopeningsofpondwallformwillbeinopposite.Indrawboltinstallation,cantingpullorrigidpushingisprohibited.SteelTie-inwillbestaggered,withoverlappingmorethan200mm.池壁模板对拉螺栓孔应平直相对，穿插池壁对拉螺栓时，不得斜拉硬顶。钢楞接头相互错开，接头搭接长度不小于200mm。3.6.5FormworkforPondandtrench水池和地沟模板：（1）Formworkshoringmethodsforpondandtrench(seebelow)水池及地沟的模板支撑方法见下图156 156 （2）Water-proofboltsforformworkerection(seedetailsasbelow)安装模板的防水螺栓的详图如下156 Note:Thewaterstopissteelwaterstop,materialwillbeprovidedbyGC,contractorisresponsiblefortheinstallation.Thewaterstopwillbefixedwithф8rebarframe,therebarbebendedtoUshape,andbefixedwithmainrebarbyspotwelding.PutthewaterstopintoUshapegroove,withthespaceof300,thenbebondedbysteelwireatthelocationof10mmtotheside.注：止水板为钢板止水带，材料由GC提供，承包商安装。止水带固定采用ф8钢筋架，弯成U形，与主筋点焊固定，将止水带卡入U形槽中，间距300，用细铁丝靠边缘10mm绑住。3.7.Thehorizontalconstructionjointofpondstructureshouldbeset500abovebase.Andwaterstopshouldbeofsteelboard.废水结构水平施工缝留置在底板上口500位置，止水带采用钢板止水带。3.8.Installationofformworkoflatepouredband:frameworkofrebarfor25indiameter,with100mmspaceanddensemeshedsteelscreen.后浇带模板安装：采用直径25的钢筋做骨架，间距100mm，内衬密目钢板网。4．QualityInspection&Acceptanceforformwork模板质量要求和检查验收Uponformworkcompletion,carryoutcheckasperConcreteStructuralConstructionandInspectionRegulation（GB50204-2002）,nextstepconstructioncan’tstartuntilitpassinspection.模板安装完毕后，应按《混凝土结构施工验收规范》（GB50204-2002）的有关规定进行检查，验收合格后方可进行下一道工序。4.1Assembledformmustsatisfydesignrequirements.组装的模板必须符合施工设计的要求。4.2Allconnection,supportandreinforcementmustbeinstalledfirmlywithoutloose.Formmustbesplicedclosely.各种连接件、支承件、加固配件必须安装牢固，无松动现象。模板拼缝要严密。156 4.3Refertothefollowschedule–allowancedeviationofin–situcastformwork,andpassrateshallbewithin90%.现浇模板的安装允许偏差见下表，其合格率严格控制在90%以上。Items项目名称Alloweddeviation允许偏差值（mm）Axisdisplacement轴线位移5Elevation标高±5Sectionsize截面尺寸+4，-5Perpendicularity垂直度3Evenness表面平整度55.formremovalprovision模板拆除规定5.1Generalrequirementsforformremoval模板拆除的一般规定5.1.1Sideformremoval:whenconcretesurfaceandedgewillnotbedamagedbyformremoval(concretestrengthisover1.2N/mm2),thenformremovalcanbecarriedout.侧模的拆除：在混凝土强度能保证其表面及棱角不因拆除模板而受损后（混凝土强度大于1.2N/mm2），方可拆除。BottomformremovalshallfollowConcreteStructuralConstructionandInspectionRegulation（GB50204-2002）,bearingform’sremovalschedulefollowthefollowingschedule.Constructionteamshallapplyforformremoval,whichcan’tbecarriedoutuntilapprovalgainedfromtechnicaldepartment.底模的拆除，必须执行《混凝土结构施工及验收规范》（GB5004—2002）的有关规定执行，承重模板的拆除时间如下表。作业部门进行拆模申请经技术部门批准后方可拆除。Structure结构名称Structurespan结构跨度（m）Concretestrength达到混凝土标准强度的百分率（%）Board板≤250L＞2100Beam梁≤875＞8100Cantilever悬臂构件1005.1.3Withregardtoremovedformandrack,itcan’ttakefullloaduntildesignstrengthreached;whenconstructionload.156 已拆除模板及支架的结构，在混凝土达到设计强度的等级后方可承受全部荷载；当施工荷载所产生的效应比使用荷载更不利时，必须经验算，加设临时支撑。Sequenceandmethodofformremovingshallfollowdesignrequirement.Ifnodesignrequirementsspecified,removeforminaccordanceinstallationsequence,thoseinstalledfirstly,willberemovedfirstlytoo;removenon-bearingformfirstly,andremovebearingformlater;removingstartfromuptodown.Removesidesupportfirstly,andremoveverticalsupportlater.拆装模板的顺序和方法，就按照配板设计的规定进行。若无设计规定时，就遵循先支的后拆．后支的先拆；先拆不承重的模板，后拆承重部分的模板；自上而下。先拆侧向支撑，后拆竖向支撑等原则。Formworkorganization.Bothforminstallationandformremovalwillbecompletedbyoneworkteam,thusworkerwilltakeremovalconvenienceintoconsiderationinformwork,andworkerwillbefamiliarwithjobsitesituation,easilyfindoutkeypointsinformremoving,benefitingformremovingprogress,safetyandprotectiononformandfittings.模板工程作业组织，应遵循支模与拆模统一由一个作业班组执行作业。其好处是支模就考虑拆模的方便与安全，拆模时人员熟知情况，易找拆模的关键点位，对拆模进度、安全、模板及配件的保护都有利。Duringformremoval,toavoidanysafetyaccident,constructionworkershallstallinsafeplace.Onlywhenallformremoved,formandfittingcanbetransportedoffandlaiddownoutofjobsite.Attheintervalofformremoving,remove,transportandlaydowntheloosenform,rebarandsupport.拆模时，操作人员应站在安全处，以免发生安全事故，待模板全部拆除后，方准将模板、配件运出堆放。拆模间歇时，应将已活动的模板、牵杠、支撑等拆除、运走或妥善堆放，防止因踏空、扶空而坠落。it’sforbiddentothroworremovedformorfittings,whichshallbelaidindesignedplacesandcleanedontime,maintainedandcoatedwithinsulationforuseatanytime.拆下的模板、配件等，严禁抛扔，要有人接应传递，按指定地点堆放，并做到及时清理，维修和涂刷好隔离剂以备待用。6.Others其它需要注意事项：6.1Priortoformoilcoating,formshallbecleanandclear.刷脱模剂前，模板必须清理干净。6.2Inconcretecasting,checkform’sdeformationatanytimeandmakeadjustment.浇筑混凝土时，随时观察模板有无变形，及时调整模板。6.3Beforeformclosing,cleanforeignmatters.合模板前，杂物要清扫干净。6.4Uponrebarbindingcompletion,andconcealworkcheckedandaccepted,formclosingcan156 becarriedout.Beforeformclosing,weldpositioningrebar.Blankingforpositioningrebarwillbeexact,withbothendsrubbeddown.绑扎钢筋完毕后，经隐蔽验收合格后，方可进行合模。模板合模前需焊接定位钢筋。定位钢筋下料准确，两端磨平；156 Chapter5RebarInstallationScheme第五章钢筋安装方案Requirments要求a.Milltestreportscertifyingphysicalandchemicalpropertiesorex-factorycertificateofqualificationforreinforcingsteeltobedeliveredtothesite.钢筋运抵工地之前，提供钢筋的关于物理化学性能的轧制试验报告书或出厂合格证。b.Manufacturersproductdatasheetsshallbesubmittedfor:weldedwirefabric,weldingelectrodes,andmechanicalcouplers.提供厂商焊接钢丝网、焊条及机械连接一览表。c.Shopandplacementdrawingsshowingallpiecenumbers,quantities,grades,sizes,barbendrequirements,positions,spacing,clearances,splices,welds,splicedevices,supports,etc施工详图应标明：钢筋编号、数量、等级、规格、弯起、位置、架立筋、净长度、接头、焊接、接头器件、钢筋垫块等。d.Acopyofallwelders’certificationspriortoanywelding.各种焊接焊工的资格证书。e.Inspectionreport,aimingatlayingandweldingofreinforcingsteel.有关钢筋铺设和焊接的检查报告。1.MaterialRequirement材料要求1.1Eachpatchoftherebarmustbeidentifiedwithtag,ex-shopqualitycertificateandtestreport.Therebardeliveredtothesiteshallbeinspectedasperthepatchnumberandthediameterforacceptance.Theacceptanceincludestagandvisualappearanceinspectionaswellasrandomsamplingfordynamictestincompliancewithrelatedcodes.Onlywhentherandomsamplingfordynamictestisqualifiedcanthematerialbeused.Duringthefabricationofrebar,ifanyabnormalphenomenonsuchasbreaking,badweldingperformanceordistinctdynamicsdeficiencyoccurs,chemicalcomponenttestorotherspecialtestsshallbeperformed.钢筋应有出厂质量证明书和试验报告单，每捆（盘）钢筋均应有标牌。进场时应按炉罐(批)号及直径分批验收。验收内容包括检查标牌，外观检查，并按有关标准的规定抽取试样做力学性能试验，合格后方可使用。钢筋在加工过程中如发现脆断、焊接性能不良或力学性能显著不正常现象时，应进行化学成分检验或其它专项检验。a)Electricweldingorgascuttingareforbiddentobeusedforrebarsampling.截取钢筋试样，严禁动用电焊，气焊切割。156 a)Thespecificationandbrandofalltheweldingelectrodes/wiresmustbeincompliancewiththedesignrequirement.工程所有电焊条的规格、牌号，必须符合设计要求。b)Onsitethedeliveredrebarmustbekeptbyseparatelybythecategory,specification,performancesoastopreventrustingandcontamination.钢筋进场后，必须按不同的品种规格、性能分别堆放，防止锈蚀和污染。c)Allthestackedrebar,productsandbyproductsmustbelabeledwithindicationofthedescription,specification,quantityandwhereitistobeusedwiththeaimofpreventingmishandlingandcontaminationbygreasycontents.堆放的钢筋及成品、半成品、必须逐一挂牌，标明其名、规格、数量及使用部位，以免发生差错，并防止油脂类污染。1.6Weldingelectrodes/wiresshallbekeptonthewooden(steel)shelfbythespecificationandtypesoastoavoidmoistening.Theelectrodesmustbebaking-treatedbeforebeingused.电焊条应分规格、牌号放置在木（铁）制的材料架上，不使其变潮，电焊条在使用前必须按规定进行烘陪处理。2.QualityCriteria质量标准2.1Thespecificationandqualityoftherebars,thetagNo.andpropertiesofweldingelectrodesandfluxandthesteelplate/profilesmustbeincompliancewiththerequirementofdesignandrelevantcodes.钢筋的品种和质量，焊条、焊剂的牌号，性能及接头所用钢板，型钢等均必须符合设计要求和有关标准的规定。2.2Therebars’specification,shape,dimension,quantity,spacingdistance,anchoragelengthandjointmustmeettherequirementofthedesignandconstructionspecification.Therebars’surfacemustbekeptclean.Therebarswithgranularorscalerustcannotbeutilizedaccordingtotheoriginalspecificationifrustdotsremainevenafterrustremovaltreatment.钢筋的规格、形状、尺寸数量、间距、锚固长度和接头设置必须符合设计要求和施工规范定。钢筋的表面必须清洁。带有颗粒或片状老锈，经除锈后仍留有麻点的钢筋，严禁按原规格使用。2.3Fortie-upofrebarmeshandframework,thequantityofmissingbindingand/orloosebindingshallbelessthan20%,whichshouldnotbeconcentrated.钢筋网片和骨架的绑扎，其缺扣、松扣的数量不得超过应绑扎数量的20%，且不得集中。2.4Thequantityofomittedweldingpointsanddeficientweldingpointsshallbelessthan6%,whichshouldnotbeconcentrated.Fortheslabinsertedintothecolumn,weldingomission156 ordeficiencyisforbidden.焊接骨架不得漏焊、开焊、网片漏焊、开焊不得超过焊点数的6%，且不得集中。板伸入支座范围内的焊点无漏焊，开焊现象。3.OperationPreparation操作准备3.1Priortorebarmachining,familiaritywiththedrawingandmaterialallocationsheetaswellastheinformationforthespecification,shapeanddimensionisnecessary.Ifsubstituteisneeded,thedesignparty’sconsentshallbeobtainedbeforehand.钢筋加工前应先熟悉图纸和配料单，钢筋加工的规格、形状、尺寸。需要代换时，要征得设计单位的同意。3.2Therebarsurfaceshallbecleanwithoutmars,andthegreasycontaminationorrustsmustberemovedbeforebeingused.钢筋表面应清洁，无损伤，油脂污染和铁锈等应在使用前清除干净。3.3Foreachrebarmachiningcourse,aQAhandoverprocedureshallbeestablished.Whenrebartie-upisfinalizedandlocatedin-place,verificationinspectionandconcealingworksacceptanceproceduremustbeperformed.钢筋加工的各道工序，都要建立质量交接检查制度。钢筋绑扎安装完毕后，必须经过检验，并办理隐蔽工程验收签证手续。4.SteelRebarRustRemoval钢筋除锈4.1Therebarsurfaceshallbeclean.Theoilydots,paint,andscales/rustswhichcanbepeeledwithhammershallbewipedoutbeforetherebarisused.Priortowelding,rustsaroundweldingjointshallbeclearedoff.钢筋的表面要洁净。油渍、漆污和用锤敲时能剥落的浮皮、铁锈在使用前清除干净。在焊接前，焊点处的浮锈清除干净。4.2Trytoremovetherustsbycoldstretchingandstraighteningtherebarasmuchaspossible.Electricde-rustingmachineandmanualrustremovalcanalsobeapplied.除锈工作尽量利用冷拉和调直工序进行除锈。也可采用电动除锈机和人工除锈。5.RebarStraightening钢筋调直6.RebarCut钢筋切断7.RebarBendingFormat钢筋弯曲成型8.Thequalityofrebarbendingshallmeetthefollowingrequirement:弯曲成型钢筋的质量应符合下列规定：8.1Therebarisprofiledinrightshape,withoutwarpingorunevenness.钢筋形状正确，平面无翘曲不平现象。8.2ThenetdiameterofthehookmadeattheendofgradeIrebarshallnotlessthan2.5timesthediameteroftherebar.156 Ⅰ级钢筋末端弯钩的净空直径不小于钢筋直径的2.5倍；8.3Thereshallnotexistanycracksatthebendingpoint,andtherebarofgradeIIoraboveshallnotbebent.钢筋弯曲点处不得有裂缝，Ⅱ级及Ⅱ级以上的钢筋不能弯过头再弯曲。8.4Theallowedtoleranceoftheshapedrebar:fulllength±10mm;bendingpointdisplacement:20mm;rebarbendingheight:±5mm;hooprebarperimeter:3mm.钢筋弯曲成型后的允许偏差：全长，±10mm；弯起钢筋起弯点位移，20mm，弯起钢筋弯起度，±5mm；箍筋边长，3mm。9.RebarJoint钢筋接头9.1Flashingbutt-weldingisappliedfortherebarjointofthecolumnsandbeamsandtherebaristobetied-upforthecast-in-situslabs.本工程柱梁采用闪光对焊焊接接头、现浇板采用绑扎接头。9.2Giveprioritytoflashingbutt-weldingforhotrollingrebar.Electricarcwelding(overlapwelding,bindingwelding,grooveweldingandsoon),electro-slagpressurewelding,gas-pressureweldingcanalsobeadopted.热轧钢筋焊接应优先采用闪光对焊，也可采用电弧焊（搭接焊、绑扎焊、坡口焊、熔槽绑条焊）、电渣压力焊、气压焊等多种工艺。9.3Thejointlocationoflongitudeload-bearingrebarontopofthebeamsshallbemorethan1.5hawayfromthebeamendforclassII,IIItheearthquake-proofbuilding(hstandfortheefficientheightofthebeamsection0).梁的上部纵向受力钢筋接头的位置，对Ⅱ、Ⅲ级抗震等级距梁端大于1.5h（h为梁截面有效高度）。9.4Whenload-bearingrebarisweldedforconnection,theweldingjointslocatedonthesamestructuralmembershallbemisaligned.Theweldingjointsshallbespacedtothedistanceof35timestherebardiameter,notlessthan500mm.theratioofthesectionoftheload-bearingrebarwithweldingjointtothetotalsectionoftheload-bearingrebarshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:受力钢筋采用焊接接头时，设置在同一构件内的焊接接头应相互错开，在焊接接头处的35倍钢筋直径，且不小于500mm区段内，有接头的受力钢筋截面面积受力钢筋总截面面积的百分率，应符合下列规定：9.5Non-prestressedrebar:shallbelessthan50%intensionbearingarea;nolimitationinpressurebearingarea.非预应力筋：受拉区，不宜超过50%，受压区不限制。9.6Thedistancefromtheweldingjointtobendingpointshallnotbelessthantentimestherebardiameterandtheweldingjointshouldnotbelocatedinbiggest156 bendingareaofthestructuralmember.焊接接头距钢筋弯曲处，不应小于钢筋直径的10倍，也不宜位于构件的最大弯距处。9.7Priortorebarwelding,weldingtrialmustbemadeaccordingtotheconstructionconditions.Weldingoperationcanonlybecommencedaftertheweldingtrialpasses.Theweldersmustbequalifiedandcertifiedandtheirbusinessmustbeconfinedtotheapprovedfield.钢筋焊接前，必须根据施工条件进行试焊，合格后方可施焊，从事钢筋焊接生产的焊工必须具有焊工合格证，并在规定的范围内进行焊接操作。9.8Theweldingjointtype,WPSandacceptanceshallbeinaccordancewithREBARWELDINGANDACCEPTANCECODE(JGJ18-96).钢筋焊接接头形式、焊接工艺和质量验收，应符合《钢筋焊接及验收规程》（JGJ18-96）的规定。10.RebarBindingandinstallation钢筋绑扎和安装10.1Preparation准备工作10.1.1Verifythegrade,diameter,shapeanddimensionandquantityagainstthematerialsheetandlabel.Anymistakeoromissionshallberectifiedorsupplemented.Preparethenecessityofsteelwiresandprotectionlayerpadsaswellascommontoolsfortie-upsuchasrebarhook,littlecrowbarandtie-upsupport.核对成品钢筋的级别、直径、形状、尺寸和数量等到是否和料单、料牌相符，如有错、漏应纠正、增补。准备必需数量的铁丝和保护层垫块以及常用的绑扎工具，如钢筋钩、带板口的小撬棍、绑扎架等。10..1.2Whentotie-upin-place,cleartheparing,timberscrapesorrubbishinsidetheformworkfirst.在现场就位绑扎时，首先应将模板内刨花、碎木块及垃圾等清除干净。10.1.3Inordertoprovidetheload-bearingrebarwithcertainthicknessofprotectionconcrete,cementpadshallbearrangedatthebottomoftheloadbearingrebarofthebeamsandslabsandatthesideoftheform.Whenthemainrebarexistontwodifferentlayers,shortrebarshallbesetbetweenthetwo-layerrebaratthedesignedspace.为了使受力钢筋有一定厚度的混凝土保护层，在梁、板受力筋的下部，模板的侧面，均应设置水泥垫块；上下双层主筋时，应在两层主筋之间设置短钢筋，保证设计间距。10.1.4Thecementpadshallbemadefromcementofthesameclassasthatofthestructuralmemberwith1:2mortarratio.水泥垫块宜用构件同标号水泥配置1：2砂浆制作。10.1.5Theprotectionthicknessoftheloadbearingrebarshallsatisfythedesignrequirement.156 受力钢筋的保护层的厚度，要符合设计要求。10.1.6Followingshallbecheckedafterrebararebondanderected:钢筋绑扎安装完毕后，检查下列内容：①Checkthegrade,diameter,pieces,spacing,elevation,dimension,shapeoftherebaragainstthedesigndrawingstoseeifthedesignrequirementbemet.根据设计图纸检查钢筋的级别、直径、根数、间距、标高、尺寸、形状是否符合设计图纸。②Checkthejointposition,overlappinglengthandconcreteprotectionlayerwhethertheymeetthedesignrequirement.钢筋接头位置、搭接长度及混凝土保护层是否符合有关部门规定；③Checkiftherebararefirmlybound,whetherthereexistsuchdeformingphenomenonastie-upomissionorloosing.钢筋绑扎是否牢固，有无缺口、松口等变形现象。④Therebarsurfacemustbefreeofgreaseorpaintcontamination.钢筋表面不许有油渍、漆污。⑤Asrebarworksisconcealingengineering,acceptanceproceduremustbefollowedconcerningtherebar,embeddeditemsandpreservedopeningspriortoconcreteplacement,andtheconcealingworksshallbewelldocumented.钢筋工程属隐蔽工程，在浇筑混凝土前应对钢筋、预埋件及预留洞口进行验收，并作好隐蔽工程记录。Therebaroflatepouredbandshouldbereinforcedasperdesignrequirement.后浇带部位钢筋按设计要求加强。156 156 Chapter6ConcreteCastingScheme第六章砼浇注方案1.Rquirments要求Provideready-mixticketstotheinspectorforreviewpriortounloadingatthesite,including:成品砼卸车前，需提交给现场质量检查员核查的内容为：²1.Nameofready-mixplant.砼搅拌厂名称²2.Serialnumberofticket.搅拌通知号²3.Dateandtrucknumber.日期及运输车辆车号²4.Nameofcontractor.承包商名称²5.Jobnameandlocation.工作名称及位置²6.Mixdesignnumber.配合比设计号²7.Amountconcrete(cubicmeters).砼量（立方米）²8.Typeandamountofadmixtures.外加剂的型号及用量²9.Amountofwateraddedatthebatchplant.用水量²10.Timesofloading,arrivingatthesite,andunloading.装运时间，到场时间以及卸货时间²11.Volumeofwateraddedbyreceiverofconcreteandhisinitials.施工现场添加的用水量2.ThisprojectcoversFFwaterpond,wastewatercollectionpondandtrenchetc.Forpool,pit,andtrench,thefollowingitemsmustbeabidedwhenconstructionexceptmentionindrawing.本工程涉及消防水池、废水收集池、地沟等构筑物及建筑、结构砼，对于水池、集水坑、地沟，除单体工程施工图中有明确说明外，均应按下列各项要求施工。156 2.1Concreteclass:混凝土等级采用：Concretebedding垫层砼：C15C20forlintel,structuralcolumn，foundation.圈梁、构造柱、设备基础C20，C30forcolumn,柱C30；C30forbeam,slab）梁、板C30、C30forFoundation基础C30C30S6forPondandtrench水池和地沟C30S62.2WorkIncluded工作范围2.2.1Furnishing,placing,finishing,andcuringallcastinplacestructuralconcrete.现浇结构砼的提供、浇筑、表面处理及养护。2.2.2Furnishing,placing,finishing,andcuringofwatertightconcrete.防渗透混凝土的提供、浇筑、表面处理和养护。3.ConstructionStandards施工规程a.GB50204-2002.GB50204-2002《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》b.GB175-1999.GB175-1999《硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥》c.JGJ52-92.JGJ52-92《普通混凝土用砂质量标准及检验方法》d.JGJ53-92JGJ53-92《普通混凝土用碎石或卵石质量标准及检验方法》e.GB8076-1997GB8076-1997《混凝土外加剂》f.GB1596.GB1596《用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰》g.GB50010-2002156 GB50010-2002《混凝土结构设计规范》4Project/SiteConditions现场施工注意事项4.1Placementandcuringofconcreteshallnotbeallowedduringfreezing,excessiveheatorcold,rain,sleet,snow,orwindunlessproperprovisions/arrangementsareprovided.砼的浇筑和养护应避免冻结，过热或过冷、雨、雪天或大风天，除非已采取了必要的防护措施。否则不宜浇筑。4.2Concreteshallnotbeplacedonfrozenbase/subgradeorinformscontainingsnoworice.不应在冰冻基层上或有冰雪的模板内浇筑。4.3ColdweatherconcretingshallbeinaccordancewithSpecificationsforStructuralConcrete.Theuseofacceleratingadmixturesincoldweathershallnotrelaxcold-weatherplacementrequirements,exceptasallowedforprotectiontimeperiods.冷天砼的浇筑应遵循有关规范。砼促凝剂的使用应以满足冷天砼浇筑要求为前提，要求的保护时间除外。4.4Formsshallnotberemovediftemperaturedifferenceof15degreesexistsbetweenformedsurfacesandambienttemperature.如果浇筑表面和环境温度有15℃温差时，不能拆摸。4.5Donotplacewatertightconcreteand/orcementitiouswatertightfinishingcoatiftemperatureislowerthan5degreesorhigherthan40degrees;orthewindspeedishigherthanGrade4.如果温度低于5℃或高于40℃或风力大于4级，未采取任何措施不能浇筑抗渗砼及水泥防水面层。4.6Temperaturemonitoringisrequiredduringcastingandcuringlargequantityofconcretetopreventthesurfacefromcracking.较大量混凝土浇筑养护时应监控温度，防止混凝土表面开裂。5.QualityAssurance质量保证5.1Testing/inspectionagenciesshallbeinconformancewithGB50204-2002.试验或检查应遵循GB50204-2002《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》。6.SequencingandScheduling施工程序6.1Bondbreakershallbeappliedpriortoplacementofreinforcingsteelandembeddeditems.在钢筋以及预埋件安设到位前就应完成隔离剂的工作。7DeliveryandHandling156 砼的运输及使用7.1Transportationofready-mixconcreteshallbeinaccordancewithGB50204-2002.砼的运输应遵循规范GB50204-2002《混凝土结构工程施工质量验收规范》。7.2Admixturesshallbeaddedtothemixatthebatchplant.外加剂应投入拌和设备内的混料。7.3Disposalofexcessconcreteonsiteisnotpermitted.现场不应存放过量的砼。8Submittals需提交的技术资料及数据8.1Providethefollowinginadditiontothestandardrequirements:提交如下内容及标准要求：a.ConcretemixdesignsthatdemonstratetheyproduceconcretethatmeetsalltheSpecificationrequirementspriortobatchingforthisproject,includingtheadmixturemanufacturer"sreviewandrecommendations.砼的配合比设计，以及外加剂的生产检查报告，要符合本细则所有要求。b.Laboratorytrialorfieldtestdatawiththemostrecentdeterminationofstandarddeviation.试验室试验，现场试验数据以及对标准误差的最新测定。c.IndependenttestreportscertifyingthatthecementcontentmeetstheseSpecifications.依据试验报告对水泥含量是否满足本技术规范作出评价。d.AcertificateofconformancefortheaggregatescertifyingcompliancewiththeseSpecificationspriortobatchingforthisproject.砼骨料是否符合本工程要求的评价报告。e.AccessoryproductdatasheetsshowingcompliancewiththeseSpecifications,includingapplicationinstructionspriortobatchingforthisproject.与本细则相符的辅助产品参数及使用说明书。f.Acertificateofcompatibilityforthecuringcompoundandbondbreakerwithfutureappliedsystemspriortoconcreteplacement.与准备采用的施工方法相一致的养护措施及隔离剂的报告g.Placingscheduleandjointingdrawingsshowingallconstructionandcontroljointsandsequencingofconcreteplacement.浇筑计划、施工缝、控制缝的详图以及浇筑程序。h.Testreportsconcerningslump,aircontent,temperature,andcompressivestrengthsofconcrete,andambienttemperatureatthetimeofconcreteplacement.砼的坍落度、空气含量、温度、砼的抗压强度以及砼浇筑时的环境温度检查报告。156 i.Inspectionreportsconcerningconcreteplacementandslabsurfaceflatness.砼浇筑质量以及砼板平整度的检查报告。8.2Provideready-mixticketstotheinspectorforreviewpriortounloadingatthesite,including:成品砼卸车前，需提交给现场质量检查员核查的内容为：a.Nameofready-mixplant.砼搅拌厂名称b.Serialnumberofticket.搅拌通知号c.Dateandtrucknumber.日期及运输车辆车号d.Nameofcontractor.承包商名称e.Jobnameandlocation.工作名称及位置f.Mixdesignnumber.配合比设计号g.Amountconcrete(cubicmeters).砼量（立方米）h.Typeandamountofadmixtures.外加剂的型号及用量i.Amountofwateraddedatthebatchplant.用水量j.Timesofloading,arrivingatthesite,andunloading.装运时间，到场时间以及卸货时间k.Volumeofwateraddedbyreceiverofconcreteandhisinitials.施工现场添加的用水量8.3ProvidewatertightnesstestreportinaccordancewithChinesestandardforwatertightconcrete.根据有关规范，提交防渗透混凝土的测试报告。8.4Environmentaltemperaturetestreportattimeofplacingcementitiouswatertightfinishingcoat.水泥防水面层施工时环境温度测试报告。9.Preparationbeforepumping泵送前的准备工作Beforepumpingconcretetocastingjobsite,thefollowingpreparationshallbewell156 down.为把运至施工现场的混凝土顺利地用混凝土泵经泵车运至浇筑地点，事先要做好下述泵送前的准备工作：（1）checkonformandsupport模板及支撑的检查Pumpingconcrete’scastingiscarriedoutinhighspeed,whichresultedinhighpressureonsideform,therefore,formshallbeofadequatestrength,rigidityandstability.混凝土泵送施工浇筑的速度快，混凝土对模板的侧压力较大，为此模板要有足够的强度、刚度和稳定性。（2）checkonrebar钢筋的检查Firstly,checkframeworkofrebarbinding.Beforecasting,inspectconcealwork,andshallbeacceptedwithsupervisioncompany’ssignature.首先检查结构钢筋骨架绑扎的是否准确，在浇筑前要进行隐蔽工程验收，并由监理签字。（3）checkpumptruck’splacement检查泵车的放置是否坚实稳定Duetoimpulsevibrationduringpumpingconcrete,sopumporpumptruckmayslipresultedfromslantwiseplacement.Therefore,pumporpumptruckplacementwillbeunderlaidstability.因为混凝土泵车在泵送混凝土时都有脉冲式振动，如泵车放置处有坡度，则有可能因泵送时的振动使混凝土泵或泵车滑动，所以应将泵体垫平固定。（4）organizationpreparation组织方面的准备Uponpumpingconcrete’sdeliverytojobsite,auniformcommandinganddeploymentplanwillbespecified.混凝土泵送到现场，规定统一指挥和调度的办法，以保证顺利进行泵送。Fortimelycommunicationandeasydeployment,communicationtoolswillbeequippedinconcretepump,concretemixer,concretemixingstationandconcretecastingplace,对混凝土泵、混凝土搅拌运输车、混凝土搅拌站和泵送混凝土的浇筑地点之间，规定联络信号并配备通信设备，以便及时联络，统一调配。Concretepumpoperatorswillreceiveprofessionaltraining,andgainprofessionalcertificatebeforeonduty.混凝土泵的操作人员，应经过专门的培训并持有上岗证书，否则不能上岗操作。Checktransportation;checkwater/electricitysupply;checkwhethercommander,156 administrationandworkersallondutyandfinishtechnicalexplanation.检查运输道路是否畅通；水电供应是否有保证；指挥人员、管理人员、操作工人是否齐全并经过技术交底等。10．Concretepumping混凝土的泵送（1）Pumptruckwillbeadoptedduringpumping.泵送时,采用混凝土汽车泵。（2）Concretepumpingwillbecarriedoutcontinuously.Whenconcreteisinshortsupplyorpumpingdoesn’tgowell,slowdownpumpingspeedbutpumpingshallgoon.Timeofslowpumpingshallnotexceedallowedtimefromconcretemixingtocastingcompletion.泵送应连续进行，当混凝土供应不足或运转不正常时，可放慢泵压送速度，保持连续泵送。慢速泵送时间不超过从搅拌到浇筑完成的允许延续时间。（3）Duringpumping,distancebetweenconcreteleveltohopperedgeshallbelessthan200mm.Ifairinbreathed,remixingisrequiredtoeliminateair.泵送过程中，应注意料斗内的混凝土保持不低于料斗上口200mm。如遇吸入空气，立即反泵，将混凝土吸入料斗的空气除去后，再进行压送。（4）Toavoidconcretejam,atthefeedingpoint,aspecialworkerwillbedeployedtopickoutstoneorotherforeignmatters.为防止混凝土堵塞，喂料斗上设专人将大石块及杂物及时检出。（5）Beforethecompletionofthepumping,calculatetheamountofconcretetobeneededandnotifytheconcretesupplystationofitontime.Takeintoaccountoftheamountofconcretetransportedtotheinsideofthepipesincalculation.Concreterejectedintheprocessofthepumpingandthesurplusconcretemixafterpumpingshallbedisposedofinthedesignatedareaproperly.混凝土泵送结束前，应正确计算尚需用的混凝土的数量，并及时通知混凝土供应站。计算混凝土的数量时，应计入输送管内的混凝土数量。泵送过程中废弃的和泵送终止时多余的混凝土拌合物，应按预先确定的场所和处理方法及时进行妥善处理。11．Pumpingconcretecasting泵送混凝土的浇筑（1）Sequenceofpumpingconcretecasting泵送混凝土的浇筑顺序a．Concretecastingstartfromfarpoints浇筑混凝土时，应由远而近浇筑。ｂ．Whenconstructionjointisnotallowed,castinginterruptshallnotexceedinitialpresetting156 time.当不允许留施工缝时，混凝土浇筑间歇时间不得超过混凝土初凝时间。（2）Generalrequirementsforconcretecastingandvibration混凝土浇筑与振捣的一般要求Theconcretewillbepoundedwithhigh-frequencyinsertingvibratingmachineinabout15-30s,thepoundingtimeissubjecttothedepositofcrashedstoneandfloatingofthemortar,butwithoutanybubble.Theinsertingdistanceofthevibratingbarwillbeabout400mm.Thevibratorwillbeinsertedquicklyandtakenoffslowly.Thevibratorwillbemovedevenly,andthemovingdistancewillbelessthan1.5timesoftheradiusofvibratingbar.Thevibratorwillbeinserted50mmunderthelowerlayerwhenvibratingtheupperlayer,soastoremovethejointseambetweentwolayers.混凝土采用高频插入振动器，振捣时间15—30s，以砂浆上浮石下沉，且不再出现气泡为止。振动棒插入间距以600mm为宜。插入式振捣器应做到快插慢拔，插点要均匀排列逐点移动；移动间距不大于振动棒作用半径的1.5倍，振捣上一层时应插入下层5cm，以消除两层间的接缝。Therebarofpostpouringbeltshouldbereinforcedasperdesignrequirement.Constructionforlatepouredband后浇带砼施工：Thelocationoflatepouredbandshouldbepreservedasperdesign.后浇带位置按设计要求位置留置。Accordingtodesignrequirement,thelatepouredbandshouldbepouredin2months.Theconcreteshouldbeslightexpansionconcreteanditsstrengthshouldbehigheronegradethantheoriginalstructurewithcureperiodnotlessthan28days.根据设计要求，宜在二个月后进行施工，砼采用微膨胀砼，强度等级比原结构提高一级，养护不少于28天。PreparedetailedconstructionschemeforlatepouredbandandsubmittoTOYO-Cforapprovalbeforeworking.TaketechnicalexplanationandsubmitconcretemixingratetoTOYO-Cforapprovalbeforeworking.施工前编制详细后浇带施工方案并报TOYO-C批准，执行前进行技术交底，并提交砼配合比报TOYO-C批准。Beforeworking,cleanlooseconcreteonoriginalsurface,temporaryformworkandrubbishwithwater.Performworkasperconcreteconstructionscheme.施工前将原有砼面松散砼、临时模板、垃圾清理干净并用清洁水冲洗，然后按砼施工方案进行砼施工。156 Chapater7SchemeforFlatnessControllingofMassConcreteSlab第七章大面积砼楼面平整度控制方案1.Surfacecontrolofmassconcrete(regularcontrolmethod)大面积砼表面控制（常规控制方法）1.1Bindrebarandinstallformandbereadyforacceptanceasrequiredbydesign.按设计要求完成钢筋绑扎和模板安装工作，并具备验收条件1.2Accordingtorequirementsforbidirectionalspaceuptoabout5m,useΦ18rebarheadtospotweldatjointsofupperandlowersteelmesh,withpadatthebottomtopreventdistortion.按双向间距~5M要求，用Φ18钢筋头点焊在上下钢网交叉点处，下端垫上保护层垫块，防止产生变形；1.3Measureelevationcontrolpointsofeachstubrebarandmakemarks.根据设计要求测量每根短钢筋的标高控制点，并做好标示；1.4Use20*20hallowsquaresteeltospotweldcontrolpoint,withsquaresteelinthesamedirectionasslopeanditsupperedgeindesignelevation.用20*20空心方钢与控制点点焊，方钢布置方向同坡度方向，方钢上口与设计标高一致；1.5Afterconcretecastingandcompaction,screeditalongdirectionofsquaresteelwith6Maluminumalloytrowel.浇灌混凝土并振捣密实后，用6M铝合金刮尺顺方钢布置方向刮平；1.6Afterabout2hours,removesquaresteelandupperpartofstubrebarandfillwithconcreteinthesamegradeandthenscreedwith3mtrowel.待2小时左右，将方钢清除，并将控制用短筋上部清除，用同级混凝土立即填补，然后用3M刮尺刮平。1.7Whenconcretesurfaceisdry,polishittoensureasmoothandleveledsurface.混凝土表面收水后统一收光压面，确保大面积混凝土表面平整、光滑。1.8Methodseeninbelowsketch具体做法见下图。156 156 1.9.ELandlevelnesscontrolofmassconcrete(effect)大体积混凝土的标高和平整度控制(效果)156 2.Levelingcontroloflargeareasofconcretefloor(mechanicalcontrolmethods)大面积砼地坪平整度控制（机械控制方法）Samplesroomtobeconstructedbeforefloor.Fullimplementationaftermeetingthedesignrequirements.正式地坪施工前施工样品间。符合设计要求后全面执行。2.1.Floorconstructionmachineryandprinciples地坪施工机械及原理Constructionofthisprojectthemainfloorofthemachineusinglaserlevelingfloorlevelandflatnesscontrol,Figure1isalaserlevelingmachinebodycompositionchart.本工程地坪的施工主要利用激光整平机进行地坪的水平度和平整度控制，图1是激光整平机机体构成图。LaserScreedtechnologymainlythroughthelasertransmitterwithlevelingmachinetocompletetheconcretelevelingandlayinginjection,vibrationlevelingwork.Figure2isalaserlevelingmachineworks.激光整平技术主要通过激光发射器配合整平机来完成整个混凝土的找平、铺注、振捣整平工作。图2是激光整平机的工作原理。2.2.Superflatfloorconstructionprocess超平地坪施工流程Preparation:thelaserlevelingmachineforequipmentcommissioning.Accordingtothestandardpointoftheoriginalbaselinelevelcitedtwopoints;thelayingofsteeldeck,bandingsteelmesh(largeareaoftheoverallbanding).Branchlocatedsidemode;setupthelasertransmitter,accordingtotheoriginalfloorlevelpointleadintotheLaserScreedElevation准备工作：对激光整平机进行设备调试。根据原始水准点引2个基准水准点；铺设钢承板，绑扎钢筋网(大面积整体绑扎)。支设边模；架设激光发射器，根据原始水准点引地坪标高到激光整平机。156 图1　laserlevelingmachinebodycompositionchart激光整平机主机构成图图2　Schematicdiagramoflaserlevelingmachine激光整平机工作示意图(2)Concretedelivery:dragpumpwithconcretepumpedintothefiberreinforcedconcretefloorconstructionsite.Fibercontentasdesignedinthepre-mixingstationmixingwell,theconcretemixertruckdeliverytotheconstructionsite混凝土输送：用混凝土拖式泵将纤维混凝土泵送至地坪施工现场。纤维在搅拌站按设计掺量预先拌和好，由混凝土搅拌运输车运送到施工现场。(3)ElevationCheck:Inthelargeareaofconstruction,firsttryusingthedevice,thenusethestandardruleronthefloorelevationofthecheck,thesystemwillbeadjustedtotheoptimumlevelelevation标高校核：在大面积施工之前，首先使用设备进行试做，然后使用水准标尺对地坪标高进行校核，将标高系统调整到最佳水平。(4)ConcreteShopNote:Telescopiclaserlevelingmachinewithinrange(6.1m),thefirstlargelyartificialconcretepavingwillbeopento,andthenalaserlevelingmachinetocompletevibration,compaction,levelingwork混凝土铺注：在激光整平机伸缩臂有效范围内(6.1m)，先用人工将混凝土大致摊铺开来，然后由激光整平机一次性完成振捣、压实、整平工作。(5)ManualLeveling:Usethemanualre-levelingdeviceforleveling,tofloat,thesurfaceof156 bubblesandotherCalibrating,canimprovetheflatnessofthefloor.手动整平：使用手动式整平器进行再次整平，把浮游物、表面气泡等刮平，可以提高地坪的平整度。(6)HardenerConstruction:(BrandreporttoP&Gforapproval)硬化剂施工：(品牌报P&G批准)1)IftheprojectusestheWesthardeningagent,scatteringvolumecontrolforthe5kg/m3.若工程采用西卡硬化剂，铺撒量控制为5kg/m3。2)Wipingouttheroughadjustmentintheconcreteslurryhead,providedtheamountisabout2/3ofthehardeningagentspreadevenlyintheconcretesurface,aftercompletionofthefirstspreader,materialhardeningagenttobeacertainmoistureabsorption.Withatrowelmachinegrinding;behardenertoacertainstage.Bythespreadingofmorethan1/3hardeningmaterial,hardeningagenttobecertainmaterialsabsorbmoisture.Againwiththetrowelmachinegrinding:trowelmachinegrindingaspecttobestaggered.Anddependingonthedegreeofhardeningtheground,adjustthetrowelbladeoperatingspeedandangle.Trowelmachinegrindingtimehardenermaterialmayrefertoproductspecifications在混凝土粗抹调出浆头后，即将规定用量的2/3的硬化剂均匀地撒布在混凝土表面，完成第一次撒布后，待硬化剂材料吸收一定水分后.用抹光机进行打磨；待硬化剂到一定阶段后。在撒布乘余1/3硬化材料，待硬化剂材料吸收一定水分后。用抹光机再次进行打磨：抹光机磨面应纵横向交错进行。并视地面的硬化程度，调整抹光机叶片的运转速度和角度。抹光机打磨时间可参照硬化剂材料产品说明书；(7)SurfacePolishing表面修整磨光：1)TimeControlofPlastering:Plasteringtimedeterminesthequality.Tooearlytomakeconcretethelevelofthesurfaceflowpattern.Theaccuracyofflatness;latewillbringwithwipinghardhit.Noteasytotrowel.Sometimesduetofinalsettingtimeofconcretehadtoaffectthestrengthofconcrete.Thebestpeopleintheconcretemoldistocontroltheformationofinitialsettingbegins.Concretesurfacemoisturehasevaporated,peoplebasicallydonotstepupaftersinkingPlastering:Plasteringworkmustbecontrolledbeforethecompletionofthefinalsettingofconcrete抹面时间控制：抹面的时间决定着抹面的质量。过早会使混凝土表面产生高低流纹。影响平整度精度；过迟会给打抹带来用难.不易抹光。有时还会因混凝土终凝时间己到而影响混凝土的强度。最好是控制在混凝土人模平整初凝开始.混凝土表面水分已蒸发，人踩上去基本不下沉后开始抹面：抹面工作必须控制在混凝土终凝前完成。2)Plastering:3stagesofroughplastering,fineplasteringandfinalplastering.抹面：抹面分粗抹、精抹和终抹3个阶段进行。156 3)Roughplastering:theinitialsettingofconcretehad,afterpouringabout3ha4h,theconcretesurfacemoisturehasevaporated,peoplestepupwillnotsink,evenrepeatedlyusingdisk(coarsewipewipeafewtimes,asthecasedecision)trowelcompaction,theendofeachwipes,towaituntilaftertheconcretesurfaceevaporationofwatertofightthenextwipe.Whilescrapingwitha3.5m~5.5Illwipefeetscrapingfurtherleveling.Roughwipingtheintegrityofanareashouldbesmoothcompaction,felloutofmagmaasthemaintarget.Whenwipingroughgridoperatorshouldbewearingshoes粗抹：混凝土己初凝，大约是浇筑后3h一4h，混凝土的表面水分已蒸发，人踩上去不会下沉时，采用圆盘均匀反复(粗抹遍数视抹的情况决定)抹光压实，每抹一遍结束后，要待混凝土表面水分蒸发后再进行下一次打抹。同时用3.5m～5.5Ill刮尺进一步进行刮抹整平。粗抹时应以面积的整体性抹平压实，原浆掉出为主要目标。粗抹时操作人员要脚穿网格鞋。4)Fineplastering:thefinalsettingofconcreteintheconcretepriortopouringabout8h,usedoublediscpolishingmachineforpolishing,inordertoachievecompactionofconcreteandimprovethewearresistanceoftheconcretesurface.Usingtheweightof500kgormoreelectricgrindingmachinepolishing;usebladepolishingdiscgrindingbeforeuse;eachgrinding,thebladeshouldbefurthertilt.Totheconcretesurfacetoincreasefriction,polishedcollectionoflight,sothatuniformglossfloor精抹：混凝土终凝前约在混凝土浇筑8h左右，使用双圆盘抛光机进行抛光，为了达到压实混凝土，提高混凝土表面的耐磨性.使用重量500kg以上的电动打磨机磨光；使用圆盘研磨后再使用刀片抛光；每次打磨时，刀片应进一步倾斜。给混凝土表面增加摩擦力，打磨收光，使地坪光泽度均匀。5)Finalplastering:aboutbeforethefinalsettingofconcrete1h,itssurfacehasbeenbasicallythesamecondensate,onlyaverysmallstepupthetracesoftime.Qualitycontrolpersonneltoconductacomprehensiveinspectionofpartsthatdonotmeettherequirements,furtherpressurewiththetrowelmachinewipethereallight终抹：约在混凝土终凝前1h，其表面已基本凝同，踩上去只有极轻微的痕迹时。质检人员再进行全面检查，对于不符合要求部位，用抹光机进一步压光抹实。(8)Maintenance:Aftertheconcretepolishing,thesurfaceofatleast7dPingshangallowedtomoveheavyobjectsintheconcrete;andkeepmoistconservationstatus;inordertopreventsurfacecontamination,theuseofplasticfilmandothermaterialsformaintenance.Theconcreteandtheexternalisolation:intheconservationperiod,whenthefacelayerofconcretestrengthdoesnotmeetthe1.2mPa,steppingonisstrictlyprohibited养护：混凝土磨光结束后，至少7d表面不许在混凝土地坪上移动重物；并保持湿润养护状态；为了防止表面污染，使用塑料薄膜等材料，进行保养。把混凝土与外部隔离：在养护期间，当面层混凝土强度未达到1.2mPa，严禁上人。156 (9)Jointcutting:maximumdistanceshouldbe7mm;widthof2mm~3mm,depthis25mm;shouldbeimplementedimmediatelyafterthefloorsurfacetreatment,toensurethecompletionbeforethefinalsettingofconcrete.切缝：切缝最大间距宜为7mm；切缝宽度为2mm～3mm，深度为25mm；应在地坪表面处理结束后立即进行切割。即保证切缝在混凝土终凝前进行。(10)other其他工作：1)FlatnessMeasurement:UsingtheF-meter,orthesamelevelofflatnessmeasuringequipmentfortesting.平整度检测：使用F-meter或同等级的测量设备进行平整度测试。2)Glue:beforeuseinthefloor,cuttingtheamountofmaximumcontractionjointsbypouringsealant.灌胶：在地坪使用前，切割缝的收缩量最大时进行灌注西卡填缝胶。3)Sealing,protection,Opentoloadafterconcreteachievesstrength.填缝、保护，直至混凝土达到强度后开放荷载。3.Qualitystandardofsuper-flatfloor超平地坪质量标准TheelevatedslabflatnessshouldmeetAmericanConcreteInstituteACI302.1R-04Coderequirement.架高的楼板的平整度应符合ACI302.1R-04号规范要求.1）Warehouseareainfinishingbuilding,administrationofficearea,andotherinteriorslabsFF=25FL=18finishing的仓库区域，行政办公区域和其他室内楼板FF=25，FL=182）Manufacturingareainbatchbuilding,meltbuildingandfinishingbuilding(designatedonthedrawings)FF=50FL=35batch，melt和finishing的制造区（图纸上有标示）FF=50，FL=35。3.1　Briefofqualitystandard超平地坪质量标准简介BeforeFFandFLcriteriaapplied,rulermeasurestandardhasbeenusedtochecktheflatnessandlevelnessofthefloor.TheoriginalUSstandardis3m/±3mm,andournationalstandardis2m/±4mm.Thisstandardhasbeenappliedformanyyears.Butitisnotscientificanddifficulttorepeat.Becauseseldomcouldgetthesamemeasureresult.Thismeasuremethodcouldnotreflecttheheighterrorofthewholefloorandanalyzethemeasuredata.SothismethodhasbeenreplacedbyFFandFLcriteria.在F数值标准前地面检测均采用直尺测量标准。美国原标准为3m/±3mm，我国现行标准为2m/±4mm，虽然此规范已行之多年。但它既不科学又无法重复.任何人都无法得到相同的量测结果。无法反映整块地坪的高度误差，且没有对量测数据的分析方法。因此逐渐被156 F数值规范替代。FFandFLcriteriaisestablishedbyAmericanConcreteInstitute#117andCanadianStandardAssociation#A23.1tospecifyandmeasuretheflatnessandlevelnessofconcretefloor.Itcontains2values:FF-floorflatness,reflectingtheconvexandconcave,FL-floorlevelness,reflectinginclineandheightdifference.TheFvalueislinearrelationship.TheFvalueishigher,thefloorisflatter.F20is2timesasflatasF10,buthalfasflatasF40.F数值为美同混凝土协会(AmericanConcreteInstitute#117)及加拿大标准协会(CanadianStandardAssociation#A23.1)为规范及测量混凝土地坪平整及高差的标准。此规范包括两个F数值：FF为平整度，FL为高差值，平整度关系着地坪的隆起与凹陷.高差值关系着地坪的倾斜或高差。也就是说平整度FF表示地坪整体意义的起伏程度，水平度FL表示地坪整体意义的倾斜程度。愈高的F数值代表地坪的平整度愈佳。F数值为线性关系，因此F20比F10要平整2倍，却只有F40的1/2平。Diagram3FF/FLintervalforsuper-flatfloor图3　高平整度要求地坪的FF/FL区间Diagram4AmericanFloorPromodelⅧautomeasureinstrumentforflatnessand156 levelness图4　美国FloorPromodelⅧ自动平整度、水平度检测仪围Accordingtothecriteriarequirements,F≥100,FL≥100forthesuper-flatfloor;FF≥50,FL≥50asclassIfloor;FF≥35,FL≥30asclassIIfloor;FF≥25,FL≥20asclassIIIfloor.Forthelogisticshouse,supermarketandelectronicsfactories,ithashigherrequirementsontheground,withFF≥50.ButthegeneralfloorisusuallyforFF20/FL15.根据标准的规定，F≥100、FL≥100为特级地坪(超平地坪)；FF≥50、FL≥50为一类地坪：FF≥35、FL≥30为二类地坪；FF≥25、FL≥20为三类地坪。物流、超市、电子厂房等对地面要求较高者一般要求FF≥50，但根据同外统计资料表明：一般的地坪，通常都落在FF20/FL15之间。3.2　Inspectionmethodforqualityofsuper-flatfloor超平地坪质量标准的检测方法UseMODEL9905F—Meter®orAmericanFloorPromodelⅧtocheckthefloor,basingontheACI一FFandFLcriteria.Evaluatetheconcretequalitybymathematicalstatistic.FF/FL数值的测量采用MODEL9905F—Meter®自动平整度检测仪或者美国FloorPromodelⅧ自动平整度、水平度检测仪等设备，以美国ACI标准一F数值法为标准.利用数理统计的方法，从整体上来评价地坪的浇筑质量。MeasuremethodforFFandFLcriteriaF——数值法测量方法：(1)Onthesamebuildingfloor,laythemeasuringlineinthespecifiedlocation.Themeasuringlinesaredividedby12inches,andtheendofeachlineisasamplingpoint.Marktheheightofallpoints.Thelinereflectsthegroundsituation.在同一楼面上，量测线依指定位置预先放样于地坪上，将抽样测量线按12英寸一段进行划分，每段线的尾端就是一个抽样点，标出所有点的高度，在这条直线上反映地面情况的线段就产生了。(2)Calculatetheheightdifferenceofpointsintheintervalsof30em(12inch).Thenyoucancalculatetheheightdifferenceofpointsintheinterval3m(10feet).Theflatnessandlevelnesscouldbecalculatedbystatisticalanalysisforeverymeasuring.Finally,thedataofeverymeasuringsummarizethedatainthemeasuringarea.Inputthedateincomputertogetthefinalflatness.PleaserefertoANSI/ASTME1155Ma一TestMethodforMeasuringFlatnessandLevelnessofFloorbyFFandFLdigitalsystemin1996(Metric).计算出所有相隔30em(12英寸)的点之问的高差，然后可以计算出相隔3m(10英尺)点间的高差，通过统计分析这些计算出的形象数据.就可以算出每个测试组的水平度和平整度.156 最后每个检测组的数据就汇总出整个测试区域的数据。输入计算机得到最终的平整度数据。具体计算过程参见《ANSI/ASTME1155Ma一1996使用F-数字系统测定楼板平整度和水平度的试验方法(米制)》。 图5　地面高差情况曲线图Diagram6IntervalofmeasuredFF/FL图6　测得FF/FL值所处区间图Formofmeasuredflatness平整度测试报表No.Testlength(ft)试验长度（英尺）FlatnessFF平整度LevelnessFL水平度13353.154.623263.25233350.751.843358.353.5532.565.155.163355.650.4732.551.347.9832.558.746.1931.566581032.561.763.2156 113266.857.81231.557.555.513326055.2143355.145.7153353.545.21632.55851.1173357.449.5Aver32.5ft58.352.5Diagram7Measuredivisiondiagram图7　测试划分区块图InChina,thetraditionalrulerinspectionmethodorlineinspectionmethodcanonlymeasurethequalityofthepartialfloor,butcannotmakeareasonableevaluationofthequalityforthewholefloor.而我国传统直尺检查方法或者拉线检测法，只能局部测量，对地坪质量无法整体合理的做出评价。3.3　ComparisonofprecisenessbetweenFF/FLcriteriaandtraditionalstandardFF/FL标准的测量精度与我国传统标准比较FFandFLvaluecouldnotcomparewithrulerinspectioncode.Butwhencomparingingeneral,getthefollowingdata:F-数值无法与直尺检查的规范相比较，但勉强对照时。可得下列数据：FF　25almostequalingtheheightdifferenceof3m±6mmFF　25　约为3m±6mm的高差FF　50almostequalingtheheightdifferenceof3m±3mmFF　50　约为3m±3mm的高差Diagram8Statisticofmeasuredata156 图8　检测数据统计图FF　100almostequalingtheheightdifferenceof3m±1.5mmFF　100　约为3m±1.5mm的高差3.4　Floorflatnessmeasuredata地坪平整度检测数据(1)(Samplearea)statisticofflatnessmeasuredata(样板区)平整度检测数据统计Super-flatfloorwithaveragevalue-FF58.30/FL52.50测试的平均值-FF58.30/FL52.50，达到超平地坪标准。(2)(Actualconstructionarea)statisticofmeasuredataforsuper-flatfloor(实际施工区)超平地坪检测数据统计Duringtheconstruction,theprofessionalmeasuringunithastaken37timesformeasuringflatnessandlevelnessforthegroundfloorconcreteinthelast2months.TheweightedaveragevalueofmeasureisFF58.05/FL41.25,whichhasachievedtheflatnessrequirementsofthecontract,andreachedtherangeofthesuper-flatfloor.在施工过程中，专业检测单位在近2个月的时间内分区对地坪混凝土平整度进行了37次检测，检测的加权平均值为FF58.05/FL41.25，达到合同规定的平整度要求，基本达到了超平地坪的范围。156 Chapter8Scaffolding第八章脚手架方案1.Material材料要求SteeltubesofФ48×3.5areproposedforscaffolding,accompaniedwithqualitycertificateandconformingtoGB/T13793andGB/T3092orQ235-AclasssteelofGB/T700.Tubeshouldbesmoothandfreeofcrack,scar,splitness,bendorburr;differencebetweenouterdiameterandwallthicknessshouldbelessthan0.5mm,andrustinessshouldnotexceed0.5mm;thebendnessthereofshouldconformtospecification;noholeisallowedinthetube;fastenersshouldbemadeofcastironandconformtoGB15831andfreeofcrackordistortion.脚手架钢管采用Ф48×3.5钢管，钢管应有产品合格证，符合（GB/T13793）或（GB/T3092），其质量符合（GB/T700）中Q235-A级钢的规定，钢管表面平直光滑，不得有裂痕、结巴、分层、硬弯、毛刺，钢管外经与壁厚偏差小于0.5mm，钢管表面锈蚀度不大于0.5mm，钢管的弯曲应符合规范要求，钢管上严禁打孔。扣件采用可煅铸铁扣件，其质量符合（GB15831）规定，有裂缝，变形的严禁使用。2.Installationsequenceforscaffolding脚手架搭设顺序Compactionandlevelingoftheground,100mmthicknessforbedding→plank→groundbar→standingpostbypiece→transom→ledgeoffirststep→transomoffirststep→outriggerbraceintransverse→ledgeofsecondstep→transomofsecondstep→outriggerbraceinhorizontal→walltie-inbar→bracinghandrail→standing-connectedpost→shearingbracing→groundmesh→safetymesh地面夯实平整，铺100mm道碴垫层→铺设木跳板→摆放扫地杆→逐根竖立杆→装扫地小横杆→安装第一步大横杆→安装第一步小横杆→安装横向斜杆→安装第二步大横杆→安装第二步小横杆→安装水平斜杆→安装连墙杆→设置抛撑杆护身栏杆→接立杆→设剪刀撑→铺地笆→外挂密目式安全网。3.Installationofscaffolding脚手架搭设构造1)Ф48×3.5tubeisproposedasstandingpostwithatransversespaceof1.05mandlongitudinaldistance1.8m;30cmbetweentheinnerrowandthewall;themaximumspaceof30cmbetweentransomendandthewall;theotherendextending15-20tothepullbar.钢管脚手架搭设，采用Ф48×3.5钢管作立杆。立杆横距为1.05m纵距为1.8m。里排立杆距墙面30cm，横楞端距墙面不大于30cm，另一端伸出牵杠外边15—20cm。156 2)Paceis1.8m.脚手架步距为1.8m3)TwopiecesofsteeltubesofФ48×3arelaideachpacefullspreadwithdouble-layermeshandtightlyfastenedwithNo.18steelwiretothepullbar.脚手架每步设两根Ф48×3.5钢管搁栅，搁栅上满铺双层脚手板，脚手板四周用18号铁丝与牵杆绑扎牢固。4)Startfromthesecondpaceoftheexteriorscaffolding,railingof1mhighandgroutingbarof30cmhighsetinsidethestandingpostwithsafetymeshoutside.脚手架外侧从第二步起，每步须在立杆里侧设1m高的防护栏杆和30cm的踢脚杆，外侧挂密目式安全网。5)Safetyisolationissetevery4pacebetweenstandingpostandwallsidewithwoodboardorbamboomeshtightwithscaffolding.脚手架每隔4步，应在立柱与墙面之间设安全隔离，用木板或竹笆，隔离层材料与脚手架固定牢固。6)Arigidknotisseteverytwopaceandthreespan.脚手架每二步三跨有一硬拉结。7)Fourcornersofthescaffoldingshouldbegroundedorlighteningprotectedwiththegroundresistancenomorethan10Ω.Refertomoredetailsofsectionofscaffolding.脚手架四角应有接地保护及避雷装置。接地电阻≤10Ω，详图见脚手架剖面图。4.Installationrequirements脚手架搭设要求1)Foundationforstandingpost:wheretheentirescaffoldingisborneshouldbecompactedbylayer,coveredwith100mmthickslag,spreadwithgangplank,overwhichstandsthepost;thefoundationshouldbe50mmhigherabovethephysicalelevationandgooddrainageshouldbeavailable.立杆基础，脚手架整体承压部位应在回填土完后分层夯实，铺100mm厚道渣，上面铺木跳板，立杆放置于木跳板上，脚手架基础应高出自然地坪50mm，并应有排水措施。2）Installationrequirementforstandingpost立杆的搭设要求Onlythoseconnectorsonthetoplayerbelappedandtheremainingbefastened.Buttfastenersadjacentarestaggeredandshouldnotbesetinthesamespan,distancebetweenshouldnotlessthan500mm;orspacebetweeneachconnectorcentertomainknotshouldnotbemorethanonethirdofeachpace;topthestandingpostshouldbe1.2mhigherthanparapetwalltop.Atthebeginningofinstallationofstandingpost,setoneoutriggerbracingevery6paceandremainedunremoveduntilalltie-inpiecesfastened.156 立杆接头除在顶层可采用搭接外，其余各接头必须采用对接扣件连接。相邻立杆对接扣件应错开，不应设在同步跨内，且不应小于500mm，各接头中心距主节点的距离不应大于步距的1/3，脚手立杆顶端高出女儿墙上皮1.2m。开始搭设立杆时，每隔6步设置一根抛撑，直至连墙件安装稳定后方可拆除。Whensettledowntothosestructuresofwalltie-inpieces,tie-inpiecesshouldbesetimmediatelyafterallstandingposts,horizontalbarinlongitudinal,horizontalbarintransversedone,andtie-inpiecesshouldberigidknotted.当搭至有连墙件的构造点时，在搭设完该处的立杆，纵向水平杆，横向水平杆后，应立即设置连墙件，连墙件采用硬拉结。3）Setrequirementforshearingbracing剪刀撑的设置要求Widthforeachshearingbracingshouldnotbelessthan4spansnorlessthan6mwithanangleof45°—60°vsground.Continuouslysetshearingbracingthewholelengthandwidthoftheexteriorscaffolding,andbracingstrokeshouldbelappedwithalengthnolessthan1m,andmorethan2turningfastenersareappliedforfixing.Thespacebetweenthefastenerandbarendshouldnotbelessthan100mm.Thebracingstrokeshouldbefastenedtotheextendedendofthehorizontalbarintransverseorstandingpostwithturningfasteners.每道剪刀撑宽度不应小于4跨，且不小于6m，斜杆于地面的倾角宜在45°—60°之间。在脚手架外侧立面整个长度和高度上连续设置剪刀撑，剪刀撑斜杆的接长宜采用搭接，搭接长度不小于1m，采用不少于2个转向扣件固定，扣件端部边缘至杆端距离不应小于100mm。剪刀撑斜杆应用转向扣件固定在与之相交的横向水平杆的伸出端或立杆上。4）Setrequirementforrailing栏杆的设置要求Railingandtoeboardshouldbesetinsideoftheexteriorstandingpost.栏杆和挡脚板均应搭设在外立杆的内侧Toplayeroftheupperrailingshouldbe1.2mhigh.上栏杆的上皮高度为1.2mToeboardshouldbenolessthan180mmhigh.挡脚板的高度不应小于180mmMidrailingshouldbeinthemiddleofthescaffolding.中栏杆应居中设置5）Settingofthegroundbar扫地杆的设置Groundbarinlongitudinalortransversedirectionshouldbeset.Longitudinalbar156 shouldbefixedbyfastenerofrightanglewithadistancenomorethan200mmaboveground;transversebarshouldbefixedbyfastenerofrightangletothestandingposttightlyclosingtothelowerpartofthelongitudinalbar脚手架必须设置纵横向扫地杆。纵向扫地杆应采用直角扣件固定，固定点距地不大于200mm，横向扫地杆亦用直角扣件固定在紧靠纵向扫地杆下方的立杆上。6）RequirementforConnectingBarwithWall连墙杆的设置要求Thetie-inbetweenscaffoldingandmainstructureistheimportantmeasuretoensuresafetyofscaffolding.Theunderspecificationsshouldbefollowed.脚手架与主体的拉结，是保证脚手架安全的重要措施，应按下列规定严格执行。①.Eachthreepostsshouldbespacedinhorizontaldirection,andbracepointshouldbesetupineachtwostepofverticalorientationofverticalorientation.水平方向每三个立杆间距，垂直方向每二步设一拉撑点②.Thebracingshouldbearthepressure,aswellasthetensionandconnectedwithmainstructurewithsteelpipeandembedwelding.Thecouplerconnectionshouldbeappliedtoconnectwithscaffolding.拉撑连杆应既能承受压力，又能承受拉力，和主体连接可采用钢管和预埋件焊接等措施和脚手架连接可采用扣件连接。③.Thefasteningshouldbenormaltoscaffoldingandtrytomeetthecrosspointofpostandcrossbar,thedistancetomainnodenomorethan30cm.连接件与脚手应垂直，并尽量拉撑在立杆和横楞交接处，距主节点不应大于30Cm。④.Forthetopofscaffoldingwillendurethestrongwind,thebracingbarshouldbereinforced.脚手架最上部分，因承受较大的风力，拉撑连杆应加密设置。5.ConstructionLoadonScaffolding脚手架上的施工荷载1)Theaverageloadonscaffoldingisnomorethan2KN/m².脚手架上的均布荷载不得超过2KN/m²。6.ScaffoldingRemoval脚手架拆除1)Thescaffoldingshouldberemovedafterthewholeworkhasbeencompletedandinspectedbyprojectmanager.脚手架拆除前，应由单位工程负责人召集人员对工程进行全面检查确认建筑物已施工完毕，方可拆除。2)Thewarningspaceshouldbesetupwhenremovalscaffolding.拆除脚手架，应设警区，并有专人负责。156 3)CleaningthesurplusmaterialanddEPrisbeforescaffoldingremoval,andtheremovalworkshouldbeperformedfromtoptobottom,andtheearlierinstalledpartsshouldberemovedlater.拆除脚手架前，应将脚手架上的剩留材料杂物清理干净，按自上而下，先装后拆的顺序进行。4)Theorderforscaffoldingremoval:脚手架的拆除顺序一般为：Scaffoldingmesh→handrail→bracing→grating→stayedpole→standard/verticalbar脚手笆→栏杆→剪刀撑→搁栅→牵杆→立杆Thescaffoldingshouldberemovedfromtoptobottom,andstepremovalshouldnotbetaken.Thetopandbottomremovalshouldnotbeperformedatsametime.Themiddlefasteneronbracingshouldberemovedfirstly,andthenthefastenersoftwoend.Andthebarshouldbepassedtogroundbythepersoninmiddle.自上而下拆除，一步一清，不得采用踏步式拆法，不准上下同时作业，剪刀撑应先拆中间扣，再拆两头扣件，由中间人员往下递杆子。5)Theconnectingbarwithwallshouldbedismantledlayerbylayer.Thescaffoldingshouldnotpermittoremovalaftertheconnectingbardismantledbywholelayers.Theremovalheightofsubsectionisnomorethan2steps.Ifitis,thefastenershouldbeaddedtoconnectingbar.连墙件须随脚手架逐层拆除，严禁先将连墙件整层或数层拆除后再拆脚手架，分段拆除高差不应大于2步，如高差大于2步，应增设连墙件加固。6)Thedismantledbarsandfittingsshouldbeunloadedbycrane.Anybehaviorofthrowisforbidden.拆下的杆件与零配件应分堆用吊车吊下，严禁高空抛掷。7)Thedismantledbarsandfittingsshouldbestockedandpiledaccordingtothetypeandspecificationaftertransportedtoground.拆下的杆件与零配件运至地面应随时按品种，分规格堆放整齐。7.ScaffoldTaggingSystem脚手架标识系统Allscaffoldingmustutiliseascaffoldtaggingsystemtoidentifythecurrentstatusoftheexistingscaffold.(SeeAttachments)所有脚手架必须采用脚手架标识系统来识别现有脚手架的当前状态（参见附件）。RedTag:红色标识牌Underconstruction正在施工Underrepair/modification正在修理/修改156 Incomplete尚未完工GreenTag:绿色标识牌100%completeandacceptedforuse.100％完成并通过验收。Beforeuse,anauthorisedscaffoldinspectorwhoshallcompleteascaffoldtagandsecureitinaprominentpositionatthebaseofallladderaccesspointsshallinspectscaffolding.Thescaffoldingtagshallclearlyshowthefollowinginformationasaminimum:使用前，经授权的脚手架检查人员必须完成脚手架标签，并置于显著位置，保证所有阶梯通道都能进行脚手架检查。脚手架标签必须清楚显示下列信息：Location位置ReferenceNoRequestedby所需参考号AccessScaffoldClassification脚手架通道分类MaximumDistributedload/WorkingLift最大分布载荷/工作层数MaximumnumberofWorkingLiftstobeusedsimultaneously同时使用的最多工作层数DateErected立牌日期Erectedby立牌人Inspectedby检查人8.ScaffoldAcceptance脚手架验收156 OnlytrainedScaffoldInspectorsareallowedtoinspectandtagscaffoldingonsite.Allscaffoldsarerequiredtobetaggedandonlyauthorisedpersonnelcanreplacetagsthathavebecomeillegible,wornordamagedorifsupersededbyanothertag.只有接受过培训的脚手架检查人员方可对现场脚手架进行检查和标识。所有脚手架必须进行标识，而且，只有授权人员才有权更换已不符合要求的、磨损、被损坏或被其他标识代替的标识牌。9.ScaffoldUse脚手架使用OncescaffoldinghasbeenconstructedandacceptedforuseallScaffoldUsersmustuseitinasafemanner.Thefollowingisanoutlineofsafeworkpracticesthatshouldbeadoptedwithongoinguseofascaffold.脚手架一旦完成搭建且经验收认可后，所有脚手架使用者必须按安全规范进行使用。下面对上脚手架作业应采取的安全作业规程做了一个归纳总结：Allworkonscaffoldsgreaterthan1.8metersinheightmustbestoppedinroughweatherorhighwindspeeds.TobedeterminedbyConstructionManager/ProjectSafetyManager.在恶劣天气和大风季节应禁止在超过1.8米高的脚手架上进行作业。应按施工经理／项目安全经理的指令行事。Allscaffoldswillbekeptfreeofrubbishandclearoftoolsandmaterials.所有脚手架上不得存放垃圾、工具和材料。Allscaffoldplatformsaretobekeptfreeofoil&greaseact.在所有脚手架平台上不应进行油和油脂类工作。Nomaterialstobestockpiledonscaffolds.脚手架上不得堆放任何材料。Toolsandmaterialsarenottobethrownfromonescaffoldtoanotherorfromonepersontoanotherorfromelevationstothegroundorfromthegroundtoelevation.不应将工具和材料从一个脚手架扔到另一个脚手架和从一个人手里扔向另一个人或者从高处向地上扔或从地面向高处抛。Handlinesandbucketsaretobeusedforraisingandloweringlighthandtoolsandequipment.应采用吊绳和吊斗进行工具和设备的提升和放低操作。Accessladdersaretobeusedfromonescaffoldtoanother.从一个脚手架到另一个脚手架时应采用爬梯。Note:Jumpingfromonescaffoldtoanotherisprohibited.Climbingscaffoldingonitsexteriorperimeterisstrictlyprohibited.Climbingoverhandrailsisstrictlyprohibited.156 注意：不得从一个脚手架跨跳到另一个脚手架上。严禁沿脚手架的外缘攀爬。不得攀越脚手架扶手。ScaffoldsshallbeinspectedatweeklyintervalsbytheAuthorizedScaffoldInspectorwhoshallsignanddatethe“ScaffoldTag“aftereachinspection.Scaffoldingnotconsideredsafeshallhavethescaffoldtagwithdrawnandaprominent“DONOTUSE“signdisplayed.脚手架必须由有资质的脚手架检查员每周进行检查，并在每次检查后在“脚手架标签”上签署姓名和日期。认为不安全的脚手架必须撤下脚手架标签，并显著挂上“不得使用”标识.TheAuthorisedScaffoldInspectorshallkeepascaffoldregister.Thisshallcontain:许可的脚手架检查员必须保存有脚手架记录，包括：Dateoffirstandsubsequentweeklyinspections.首次及随后每周检查日期IndividualidentificationofallScaffoldsthatshallbecrossedreferencedtothescaffoldtagidentitynumber.对应于脚手架标签的脚手架识别信息ClearnameandsignatureoftheAuthorisedScaffoldInspectoragainsteachseparateScaffoldinspected首次脚手架检查的许可检查员的姓名和签名156 Chapter9ConstructionSchemeforRoadandPavement第九章道路、铺砌施工方案1.Constructionpreparation施工准备Beforestartofexteriorwork,theworkofU/Gpipe,earthingofwholeplantandsleeveforcablecrossingtheroadshouldbefinished在室外工程开工以前，要作好各方面的施工准备工作，其中需要现场解决的问题有：地下管网、全厂接地、电缆穿道路处的套管安装完成等。Onmeetingforreviewdrawing,rechecktheelevationsuppliedbymunicipaladministration.Andcomparetheelevationindrawingwithactualonetoconfirmwhetherthereiserror.组织图纸会审，对市政提供的标高进行复核，根据图纸提供的标高与现场实际测量标高对比，是否有误差。Dismantlingofsitetemporaryfacilityandsmallstructure.现场临时设施及小型构筑物的拆除等。2.Constructionarrangement施工部署Theconstructionorganizationsequenceasfollow:各个工序的施工组织顺序如下：Roadandpavement:settingoutèexcavationandcompactionofroadbedèrainwaterpipeinstallationègullyinstallationègravelbeddingèPEfilmèrebarèformworkèconcreteforroadsurfaceècuring道路、铺砌：定位放线è路基开挖、压实è雨水管安装è雨水口安装è碎石垫层è铺聚乙烯薄膜è钢筋绑扎è支模è砼路面施工è养护。3.Constructionprocessforvarioussub-projects各分项工程施工工艺3.1Constructionofoutdoorsroads室外道路3.1.1Technicalexplanation技术交底Technicalexplanationforconstructiondrawingsshallbecarriedout;Carefullyreadconstructiondrawingsandcompareconstructiontechnicalspecificationsandqualityinspectionstandards;inspectandfulfillconstructionpreparationworkofconstructionteamtocontrolconstructionqualityandprogressinadvance.Thensubmittechnicalconstructionplantosupervisionengineerandonlyafterapprovalconstructionworkcan156 becarriedout.进行施工图交底，认真阅读施工图，对照施工技术规范及质验标准，制订相应技术措施，查落实班组的施工准备情况，做到施工质量、进度的事前控制。然后将施工技术方案报请监理工程师审批方可施工。3.1.2.Settingoutandelevationworkonjobsite场地放样、定标高Accordingtoconstructioncoordinatesgridinoutdoorsdesigndrawings,allcoordinatesshallbemarkedonjobsitewithpilesteeling;thensettingoutshallbecarriedoutaccordingtocoordinatesanddesigndrawings;thenelevationofcoordinatespilesshallbedetermined;attentionshallbepaidtousesamedatummark.按照室外工程设计图所绘的施工坐标方格网，将所有坐标点测设到场地上并打桩定点。然后以坐标桩点为准，根据设计图，在场地地面上放出场地的边线，主要地面设施的范围线和挖方区、填方区之间的零点线。然后定出坐标桩点标高，注意尽量采用共同基准点。3.1.3.Reviewofgeologicalwork地形复核Reviewofsitegeologicalsituationshallbecarriedoutcomparingtoverticaldesigndrawings.Ifthereisanymissingofnatureelevationdataforvariouscoordinatesandcontrolpoints,theyshallbefilledwhensurveyingonjobsite.对照竖向设计图，复核场地地形。各坐标点、控制点的自然地坪标高数据，有缺漏的要在现场测量补上。4.Outdoorsroads室外道路4.1.Concreteroadconstruction混凝土路面施工4.1.1.Workflow施工工艺流程图156 施工准备基底验收测量放样模板安装混凝土浇筑机具准备砼振捣、抹面锯缝、灌缝养护Cons.Prep.Flooraccept.Survey,lineForminstall.ConcretecastingToolprep.Concretevibrate,screedSaw,groutjointsCuring4.1.2.Formworkerection模板安装4.1.2.1.Usetimberuprightform,ensurelevelnessandsmoothnessinsideandtopofform,seamlesssplicingandsmoothanddamage-lesscorners.Controluprightformatdesignlocationandwithinthescopeofelevation.Ensuresupportsaresecurelyfixedwithoutseamlessandevenjointswithoutbeingstaggered.Noslurryleaksatformjointsandthejunctureofformandbaselayer.Cleanandapplyseparationagenttotheinsideofform,useφ18×50cmirontooltofixformintobaselayer,clungtobytheoutsideoftheirontool.Incaseofgaps,usetimberstofillthemandhavethemfixedonform.在施工现场，立模全部采用木模，模板内侧和顶面保持平整、光滑，拼接要求严密无缝隙，角隅平整无缺损。立模严格控制在设计的平面位置和高程范围内。支立稳固准确，接头紧密而无离缝、前后错位和高低不平等现象。模板接头处及模板与基层相接处均不能漏浆。模板内侧清洁并涂涮隔离剂，支模时用φ18×50cm铁撅打入基层固定，外侧铁撅与模板要靠紧，如个别有空隙处加木块，并固定在模板上。4.1.2.2.Invibrating,themaximumhorizontaldeflectionofformshouldbelessthan4mm,andtheheightofformsameasconcreteroadpanelswithadeviationof±2mm.Thelocationof156 perforationofdrawingpoleforevenjointsoflongitudinalformshouldbeaccurateandtheerrorforthelengthoftongueorgrooveoftongueandgroovejoints±2mm.振捣时模板横向最大挠曲应小于4mm，高度与混凝土路面板厚度一致，误差不超过±2mm。纵缝模板平缝的拉杆穿孔眼位应准确，企口缝其企口舌部或凹槽的长度误差木模板为±2mm。4.1.3.Concretepaving混凝土摊铺4.1.3.1.Priortopaving,checkthelocationandelevationofform,andwhethersupportsaresecureandbaselayerevenandwet,whetherformstrippingagentisapplied,andwhetherrebariserectedproperlyandwhetherforcetransmissionpolesanddrawingpolesarecorrectlylocated.Thedepthofpavingislinkedtopreformedheightofvibrating,whichwillbedeterminedduringinitialtestofconcreteroadconstruction,approx.10%ingeneral.摊铺前检查模板位置、高程、支设是否稳固和基层平整润湿，模板是否涂遍脱模剂，检查钢筋的安设和传力杆、拉杆等的设置情况，合格后方可摊铺。摊铺厚度应考虑振实预留高度，预留高度在混凝土路面施工初期试验确定，一般在10%左右。4.1.3.2.Paving,vibratingandlevelingetcofconcreteshouldbeconductedcontinuouslywithoutanysuspense.Incaseofsuspenseforcertainreasons,establishconstructionjointswherejointsareextendedasperdesign.Afterpavingconcrete,useinserttypeandplatetypevibratorforuniformvibration.Vibratethesidesandedgesofconcreteplateswithinserttypevibratorinitiallyforonce.Vibratingatthesameplaceshouldnotbelessthan20S.Thedistanceofinserttypevibratorshouldbeatmost1.5timesasmuchasitsradius.Collidingwithforandrebarshouldbeavoided.Andthenuseplatetypevibratorforthoroughvibrating.Vibratingatoneplaceshouldlasttillnobubbleorcementmortarshowsuponconcrete.每车混凝土的摊铺、振捣、整平、做面应连续进行，不得中断。如因故中断，应设置施工缝，并宜设在设计规定的接缝位置。摊铺混凝土后，应随即用插入式和平板式振动器均匀振实。振捣时先用插入式振动器振混凝土板壁边缘，边角处初振或全面顺序初振一次。同一位置振动时不宜少于20S。插入式振动器移动的间距不宜大于其作用半径的1.5倍，其至模板的距离应不大于作用半径的0.5倍，并应避免碰撞模板和钢筋。然后再用平板振动器全面振捣，同一位置的振捣时间，以混凝土不再冒出气泡并流出水泥砂浆为准。4.1.3.3.Donotstamponrebarmeshinplacingreinforcedconcretemesh,butbeforeplacing,pavethebottomwithalayerofconcretemixtureatcertainthicknessthatIsdependentondesignelevationofrebarmeshandsettlement.Afterplacing,continuecastingconcrete.Pavetheedgewithconcretemixtureandcompactittilldesignelevationofrebarandthenplaceedgerebarandpressitwithconcretemixtureatthebend-uponbothends.156 钢筋混凝土板钢筋网片的安放时不得踩踏钢筋网片.安放单层钢筋网片时,应在底部先摊铺一层混凝土拌合物,摊铺高度应按钢筋网片设计位置预加一定的沉落度.待钢筋网片安放就位后,再继续浇筑混凝土.安放边缘钢筋时,应先沿边缘铺筑一条混凝土拌合物,拍实至钢筋设置高度,然后先安放边缘钢筋,在两端弯起处,用混凝土拌合物压住.4.1.3.4.Afterthoroughvibratingofconcrete,usevibratorybeamtodraw,pull,compactandscreedingfor2–3timesinaslowandsteadypace(1.2-1.5m/min)withoutsuspensemidway.Levelroughareasbyexcavatingandbackfillingbyhand.Finallyuseseamlesssteeltuberollingboxtofurtherrollandpushthesurfacetoensuremoreevensurface.混凝土全面振捣后，再用振动梁进一步拖拉振实并初步整平。振动梁往返拖拉2～3遍，移动速度要缓慢均匀，不许中途停顿，前进速度以每分钟1.2～1.5m为宜。凡有不平之处，应及时辅以人工挖填补平。最后用无缝钢管滚筒进一步滚推表面，使表面进一步提浆均匀调平。4.3.3.5.Aftervibrating,startplastering,whichisgenerallyconductedtwice.First,plasterrightafterleveling.Getridofstayingwaterandpressdownstones.Second,itstartsafterstayingwateronconcreterecedesandtheconcreteisatthepresettingstatusbutthesurfaceisstillwet.Checkconcreteplatesurfacewitha3mruler.Afterleveling,roughcasthorizontallyorcarvegrainstoformroughandgrainedsurface.振捣完成后进行抹面，抹面一般分两次进行。第一次在整平后，随即进行。驱除泌水并压下石子。第二次抹面须在混凝土泌水基本结束，处于初凝状态但表面尚湿润时进行。用3m直尺检查混凝土板表面。抹平后沿横方向拉毛或用压纹器刻纹，使路面混凝土有粗糙的纹理表面。4.1.4.Expansion,contraction,longitudinalandconstructionjoints胀缝、缩缝、纵缝、施工缝4.1.4.1.Expansionjoints胀缝1.2mwideexpansionjointsofconcreteroadshouldbelocatedatintervalof18－24masperdesign.Concretepanelsonbothsidesmustbecompletelyseparated,straightandeven,andexpansionjointsverticaltocenterlineofroad,andconsistentinwidthwithoutmortarwithin.Theraisedendofforcetransmissionpolecanbesetupatonesideofjointsorstaggered.Fixedpolesmustbeverticaltoplatesurfaceandroadcenterlinewithamaximumerrorof5mm.Forcetransmissionpolescanbefixedthewaytopwoodformorsupportisfixed.Useasphaltwoodplatesforexpansionplatesonwhichtemporarywoodenembeddedjointstripshouldbeinsertedandtakenoutsoftlywhenconcretefacecourseisdryingandplastered.156 混凝土路面胀缝的间隔按设计要求每隔18－24m设置一条，缝宽1.2cm，两边相依的混凝土板必须完全断开，两边板面保持齐平顺直，胀缝应与路面中心线垂直，缝隙宽度必须一致，缝中不得连浆。胀缝传力杆的活动端可设在缝的一边或交错布置。固定后的传力杆必须平行于板面及路面中心线，其误差不得大于5mm。传力杆的固定，可采用顶头木模固定或支架固定安装的方法。胀缝板采用沥青木丝板，板上面应预埋用木板制成的临时嵌缝条，在混凝土面层收水抹面时轻轻取出。4.1.4.2.Contractionjoints缩缝10mmcontractionjointsarelocatedatintervalof5M.Jointcuttingshouldbeusedforextractionjointconstruction.Cutwithacuttingmachinewhenconcretestrengthreaches25%-30%ofdesignstrength.Whencoolingcuttingjointswithwater,makesurewaterisnotfilteredtobasecourseandsoilfoundation.Halfofthelengthofforcetransmissionpoleisanchoredatconcreteandtheotherhalfisappliedwithasphaltwithslidingpermitted.Forcetransmissionpolemustbeverticaltojointwall.混凝土路面的缩缝的间隔设计5M，缝宽10mm。缩缝的施工方法应采用切缝法。在混凝土达到设计强度25%-30%时，应采用切割机进行切割。切缝用水冷却时，应防止切缝水渗入基层和土基。缩缝传力杆的长度一半锚固于混凝土中，另一半应涂沥青，允许滑动。传力杆必须与缝壁垂直。4.1.4.3.Constructionjoints施工缝Thelocationofconstructionjointsshouldbeconsistenttothedesignlocationofexpansionorcontractionjoints.Constructionjointsshouldbeverticaltoroadcenterline.Forcetransmissionpoleshouldbepreformedthesamewayascontractionjoints.施工缝的位置宜与胀缝或缩缝设计位置吻合。施工缝应与路面中心线垂直。传力杆留置方式同缩缝。4.1.4.4.Longitudinaljoints纵缝Forlongitudinaltongueandgroovejoints,castthesideofconcretepanelwithsunkenedges,andbrushjointwallwithasphalt.Clingtojointwallincastingadjacentpanels.UseΦ14screwrebarfordrawingpoleoflongitudinaljointsandplaceitinthemiddleofpanels.企口缝纵缝，宜先浇筑混凝土板凹棱的一边，缝壁应涂刷沥青。浇筑邻板时应靠缝壁浇筑。纵缝拉杆采用Φ14螺纹钢筋，并设置在板厚中间。4.1.5.Jointgroutingandsawing灌缝与锯缝4.1.5.1.Sawjointspromptlywhenconcreteishardenedorwhenconcretestrengthreaches5-10MPA.Itcanalsobesubjecttotrialsawingonsite.Itcantbepostponedesp.inSummerandwhentemperaturechangesallofasudden,butitcantbedonetooearlyorcoarseaggregatewillstripoffmortar.锯缝应及时，在混凝土硬结后尽早进行，宜在混凝土强度达到5～10MPa时进行，也可以由工地试锯确定，特别是在夏季和天气温度骤变时不可拖延，但也不能过早，过早会导致粗集料从砂浆中脱落。156 4.1.5.2.Aftercuringofconcrete,filljointsontime,butbeforethat,makesurejointsinsidearecleananddry.Whenfillingexpansionjoints,applyalayerofcoolingoilonjointwallandfillthemcompletelyandcompactly.Groutingwithfillersshouldbe3-4cmindepth.Prefabricatedembeddedjointstripsofcontraction,longitudinalandconstructionjointscanbeinsertedwhenjointgrooveisformed.Makesurethestripsarestraightandorderly.混凝土养护期满后，缝隙应及时填灌，灌缝时缝槽应洁净干燥，如灌注胀缝则缝壁内涂一层冷底子油，填缝料要灌填充实、紧密。填缝料的灌注深度宜为3-4CM。缩缝、纵缝、施工缝的预制嵌缝条，可在缝槽形成时嵌入。嵌缝条应顺直整齐。4.1.6.Curing养护Coverconcreteplateswithwetstrawbagsformaintenancefor7daysontime.Notrafficisallowedduringcuring.Dismantleconcreteplateformatappropriatetime(24hourslater),makingsureconcreteisnotdamagedandtheturnoverofconcreteisconsidered.Itissubjecttotemperatureandconcretestrengthonsite.Ifnecessary,trialdismantlementtestshouldbeconducted.Careshouldbetakenwhiledismantlingformwork,withoutcausinganydamagetothesidesandcornersofconcreteplates.混凝土板做面完毕后应及时养护，养护采用湿草包覆盖养生，养护期为7天；养护期间禁止车辆通行。混凝土板拆模要注意掌握好时间（24小时后），一般以既不损坏混凝土，又能兼顾模板周转使用为准，现场视气温和混凝土强度增长情况而定，必要时可做试拆试验确定。拆模时操作要细致，不能损坏混凝土板的边、角。156 Chapter10MasonryWork第十章砌体工程1.General概述ThisschemecouldbeappliedinmasonryworkofSolvay（Changshu)Project.Thatisexteriorenclosurewallbuiltupwith200thickaeratedconcreteblocks.Theworkshouldbecompliedwithtechnicalcode:nationalconstructionandacceptancespecification.本方案适用于苏威（常熟）项目砌体工程，本工程墙体：外围护墙为200厚加气砼墙体。采用的技术规范和国家相关施工及验收规范。2.Constructionpreparationandrequirement施工准备和要求2.1.SubmitconstructionplantoTOYO-Cforapproval.提交工作计划交TOYO-C批准2.2.Submitqualificationofprofessionalengineer.提交专业工程师资格证书。2.3.Duringconstruction,keepaccurateengineeringreport,showitontheconstructiondrawingandissuethedrawingbyAUTOCAD14.ThesedocumentwillbesubmittedtoTOYO-Cforas-builtdrawing.施工期间做好精确的工程记录，并表示在用AUTOCAD14制作生成的施工图纸和详图上，这些资料最后作为竣工资料的一部分提交给TOYO-C。3.Constructionprocedure施工工艺流程Settingforwall→Preparemortar→arrangeblock→pavemortar→locateblockWateringblock→emendation→brickandinlayblocks→groutingforverticaljoints→treatingjoints墙体放线→制备砂浆→砌块排列→铺砂浆→砌块就位砌块浇水→校正→砂筑镶砖→竖缝灌砂浆→勒缝4.Bricktechnologyandrequirements砌筑技术及要求Beforeformalconstruction,makeasamplesizedastherealthingtoinstructtheassemblycourseandaskTOYO-Cforapproval.Onceitisapproved,thissamplewillbe156 treatedasstandardformakingandacceptingwork.Onceitisnotapproved,changeandimprovesampleasperrequirementtillitmeetsrequirement.正式施工前，在现场安装一个与实物原样大小的样品，说明其配套组装过程，报TOYO-C批准，一旦被批准，就将做为此工程的制作验收标准；如被拒绝，需对样品按要求进行更换和改进，达到认可要求。1）Treatmentforbedcourse基层处理Cleansurfaceofconcretebeamandcolumnatfootofaeratedconcretewallandlevelwithmortar.Checkthelevelnesswithlevelruler.将砌筑加气混凝土砌块墙体根部的混凝土梁、柱的表面清扫干净，用砂浆找平，拉线，用水平尺检查其平整度。2）Inordertoreducecuttingworkonjobsiteandprovideconvenienceforpreparingmaterials,blocksshallbedesignedtoarrangepriortomasonrywork.为了减少施工现场切锯工作量，便于备料，砌筑前应进行砌块的排列设计。3）Accordingtoarrangementdrawingsandblockdimensionandjointsthickness,polesshallbefabricatedandstandatbothendsofwall.Directlineshallbesetbetweentwopolesfacetoface;settingoutwalllineatbricklocation.根据排列图纸及砌块尺寸，灰缝厚度制作皮数杆，并立于墙的两端，两相对皮数杆的同皮标志处之间拉准线，在砌筑位置放出墙身边线。4）Priortobuilding,visualinspectionshallbecarriedoutandtrytousestandardblockwhileavoidtouseassistantspecsandun-moldedblockandprohibitusingbrokenblocks.砌筑前，应对砌块外观质量进行检查，尽可能用规格标准砌块，少用辅助规格和异型砌块，禁止用断裂砌块。5）Priortobuilding,blocksurfaceshallbecleanedandwateredproperly;watercontentshallbenomorethan15%.砌筑前，应清除砌块表面污物，并应适量洒水湿润，含水率一般不超过15%。6）Agglomeratednormalbrickormulti-holebrick,ornormaltinyconcretehollowblockorconcretesillshallbeusedtobuildbottomaeratedconcreteblockwall,withheightnolessthan200mm.在加气混凝土砌块墙底部应用烧结普通砖或烧结多孔砖砌筑，也可用普通混凝土小型空心砌块或混凝土坎台砌筑，其高度不宜小于200mm。7）Aeratedconcreteblockwithdifferentdensityandstrengthshallnotbemixedandaeratedconcreteblockshallnotbemixedwithotherbrick,block.Whilemixingofnormalbrickandmulti-holebrickatlocalwallbottom,walltopandwindows&doorsopeningsisallowed.156 不同干密度和强度等级的加气混凝土砌块不应混砌，加气混凝土砌块也不得与其他砖、砌块混砌。但在墙底、墙顶及门窗洞口处局部采用普通粘土砖和多孔砖砌筑不视为混砌。8）Jointshallbestraightandlevelwithfullmortar.Horizontaljointthicknessshallbenomorethan15mm;verticaljointshallbegroutedafterfastenedwithexteriorandinteriortemporaryplateandwidenessshallbenomorethan20mm.灰缝应横平竖直，砂浆饱满。水平灰缝厚度不得大于15mm。竖向灰缝宜用内外临时夹板夹住后灌缝，其宽度不得大于20mm。9）Atcornerofblockwall,blocksoflongitudinalandacrosswallshallbeoverlappedbuilt.AtTjoiningpointofblockwall,endsurfaceofacrosswallshallbeshown.砌块墙的转角处，应隔皮纵、横墙砌块同时相互搭砌。砌块墙的T字交接处，应使横墙砌块隔皮端面露头。10）Whenbrickingneartobeamandslabbottomofupperstructure,normalagglomeratedbrickshallbeusedtobrickinaninclinedmethodandtopiletightly;Inclineofbrickwillbeapprox.60°andmortarshallbefull.砌到接近上层梁、板底时，宜用烧结普通砖斜砌挤紧，砖倾斜度为60°左右，砂浆应饱满。11）Two6mmrebarshallbesetonupperpartofwallopeningwithlengthexceedingbothsidesofopeningof500mm.墙体洞口上部应放置2根直径6mm钢筋，伸过洞口两边的长度，每边不应小于500mm。12）Atjoiningbetweenblockwallandbearingwallorcolumn,pullingrebarshallbeembeddedinbearingwallorhorizontaljoints;onesetpullingrebarshallbesetevery1mandtwo6mmrebarshallbeincluded(withbendinghook)withlengthexceedingwallorcolumnsurfacenolessthan700mm.whenbricking,embedpartexceedingoutintohorizontaljointsofblockwall.砌块墙与承重墙或柱交接处，应在承重墙或柱的水平灰缝内预埋拉结钢筋，拉结钢筋沿墙或柱高每1m左右设一道，每道为2根直径6mm的钢筋（带弯钩），伸出墙或柱面长度不小于700mm，在砌筑砌块时，将此拉结钢筋伸出部分埋置于砌块墙的水平灰缝中。13）Noscaffoldingholesareallowedtobeleftinaeratedconcreteblockwall.加气混凝土砌块墙上不得留脚手眼。14）Forcuttingblock,specialtoolsshallbeused;Prohibitusingaxeortilefalchion.切锯砌块应使用专用工具，不得用斧或瓦刀任意砍劈。15）Constructionheightofaeratedconcreteblockwallshallbenomorethan1.8meachday.加气混凝土砌块墙每天砌筑高度不宜超过1.8m。16）Whenitisneededtoblockopeninginwall,deformedblockoraeratedconcreteshallbe156 usedtopatch,ormortarshallbeusedtoblock.Noothermaterialsareallowedtobeusedtoblock.墙上孔洞需要堵塞时，应使用经过切锯的异形砌块或加气混凝土修补，或用砂浆填堵，不得用其他材料堵塞。17）Whenbricking,applyfullmortaronwholelengthofblockandkeepmortarequalinthicknessandlevelonsurface.Afterapplyingmortar,blockshallbeputonimmediatelyonthebasisofpoleandshallbelocatedrightlyandleveledwell;jointthicknessshallbeassured.Ifmortarisappliedandnoblockisputonimmediatelythusmortarbecomeshard,mortarshallbechiseledawayandnewmortarshallbeapplied.Longitudinaljointcanbefilled,vibratedandleveledinabaffleblockingmethodorothermethods.Standardlineshallbesetforeachbatchofblock.Mortarjointsshallbestraightandprohibitwateringgroutingjoint.Mortarjointshallbeformedas0.5~0.8mmsunkenjointasbricking.砌筑时，应在每一块砌块全长铺满砂浆。铺浆薄厚应均匀，砂浆面应平整。铺浆后立即放置砌块，要求对准皮数杆，一次摆正找平，保证灰缝厚度。如铺浆后没有立即放置砌块，砂浆凝固了，应铲去砂浆，重新铺浆。竖缝可用挡板堵缝法填满、捣实、刮平，也可采用其他填缝方法。每皮砌块均应拉水准线。灰缝应横平竖直，严禁用水冲浆灌缝。随砌随将灰缝勾成0.5~0.8mm的凹缝。18）Priortocastingperimeterbeam,foundationsurfaceshallbecleanedandmortarslagsshallbesweptandwaterthework;Insulationblockatexteriorsideofringshallalsobewatered;thenstartcasting.灌筑圈梁前，应清理基面、扫除灰渣，浇水湿润，圈梁外侧的保温块应同时润湿，然后浇注。19）Reinforcedconcretepre-fabricatedelbowboardshallbeinstalledinadvancewhenbricking;Andinstallationofelbowboardaftererectionofframeisnotallowed.钢筋混凝土预制窗台板，应在砌墙时先安装好，不应在立框后塞放窗台板。20）ifthereisnorelatedregulationindesign,nocentralizedloadisallowedtoputonaeratedconcretewalldirectly,orelsebeamcushionshallbesetorothermeasurementsshallbetaken.设计无规定时，不得有集中荷载直接作用在加气混凝土墙上，否则应设置梁垫或采取其他措施。21）whencuringcast-in-situconcrete,watering156 shallavoidlong-termflowingtopreventmarinatingofblock.对现浇混凝土养护时，浇水不能长时间流淌，避免发生砌块浸泡现象。22）waterpipethroughwallshallbetreatedwithanti-penetrationmeasurements.Whenpullingthroughwall,admittingonwallorembeddinginwall,ironsshallbetreatedwithanti-corrosionmeasurements.穿越墙体的水管，要严防渗透。穿墙、附墙或埋入墙内的铁件应做防腐处理。23）blockwallshallbebrickedwithwellperformedspecialmortarormixedmortar;Minstrengthofmortarshallbenolessthanm2.5;forzoneswithanti-shakeandhotprocessingrequirements,selectmortaraccordingtodesigntobrick;incoldareas,exteriorwallshallbeconstructedwithinsulationmortarandprohibitusingmixedmortar.Mortarmustbemixedthoroughlyandshallbeusedassoonasmixed;mortardensityshallbe70~100mm.砌块墙体宜采用粘结性能良好的专用砂浆砌筑，也可用混合砂浆，砂浆的最低强度不宜低于m2.5级；有抗震及热工要求的地区，应根据设计选用砂浆砌筑，在寒冷和严寒地区的外墙应采用保温砂浆，不得用混合砂浆砌筑。砌筑砂浆必须搅拌均匀，随搅拌随用，砂浆的稠度以70~100mm为宜。24)Aeratedconcreteblockshallnotbeusedunderfollowingcircumstancesifwithouteffectivemeasurements:加气混凝土砌块，如无有效措施，不得使用在以下部位：（1）Buildingelevationisunder±0.00;建筑物的标高±0.00以下；（2）Partlong-terminundatedbywaterordryingandwettingbyturns;长期浸水或经常受干湿交替部位；（3）Partcorrodesbychemicals受酸碱化学物质侵蚀的部位；（4）Partwithsurfacemoisturemorethan80℃.制品表面湿度高于80℃部位。25)Sunkenandprotrudingpartofaeratedconcreteexteriorwallamongwallsurfacehorizontaldirectionincludingarchitrave,canopy,exceedingeaves,andwindowsilletc,shallbetreatedwithfloatingordroppingmeasurementstopreventseeper.Decorationprotectionshallbesetforwallsurface.加气混凝土外墙墙面水平方向的凹凸部分如线脚、雨罩、出檐、窗台等，应作泛水或滴水，以免积水。墙表面应作饰面保护层。5.Constructionmethod施工方法156 1）Wallsettingout:Priortoconstruction,foundationsurfaceorfloorstructuresurfaceshallbeleveledaccordingtoelevationandsetoutaxisline,blockfoullineandopeninglineforfirstbatchofblockaccordingtobrickingdrawing.墙体放线：砌体施工前，应将基础面或楼层结构面按标高找平，依据砌筑图放出第一皮砌块的轴线、砌体边线和洞口线。1）Blockarranging:Separatingblockanddetermineruler,andmarklineinwallscopeaccordingtoblockarrangingdrawings.Seedetailedrequirementsandmethodsasfollowings:砌块排列：按砌块排列图在墙体线范围内分块定尺、划线，排列砌块的方法和要求如下：aPriortobricking,blocksshallbearrangedaccordingtoengineeringdesignconstructiondrawingsonthebasisoftype,specandprotractedblockarrangingdrawing.砌块砌体在砌筑前，应根据工程设计施工图，结合砌块的品种、规格、绘制砌体砌块的排列图，经审核无误，按图排列砌块。bBlocksshallbearrangedfromfoundationorfoundationsurface,interface±0.00;Duringarranging,blockswithmainspecsshallbeusedandshalltake75%～80%ofwholequantity.砌块排列应从地基或基础面、±0.00面排列，排列时尽可能采用主规格的砌块，砌体中主规格砌块应占总量的75%～80%。cForarrangingblock,upperlayerandlowerlayershallbestaggered;generallyoverlaplengthshallbe1/2ofblockwhilenolessthan1/3ofblockheightandnolessthan150mmmeanwhile;ifoverlaplengthcannotmeetregulatedrequirements,measurementsofpressingtobrickrebargridshallbetakenanddetailsconstitutionshallbedeterminedaccordingtodesign.砌块排列上、下皮应错缝搭砌，搭砌长度一般为砌块的1/2，不得小于砌块高的1/3，也不应小于150mm，如果搭错缝长度满足不了规定的压搭要求，应采取压砌钢筋网片的措施，具体构造按设计规定。dCornerofexteriorwallandjoiningofcrosswallshallbeconstructionwithblocksinabitingmethod;ifthismethodcannotbeused,otherconstitutionmeasurementsshallbetakenaccordingtodesignrequirements;perpendicularityjointofblockanddoor&windowjointshallavoidtouseonjoint;nomountingisallowed.外墙转角及纵横墙交接处，应将砌块分皮咬槎，交错搭砌，如果不能咬槎时，按设计要求采取其它的构造措施；砌体垂直缝与门窗洞口边线应避开同缝，且不得采用砖镶砌。156 eGeneralblockhorizontaljointthicknesswillbe15mm;ifitisblockwithrebargrid,horizontaljointthicknessshallbe20～25mm;Perpendicularjointthicknessshallbe20mm.Forperpendicularjointmorethan30mm,C20finestoneconcreteshallbeusedtogrouttobesolid.砌体水平灰缝厚度一般为15mm，如果加钢筋网片的砌体，水平灰缝厚度为20～25mm，垂直灰缝宽度为20mm。大于30mm的垂直缝，应用C20的细石混凝土灌实。fTrynottomountortrytodecreasemountingforblockarranging;whennecessarytomount,wholebrickshallbeleveledandbuiltinadetractingmanner;mountedbrickstrengthshallbenolessthanwhatofbrick.砌块排列尽量不镶砖或少镶砖，必须镶砖时，应用整砖平砌，且尽量分散，镶砌砖的强度不应小于砖块强度等级。gwhenthereiscollisionbetweenblockwallandstructureconstitution,requirementsofconstitutionworkshallbemetfirst.砌块墙体与结构构件位置有矛盾时，应先满足构件布置。3）Makingmortar:makemortaraccordingtotypeandstrengthregulatedbydesign,andmixingratioshallbedeterminedbylab;adoptweightratioandmeasuringprecisionwillbe±2%forcement,andwithin±5%forsandandmortarcream.Itshallbemechanicallymixedforatleast1.5min.制配砂浆：按设计要求的砂浆品种、强度制配砂浆，配合比应由试验室确定，采用重量比，计量精度为水泥±2%，砂、灰膏控制在±5%以内，应采用机械搅拌，搅拌时间不少于1.5min。4）Applyingmortar:Transfermixedmortartoconstructionpointwithhangingbucketandtruck;priortolocatingblock,sectionalmortarshallbeappliedwithtoolssuchasbigshovelandmortarscoop.Mortarapplyinglengthforrelativelysmallblockquantityshallbenomorethan1500mm.铺砂浆：将搅拌好的砂浆，通过吊斗、灰车运至砌筑地点，在砌块就位前，用大铲、灰勺进行分块铺灰，较小的砌块量大铺灰长度不得超过1500mm。5）Locatingblockandrevising:Blocksshallbewateredandflushedonedayinadvancepriortousing.Hangingandlocatingshallbefulfilledaftercleaningsurface.Forlocatingblocks,orderoffirstfarthennear,firstlowerthenupper,firstexteriorandinteriorshallbefollowed.Whenstartingforeachlayer,itshallbeginfromcornerorsettingpoint;eachblocksshall156 berevisedafterconstruction;standardlineshallbesettocontrolblockelevationandwallsurfacelevelness.砌块就位与校正：砌块砌筑前一天应进行浇水湿润，冲去浮尘，清除砌块表面的杂物后方可吊、运就位。砌筑就位应先远后近、先下后上、先外后内；每层开始时，应从转角处或定位砌块处开始；应吊砌一皮、校正一皮，皮皮拉线控制砌体标高和墙面平整度。6）Wheninstallingblocks,eccentricitywhichwillproducehorizontaldroppingofblockbottomshallbepreventedduringrigging;whenlocating,manuallycontrolanddirectrightpositionthendeclineslowed;aftertinyprizing,straightenwithlineboardtillachievingrightness.砌块安装时，起吊砌块应避免偏心，使砌块底面能水平下落；就位时由人手扶控制，对准位置，缓慢地下落，经小撬棒微撬，用托线板挂直、核正为止。7）Brickmounting:Mountblocksofbothsidesbatcheswithnormalclaybrick;wholebrickwithoutcracksshallbeselected;mounttopbrickandprohibitusinghalfbricks.砌筑镶砖：用普通粘土砖镶砌前后一皮砖，必须选用无横裂的整砖，顶砖镶砌，不得使用半砖。8）Groutingforverticaljoints:foreachbatchofblocks,afterrevising,groutperpendicularjointwithmortarthenpointingmortarjoints(withoriginaljoint)andnormallydepthwillbe3～5mm.竖缝灌砂浆：每砌一皮砌块，就位校正后，用砂浆灌垂直缝，随后进行灰缝的勒缝（原浆勾缝），深度一般为3～5mm。6.Qualityrequirements质量要求Generalregulations一般规定1）Whenconstructingaeratedconcreteblock,productsageshallbemorethan28d.加气混凝土砌块砌筑时，其产品龄期应超过28d。2）Duringtransferringandunloadingofseamaeratedconcrete,prohibitthrowingandravingabout;Aftermobilization,blocksshallbepiledaccordingtotypesandspecsseparatelywithpilingheightnomorethan2m.Rainmeasurementsshallbetakenforaeratedblock.蒸压加气混凝土砌块的运输、装卸过程中,严禁抛掷和倾倒。进场后应按品种、规格分别堆放整齐，堆置高度不宜超过2m。加气混凝土砌块应防止雨淋。3）Priortoconstructingoffilledwallblock,itshallbewatered2daysinadvance.Whenconstructingsteamaeratedconcreteblock,blockconstructingsurfaceshallbeproperlywatered.156 填充墙砌体砌筑前块材应提前2d浇水湿润。蒸压加气混凝土砌块砌筑时，应向砌筑面适量浇水。4）Whenconstructingblockwallwithsteamaeratedconcreteblocks,wallbottomshallbeconstructedwithnormalagglomeratedbrickormulti-holeblocks,ornormalsmallconcretesmallhallowblockorcast-in-situsillswithconstructingheightnolessthan200mm.用蒸压加气混凝土砌块砌筑墙体时，墙底部应砌烧结普通砖或多孔砖，或普通混凝土小型空心砌块，或现浇混凝土坎台等，其高度不宜小于200mm。Maincontrolitems主控项目Strengthofbrick,blockandconstructingmortarshalldedeterminedbydesignrequirements.砖、砌块和砌筑砂浆的强度等级应符合设计要求。Inspectionmethod:inspectproductsqualificationcertificateofbrickorblock,productsperformancereportandmortartestcubicreport.检验方法：检查砖或砌块的产品合格证书、产品性能检测报告和砂浆试块试验报告Normalitems一般项目Allowabledifferencefornormaldimensionoffilledwallblockshallcomplywithrequirementsofform4-1.填充墙砌体一般尺寸的允许偏差应符合表4-1的规定。Inspectionquantity抽检数量：（1）Foritem1and2inform,10%instandardizedroomshallbeinspectedatrandomwhilenolessthanthreerooms;forlargeroomandcorridor,standardizedroomsshallbecalculatedeverytwoaxislinesorevery10extensionmeter.Inspectionofeachroomshallbenolessthan3.对表中1、2项，在检验批的标准间中随机抽查10%，但不应少于3间；大面积房间和楼道按两个轴线或每10延长米按一标准间计数。每间检验不应少于3处。（2）Foritem3and4inform,10%shallbeinspectedatrandomandnolessthanfiverooms;对表中3、4项，在检验批中抽检10%，且不应少于5处。FormNormalAllowabledifferenceforfilledwallblock表填充墙砌体一般尺寸允许偏差Item项次Description项目Allowabledifference允许偏差Inspectionmethods检验方法156 （mm）1Displacementofaxis轴线位移10Inspectionofruler用尺检查Perpendicularity垂直度Nomorethan3m小于或等于3m5Inspectwith2mlineboardorlineplumpandruler.用2m托线板或线锤、尺检查Over3m大于3m102Surfacelevelness表面平整度8Inspectwith2mlineboardandfeelerruler.用2m托线板和锲型塞尺检查3Heightandwidenessofdoorandwindow(postblockingopening)门窗洞口高、宽（后塞口）±5Inspectwithruler用尺检查4Displacementofupperandlowerwindowopeninginexteriorwall外墙上、下窗口偏移20Inspectwiththeodoliteorhangingline用经纬仪或吊线检查Aeratedconcreteblockandlightmaterialconcretesmallhallowblockshallnotbemixedtobrickwithotherblockmaterials.加气混凝土砌块砌体和轻骨料混凝土小型空心砌块砌体不应与其他块材混砌。Inspectionquantity:20%shallbeinspectedatrandomandnolessthan5locations.抽检数量：在检验批中抽检20%，且不应少于5处。Inspectionmethod:visualinspection.检验方法：外观检查。Mortarfullnessandinspectionmethodforfilledwallblockshallcomplywithregulationsinform4-2.填充墙砌体的砂浆饱满度及检验方法应符合表4-2的规定。Inspectionquantity:atleast3locationsshallbeinspectedatrandomandnolessthan3pieces.抽检数量：每步架子不少于3处，且每处不应少于3块。FormMortarfullnessandinspectionmethodforfilledwallblock表填充墙砌体的砂浆饱满度及检验方法Blocktype砌体分类Mortarjoint灰缝FullnessandrequirementsInspectionmethod检验方法156 饱满度及要求Hallowbrickblock空心砖砌体Horizontal水平≥80%Selectmulti-holenettoinspectfeltingareaofmaterialbottom采用百格网检查块材底部的粘结痕迹面积。Perpendicular垂直Itshallbefilledwithmortarwithout填满砂浆，不得有透明缝、瞎缝、假缝Aeratedconcreteblockandlightmaterialconcretesmallblock加气砼砌块和轻骨料砼小气块砌体Horizontal水平≥80%Perpendicular垂直≥80%7.Finishedproductsprotectionmeasurements成品保护措施1）Wheninstalldoorandwindowframefirst,protectionmeasuresshallbetakenforframe;thenwheninstalldoorandwindowframe,attentionshallbepaidonfirmnessoffixingfram;nodamageandnoloosing.先装门窗框时，在砌筑过程应对所立之框进行保护；后装门窗框时，应注意固定框的埋件牢固，不可损坏、不可使其松动。2）Equipmentholeonblockshallbepreservedtypemainly;duetomissingofembedding,measuresshallbetakentopreventdamageofwholenessofblockbychiseling.砌体上的设备槽孔以预留为主，因漏埋或未预留时，应采取措施，不因剔凿而损坏砌体的完整性。3）Mortarongroundshallbecleanedintimewhenbricking.砌筑施工应及时清除落地砂浆。4）Whendismantlingconstructionsupports,attentionshallbepaidonprotectionofwallandwindow&dooredge.拆除施工架子时，注意保护墙体及门窗口角。5）Attentionshallbepaidonprotectionofheating,sanitary,electricalpipelineandembeddings;preventhittinganddamage.暖卫、电气管线及预埋件应注意保护，防止碰撞损坏。6）Protectionforembeddedpullingrebarshallbestrengthenedandpreventtramplingandbending.156 预埋的拉结筋应加强保护，不得踩倒、弯折。7）Handcartshallbedrivenfirmlytopreventhittingthewall.手推车应平稳行驶，防止碰撞墙体。8）Pullingrebarofwall,anti-shakeconstitutioncolumnrebar,rebaroflargeformconcretewallandvariousembeddings,heatingandsanitary,electricalpipelineetcshallbecarefullyprotectedwithoutdismantling,changingatwillordamaging.墙体拉结筋、抗震构造柱钢筋、大模板混凝土墙体钢筋及各种预埋件，暖卫、电气管线等，均应注意保护，不得任意拆改或损坏。9）Mortardensityshallbeproperlycontrolledandpreventpollutionofwall.砂浆稠度应适宜，砌墙时应防止砂浆溅脏墙面。10）Variousdisciplineshallcooperatewitheachothertightlyinconstructionandconstructionprocedureshallbeproperlyarranged;prohibitstaggeringconstructionprocedures.Afterfeltingofpartitionwall,nohittingorknockingisallowedandcannotmoveintonextprocedurein10days.施工中各专业工种应紧密配合，合理安排工序，严禁颠倒工序作业。隔墙板粘结后10d内不得碰撞敲打，不得进行下道工序施工。11）Wheninstallingembeddings,electricaldrillershallbeusedtodrillholesandflatscoopshallbeusedtosquaretheholes;nopressurehittingpartitionisallowed.Partitionappliedwithputtyshallnotbechiseled.安装埋件时，宜用电钻钻孔扩孔，用扁铲扩方孔，不得对隔墙用力敲击。对刮完腻子的隔墙，不应进行任何剔凿。12)Prohibithittingpartitionwallpanelanddoorbyhandcart.严防运输小车等碰撞隔墙板及门口。156 Chapter11Waterproofing第十一章防水工程1General工程概况(用于10.5KV屋面)Roofsystem屋面系统40thickC20fineaggregatesconcreterigidwaterprooflayer,with∮4@150eachwayinside,trowelsmoothasworkproceeds,10widejoints@3000eachway,filledwithsealant.40厚C20细石混凝土刚性防水层，内配∮4@150，随捣随抹光，双向分隔缝@3000，缝宽10，内填密封胶Non-wovenfabricsfelt无纺布隔离层60thickXPS60厚挤塑聚苯板2layersof1.2thickEPDMwaterproofmembranesheet二层1.2厚三元乙丙防水卷材20thickDScementmortarlevelingcourse20厚DS水泥砂浆找平层Cast-in-situconcreteroofslab现浇混凝土屋面板2.constructionconditions施工条件2.1.Screedinglayershallbeleveledandpolished.Thesurfaceshallbeclean&dry.Simpleinspectmethodtoinspectdry:put1m2onscreedinnglayerandafter3~4hours,rollingmaterialisallowedwhennowatermarkisfoundoncoveredpart.找平层应抹平压光，表面应干净、干燥。干燥程度的简易检验方法，是将1m2卷材平坦的平铺在找平层上，静至3--4小时后掀开检查，找平层覆盖部位与卷材上未见水印即可铺设卷材。2.2.EPDMmaterialdeliveredtositefortheinterfacinglayershallbestoredatdryroomandkeptawayfromfire.三元乙丙防水卷材及辅助材料进入施工现场后，应存放在干燥的远离火源的室内。2.3.ItisforbiddentoperformEPDMmaterialfortheinterfacinglayerwhenitisraining,orthewindisovergrade5.三元乙丙防水卷材在雨天禁止施工，五级风禁止施工。156 2.4Installationbrief安装概要（1）Usematerialsinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinstructions.使用的材料应依照厂商的说明（2）Minimizeexposureoftheroofelementsbyproceedingwithroofingassoonasthesubstrateisprepared.Donotdoroofingworkduringinclementweather.当基层准备完成后，尽快进行屋面工程施工以尽可能减少屋面板部件暴露时间。在恶劣天气条件下不要进行屋面施工（3）Aftereachconstructionworkprocedureisdone,thenextworkingprocedurecanonlybestartedaftertheEngineering,theSupervisor,andProjectmanagementCompanyhavecheckedandapprovedtheformerworkingprocedure.Whenthenextworkingprocedureortheadjacentworkisbeingconstructed,thecompletedpartshouldbeprotected.施工的每道工序完成后，应经设计方、监理、和项目管理公司检查验收，合格后方可进行下道工序的施工。当下道工序或相邻工程施工时，对已完成的部分应采取保护措施。（4）Pipes,equipmentorpre-buriedelementsthatextrudedfromtheroofshouldbeinstalledinplacebeforewaterproofingworkbeperformed.Anycompletedwaterproofworkshouldnotbemadeopeningonitorstrickenbyheavy.伸出屋面的管道、设备或预埋件等，应在防水层施工前安设完毕。屋面防水层完工后不得在其上凿孔、打洞或重物冲击。（5）Thetoleranceofthesurfacelevelgradeforlevelingcourseis5mm.找平层的表面平整度地允许偏差为5㎜.（6）Makecircularattheinter-sectionofthebaseofmembranesheet/liquid-appliedwaterproofmembraneandstructureprotrudingfromtheroof(parapet,skylight,deformationjoint,etc.)andatthecornerofthebase.Theradiusis20mm.makeaslightlylowerrecessedpitaroundthedownspoutofinternaldrainage.卷材／涂膜防水层的基层与突出屋面结构的交界处，以及基层的转角处，均应做成半径20㎜的圆弧。内部排水的水落口周围应做成略低的凹坑。（7）Ensurethatthelowerdrainoutletswillnotbeabovethegenerallevelofthecompletedroofmembranewillpermitdrainageofallwaterfromtheroof.确保低处的排水口低于完成后的屋面防水层的水平高度，并且确保屋顶上的所有谁能够通过排水系统排放。（8）Extendmembraneintothetopoftheoutletandensureawatertightwealbetweenmembraneanddrainoutlet.将防水层伸入雨水口的上部，并确保防水层与雨水口之间密闭防水。156 （9）Atcompletionofeachday’swork,allexposededgesofunfinishedroofmembranesystemshallbesealedbymeansoftemporarywatercut-offrecommendedbymembranemanufacturer.在完成每天的工作后，对于还没完成的屋面工程应采用防水材料供应厂商推荐的临时性阻水的方法对所有暴露在外的边缘部分进行密封。3..Waterproofmembranesheet防水卷材3.1.SubbaseTreatment基层处理Removeprotuberantpartsormortarknotsfromsurface,andcleanthesurfacebeforeperformingrollingmaterialwork.Lay1m2membranesheetflatonthelevelingcourse,leaveitun-interruptedfor3-4hoursandinspect,ifthereisnoanywatermarkonthecoveredportionofthelevelingcourseandthemembrane,proceedwiththelayingprocess.在铺设卷材前，必须将基层表面的突起物、砂浆疙瘩等铲除，并把尘土杂物清扫干净。将1㎡卷材平坦干铺在找平层上，静置3～4小时后揭开检查，找平层覆盖部位与卷材上均未见水印，即可铺设。3.2.AdditionalLayerforComplicatedParts复杂部位的附加层施工Leakageiseasilyfoundatdownspoutpoint,piperoot,male&femalecorner,eaves.Therefore,polyesterself-adhesivetapeshallbeusedforadditionallayer.水落口、管道根部、阴阳角、檐沟等是容易发生渗漏的薄弱部位，在铺贴卷材前，应选用聚氨脂或自粘性密封胶带做附加层。3.3.LayRollingMaterial铺贴卷材Whenlayingrollingmaterial,thissequenceshallbefollowed:higherfirst,thenlower;farfirst,thennear.Firstlayrollingmaterialwheredrainagefrequently,thenperformfrombottomtotopfollowingdrainageslope.Markdatumlinefromdown-slopeofwaterslopetomakerollingmaterialverticalwithwaterslope.Waterproofmembranesheetsofupperandlowerlayersshouldnotbelaidinperpendiculartoeachother.铺贴时，应按先高后低或先远后近的顺序进行，应先铺贴排水比较集中部位的卷材，然后按排水坡度自下而上配置卷材的方案，从流水坡度的下坡开始弹出基准线，使卷材的长方向与流水坡度相垂直。上下层卷材不得相互垂直铺贴。Alignrollingmaterialwithdatumline.Ifconnectplaneandelevation,layplaneelevationandthenlayfrombottomtotoptomakerollingmaterialclingfemalecorner.Noemptyisallowed.Connectrollingmaterialatmale&femalecornerisavoided.Jointpartshallbemorethan200mmfromcenterofmale&femalecorner.156 把卷材一边对准基准线铺设卷材。平面与立面连接的卷材，应先铺贴平面后，由下向上铺贴，使卷材紧贴阴角，不得有空鼓现象。要防止卷材在阴阳角处接缝，接缝部位必须离阴阳角中心200mm以上。Afterfinishingonesheetofrollingmaterial,transverselyrollthematerialbycleanrollingbrushtoletoffairbetweenrollingmaterialandsub-base,soastoadherefirmly.每铺完一张卷材，应立即用干净松软的长把滚刷从卷材一端开始朝横方向顺序用力滚压一遍，以彻底排除卷材与基层之间空气，使其粘结牢固。Mechanicallyfixmembranesheets,fixthefasteneronstructuresecurely,fastenersshouldbespacednotmorethan600㎜andcompletelyplacemembranewithin800mmperimeter.采用机械固定式，固定件应与结构层固定牢固，固定件间距不宜大于600㎜，距周边800㎜范围内的卷材应满铺。3.4.JointAdhesive卷材接缝的粘结Overlappinglengthofrollingmaterialjointshallbenotlessthan80mm.Dischargeairbyhandstoadhererollingmaterialandpressbyroller.Applysealantwherethreelayersoverlap.卷材接缝的搭接宽度应不小于80mm。用手一边压合一边排除空气，粘合后再用手持压辊顺序滚压一遍。凡遇到三层卷材重迭的接头处，必须填充密封膏封闭。Staggerthelapjointsoftheupperandlowerlayerandtwoadjacentmembranesheets.上下层及相邻两幅卷材的搭接缝应错开。3.5.SealingTreatmentforEdgeofRollingMaterialJoint卷材接缝边缘的密封处理Polyestersealantshallbeperformedtosealedgeofrollingmaterialjoint.卷材接缝的边缘部位，应采用聚氨脂密封膏进行密封处理。3.6.SealingforEndofRollingMaterial卷材末端收头部位的密封处理Endofrollingmaterialshallbecuttrimly,pressedintoembeddedgroove,andfixedbystriporcushion.Thenfillpolyestersealanttotightjoints.卷材末端收头均应裁剪整齐，压入预留凹槽内，并用压条或垫片钉压固定，然后嵌填聚氨脂密封膏封闭严密。3.7.QualityRequirements&Inspection质量要求与检验3.7.1.Roofslopeshallmeetspecificationsanddesignrequirements.Drainagesystemshallbe156 smooth,andnoleakageoraccumulatingwaterisallowed.屋面的坡度必须符合规范规定或设计要求。排水系统应畅通，屋面不得有渗漏和积水现象。3.7.2.Jointtreatmentofwaterprooflayershallmeetspecificationsanddesignrequirements,whichshallbetight,withoutjointopening&turn-upedge.Fordownspoutpointandconnectionpartbetweenroofandfacilityprojectingroof,thewaterprooflayershallbeadheredfirmly&tightly.卷材防水层的泛水节点处理，应符合规范规定和设计要求，封闭严密，不允许开缝、翘边。水落口及突出屋面设施与屋面连接处的防水层，应粘结牢固，封闭严密。3.7.3.Applyingmethod,overlappingsequence,andoverlappinglengthshallmeetspecifications.Thejointsshallbeadheredfirmly&tightly,withoutcrinkles,turn-upedge.卷材铺贴方法、搭接顺序和搭接宽度，应符合规范规定，接缝部位应粘结牢固，封闭严密，不得有皱折、鼓泡、翘边。3.7.4.Protectivepaintforexposedroofwaterprooflayershallbeappliedequally,andadheredfirmly.Forrigidprotectionlayerofaccessibleroof,theseparatingjointshallbesetcorrectly.外露屋面防水层的着色保护涂料，应色泽均匀，覆盖严密，粘结牢固。上人屋面的刚性保护层分隔缝留设正确。3.7.5.Qualityofrollingmaterialshallmeetproductstandardsanddesignrequirements,togetherwithqualitycertificatesandsitere-testreport.卷材的质量指针必须符合产品标准和设计要求，并应有质量证明文件和现场复试报告。3.8.Finished-productProtection成品保护3.8.1.Ifrainingduringconstruction,protectionshallbetakentopreventwaterenteringwaterprooflayer.施工中如遇下雨，应对已铺贴卷材的周边采取密封防护措施，防止雨水渗入防水层。3.8.2.Whenapplyingprotectioncoatforwaterprooflayer,toavoidhiddenleakages,machines,toolsormaterialdamagetowaterprooflayerareprevented.在卷材防水层上施工保护膜涂层时，必须严防施工机具或材料损坏防水层，以免留下渗漏隐患。4Liquid-appliedwaterproofmembrane涂膜防水屋面（1）Themembraneshouldbecoated2times.Afterthefirstcoathasdriedintomembrane,applythesecondcoat.Thedirectionsofthesetwocoatingshouldbeperpendiculartoeachother.156 涂膜应分遍涂布，待先涂布的涂料干燥成膜后，方可涂布后一遍涂料，且前后两遍涂料的涂布方向应相互垂直。（2）ThelapjointwidthofthelongedgeoftheNon-wovenfabricsshouldnotbelessthan50mm,andthatoftheshortedgenotlessthan70mm.无妨布长边搭接宽度不得小于50㎜，短边搭接宽度不得小于70㎜.（3）Attheendoftheliquid-appliedwaterproofmembrane,sealwithsealant.涂膜防水层的收头，应采用密封材料封严。（4）Liquid-appliedwaterproofmembranelayershouldhaveanadditionallayerwithbodyreinforcingmaterialalongseparationjointoflevelingcourse,laidoutinborderadheringmethod100mminwidth.涂膜防水层应沿找平层分格缝增设带有胎体增强材料的空铺附加层，其空铺附加宽度宜为100㎜.（5）Beforeaprotectivelayerislaidoutforthemembrane,itisnotallowedtodoanyconstructionworkorstackmaterialsdirectlyonit.涂膜防水层在没作保护层前，不得在防水层上进行其他施工作业或直接堆放物品。（6）Theadditionallayerattheintersectionofeavesgutterandtheroofshouldbelaidoutinborderadheringmethodsandnolessthan200mm.檐沟与屋面交界处的附加层应空铺，空铺宽度不应小于200㎜.（7）Attheendofmembraneatthefree-drainageeaves,sealwithsealant.无组织排水檐口的涂膜防水层收头应用密封材料封严。（8）Theliquid-appliedwaterproofmembraneatflashingshouldbedirectlyappliedtothecappingofparapet.Sealtheendbyseveraltimecoatingandprovidewaterprooftreatmentforthecappingofparapet.泛水处的涂膜防水层，宜直接涂刷至女儿墙的压顶下，收头处理应用防水涂料多边刷涂封严；压顶应做防水处理。（9）Theaveragethicknessoftheliquid-appliedwaterproofmembraneshouldnotbelessthan2mm,andthemin.thicknessshouldnotbelessthan1.6mm.涂膜防水层的平均厚度不小于2㎜，最小厚度不小于1.6㎜.5RigidWaterproofLayer刚性防水层（1）Provide6000×6000paneljointwithjointwidthof20mmforrigidwaterprooflayer,filledthegapswithsealant.刚性防水层应设置6000×6000分格缝，分格缝宽为20㎜，内应嵌填密封膏密封。上部设保护层。156 （2）Usecementmortarforslopeofeavesgutter.Usefineaggregatesconcretetomakeslopewherevertheslopethicknessismorethan20mm.檐沟采用水泥砂浆找坡，找坡厚度大于20㎜时采用细石混凝土。（3）Itisstrictlyforbiddentoembedpipes/wiresintherigidwaterprooflayer.刚性防水层内严禁埋设管线。（4）Wiremeshoftherigidwaterprooflayershouldbebrokenoffatehpaneljoints,withaprotectionlayernotlessthan10mm.刚性防水层钢筋网片在分格缝处断开，其保护层厚度不小于10㎜.（5）Thepaneljointsofthewaterprooflayersshouldbelocatedattheloadbearingendoftheroofslab,atthecorneroftheroof,atehintersectionofthewaterprooflayerandatthestructureprotrudingfromtheroof.Alignthepaneljointswiththeslabjoints.防水层的分格缝设在屋面板的支承端、屋面转折处、防水层与突出屋面结构的交接处，并与板缝对齐。（6）Reservea30mmwidegapattheintersectionofrigidwaterprooflayerandgable/parapet,andfillwithsealant.Laymembranesheetoradditionalliquid-appliedwaterproofmembraneatflashing.刚性防水层与山墙、女儿墙、伸出屋面的管道交接处留宽度为30㎜的缝隙，并应用密封材料嵌填；泛水处应铺贴卷材或涂抹附加层。（7）Installwiremeshinthefineaggregateconcretewaterprooflayerattheupperpartoftheconcrete.细石混凝土防水层中的钢筋网片，施工时应设在混凝土的上部。（8）Thepositionofthepaneldividingstripshouldbeaccurate.Donotdamageconcreteatthedividingjointswhenliftdividingstrip.分格条安装位置正确，起条时不得损坏分缝处的混凝土。（9）Concreteineachdivisionshallbepouredonceatimeandshouldnotbeleftanyconstructionjointsinit.Donotspraywater,cementmortarordrycementonit,trowelasecondtimeafterconcrete’sinitialsetting.每个分割板块的混凝土应一次浇筑完成，不得留施工缝，抹压时不得在表面撒水、加水泥浆或撒干水泥，混凝土收水后应进行二次压光。（10）Concretepouredshouldbecuredproperly,curingperiodshouldnotbelessthan14days,andattheinitialstage,forbidanypersonsteppingon.混凝土浇筑后应及时进行养护，养护时间不宜少于14天，养护初期屋面不得上人。6.WaterTest试水试验156 （1）Awaterspraytestshouldbecarriedoutafterthemembraneroofingisfinished,tocheckifthereisanywaterleakage,wateraccumulation,andtoseeifthedrainagesystemingoodconditionornot,checktheroofcarefullyandonebyone.屋面防水工程完成后，应进行淋水试验，检查屋面有无渗漏；应用密封材料嵌填构的交接处承端用密封材料封严、积水现象，排水系统是否畅通，检查时应对顶层房间进行逐间仔细检查。（2）Anyleakagefoundshouldberepairedbysubmittingrepairingmeasureandgotapprovedbyallrelevantparts.如有渗漏，应事先提交整改方案，经各方认可后方可进行修复。156 Chapter12ProtectiveMeasuresinAdverseSeasons第十二章季节性施工措施1.Inrainyseason雨季施工1.1.SituationofConstruction雨季施工概况ThelocalconstructioninrainseasonmainlyoccursfromApriltoJuly,butnotlimitedinsuchperiod;raindefendingworkshallalwaysbeprepared.苏州地区的雨季施工主要在4-7月，但是不局限于这一时间段，随时做好防雨准备。1.2.ConstructionPart雨季施工部位Accordingtofeaturesoftheprojectandprogressschedule,theconstructionworktobetakeninrainreasonfrom2011.6to2011.12includesfoundation,concretestructure,waterproofingforroof,finishingandMEPetc.根据本工程的工程特点和进度计划安排，工程在2011.6-2011.12间雨季施工期间将遇到的施工项目如下：基础、混凝土结构施工、屋面防水、装修、机电安装等。1.3.ConstructionPreparation雨期施工准备1.3.1.TechnicalPreparation技术准备Workoutconstructionplanforrainseasonandtakerespondingtechnicalmeasurementsagainstsub-constructioninrainseason.编制雨季施工方案，针对雨季施工的分项工程，采取相应的技术措施。1.3.2.MaterialsPreparation物资准备Thematerials,equipmentsandotherfacilities,suchwaterpump,pumpingtube,grassbag,plasticcloth,andfeltsheetsetcshallbeprovidedbymaterialdepartmentandorganizedintome.Equipmentslikepumpsshallbeinspectedorrepairedinadvance.雨季所需材料、设备和其他用品，如水泵、抽水软管、草袋、塑料布、苫布等由材料部门提前准备，及时组织进行。水泵等设备提前检修。1.4.GuaranteeMeasurementsforConstruction雨季施工保证措施1.4.1.Relatedpersonnelshallbeorganizedtoanalyzeconstructionplanbeforerainseason;Constructionmeasurementsandmaterialsshallbeestablishedandpreparedbeforeconstruction.雨期施工前认真组织有关人员分析雨期施工生产计划，根据雨期施工项目编制雨期施工措施，所需材料要在雨期施工前准备好。156 1.4.2.Afloodpreventionteamshallbeorganizedtoestablishfloodpreventionplanandemergencydefendingmeasurements,includingsiteandinhabitantdistrictaround.成立防汛领导小组，制定防汛计划和紧急预防措施，其中包括现场和周边居民小区。1.4.3.Fulltimenight-dutypersonnelshallbeorganizedtoperformworkandtakenightworkingrecords,andmeanwhileweatherbroadcastershallbeemployedtobroadcastweatherconditions.夜间设专职的值班人员，保证昼夜有人值班并做好值班记录，同时要设置天气预报员，负责收听和发布天气情况。1.4.4.Relatedpersonnelshallbeorganizedtofullycheckpreparationworkatconstructionsite,whichshallincludefacilities,raindefendingformechanicals,temporaryelectricity,andprotectionetc.Waterdrainagefacilitiesofconstructionsiteandproductionandlivingfoundationshallbechecked;variousdrainsandrainspoutsshallbecleanedanddredgedtoinsureofraindraining.组织相关人员对施工现场的准备工作进行一次全面检查，包括临时设施、临电、机械设备防雨、防护等各项工作，检查施工现场及生产生活基地的排水设施，疏通各种排水渠道，清理雨水排水口，保证雨天排水通畅。1.4.5.Lighteningprotectionfacilitiesshallbesetbeforerainseasonandshallbefullyinspectedbyprojectdepartmenttoinsuresafety.在雨期到来前，作好脚手架防雷装置，项目工程管理部要对避雷装置作一次全面检查，确保防雷安全。1.4.6.Waterdrainsshallbesetalongbothsidesofsiteroad,andshallbewithoutsliding,sinkingandseeper.Siteobstaclesshallbecleanedtokeeproadsmooth.Nolyingshallbeallowedalongroadsinsomearea,andwithheightnomorethan1.5m.Roadsshallbesmoothandwithagoodview.现场道路两旁设排水沟，保证不滑、不陷、不积水。清理现场障碍物，保持现场道路畅通。道路两旁一定范围内不要堆放物品，且高度不宜超过1.5m，保证视野开阔，道路畅通。1.4.7.Allroadsandobliqueladdersshallbenailedwithanti-skidstrip.所有马道、斜梯均钉防滑条。1.4.8.Temporaryfacilitiessuchasworksheds,warehouse,canteenandtemporaryhousesatconstructionsiteorinproductionfoundationshallbeinspectedandrepairedfullypriortorainseason;Basicroadsshallbewithnosinking;housesshallbewithnoleaking;andwholesiteshallbewithnoseeper.施工现场生产基地的工棚、仓库、食堂、临时住房等暂设工程各分管单位在雨季前进行全面检查和整修，保证基础道路不塌陷，房间不漏雨，场区不积水。1.4.9.Powerdistributingcabinet,gatebox,andtemporarysupportsofcablesetcshallbe156 inspectedcarefullybeforerainseason;strengtheningshallbetakenifneeded;equipwithmissingfacilitiessuchascovers,hooks,anddoorsetc;electricalsafetyshallbeguaranteed.雨季前对现场配电箱、闸箱、电缆临时支架等仔细检查，需加固的及时加固，缺盖、罩、门的及时补齐，确保用电安全。1.4.10.Weatherbroadcastingworkshallbetakentoprepareforswoopingofrainstorm;Reasonablyarrangedailywork.加强天气预报工作，防止暴雨突然袭击，合理安排每日的工作。1.4.11.Specialpersonnelshallbeorganizedtoopenwindowsforventilatingandsir-exchanging,topreventdensity-humidityinterior.晴天派专人进行开窗通风换气，以防室内潮气过大。1.5.TechnicalMeasurementsforConstructioninRainSeason雨季施工技术措施1.5.1.ConcreteConstruction混凝土工程1）Concreteconstructionshallbetakenavoidingrainyclimate.Nocastingworkshallbecarriedinheavyrainorrainstorm;newcastconcreteshallbecoveredtopreventscouringofrain.Noconstructionofwater-proofconcreteshallbetakenunderrainyclimate.混凝土施工尽量避免在雨天进行。大雨和暴雨天不得浇筑混凝土，新浇混凝土进行覆盖，以防雨水冲刷。防水混凝土严禁雨天施工。2）Slumplimitcanbeadjustedaccordingtopracticalsituationwhencastingpanelandwallconcreteunderrainyclimate.雨期施工，在浇筑板、墙混凝土时，可根据实际情况调整坍落度。3）Slumplimitcanbereducedreasonablywhencastingpanel,wallandcolumnconcrete.Whencastingbeamandpanelatthesametime,thedirectionofcastingshallbealongwithsecondarybeam;iftheconstructionissuspendedforclimates,constructionjointsshallbeleftonsecondarybeamandpanel,toinsuretheintegrityofgirder.浇筑板、墙、柱混凝土时，可适当减小坍落度。梁板同时浇筑时沿次梁方向浇筑，此时如遇雨而停止施工，可将施工缝留在次梁和板上，从而保证主梁的整体性。1.5.2.InstallationofRebar钢筋工程1）Siterebarshallbelaidwithcushiontopreventwaterdunkingandrusting.Ifconditionspermit,rebarcanbelaidonreinforcementfabric.现场钢筋堆放时垫高，以防钢筋泡水锈蚀。有条件的将钢筋堆放在钢筋骨架上。2）Rebarshallbede-rustedaccordingtopracticalsituationafterrain;Noheavyrustedsteelshallbeutilizedinstructure.雨后钢筋视情况进行除锈处理，不得把锈蚀严重的钢筋用于结构上。3）Toavoidimpactingworkingquality,noweldingtorebarshallbepermittedunderrainy156 climate.下雨天避免钢筋焊接的施工，以免影响焊接质量。4）Inordertoprotectrebaratpost-castingstrip,a120mm*200mmbrickwallshallbeconstructedalongbothsidesofthestrip,andthewallshallbesealedwithpre-fabricatedpanelwithwater-proofingandmortarprotectionontop.为保护后浇带处的钢筋，在后浇带两边各砌一道120mm宽、200mm高的砖墙，上用预制板封口，预制板上做防水层及砂浆保护层。1.5.3.MouldConstruction模板工程1）Woodmouldsusedunderrainyclimateshallberemovedandflat-settingtopreventdistorting.Mouldsshallbecleanedandcoveredwithreleaseagentafterremoval;forheavyrainthemouldshallbecoveredwithreleaseagentagain.雨天使用的木模板拆下后放平，以免变形。模板拆下后及时清理，刷脱模剂，大雨过后重新刷一遍。2）Concreteshallbecastassoonasthemouldsinstallationisfinishedtopreventdistorting.Forcasethataftermouldsinstallationisfinishedconcretecastingworkhasnotbeencarriedintimewhilewetbyrain,re-inspection,mouldstrengtheningandsupportingworkshallbecarriedpriortocastingwork.模板拼装后尽快浇筑混凝土，防止模板遇雨变形。若模板拼装后不能及时浇筑混凝土，又被雨水淋过，则浇筑混凝土前重新检查、加固模板和支撑。3）Largeconcreteblockshallbelaidonfirmgroundwithstrongsupporting.大块模板落地时，放置在坚实的地面，并支撑牢固。1.5.4.ScaffoldingWork脚手架工程1）Allscaffoldsshallbeinspectedfullypriortorainseason;Baseofstandingpoleofscaffoldsshallbestrengthenedandequippedwithgroundbar;externalscaffoldsshallbetie-infixedlywithwall.雨期前对所有脚手架进行全面检查，脚手架立杆底座必须牢固，并加扫地杆，外用脚手架要与墙体拉接牢固。2）Alwaysobservetheexternalscaffoldsfoundationandtakemeasurementsifthereisanysinkingordistorting.外架基础随时观察，如有下陷或变形，立即处理。1.6.StorageandLayingofRawMaterials原材料的储存和堆放1.6.1.Cementshallbestoredinwarehouseorspecialshelterifwithoutwarehousewhichshallbeguaranteedofnoleakingandwetting,andshallbeonstiltsforventilation,withwaterdrainaroundandnosleeperallowed.Topfloorpfstructureshallbefullydevelopedtolaymaterials.156 水泥全部存入仓库，没有仓库的搭设专门的棚子，保证不漏、不潮，下面架空通风，四周设排水沟，避免积水。现场可充分利用结构首层堆放材料。1.6.2.Materialssuchassandandrockshallbeofsufficiencytomakesureofoperatingoftheproject.Thereshallbefourdrainingwaysaroundsitetopreventpenetrating.砂、石料一定要有足够的储备，以保证工程的顺利进行。场地四周要有排水出路，防止淤泥渗入。1.6.3.Brickmaterialsshallbecushionedwithwoodandshelteredwithwater-proofingmaterials.砌筑材料在底部用木方垫起，上部用防雨材料覆盖。1.6.4.Groundforlayingmouldsshallbecompactedtopreventincidentsduetogroundsinking.模板堆放场地碾压密实，防止因地面下沉造成倒塌事故。156 Chapter13DecorationStatement第十三章建筑装修方案1Plastering抹灰工程1.1Materialrequirementsandcautions材料要求及注意事项Procurematerialsaccordingtodrawingsandsamplesconfirmedbyowneranddeliverthemtositefreeofdamage,corrosionorcontamination.Cementshouldmeetrequirementsinmodelandbrand.根据图纸和业主已确认的材料样品，并计算好材料数量进行采购，运输到现场确保不会被损伤、腐蚀和污染变质。所有的水泥型号和品牌均符合要求。MortarcomprisesPortlandcementandsand,andadditionalanti-freezingagentorotheradmixturetomeetdemands.灰浆由硅酸盐水泥和砂以及根据实际要求增加的防冻剂或其他掺和剂组成。Sandisclean,naturalandlightsandfreeofchipsororganicsubstanceandshouldbeapprovedbyOwner.Thecontentofclaypowersandshouldnotbeover5%andvolumenotover15%.砂子是干净的天然的没有碎裂的浅色砂，不含有机物，并被业主采购方认可。其中的粘土粉砂含量重量不能超过5%，体积不能超过15%。Usetapwater.水源为自来水。Mortarisfullymixedwithmixingmachinewitharatioof1:2.5.Addadmixtureasrequired.砂浆为搅拌机充分搅拌而成，严格按1：2.5比例进行搅拌，按要求适当增加掺和剂。1.2Procedure工艺流程Cleanmortarandstainsonwall→openingsealing→coordinatewithwallrepairandotherMEworks→roughenwallwithcementmortarorinterfaceagent→waterwalltomakeitwet→referencepointworkofwall→fixsteelwiremesh→protectiveangleforexternalcorner→applybottommortar→applysurfacemortar→applyskirt→polishatopeninganddoorway→protectandclean墙面灰及污损清除→洞口堵塞修复→配合机电等专业墙面修复→水泥砂浆拉毛墙面（或用界面剂）→洒水湿润墙面→墙面基准点施工→钢丝网片固定→阳角做护角→抹底层灰→抹面层灰→抹踢脚线→洞口边门边抹光→保护及清理1.3Preparationandworkconditions施工准备和作业条件Providepersonnel,material,truss,scaffold,transportationequipmentandtemp156 lightingforplastering.配备满足抹灰所需要的人力、材料、构架、脚手架、运输设备以及临时照明灯等AskforpermissionfromManagementCompanybeforestartofplasteringandexplainscheduleandsafetyprecautionsetc.向管理方提交申请，开始抹灰，并说明进度计划安排和安全措施等。Beforestartofwork,inspectwallandcleandust,stainsandforeignobjectsfromthebasecourse.抹灰前对墙体进行仔细检查，清除基层表面的灰尘、污垢和油渍以及附着物等。Forconcretewalltobeplastered,cleanandknockatpitswithflathammerorinotherwaystoensureadequateadhesion.对于要抹灰的混凝土墙面还需要进行清洗敲坑，用做好的扁锤敲剔及其他措施等，确保抹灰有足够的附着力。Beforework,checkifdoowandwindowsaresecurelyfixed,ifwallopeningandembedmentofwaterandpowerpipearefixedorblockedandifspaceisreservedforskirtorceilingofwallskirtetc.抹灰前必须检查门窗框位置是否准确牢固；墙体的施工洞及水电管预留埋设位置是否确定或堵塞；踢脚或墙裙吊天花的高度要预留等。Beforework,checkwalllevelnesswithwiresandguidingruleandhandleunevenness,ifany,causedbycollapseofconcreteform.抹灰前仔细拉线用靠尺检查墙体的平整度，对个别原因混凝土爆模形成的凹凸部位先进行处理。Filljointsinlayersbetweendoorandwindowframesandwallwithcementmortar.Unlessspecifiedotherwise,allwindowsillsshouldbeplasteredwithcementmortar.门窗框与墙连接的缝隙应用水泥砂浆或水泥混合砂浆分层嵌实，窗台抹灰在设计无规定时，应全部用水泥砂浆制作。Beforeplastering,makestandardspecimenandrebarwiththesamecementmortarandconductinlayersincaseofexcessivethickness.抹灰前应用相同的水泥砂浆制作标志块和标筋，过厚时应考虑分层操作。Beforeplastering,makeitwet.抹灰前必须进行湿润处理。Beforeplastering,fixthetemplets,i.e.makefourcornerssquare,levelhorizontallines,hanguprightlinestomakeitstraight,dlipstandardlines,skirtlines.抹灰前必须先找好规矩，即四角规方、横线找平、立线吊直、弹出准线、踢脚线；1.4Mainmeasuresforplastering抹灰施工主要措施Plasteringonbrickwallshouldbe10mmthickatmostandconcretewall8mmatmost.156 Donotstartsecondaryplasteringunlessthepreviousmortaris70%dry.Beforework,checkthepreviouslayer,makingsureitisfreeofcracksandpitswithpropermoistureetc.Afterwork,levelandcompactitwithslightroughnessonthesurface.每次抹灰一般砖墙不大于10mm，混凝土墙不大于8mm，第二次抹底灰应于前次砂浆干硬70%进行。在每次抹灰前必须检查前一层有无开裂、空壳，干湿是否适宜等。每次批抹之后要压实磨平，并且表面要稍带毛糙。Theexternalcornersofdoorandwindowsandwallcolumnshouldbeprovidedwithprotectivecornersby1:2cementmortar,withaminheightof2mandaminwidthof50mm.Details:plasteraccordingtothicknessofmortarblockanduseguidingruleforalignment,levelinlayerswith1:2cementmoratandwhenmortarisslightlydry,makesmallroundangleswithaspecializedinstrumentaswellascementmortar.室内的门窗立边、墙柱等阳角宜用1：2水泥砂浆做护角，其高度不低于2m，宽度不小于50mm。具体做法是：根据灰饼厚度抹灰，然后装好八字靠尺，并找方吊直，用1：2水泥砂浆分层抹平，待砂浆稍干后，再用捋角器和水泥砂浆捋出小圆角.Forexternalwindowsillsandwriggle,canopy,balconyandprotrudingwaistlineetc,makeaslopeonthetopforwaterflowanddriplineorslotatthebottomwithdepthandwidthnotlessthan10mm.外墙窗台、窗楣、雨蓬、阳台、压顶和突出腰线等，上面应做流水坡度，下面应做滴水线或滴水槽。滴水槽的深度和宽度均不应小于10mm并整齐一致。Beforeceilingplastering,fliphorizontallinesaroundwal,accordingtowhichplastertheperipheryfirstandthenlevelit.顶棚抹灰前应在四周墙上弹出水平线，以墙上水平线为依据，先抹顶棚四周，圈边找平；Ceilingsurfaceshouldbesmooth,polishedandcompactedfreeofgrains,bubbleorunevennessandalineshouldbeformedbetweenceilingandwall.顶棚表面应顺平，并压光压实，不应有抹纹和气泡、接搓不平等现象，顶棚与墙面相交处应成一条线。Bothinternalandexternalplasteringmustbesecurelyfixedfreeofbulge,cracksorcrustetc.Cementmortarplasteringispreferred7-9mmthickeachlayer.Nofurtherworkistotakeplaceunlesstheexistinglayeriscoagulated.抹灰各内外层必须粘结牢固，无空鼓、龟裂、起壳等现象。水泥砂浆或水泥混合砂浆的抹灰层，每遍厚度宜为7-9mm，水泥砂浆和水泥混合砂浆的抹灰层，应待前一层抹灰层凝结后方可涂抹后一层。Afterplastering,maintaincertaindegreeofmoistureonthesurfaceanddryitgraduallytillnosuchdefectsasbulgingoccur.156 抹灰后必须进行养护，确保抹灰的表面有一定的湿润性，逐步干透，不再出现空鼓等质量缺陷。Constructionspecificationandrulesmustbefollowedduringplastering.抹灰操作必须遵守施工规范和规定。Plasterconcretesurfacestrictlyaccordingtopurchaser’srequirementsandconductsomespecialtreatmenttoensurerequirementsforhigh-levelfinishprocessesaremet.对于混凝土表面抹灰严格按采购方要求办理，以及作一些特殊处理，确保装饰高级工艺要求。1.5Qualityrequirements质量要求：Reference:GBJ301-88andJGJ73-91抹灰质量要求应按《GBJ301-88建筑工程质量检验评定标准》和《JGJ73-91建筑装饰工程施工及验收规范》的有关规定进行检验评定。Plasteredsurfaceshouldbesmoothandcleanwithsmoothjoints.抹灰面层的外观质量应光滑、洁净，接槎平整。Thejointsbetweendoor&windowframeandmasonrymustbefullyfilledandsmoothed.门窗框与砌体间隙必须封闭密实，表面平整。Allsidesandcornersmustbestraightinbothdirectionsandconnectedwithorderlyslanedjoints.所有的边角必须水平竖直，整齐的斜接缝连接。Groovelinesshouldbecleanandstraightinbothdirectionsandresolvedefectssuchascracksandbubblestoensurethatitisinalignmentwiththeoriginalplasteringlayer.槽沟线内干净清洁，水平竖直，对于出现的裂缝、鼓泡等缺陷，及时进行处理，确保与原抹灰层齐平一致。Allowabledeviationforplastering抹灰质量的允许偏差Description项目Deviation允许偏差（mm）InspectionMethod检验方法Surfaceleveling表面平整4Checkby2mrulerandfeelergauge用2m直尺和塞尺检查Plumbnessoffemaleandmaleangles阴阳角垂直4Checkbypatchboardandruler用托线板和尺检查Plumbnessofelevation立面垂直4156 Squarenessoffemaleandmaleangles阴阳角方正4By200mmsquareruler用200mm方尺检查Levelnessofseparationjoints分隔缝平直41.6Protectionoffinishedproducts成品保护Afterwork,cleanthegroundandtakestepsforprotection.Shutthedoorforfinishedwallorceilingandwindowsandnailabattentoittopreventirrelevantpersonsfromentering.Provideprotectionatsomeareasanditsforbiddentoenterandhitwalloritscorners,letalonescrabblingorscratchingoropeningonwall.Necessaryopeningshavetobemadestrictlyasperapprovedschemeinsteadofbyhittingwithhammerinrandom.Afterinteriorfinishing,assignonepersonforprotectionoffinishedproductstillcompletionandkeyhandover.施工完成后，现场清理干净并进行适当防护，对已成型的墙面或顶棚及窗台等成品，均要封好门，钉上板条，防止闲人进入；局部均做好保护措施，严禁进入碰撞墙面和墙角，更不准在墙面上乱写、乱划、乱打洞；必须要打的洞，经过申请施工修改方案后，严格按方案进行，绝对不能用大锤乱打。室内装修施工完毕后，派一名保管员作为成品保护专职人员，直至完工交锁匙为止。2.Drywallboardsystem干墙板系统施工方案Accordingtodesignrequirements,drywallboardsystemcouldbeinstalledrapidly,modifiedflexiblyandcost-efficientlyandshouldbeadaptabletoeverchangingfunctionsofbuilding.Lightandnon-bearingpartitionwallshouldbegoodinsoundabsorption.Fireandnon-firedrywallforinternalpartitionshouldbesteadyandatleastSTC45withamaxheatcontractilityof0.15%.根据设计要求，干墙板系统能够快速的安装，并能够灵活的修改或移动，且花费不大，还能适合建筑不断变化的功能，轻质、非承重隔墙具有良好的吸声性。用于内部隔墙的防火和非防火干墙具备最小等级STC45，比较稳定，热收缩性不超过0.15%.Interiorpartitionsaremainlylightsteelkeelpartitionandglasspartition.DuetodifferencesinMEpipingandwallheight,infirefightingclassandinexternalplasterboardfinish,keelsinsidepartitionaredifferentinspecsandplasterboardsurfacedifferentinlayers,sowewillcheckaccordingtositesituationstoensurequalitybutconstructionprocessesandtechnicalrequirementsarebasicallymet.156 本装修包室内隔墙主要为轻钢龙骨隔墙和玻璃隔断，轻钢龙骨隔墙因内置机电管道、墙体高度不同、防火等级要求不同以及石膏板外装饰面层不一致，隔墙内龙骨规格有所不同，石膏板面层层数不一致，现场就具体情况，进行确认并复核，确保施工质量，但整体施工工序和技术要求基本一致。AccordingtoOwner’srequirements,conductpartitiontempletworktoensureheatandsoundinsulationofpartitionsystem.根据业主要求，对隔断进行样板施工，以确保隔墙系统的隔热、隔音等相关功能。2.1Constructionschemeforlightsteelkeelpartition轻钢龙骨隔墙施工方案ØMaterialrequirements材料要求Accordingtodesign,thesurfaceofnon-fireverticaldrywallboardpartitionsystemshouldbedrywallboard.Thecardboardhasahighmechanicalresistanceandformsataperalongtheverticalsidetofacilitatetreatmentofjoints.Theboardis12mmwithadeviationof0.5mm.Thethermalresistanceis0.05㎡K/Wwithadequaterigidnessonsurfacethata500gsteelballwith2.5Jenergyleavesamarkinadiameteroflessthan13mm.Changesinrelativehumidityshouldnotcausechangeinsize.根据设计规定，非防火竖直干墙板隔墙系统的面层为干墙板，纸板有高机械力阻，纵边逐渐成锥形，以方便接缝的处理，厚度为12毫米，偏差为0.5毫米左右。其热阻为0.05㎡K/W，表面硬度为一个有2.5焦能量，500克的钢球留下的标记直径不应超过13毫米，相对湿度的变化不应造成尺寸变化。Forverticaldrywallboardpartitionwithafirerateof2hours,thereisonelayerofdrywallboardoneachsidein15mmthicknesswithadeviationof0.5mm.Forthatwithafirerateof4hours,therearetwolayersofdrywallboardoneachside.防火等级为2小时的竖直干墙板隔墙，每面有一层偏差为0.5毫米，厚度为15毫米的干墙板，4小时的防火隔墙每面有两层干墙板。Framesincludegalv.keelinapropersizetomeetrequirementsindesignsizeandfunction.Splicedverticalkeelshouldbeatleast500mmforconnectionandfixtureshouldbeprovided.框架包括镀锌且具有合适尺寸的龙骨，以达到要求的设计尺寸和功能。拼接的竖向龙骨最小他接长度为500毫米，且具备适合的固定装置。Thepartitionsurfacecouldbedecoratedinvariousforms,incl.differenttypesofpaintandwallpaint.隔墙的面层以接受各种装修形式，包括不同类型的漆和墙面涂料。ØMainprocess施工主要工艺Process:settingout→treatmentofwallbase→installjointkeel(MEPinstallationinthemiddleofit)→installreinforcing,stripeandpenetratingkeelsindoorway→installpipeinsidewall→installinsulationmaterialsinsidewall→installplasterboard→installsurfaceorpaint156 操作程序：定位放线→墙基处理→安装天地龙骨→安装竖龙骨（机电管线安装穿插其中）→门口加强龙骨、横撑龙骨、通贯龙骨→安装墙内管线→安装墙内保温吸音材料→安装石膏板→安装面层或涂料施工。ØWallsettingout墙位放线:Conductsettingoutofwallperdesignandflipinklinesatpartitionlocationfixedonfloorandintroducethelocationlinetowall(orcolumn)onbothendsofpartitionandthenintroduceittotheareabeneatheceilingorbeamwhilenotingthepositionofverticalkeelatdoorwayonupperandlowerpartition.墙位放线要按照设计要求,在楼地面上决定的隔墙位置,进行弹线,将位置线引测到隔墙两端墙(或柱)上,引测到顶棚(或梁)的下面,同时将门口位置竖向龙骨位置在隔墙的上下处分别做出标记。ØTreatmentofwallbase墙基处理:Userubberbartofillkeelsalongfloorandtopkeelandthosecontactingfloorandceilingandcleanthemuptopreventpartitionfrombeingdampedorconcretewallcouldbebuilttopreventairandmoisturefromenteringkeel.在沿地、沿顶龙骨与地、顶面接触处要填橡皮条并且清理干净，防止湿气渗透进隔墙中间也可采用浇筑砼道墙来处理地龙骨的隔气、隔潮作用。ØInstallkeelalongfloorandceiling安装沿地、沿顶龙骨:Fixkeelsalongfloorandceilingwithaspankerboltthatislocatedataninternvalof0.6—1.0minthemiddlewithamaxspaceof0.8mathorizontaldirectionand1.0matverticaldirection.Bestdepthofboltinsertedtobase:22mm—32mmforconcreteand30—50mmforbricks.Checkifkeelsalongfloorandceilingareatthesameverticalgrade.Butdonotusespankerbolttofixconnectingpiecetobrickstructure.沿地、沿顶龙骨用射钉固定，射钉按中距0.6—1.0m间距布置，水平方向不大于0.8m，垂直方向不大于1.0m，射钉射入基体最佳深度：混凝土为22mm—32mm，砖体30—50mm。操作时特别注意检查，沿顶、沿地龙骨要在同一垂直平面上。但不实用射钉把连接件固定在砖结构上。Expansionboltcouldbeusedforfixingtostrengthenstabilityaccordingtokeelthickness.根据龙骨厚度不同，按多种可靠的方案实施，可采用膨胀螺栓固定，以加强稳固性。Fabricateandcutkeelspersitedimensionsandpushfinishedverticalkeelinsidehorizontalkeelalongceilingandfloorwithitsgirthtowardsplasterboard.Theverticaldirectionofverticalkeelcannotbereversedanditsspaceshouldconsideractualwidthoffacesheet,thespacewhereonekeelcouldfitininthemiddleispreferredbutitshouldnotbeover600mm.Accordingtonationalcode,fixverticalkeelsandkeelsalongfloorandceilingwithrivetandfixstructuralwallorcolumnwithspankerbolt.Usereinforcingkeelat156 doorandwindowopening.Ifkeelisover1.5mmthick,spotweldingwouldbemainlyusedandanti-corrosivemeasureswouldbeputinplace.根据现场具体尺寸，进行定加工和切割，要求将加工定尺切好长度的竖向龙骨，推向横向沿顶、沿地龙骨之内，翼缘朝向石膏板方向，竖向在龙骨上下方向不能颠倒，竖向龙骨的间距位置，要考虑到饰面板的实际宽度，以板材中间有根龙骨为宜，但最大间距不得超过600毫米。按照国家规范规定，即你想能够排列，考虑好承重，适当即你想能够加密，竖向龙骨与沿顶、沿地龙骨用拉铆钉铆固；柱体结构墙（柱），一般采用射钉法。门窗洞口处应使用加强龙骨。如果龙骨厚度大于1.5mm以上，一般以点焊等其他连接方法为主，同时采取可靠的防腐措施。Installsupportcliponverticalkeeltoconnectwithpenetratinghorizontalkeelandinstalllatchbracketontheopeningsurfaceofverticalkeeltoconnectwithhorizontalsupportandinstallanglebracketonthereversesideofverticalkeeltoconnectwithhorizontalsupportanduseconnectingpiecestoconnectwithpenetratinghorizontalsupport.在竖向龙骨上安装支撑卡与通贯横龙骨连接，在竖向龙骨开口面安装卡托与横撑连接，在竖向龙骨背面安装角托与横撑连接，通贯横撑连接时，用通贯横撑连接件。ØInstallpipelineinsidewall安装墙内管线:Beforepavementofcoverplate,installhiddenpipelinesinsidewall,fixpaddingmaterials,andinstallinsulationmaterialsinsidewall.Incaseofpipesinsidewall,keepadistancebetweenpipeandcoverplate.在罩面板铺钉前，要铺设墙内暗管线，固定垫篷材料，真装墙内的保温材料，如果墙内安装管子，管子与罩面板之间要的一定的空隙。ØFixingplasterboard石膏板固定:Plasterboardcouldbepavedeitherhorizontallyorverticallybutfirewallmustbepavedhorizontallytomakesealingsideofplasterboardparalleltoverticalkeel.Thedistancebetweenself-tappingscrewandedgeofplasterboardshouldnotbelessthan10mmbutnotover16mm.Fixplasterboardwithframewithnail,200mmattheedgesand300mminthemiddle.Incaseofdouble-layerplates,jointsshouldbestaggered.铺板，纸面石膏板可以横向铺设，也可以纵向铺设。但有防火要求的墙体必须纵向铺设，使石膏板的包封边与竖龙骨平行。自攻螺丝与石膏板边缘的距离不小于10mm，也不大于16mm，在紧固时，石膏板必须与骨架钉固，钉固、板边为200mm，板中为300mm。如有双层板时，接缝应错开。ØJoints接缝:Plasterboadsshouldbecloselyattachedduringbuttjoint,butthejointsshouldbe156 stagedby1/2andjointsonbothsidesofwallshouldnotbeonthesamekeel.Repairjointsandapplyreinforcingbandandfillwithtaperedgesandscrewheadandprotectprotrudingangleswithgalv.anglesteel.石膏板对接时要自然靠紧，但为能强压就位，板的对接缝要求1/2错开，墙两面的接缝不能落在同一龙骨上，修好接缝，粘贴加固带，填满锥形边和螺丝头，凸角用镀锌角钢保护。Wallwithrockwoolmustbeinstalledcloselywithoutgapsandleftovermaterialsarenotallowed.设计有岩棉的墙必须安装紧凑，没有缝隙，不得使用边角料。Accordingtodesign,reinforcedoorandpipeopeningswithmetalkeeltoensurezeromistake.根据设计要求，对需要加固的门洞及其他设别管道等洞口位置进行加强，用金属龙骨，并确保万无一失。3.Tiling瓷砖铺贴施工方案Basicdesignrequirements设计基本要求：Forfloorandskirt,tilesshouldbepavedbyscreedingmortarlayertomakeitthinorfullyscreedingmortarreversesideoftileandapplycementtopointingjointofmortartomakeitplump.地面和踢脚需要的瓷砖，用刮薄砂浆层或在瓷砖背面满刮砂浆的方法进行铺贴，并用水泥粘接砂浆勾缝，使其饱满。Forwall,tilesshouldbepavedbyscreedingmortarlayertomakeitthinorfullyscreedingmortarreversesideoftileandapplycementtopointingjointofmortartomakeitplump.墙体装修用的瓷砖，用刮薄砂浆层或在瓷砖背面满刮砂浆的方法进行铺贴，并用水泥粘接砂浆勾缝，使其饱满。Colorandstyleshouldmeetdesignrequirements,incl.colorofwallandceiling.颜色与式样与总体设计方案相协调，包括考虑墙和吊顶等颜色。Submitsamplesforconfirmationbypurchaser.提交样品，并得到采购方的确认。ØMaterialrequirements材料要求：SelectcolorsaccordingtoscopeofusageandaskforapprovelbyOwner.根据使用范围的不同，分别选择颜色，供业主确认。Conductcorrosiontest:selecttilesandchecktoensurethattheyhavenodefectsordamagesandinbasicallythesamecolors.进行浸蚀测试：挑选瓷砖，仔细检查，确保没有缺陷和损伤，同时考虑色差基本一致。156 Dryselectedtilesthroughventilationandheatingfurnaceandconfirmbywaterdripping.把挑选的瓷砖进行通风加热炉中干燥处理。然后水滴检查确认。Dimensionandallowable尺寸和容差：Sizeofwallbricks:200/400mmlong(workingsize:197/397mm)墙面砖尺寸要求：长度200/400毫米（工作尺寸：197/397毫米）200mmwide(workingsize:197mm)宽度200毫米（工作尺寸：197毫米）Thickness:6mm(min)/10mm厚度：6毫米（最小）/10毫米Deviationforwallbricks:averagelengthofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanitsworkingsizeby±1%墙面砖容差要求：每一瓷砖的平均长度相对于其工作尺寸的容差不能大于±1%Averagewidthofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanitsworkingsizeby±1%每一瓷砖宽度的平均长度相对于其工作尺寸的容差不能大于±1%Averagethicknessofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanits10testsamplesby±1%每一瓷砖的平均厚度相对于其10个测试样品的容差不能大于±1%Thebreakingcoefficientofwallbrickspermm2shouldnotbelessthan20Nandnochangeshouldbevisibletonakeeyesaftertestby3%hydrochloricacidandalkalisolvent.墙面砖碎裂系数每平方毫米不小于20N，经过3%的盐酸和碱溶液分别测试，肉眼看不出变化。Sizeoffloortile:300/600mmlong(workingsize297/597mm)地面砖尺寸要求：长度300/600毫米（工作尺寸：297/597毫米）300/600mmwide(workingsize297/597mm)宽度300/600毫米（工作尺寸：297/597毫米）Thickness:8mm(min)/10mm厚度：8毫米（最小）/10毫米Deviationforfloortile:averagelengthofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanitsworkingsizeby±1%地面砖容差要求：每一瓷砖的平均长度相对于其工作尺寸的容差不能大于±1%Averagewidthofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanitsworkingsizeby±1%每一瓷砖宽度的平均长度相对于其工作尺寸的容差不能大于±1%Averagethicknessofeachtileshouldnotbemorethanits10testsamplesby±1%每一瓷砖的平均厚度相对于其10个测试样品的容差不能大于±1%156 Thebreakingcoefficientofwallbrickspermm2shouldnotbelessthan30Nandnochangeshouldbevisibletonakeeyesaftertestby70%vitrioland20%potassiumhydroxidesolventrespectively.地面砖碎裂系数每平方毫米不小于30N，经过70%的硫酸和20%的氢氧化钾溶液分别测试，肉眼看不出变化。3.1Walltiling墙面瓷砖铺贴ØPreparations:施工准备ØMaterials材料Glazedtileorothertilesshallbeconformingtodesignintermsoftype,specificationandpattern,andshallbeaccompaniedwithproductcertificates.Thepermissiblemaximumwaterabsorptionshallbenomorethan10percent.Glazedtilesshallbecarefullyselectedasperdesign,namelyuniformspecificationandsquarenessinshapeaswellascompletenessinallcorners,inthemeantime,noshortageofcrack,glaze-offnordistortion.Inaddition,theyshallbeevencoloredandequippedwithallfittingsifrequired.Theselectionisdonebymeansofsleevetemplate,basedonwhich,thestandardphysicalsizeofthetileismeasured.Firstly,makeavailableofawoodenframeofupsidedownMonthetemplate,throughwhich,allglazedtilesareputtotheopeningoftheframeforchecking.Inthisway,alltilesaresortedvaryingfromsizesandcategoriesthenstackedseparately.Glazedtilesofonesizeshallbeputtoonefloororwalltokeepjointsuniform.釉面砖、面砖的品种、规格、花色按设计规定，并应有产品合格证，吸水率不大于10%。釉面砖需进行选择，即根据设计要求挑选规格一致，形状平整方正，不缺棱掉角，不形裂和脱釉，无凹凸扭曲，颜色均匀的砖块及各种配件。选砖方法可采取自动的套板，即根据釉面砖或外墙面砖的标准长度宽尺寸，做一个“山”形木框，钉在木板上，按大、中、小分类，先将釉面砖从“山”形木框开口处塞入检查，照此分出符合标准尺寸和大于或小于标准等三级，分别堆放。同一类尺寸应用于同一层或一面墙上，以做到接缝均匀一致。Cementandwhitecement:slaggedcementof42.5foritsratingandPortlandcementorwhitecement;水泥、白水泥：强度等级为42.5的矿渣水泥和普通硅酸盐水泥或白水泥。Sand:coarsesandormedium-sizedsand;砂：粗砂或中砂。Limepaste:156 石灰膏:Pigments:矿物颜料:Emulsionor108glue乳液或108胶水。]Applicabletools:knife,woodenhammer,rubberhammer,shovel,alloychisel,steelchisel,woodenclapper,flatchisel,grindingstone,alloysteeldrillhead,ironlevelingrod,squareruler,splint,pincer,plumb,inkbox,percussiondrill,electricalportabledrill,electricalcuttingmachine;工常用机具:开刀、木锤、橡皮锤、铁铲、合金錾子、钢錾、硬木拍板、扁錾、磨石、合金钢钻头、铁水平尺、方尺、托线板、克丝钳子、线坠、墨斗、冲击钻、手电钻、电动切割机。ØWorkconditions:作业条件:Allreservedopeningsanddrainagepipelinesshallbetreated.Doororwindowframesshallbefixedandfilledandsealedwithmortarof1:3.Anyfillerreservedforaluminumalloydoororwindowistobeconformingtothedesign,andtobefilledairtight,apartfromthat,onelayerofmembraneistobesecuredpreviously.Baselayerofthewallshallbecleanedwithalleyeholes,windowsillsandsleevesbricked.预留孔洞及排水管等应处理完毕，门窗框扇要固定好，并用1：3水泥砂浆将缝隙堵塞严实，铝合金门窗框边缝所有嵌塞材料应符合设计要求，且应塞堵密实，并事先粘贴好保护膜。墙面基层清理干净，脚手眼、窗台、窗套等事先砌堵好。Thetoiletshallbeacceptedwithitswaterprooflayerbythesupervisioncompany.卫生间防水层已经监理验收合格。Thewallcolumnistobestableandclean(freefromgrease,floatingmortarandresidualash).Anyprotrudingpartwhichmanyinterferewiththetilingistobechiseledtobeleveled.Columnwhichissubjecttoconvexshallbe1:3cementedandleveled.(wetitpriortoplastering;)墙柱面必须坚实、清洁（无油污、浮浆、残灰等），影响面砖铺贴凸出墙柱面部分应凿平，过于凹陷的墙柱面，应用1：3水泥砂浆分层抹压找平（先浇水湿润后再抹灰）。Samplewallorroomshallbesecuredandacceptedbylocalpartiespriortocommencementofmasswork.大面积施工前，应先做样板墙和样板间，并经质量及有关部门检查符合要求。ØWorkflow:施工方法156 l工艺流程：Preparationofbaselayer→plasteringforthefirsttime→inkingline→dippingoftile→jointing基层处理→抹底灰→弹线→浸砖→勾缝、擦缝操作工艺lPreparationofbaselayer基层处理lConcretebaselayer:Itisrequiredofsufficientstabilityandrigidness,inthemeantime,andistobede-burred.Theburristoberemovedaround0.5～1.5cmwithaspacingof3cmorso.混凝土基层：镶贴饰面的基体表面具有足够的稳定性和刚度，同时，对光滑的基体表面进行凿毛处理。凿毛深度应为0.5～1.5cm，间距3cm左右。Anyresidualgreaseordustleftonthesurfaceshallbebrushedaway.Bulgeorconvexshallbescrapedorleveledwithmortarof1:3.Wherethereistheinterconnectionbetweenmaterialsofdifferentnaturesshallbewiremeshedthesamewayastheplastering.Wherethedoorandwindowisconnectedtothemainwallshallbemortared.Tokeepthebaselayertothelevelinglayer,finemortar(1:1forcementvsfindsand,mixedtoslurry)orpolymermortar(108gluevswater=1:4)shallbeapplied.基体表面残留的灰尘及油渍等，应用钢丝刷洗干净。基体表面凹凸明显部位，应事先剔平或用1:3水泥砂浆补平。不同材料相接处，应铺钉金属网，方法与抹灰饰面做法相同。门窗口与主墙交接处应用水泥砂浆嵌填密实。为使基层与找干层粘接牢固，可洒水泥细砂浆（水泥:细砂=1:1，拌成稀浆）或聚合物水泥浆（108胶:水=1:4的胶水拌水泥）进行处理。lBasetobrickwall,shallbecleanedandwateredonedayinadvance.砖墙基体：墙面清扫干净，提前一天浇水湿润。lPlasteringforthefirsttime抹底灰Firstly,applyonecoatofplainmortar,ofwhich10percentiswater,thenplasteritbylayersandcoats(themixratiois1:3undernormaltemperature).Thefirstcoatshallbe5mm,scrapedandcuredeveryotherday.Oncethefirstcoatisalmostdriedor(60or70percentgoesdried.),thesecondcoatisreadytobeappliedof8~12mm,again,itistobescrapedandde-burredandwateredeveryotherday.Thethirdcoatistobeappliedthesamewayasthesecondcoatandwillbescrapeduntilitisfullyleveled.156 先刷一道掺水重10%的108胶水素浆，紧跟着分层分遍抹底层砂浆（常温时采用配合比为1:3水泥砂浆），第一遍厚度宜为5mm，抹后用木抹子搓平，隔天浇水养护；等第一遍六七成干时，即可抹第二遍，厚度约8~12mm，随即用木杠刮平、木抹子搓毛，隔天浇水养护，若需要抹第三遍时，其操作方法同第二遍，直至把底层砂浆抹平为止。Forairentrainingconcreteexternalwall,itwillbecleanedforitsbaselayerandcoatedwith108glue.Then,itiscovedwithwovenwiremesh,galvanizedandof0.7mmforitsdiameteror32mm×32mmforitsborediameter.Proposednailisφ6anti-checkingiron,whosespacingorclearanceinlengthandbreadthshallnotexceed600mm.thereafter,applymortarof1:1:$ofcement,limeandsandforbindinglayerormortarof1:@.5forlevelinglayer.Afteritisleveled,cureitinthelightoftemperatures.加气混凝土外墙应在基层清洁后，先刷108胶水溶液一遍，然后满钉孔径为32mm×32mm、丝径0.7mm的镀锌机织钢丝网、钉距（φ6扒钉）纵横不大于600mm，再抹1:1:4水泥石灰混合砂浆粘结层及1:2.5水泥砂浆的找平层。抹完找平层砂浆之后，要根据气温情况及时进行浇水养护。lInkinglineandarrangingbricks弹线、排砖Inklinesfortilingofinternalwallconsistoffloorelevation,heightforbricksonthefinishingwall,horizontalcontrollineandverticalcontrolline.内墙面铺贴饰面砖的弹线主要有地面标高线、饰面砖高度位置线、水平控制线和垂直控制线。lDippingoftile浸砖Tilesaresubjecttodippingpriortoapplication.Non-glazedceramictileandceramictile(dressedtype)shallbewateredsoastoretainwaterthereinandavoidfallingoff.Ceramictilesaretobedriednaturallyforapplication.Periodfordryingshallbesubjecttotheambienttemperatureandusuallylasts3to5hours.Itcanbeconfirmedwithatouchonthesurfaceofthetilewithnowaterfoundbutafeelingofmoisture.饰面砖在铺贴前应在水中充分浸泡，陶瓷无釉砖和陶瓷磨光砖应浇水湿润，以保证铺贴后不致因吸走灰浆中水分而粘贴不牢。浸水后的瓷砖瓷片应阴干备用，阴干的时间根据气温和环境温度而定，一般为3～5h，即以饰面砖表面有潮湿感但手按无水迹为准。lTilingontheinternalwall内墙面铺贴Thelevelinglayer,whichhasbeencleanedpreviously,ismarkedaspertheindoorstandardleveloffloorelevationandsegmentdivisionline.Inthelightofmainline,woodenbracketissettosupportceramictiletopreventitfromfallingoffwhilethemortarhasnotgonedried.Thebracketshallbesmoothlyfabricated.Theceramictileshallbelaidalongthebracketfromdownup.156 在清理干净的找平层上，依照室内标准水平线，校核一下地面标高和分格线。以所弹地干线为依据，设置支撑瓷片或瓷砖的地面木托板。加木托的目的是防止贴瓷片时在水泥浆未硬化的砖体下坠。木托板表面应加工平整。其高度为非整块瓷片的调节尺寸。整块瓷片的墙面铺贴，就从木托板开始自下而上进行。Mortarismadebyaratioof1:2(volume)forcementvssand,inwhich108glueismixedby3to4percent.Firstly,dilutethegluewithwatertwotimesthatoftheglueitself,thenputthemixturetothemortarforafurthermixing.Withashovel,themixtureisappliedtotheceramictileoritsback.Itshallnotbemorethan5mmintermsofitsthickness.Allitsfourcornersshallbeinclinedtoplaceandpressedbyhand,thenknockedbyrubberhammertoground.Itisnotedthattheglazedtileshallbefullygluedandleveledbyruler.调制糊状的水泥浆，其配合比为水泥:砂=1:2（体积比），另外掺加水泥重量3%～4%的108胶水。先将108胶用两倍的水稀释，然后加在搅拌均匀的水泥砂浆中，继续搅拌至充分混和为止。镶贴时，用铲刀将聚合物水泥浆均匀涂抹在瓷片或瓷砖背面，厚度不在大5mm，四周刮成斜面，按线就位后，用手轻压，然后用橡皮锤轻轻敲击，使其与底层贴紧，并注意确保釉面砖四周砂浆饱满，并用靠尺找平。Optionally,itcanbedonewiththemixtureofcementandgluewiththeratioof100:5.26.Thissortofmortarshallbefinishedallatonetime.Itisespeciallysuitableforwall,whichhasbeenleveledwithashpreviously.也可按水泥:108胶水:=100:5:26的比例配制纯水泥浆进行铺贴，这种水泥浆应随拌随用，并在收工前全部用完。它最适合底灰较平整的墙面。Beforethewalloflargesizeisworked,severaldiscardedceramictilesaretobelaidfortesting.Theyaretobeleveledbywoodenrulerorlevelrod.Onesignalpieceistobesetevery1.5minthehorizontaldirection.铺贴大面前，应先贴若干块废瓷砖片作为标准厚度块，用木靠尺和水平尺确定其两者间的水平度。横向每隔1.5m左右做一个标志块，将作为粘贴厚度的依据，以便在铺贴过程中随时检查表面的平整度。Thetilingislaidfromtoptobottomorfromrighttoleft.Usually,itisheldbythelefthand,whichfacilitatestheworkandprovidefullviewaswell.Oncearowoftilesisputtoplace,arectificationwithalongrodisrequired.Thosewhichareabovethesignalpieceshallbetappeddown.Thosewhicharelowerthanthesignalpieceshallberemovedandre-plastered.Itisprohibitedtoapplyplasteringdirectlyatthejoint,asitmayresultintobulge.Particularattentionshallbepaidwhileinterconnectingwithanotherrowofceramicstoensuretheyareflushedwithoneanother.Incasetherearedeviationsinspecificationorphysicaldimensionamongtiles,itisrequiredtoperformtimelyadjustmenttokeeptheyareunified.Therowaboveallshallbetiledinlineandtreatedwithtilesofarcincasethereisnobatten.156 铺贴应自下而上、自右而左进行。因为一般均为左手拿砖，这样，既顺手又不遮挡视线。铺贴完一行瓷片后，再用长靠尺靠横向正一次，对高于标志块的，应轻敲击，使其平齐，低于标志块时，应取下瓷片，重新抹满灰浆再铺贴，不得在砖口处塞灰浆，否则会产生空鼓。铺贴时，应保持与相邻一行瓷片的平整，特别是对缝拼接的施工，应保持与相邻一行瓷片对缝的一致性。如因釉面砖的规格尺寸或几何形状有偏差，应在铺贴时随时调整，使缝隙宽窄一致。当贴到最上一行时，要求上口成一直线，上口如没有压条，应铺贴一边有圆弧的釉面砖。Incasenon-full-sizedbricksarefabricated,theyshallbecutwithspecialknife.Itisadvisedtocutthetileonthefaceortheback.Onceitiscut,puttothewaterforafurthertreatment.Thenputthedippedtilewithitsbacktothesky,andbendthepartdownwhichissupposedtobediscarded.Incasethereisunevennessoroversizefoundoverthefracture,itisrecommendedtogrindit.Incompletepiecesatthefootofthewallshallbetiledwiththebracketdismantled.制作非整砖块时，可根据所需要的尺寸划痕，用专用瓷片刀切割。以裁切面砖或瓷片的背部较好，而且应对需切割的瓷片进行浸水处理。将浸透的瓷片背面向上，用手将应切割的部分拗下。若断口不平或尺寸稍大，可在磨石上磨平，对墙面最下边的非整瓷片，在拆除木托后进行补贴。lJointing勾缝擦缝Onceitistiledandconcretedandwaituntilthelatterinitialized,washthetilewithfreshwaterandfillitwithwhitecement.Then,wipeitcleanwithcottonyarnorclothfromdust.铺贴完毕，待粘贴水泥初凝后，用清水将砖面洗干净，用白水泥浆将缝填平，完工后，用棉纱、布片将表面擦拭干净至不留灰迹为止。lQualitystandards质量标准Facingbrickshouldmeetdesignrequirementsintype,spec,pattern,colorandperformance.饰面砖的品种、规格、图案、颜色和性能应符合设计要求。Inspectionmethod:observe;inspectqualitycertificate,deliveryacceptancerecord,andperformanceinspectionandre-inspectionreports.检验方法：观察；检查产品合格证书、进场验收记录、性能检测报告和复验报告。Leveling,waterproof,adhesivenessandpointingjointsandconstructionmethodoffacingbricksshouldmeetdesignrequirements,currentnationalcodeforproductsandengineeringtechnology.156 饰面砖粘贴工程的找平、防水、粘结和勾缝材料及施工方法应符合设计要求及国家现行产品和工程技术标准的规定。Inspectionmethod:inspectqualitycertificate,re-inspectionreportandacceptancerecordofconcealmentproject.检验方法：检查产品合格证书、复验报告和隐蔽工程验收记录。Facingbricksmustbesecurelyaffixed.饰面砖粘贴必须牢固。Inspectionmethod:inspectinspectionreportofadhesivestrengthforsamplesandconstructionlog.检验方法：检查样板件粘结强度检测报告和施工记录。Facingbricksfullyspreadshouldbefreeofbulgingandcracks.满粘法施工的饰面砖工程应无空鼓、裂缝。Inspectionmethod:observe;tapwithasmallhammer.检验方法：观察；用小锤轻击检查。Facingbricksshouldbesmoothandcleanandsameincolors,freeofcracksanddamages.饰面砖表面应平整、洁净、色泽一致，无裂痕和缺损。Inspectionmethod:observe.检验方法：观察。Lappingmethodatinternalandexternalcornersandareaswithoutfull-sizedbricksshouldmeetdesignrequirements.阴阳角处搭接方式、非整砖使用部位应符合设计要求。Inspectionmethod:observe.检验方法：观察。Facingbricksaroundwallprominenceshouldmatchwithfull-sizedbricks,withedgesinorder.Thethicknessthatwallskirtandskirtingplateextendingbeyondwallshouldbethesame.墙面突出物周围的饰面砖应整砖套割吻合，边缘应整齐。墙裙、贴脸突出墙面的厚度应一致。Inspectionmethod:observe;rule检验方法：观察；尺量检查。Thejointsoffacingbricksshouldbestraightandsmoothandfilledcontinuouslyandcompactly.Itswidthanddepthshouldmeetdesignrequirements.饰面砖接缝应平直、光滑，填嵌应连续、密实；宽度和深度应符合设计要求。Inspectionmethod:observe;rule检验方法：观察；尺量检查。156 Allowabledeviationandinspectionmethodforfacingbricksshouldmeetrequirementsasbelow.饰面砖粘贴的允许偏差和检验方法应符合下表的规定。ItemNo项次Description项目Deviation允许偏差(mm)InspectionMethod检验方法1Elevationplumbness立面垂直度2Checkbya2mverticalrule用2m垂直检测尺检查2Surfacelevelness表面平整度3Checkbya2mguidingruleandafeelergauge用2m靠尺和塞尺检查3Squarenessoffemaleandmaleangles阴阳角方正3Checkbya90℃rule用直角检测尺检查4Straightnessofjoints接缝直线度25mwires;iflessthan5m,pulllines;steelruler拉5m线，不足5m拉通线，用钢直尺检查5Differenceinheightofjoints接缝高低差0.5Bysteelrulerandfeelergauge用钢直尺和塞尺检查6Widthofjoint接缝宽度1Bysteelruler用钢直尺检查3.2FloorTileLaying地砖铺贴工程ØConstructionPreparation施工准备ØMaterial材料Thetype,spec.andcolorshallbestipulatedaccordingtothedesign,meanwhileaccompaniedwithproductcertificate,waterabsorptionrateshouldnotexceed10%。Thefloortileneedtobeselected,i.e.accordingtodesignrequirement,thespecisrequiredtobethesame,theshapeshouldbeinsquare,withoutanybreakage,split,glazingfallinganddistortion,thecoloroftileandallaccessoriesshouldbeinuniform.Automaticframeplatecouldbeusedintileselection,i.e.accordingtothestandardlengthandsizetomakeaframeshapelike“山”,nailitontheplateandclassifyaslarge,mediumandsmallsize,156 puttilesintotheframetoclassifyoutstandardsizeandthesizelargerorsmaller,andpileupseparately.Applythetilesinsamesizeinoneroom.地砖的品种、规格、花色按设计规定，并应有产品合格证，吸水率不大于10%。地砖需进行选择，即根据设计要求挑选规格一致，形状平整方正，不缺棱掉角，不形裂和脱釉，无凹凸扭曲，颜色均匀的砖块及各种配件。选砖方法可采取自动的套板，即根据地砖的标准长度宽尺寸，做一个“山”形木框，钉在木板上，按大、中、小分类，先将地砖从“山”形木框开口处塞入检查，照此分出符合标准尺寸和大于或小于标准等三级，分别堆放。同一类尺寸应用于同一间上，以做到接缝均匀一致。Cement&whitecement:slagcementwithforcegrade42.5andcommonPortlandcementorwhitecement.水泥、白水泥：强度等级为42.5的矿渣水泥和普通硅酸盐水泥或白水泥。Sand:Coarsesandormediumsand.砂：粗砂或中砂。Mineralpaint.矿物颜料。Latexor108gluewater.乳液或108胶水。ØMachinesincommonuse工常用机具Knife,woodhammer,rubberhammer,shovel,alloycoldchisel,steelchisel,hardclapper,flatchisel,alloysteeldrill,ironlevelingruler,squareruler,wiringplate,forceps,plummet,inkbox,impactdrill,electricdrillandelectriccuttingmachine.开刀、木锤、橡皮锤、铁铲、合金錾子、钢錾、硬木拍板、扁錾、磨石、合金钢钻头、铁水平尺、方尺、托线板、克丝钳子、线坠、墨斗、冲击钻、手电钻、电动切割机。ØWorkCondition作业条件Thepreformedholeanddrainpipeshouldbecompleted,thedoorframeisrequiredtobefixedandthejointbefilledwith1：3cementmortar,allthefillingsshouldaccordwithdesign,andtheprotectionmembraneshallbepre-sticked.Cleanupthebaseofground.预留孔洞及排水管等应处理完毕，门框要固定好，并用1：3水泥砂浆将缝隙堵塞严实，门框边缝所有嵌塞材料应符合设计要求，且应塞堵密实，并事先粘贴好保护膜。地面基层清理干净。ØConstructionMethod施工方法CraftFlow：Basetreatment-inklinemeasure-impregnatedtile-laying-pointingjoint,joint156 wiping工艺流程：基层处理→弹线→浸砖→铺贴→勾缝、擦缝ØOperatingFlow操作工艺ØBaseTreatment基层处理Thedustandoilstainsleftonthebaseshouldbecleanedupwithwirebrush.Therecesseddistinctiveplaceonthebaseshallbeleveledwith1:3cementmortarinadvance.Thecementfinemortarorpolymercementmortar(Cement:finemortar=1:1,mixedintowateryslurry)couldbeappliedtofastenthebasewiththelevelingcourse基体表面残留的灰尘及油渍等，应用钢丝刷洗干净。基体表面凹凸明显部位，应事先剔平或用1:3水泥砂浆补平。为使基层与找平层粘接牢固，可洒水泥细砂浆（水泥:细砂=1:1，拌成稀浆）或聚合物水泥浆（108胶:水=1:4的胶水拌水泥）进行处理。ØInkLineSetting,TileSetting弹线、排砖Theinklinesforfloortilepavingmainlyincludesfloorlevelline,finishingtilepositioningline,levelcontrollineandsquarecontrolline.地面铺贴地砖的弹线主要有地面标高线、饰地砖位置线、水平控制线和方正控制线。ØImpregnatedTiles浸砖Inordertorealizetightpaste,thefloortileshouldbefullysoakedwithwatertomakesurethewaterinsidemortarcouldnotbeabsorbedpriortopaving.Thetimeofshadedryshallbedecidedaccordingtothetemperatureofairandenvironment,generallyis3～5h,i.e.dampnesscouldbefeltonthefacingoftilewhilenowaterprintisleft.地砖在铺贴前应在水中充分浸泡湿润，以保证铺贴后不致因吸走灰浆中水分而粘贴不牢。浸水后的瓷片应阴干备用，阴干的时间根据气温和环境温度而定，一般为3～5h，即以饰面砖表面有潮湿感但手按无水迹为准。ØFloorTilePaving地砖铺贴Tileselection,watersoakingshallbedonebeforepaving,planelevel,floorlevel,thedirectionofslopewaterflow(waterfloodinggradeis2％inthebathroom)shallbewellcontrolled,nowaterisallowedtoberemained,outstretchingfromthegroundleakedge.Waterdischargedshouldbebarrier-free,thepre-arrangementandsettingoutshouldbedonefirst..156 铺贴前先选砖、浸水，掌握好水平标高、地面标高、坡水流向（卫生间一般为泛水坡度为2％），不得有局部积水，从地漏边向外伸延，泄水畅通，应预先预排、放线Theproportioningofcementagainstmortarformushywaterslurryis1:2(volumerate),besides108glueshouldbeputin,theamountofwhichis4%～8%ofcementweight.Firsttodilutethegluewithwatertwotimesofamountandthenaddittothecementmortarevenproportioned,churnuptillitisfullymixed.Inthelaying,useshoveltoplasterpolymercementslurryonthebackofthefloortile,5mmthick,oftile’sfoursidesbeingshavedintoslant,pushlightlybyhandwhenitisready,andthenslightknockwithrubberhammer,makesitcloselyadheringtothebase,atthesametimemakesurethemortarofsurroundingssatiated,levelitwiththegroundleakwithguidingruler.调制糊状的水泥浆，其配合比为水泥:砂=1:2（体积比），另外掺加水泥重量4%～8%的108胶水。先将108胶用两倍的水稀释，然后加在搅拌均匀的水泥砂浆中，继续搅拌至充分混和为止。镶贴时，用铲刀将聚合物水泥浆均匀涂抹在地砖背面，厚度不在大5mm，四周刮成斜面，按线就位后，用手轻压，然后用橡皮锤轻轻敲击，使其与底层贴紧，并注意确保地砖四周砂浆饱满，并用靠尺跟地漏处找平。Alsocouldpavewithpurecementslurrybytheproportion100:5:26ofcementagainst108gluewhichcouldbepreparedatanytimeforuseandshallbeusedupbytheworkdone.也可按水泥:108胶水:=100:5:26的比例配制纯水泥浆进行铺贴，这种水泥浆应随拌随用，并在收工前全部用完。Pavingshouldbekeptbeingleveledwiththetilesadjacent,especiallytheconstructionofjointconjunction,shouldaccordwiththejointjunctionatadjacentline.铺贴时，应保持与相邻一行砖片的平整，特别是对缝拼接的施工，应保持与相邻一行砖片对缝的一致性。Thespaceofjointshouldbeadjustedtimelyifanyerrorsinthespec,sizeorshapeoffloortile.如因地砖的规格尺寸或几何形状有偏差，应在铺贴时随时调整，使缝隙宽窄一致。Cutwithspecialbrickcutteraccordingtothesizenickrequiredduringmakingbrickbatpaving.Thebrickbattobecutisrequiredtobewatersoaked.Thebrickbatsoakedshouldbepavedwithitsbackupward,fortheparttobecutitshallbebrokenoffbyhands.Ifthecuttingopeningisunevenorthesizeisabitlarger,itcouldberubbeddownonthestone.制作非整砖块时，可根据所需要的尺寸划痕，用专用砖片刀切割。以裁切面砖或砖片的背部较好，而且应对需切割的砖片进行浸水处理。将浸透的砖片背面向上，用手将应切割的部分拗下。若断口不平或尺寸稍大，可在磨石上磨平。ØPointingjoint&JointRubbing156 勾缝擦缝Afterthepavementdone,towashupthetilesurfacewithcleanwateroncethepavingcementinitialplaced,tofillthejointintoevenwithwhitecementmortar,thereafter,wipethesurfacewithcottonyarn,dusterclothtillnodustremained.Mustmakesurethefloorisleveledup,therainwaterflowinrightdirection,nofloodwaterandthejointshouldbeinaccordance.铺贴完毕，待粘贴水泥初凝后，用清水将砖面洗干净，用白水泥浆将缝填平，完工后，用棉纱、布片将表面擦拭干净至不留灰迹为止。铺贴地砖必须保证地面平整、坡水流向正确，无泛水，缝隙一致。ØQualitystandard质量标准Thebreed,spec,pattern,colorandtheperformanceofthefloortilearesupposedtofollowthedesignrequirement.地砖的品种、规格、图案、颜色和性能应符合设计要求。ExaminationMethod:Observation;Checkproductcertificate,siteacceptancerecord,performanceexaminationreportandre-examinationreport.检验方法：观察；检查产品合格证书、进场验收记录、性能检测报告和复验报告。Theleveling,waterprevention,bonding,pointingmaterialandconstructionmethodshallsubjecttothedesign.地砖粘贴工程的找平、防水、粘结和勾缝材料及施工方法应符合设计Requiretomeetwiththerequirementofnationalcurrentproductandprojecttechnology.要求及国家现行产品和工程技术标准的规定。ExaminationMethodExamineproductcertificate,re-examinationreportandacceptancerecordofconcealedproject.检验方法：检查产品合格证书、复验报告和隐蔽工程验收记录。Itmustbetightlyfastenedofthefloortilepaving..地砖粘贴必须牢固。ExaminationMethod:Checktheexaminationreportforbondnessstrengthofshowflatandconstructionrecord.检验方法：检查样板件粘结强度检测报告和施工记录。Nobulgeandcrackinfinishingtileworkoffullyspreadadhesionconstruction满粘法施工的饰面砖工程应无空鼓、裂缝。ExaminationMethod:Observation;Checkbyslightknockwithsmallhammer.检验方法：观察；用小锤轻击检查。156 Thesurfaceofthefloortileshallbeeven,clean,insamecolor,withoutcrackandbreakage.地砖表面应平整、洁净、色泽一致，无裂痕和缺损。ExaminationMethod:Observation.检验方法：观察。Thejointbetweentilesshallbestraight,smooth,thefillingshallbecontinuousandcompact;thewidthandthedepthshouldbeconsistentwiththedesignrequirement.地砖接缝应平直、光滑，填嵌应连续、密实；宽度和深度应符合设计要求。ExaminationMethod:Observation;tobecheckedbyruler.检验方法：观察；尺量检查。Errorsallowed:允许偏差：Levelinggrade:2mm，checkedwith2mrulerandwedgetuckruler,uprightgrade2mm,checkedwith2mpatchplate,theconnectingjointis0.5mm,tobecheekedwithruler.表面平整度2mm，用2m靠尺和楔形塞尺检查，垂直度2mm，用2m托线板检查，接缝宽度0.5mm，用尺检查。ØProtectionofCompletedWorks成品保护Transportationandstorageshallbeoperatedcarefullyandthepileshouldbeorganized.地砖运输、存放要小心操作、堆放整齐；Thefloortilesaretobecutbybenchslidingcuttingsaw,avoidwallpollutionduringthepaving.切割地砖采用台式推拉切割锯、铺砌时注意不要污染墙面；Notetoprotectthedoorframeandwallwhentransportingmaterialbycart,thelegofwhichshouldbewrapped.推车运料时注意保护门框及墙面，小车腿应包裹；Notouchingoftheundergroundpipelinesduringthepavement,donotdroptheslurryandbricksintothegroundleak.铺砌时不要碰动地下管线，不要把灰浆、砖块掉落到地漏中；Theroomwithfloortilespavedshouldbeenclosedtemporarily,thefloorshouldbeprotectedwhenotherproceduresinjected,preventthefloorfrompollutingduringthepaintingandslurrycoatingintheroom.156 铺好地砖地面的房间应临时封闭，其它工序插入时应覆盖地面加以保护，房内刷油、刷浆时不得污染地面；ØReasonsandPreventionofBulgeonFloorTiles地砖地面空鼓原因及防治Thebulgesafterthepavementoffloortilesisthecommonfaultoffinishingwork,mainreasonsarefollowing:地砖地面铺装后空鼓是装饰工程质量通病，产生的原因是多方面的，主要有：Notenoughoftheclearanceofbaseorwetnessofirrigation;基层清理不净或浇水湿润不够；Asymmetryofthemixturecourseofwaterslurryortoolargeofareacausingair-dry;刷水泥浆结合层不均匀或面积过大风干起隔离作用；Thedryandhardcementmortarshallbeaddedwithwaterfreely,whichwillaffectthevibrationiftoolongtimedeposited.干硬性水泥砂浆任意加水，放置时间过长，震实不够；Thereisfloatingsoilontheplatewhichhasnotsoakedwithwater.板面有浮土未浸水；Tooearlierofsteppingorpilingallowed..上人、上物过早。ØMainPreventionMethods:防治办法主要有：Clearancetreatmentofthebase:allthesundriesshallbecleanedup;allthedust,slurryleftandoilshouldbecleanedup.认真做好基层处理，将楼板上的杂物清净，用钎子剔掉落地灰，用钢丝刷刷净浮浆层，用清洁剂除掉油污后清扫干净。Beforethepavement,sprinklethegroundandbrushwithacourseofcementslurry(water:plaster=0.4-0.5),theareaofpaintshouldnotbetoolargeandthepaintshouldaccompaniedbythepaving;Afterthepavingcompoundcourse1：2.5cementmortarsisdone,usetimberbartoshaveittoevenandthenslipthatoffwithfloat铺装前用喷壶将地面均匀洒水一遍，刷一层素水泥浆（水灰比0.4-0.5）刷的面积不要过大，随铺随刷；铺结合层1：2.5水泥砂浆（并注意随伴随用，不能长久放置）铺好后用大木杠刮平，用抹子拍实抹平。Pre-setthefloortile,theonesindifferentcolorcouldnotbeusedinthesameroom,notetheprotectionandmaintenance.做好地面砖预排，不是同色号的不能用在同一房间。注意保护和养护：Assignworkmantosplashsawdust,waterandmaintainafter24hours.7daysmaintenanceisrequired.156 地砖铺完24小时后，要指派专人撒锯末浇水养护。养护7天以上；Theroomwithfloorpavedshallbeclosedtemporarily,notallowedtostandandpile.地面完成的房间要临时封闭，严禁一周内上人或堆放物料。Inordertopreventqualitycommonfaultincurred,mustimplementstrictlyaccordingtoconstructioncraftstandardandoperationregulations.严格认真不折不扣地执行施工工艺标准和操作规程是防止产生质量通病的重要的措施保证。4.FacingSystemofCeiling吊顶表面系统Thefitting-outincludessuspendedceilingsystem,threepartsaredividedbyfacingcourse:plasterplateceiling,minefaceplateceilingandaluminum-alloyceiling本装修包吊顶表面系统，按面层材料主要为三部分：石膏板吊顶、矿面板吊顶、铝合金板吊顶4.1PlasterplateCeilingWorks石膏板吊顶工程ØPreparation准备工作Accordingtothedesign,pre-embeddingsorsuspendershallbesetinsitecastplateorprefabricatedplate.在现浇板或预制板中,按设计要求应设置预埋件或吊杆，如果没有则放线打眼，安装吊杆；Theconcealedworkslikeinstallationoflightgroove,waterandelectricitypipingintheceilingmustbecompleted,thelayingofwiresandcables,electrictestandpipingpressureshallbecompleted;吊顶内的灯槽、水电管道等隐蔽工程必须安装完毕，电线电缆敷设完成，电气试验、管道试压完毕；Theinstallationoflampsandequipment,suspendedbarsshallbecompleted;Lampsorfansshouldbehangedandcannotbeconnectedwithkeel.Ifman-workrequiredintheceiling,passageisrequiredtobesetandotherreliablemeasurestobetakenintheceiling.灯具及设备的安装吊筋应安装完成，灯具或电扇设备需要吊装不得与吊顶龙骨连接。吊顶如需上人，则必须在吊顶内安装通道或采取其他可靠措施，ØMaterialRequirement材料要求Accordingtothedesignrequirement,itisUC50*15*1.5mainsteeljoistoftheplasterplate,U50*19*0.5sub-joist,12thickpaperplasterplateorwaterproofplasterplate,whitelatexpaintoradhesive15thickMinesoundabsorptionplate;selectsupportingsteeljoistasperdesign,makesurethethicknessandthequalitycomplywithnationalstandard.156 根据设计要求，石膏板吊顶为UC50*15*1.5钢主龙骨、U50*19*0.5钢次龙骨、12厚纸面石膏板或防水石膏板、白色乳胶漆或粘接15厚矿面吸声板；按设计要求选择配套的钢龙骨，保证其厚度及品质符合国家标准。MainParts:mainandsub-joist:accessories:hangingsandconnectingcard:fittings:suspenders,shootingnail,screw,expansionbolt,self-tappingnail,allofwhichshouldbeinaccordancewiththedesignrequirementandshouldbematched,allofthematerialsshouldhavecompetencycertificateofmanufacture.主件：主副龙骨；附件：吊挂件、连接卡；零配件：吊杆、射钉、螺丝、胀栓、自攻钉等均应符合设计要求并相互配套，所有材料应有出厂合格证。Thecoveringplate,type,specandqualityofaccessoriesshouldbeinaccordancewiththedesignrequirement,alsomanufacturecertificateisrequiredtobeprovided.罩面板及配件品种、规格、质量应符合设计要求并有出厂合格证明。ØCraftFlow工艺流程Inklinemeasure-sitearrangement-suspenderinstallation-mainjoistinstallation-reinforcementofequipmentlikeairventanddaylightlamp-concealedworkacceptancelikeM/Ecompleted--archingleveling-concealedworkinceilingacceptance--plasterfacingplateinstallation--holeopeningevacuationoflampandloudspeakerinconjunctionwithM/E--clearance,examinationandacceptance--installationoffinishingcourseorconstructionofputtymaterialcoating弹线→现场排版→安装吊杆→安装主龙骨→安装副龙骨→风口、日光灯等设备洞口加固→机电隐蔽验收完成→起拱调平→吊顶隐蔽验收→安装石膏面板→配合机电开挖灯具、喇叭等设备洞口→清理检查验收→安装装饰面层或腻子涂料施工ØConstructionMethod施工方法Firsttoflipoutinklineofceilinglevelonthewallandcolumnsaccordingtothedrawing,toset-outaccordingtotheintegratedplansofsuspendedceiling,tofindtheproblemsofinconsistenceofM/Eandthedrawingandreportforchangeschemewithoutconsideringofceilinglayout,alsotoputforwardthedetaileddesignschemeonlargeventilationductingfortheapproval,thenconfirmthepositionofsuspenderanddrillwithelectrichammer,fixonthetopplatewithinflatedbolt,thesuspendershouldbegalvanizedrebarfinishedproduct.按照图纸先在墙上、柱上弹出顶棚标高水平墨线，根据吊顶综合平面图，定位放线，排除吊顶布局，发现机电与图纸不对应等问题，及时上报确定更改方案，同时对于大型通风管道等设备，提出深化设计方案，以便得到审批，然后确定吊杆位置用电锤打眼，采用相应的膨胀螺栓在顶板上固定，吊杆采用镀锌钢筋制成品。156 Installmainjoistaccordingtothelevelofceiling,adjustthehangings,levelthesoffit(notearching);confirmthelocationofmainandsecondaryjoistaccordingtothespec.ofplate,subjoistandmainjoistmustadheretothebottomofthemainjoist,shouldclampwithjawwheninstalluprighthangings,avoiddifferentdegreeoftightness..根据吊顶标高安装主龙骨，基本定位后调节吊挂超平下皮(注意起拱量)；再根据板的规格确定主、付龙骨位置，付龙骨必须和主龙骨底面贴紧，安装垂直吊挂时应用钳夹紧，防止松紧不一。Aspersitestatus,confirmthespaceofmainjoistsis600～1000mm，withthejunctionofjoiststaggered,avoidingmainjoistsideinclined;Toadjustupanddownwiththeboltonthesuspender,makesureacertainarching,generallyarch5-20mm(widthofroom1/200)accordingtothesizeofroom,tightenthescrewcapafteradjustinglevel;mainjoistneedtobestrengthenedattheplaceofhole.根据现场具体情况，确定主龙骨间距为600～1000mm，龙骨接头要错开；吊杆的方向也要错开，避免主龙骨向一侧倾斜；用吊杆上的螺栓上下调节，保证一定起拱度，一般视房间大小起拱5-20mm（房间短向1/200），待水平度调好后再逐个拧紧螺帽；开孔位置需将主龙骨加固。Intheconstruction,shouldpayattentiontothecooperationofeachlabortype,thefacingplatecouldbeinstalledonthesteeljoistafterconstructioncompletionandacceptanceofvent,electricpipeline,firepipelineintheceiling.Thelogoofplasterplateshouldbelabelledupward,ofitsplateitshouldbefixedbytheself-tappingnail,placetheplatefirstintheinstallation,thenusethedrillthediametersmallerthanself-tappingnailtodrillthoughbetweentheplateandthejoist,screwdownwithnailthespaceofwhichshouldbe150-170mm,nolessthan15mmtotheedge,1mmembeddedintheplate.施工过程中注意各工种之间配合，待顶棚内的风口、电气管线、消防管线等施工完毕并通过各种试验并经过验收后，同时钢龙骨也必须通过隐蔽验收后方可安装面板。石膏板商标要朝上，板用自攻钉固定，安装时先将板就位，用直径小于自攻钉直径的钻头将板与龙骨钻通，再用自攻钉拧紧，自攻钉钉距150-170mm，距边不小于15mm，略深入板面1mm左右。ØIssuestoAware:注意事项：156 Theplateshouldbefixedinfreestate,nobend,bulgetobeallowed;thelongersideoftheplateshallbelaidtothesub-joistverticallyalong;thespaceofsub-joistusedinthefixedplateshouldnotexceed600mm；Theremustbesub-joistattheplaceofplatejunction.板要在自由状态下固定，不得出现弯棱、凸鼓现象；板长边沿纵向次龙骨铺设；固定板用的次龙骨间距不应大于600mm；板端接头处必须有次龙骨。Thescrewnailheadisbettertobeembeddedintotheplate,cannotdilapidatethepaperface,thenailholeshouldbestainlesspreventionandbeslippedupbyplaster.螺钉头宜略埋入板内，并不得使纸面破损，钉眼应防锈并用石膏腻子抹平。Jointtreatmentshallbenotedasrequiredbythedesignandcode,mustconsiderappropriatecontroljointtoavoidthequalityproblemsofcrackcausedbythedeformationofplasterboard.根据设计及规范要求，注意接缝处理，必须考虑适当的控制缝，以避免石膏板变形移动而受到损伤开裂等质量问题。ØQualityStandard质量标准：Thematerial,type,styleandthespec.ofsteeljoistandcoveringfaceplateisrequiredtomeetwiththedesignrequirement.钢龙骨和罩面板的材质、品种、式样、规格应符合设计要求。Theinstallationlocationofsuspenderandthemainorsub-joistshouldbeaccurateandthejunctionshouldbetightenedwithoutloose.吊杆及主副龙骨安装位置必须正确，连接牢固无松动。Notallowedoflayeroff,wrapping,crack,corneroffandedgelackinthecoveringplate,theinstallationmustbefastened.罩面板应无脱层、翘曲、折裂、掉角和缺楞等缺陷，安装必须牢固。Thelightjoistshouldbeinstalledstraightly,nobendingordistortion,archinginthemiddleappropriately.轻龙骨安装应顺直，无弯曲变形，中间应适当起拱。Thesurfaceofthecoveringplateshouldbestraight,clean;thecolorshouldbethesame,nostains,stainless,samespacebetweenplatesjoint.罩面板表面平正整、清洁、颜色一致，无污染、反锈，板缝宽窄一致。ErrorsAllowed:允许偏差：Spaceofjoist,flatandstraight2mm龙骨间距、平直2mmLevelingofneighboring5mm156 四周水平5mmFlatandstraightofthecoveringplate,thejointisstraight2mm/2m罩面板表面平整、接缝平直2mm/2mHeightdifferenceofjoint1mm接缝高低差1mmØFinishedProductProtection：ightbetweenplatejoint.ainorsub-joistshouldbeaccurateandthejunctionshouldbeavoidthequalityp成品保护：Noticetoprotectallkindsofwiresintheceiling,thesuspenderjoistcouldnotbefixedonthepipelinesorotherequipment.注意保护好顶棚内各种管线，吊杆龙骨不能固定在管道或其它设备上。Theentranceofmaterialandpilingshouldbestrictlymanaged,nodistortion,nodampingandnorustiness.材料入场、堆放应严格管理，保证不变形、不受潮、不生锈。Nostandingandtrampleonthejoist,hangingsofothertypescouldnotbehangedonthelightsteeljoist.Tosealtheplateafterthewater,pressuretestingandinsulationinthepipeequipmentintheceilingarebeingcompleted.龙骨严禁上人踩塌，其它工种吊挂件不得吊于轻钢龙骨上。棚内管道设备试水、试压、保温完毕，隐检完成后再行封板。ØPreventionofQualityCommonFault质量通病防治Unevenatsplicing拼板处不平整ØReasonsAnalysis原因分析①Notearnestintheoperation,unevenofmainandsecondaryjoistleveling操作不认真，主、次龙骨未调平。②Notmatchedofthematerialselected,orunqualifiedofboardmanufacture选用材料不配套，或板材加工不符标准。②Nojoistatthesplicing拼接处没龙骨。ØPreventionMeasures防治措施①Installmainjoistfirst,checkwhetheritisconnectafterthewireputtingthough,toleveltheplateedgeovertheinstallation.先安装主龙骨，并拉通线检查是否正确，然后边安装板边调平，可满足板面平整度。156 ②shouldusespecialtoolsandselectaccessorymaterials,makesurethesizeoffabricationcomplywiththestandard,reducingoriginalandfittingerrors,makesurethesplicingplaceleveledup.应使用专用机具和选用配套材料，可保证加工板材尺寸符合标准，减少原始误差和装配误差，以保证拼板处平整。③Joistsshouldbesetatthejunctionofplate板四周接口处均应有龙骨。Unevenoflargepartofcoveringplate,obviousyielding.罩面板大面积不平整，挠度明显ØReasonsAnalysis原因分析①Duetonoinklinemeasure,thespaceofsuspendersabitlagerorthespaceisunstable,sothepressurebearingoftheceilingisuneven.由于未弹线，吊杆间距偏大或吊杆间距忽大忽小等，吊顶受力不均匀。②Largeofthespacebetweenjoistandwall,theyieldingexposedalotafterawhileofceilinguse.龙骨与墙面间距偏大，致使吊顶在使用一段时间后，挠度暴露较为明显。③Thespaceofjoistabitlarger,whichcouldalsocauseyieldingexposedalot.次龙骨间距偏大也会导致挠度暴露较为明显。④Duringscrewfixing,non-continuousforceiscausedbecauseofthedifferentdistancebetweenscrewandplasterboardorbreakageoffacingpaper.采用螺钉固定时，螺钉与石膏板边的距离大小不均匀或拧破纸面造成不持力。⑤Thelayingdirectionofsecondaryjoistisincorrect,notuprightwiththeplatelengthbutlaidalongthelongsideofthecoveringplate,goingagainstthearrangementofscrew.次龙骨铺设方向不妥，不是与板长边垂直，而是顺着罩面板长边铺设，不利于螺钉排列。ØPreventionMeasures防治措施①Flipsuspender’slocationlineonthebottomfloorslabasrequired;confirmthesuspenderspaceaccordingtothespecandsizeofthecoveringplate.按规定在楼板底面弹吊杆位置线，按罩面板规格尺寸确定吊杆间距。②Thespacebetweenjoistandwallshouldbelessthan100mmfromtheangleofstabilization,itisbetternotexceed500mmofthespaceiflargeplatesselected.从稳定方面考虑，龙骨与墙面之间的距离应小于100mm。如选用大块板材间距以不大于500mm为宜。③Whenusingthepaperfacingplasterboard,thespacebetweentheself-tappingnailandplateedgeorplateendshouldnotbelessthan10mm,alsoshouldnotbemorethan16156 mm,spaceofscrewsinthemiddleshouldnotbemorethan200mm.在使用纸面石膏板时，自攻螺钉与板边或板端的距离不得小于10mm，也不宜大于16mm，板中间螺钉的间距不大于200mm。④Whenlayinglargeplates,shouldthelongersideofplateisuprightwiththesecondaryjoist,forbetterarrangementandfasteningofscrews.铺设大块板材时，应使板的长边垂直于次龙骨方向，以利于螺钉排列和紧固。⑤Tightlockbetweensuspenderandhangings,noloose.吊杆与吊件均锁紧，不得松动。4.2.ConstructionSchemeofminecottonsoundabsorbingplate矿棉吸音板吊顶施工方案ØMaterialRequirement材料要求：Mine-cottonfacingplaterequiredbythedesignis:30*24*0.8Tsecondaryjoist,38*24*0.8Tmainjoist,degradingsoundabsorbingfacingplateordamp-proofingsoundabsorbingfacingplate:38*24*0.8Tsecondaryjoist,44*38*0.8Tmainjoist,flatsound-absorbingplate.Facingplatesarenotallowedofanybubble,peel,furrow,corneroff,stains,bendinganddistortionshouldbeflatofitssurfaceandthecolorshouldbeinaccordant.Thejoistsandminecottonabsorbplateusedintheceilingworkshouldaccordwiththestandardofnation,tradeandrelevantenterprises.Pre-embeddingsforthejoistinstallationshouldbetreatedwithembalmment根据设计要求矿面板吊顶为：30*24*0.8T型次龙骨、38*24*0.8T型主龙骨、跌级吸声矿面板或防潮吸声矿面板；38*24*0.8T型次龙骨、44*38*0.8T型主龙骨、平板级吸声矿面板面板不应有气泡、起皮、皱纹、缺角、污垢、扭曲、变形等缺陷，表面应平整，色泽一致。吊顶工程所用的龙骨及矿棉吸音板应符合现行国家、行业及有关企业标准。安装龙骨用的预埋件应做防腐处理。ØCraftFlow工艺流程：Inklinemeasure-sitearrangement–suspenderinstallation-mainjoistinstallation-holestrengtheningofequipmentslikeventanddaylightlamp-completionofconcealedworkslikeM/E–equipmentholeevacuationoflightlampsandloudspeakerinconjunctionwithM/Efacingplate-facingplateofinstallation-M/Eenddebugging–allfacingplatesadjustmentofjoistinstallation-clearance,examinationandacceptance弹线→现场排版→安装吊杆→安装主龙骨→风口、日光灯等设备洞口加固→机电隐蔽验收完成→安装铝合金龙骨→吊顶隐蔽验收→配合机电面板开挖灯具、喇叭等设备洞口→安装部分面板→机电末端调试→调整龙骨安装所有面板→清理检查验收ØConstructionMethod施工方法：156 Accordingtodesignrequirement,set-outonthewalltoconfirmthepositionofceilingheight,inthisleveltheerrorallowedis5mm.根据设计要求，墙上放线确定吊顶高度位置，其水平允许偏差5mm。Generally,thesuspenderusethegalvanizedrebarwith8mmdiameter,thespaceofsuspenderis800～900mm，whichshallbeadjustedaccordingtothesitestatus.吊杆一般选用直径8毫米镀锌钢筋，吊杆间距800～900mm，根据现场情况作加密调整间距。Installationofjoist:Tshapedjoistshallbeconnectedbyhangingsandsuspenders,tightenthescrew,Tshapedjoistcouldbelengthenedwithconnecting,levelitupaftertheinstallation,thearchingheightofceilingshouldnotbelessthan1/200ofthewidthofroom.龙骨安装：T型龙骨用吊挂件与吊杆连接，拧紧螺丝卡牢，T型龙骨可用连接件接长，安装好以后进行调平，考虑吊顶的起拱高度，不小于房间短向跨度的1/200。Especiallypayattentiontothecooperationofworktype,thealuminum–alloysecondaryjoistcouldbeinstalledonlyafterconcealedworkcompleted,facingplatecouldbeinstalledgreatlyonlyafterallworkswithstainpossibility.特别注意工种间的配合，隐蔽工程必须完成，才可进行安装铝合金次龙骨，所有污染作业完成后，才可大面积安装面板。ØQualityRequirement:质量要求：Thelocationoflamps,smokedetector,spraythrower,ventfine–toothedcombshouldberationalandwithdecentappearance,andwellmatchedwiththemineralcottonboard.矿棉板上的灯具、烟感器、喷淋头、风口篦子等设备的位置应合理、美观，与矿棉板的交接应吻合、严密。ErrorsAllowedandExaminationMethods:允许偏差和检验方法：No.项次Project项目ErrorsAllowed允许偏差（mm）ExaminationMethod检验方法1LevelnessofAppearance表面平整3Checkedwith2mguidingrulerandclearancegauge用2m靠尺和塞尺检查2接缝平直Flatnessandstraightnessofjoints3拉5m线，不足5m拉通线检查5mwiretest,Checkedwithpullingwirelessthan5m.32156 接缝高低JointDepth用公尺检查Checkedbymeter4.3ConstructionofAluminum-alloyCeiling铝合金吊顶施工方案ØMaterialRequirement材料要求：Accordingtothedesignrequirement,aluminum-alloyceilingis:32*39*1.0150Changingjoist@600、600*600*0.7silvergrayenclosed150Caluminum-alloyplate,ofitsbackisblacksound-absorbingshape,10mmofitsedgeheight.Ttypejoistismadeofgalvanizedsteel,withwhitealuminum-alloycover.根据设计要求，铝合金吊顶为：32*39*1.0铝合金150C型吊挂龙骨@600、600*600*0.7银灰色封闭式150C型铝合金板，黑色吸音毛状背面，边沿有10毫米高。T型龙骨为热镀锌钢制作，并带有白色铝合金盖面。Insulatingmetalplateceiling:32*39*1.0aluminum-alloy150Changingjoist@1000、insulatingmetalplateceilingsystemwithinsulatingchip.保温金属板吊顶：32*39*1.0铝合金150C型吊挂龙骨@1000、保温金属板吊顶系统含保温芯。ØOperationProcedures:操作程序：Constructionpreparation-settingout-sitearrangement-fabrication-siteassemblyexaminationacceptance-drilling&suspenderinstallation-hangingsfasten-acceptanceofconcealedworks-M/Ecooperation,facinginstallation–cleanupofendings施工准备→定位放线→现场排版→厂家加工制作→现场拼装检查验收→打眼安装吊杆→吊装系统固定→检查隐蔽验收→机电配合，面层安装→收口整理。施工主要措施：材料样品确定，机电施工主要管线全部完成Setting-out:includinglevelline,hanginglayoutline,sectionsettingline.Sectionsettinglineistoconfirmthesizeandlocationofeachsectionaccordingtothestructureform,materialsizeandrigidity,generallyspreadfromtherightangleindoorgradually.Thelayoutofhangingpointsshouldbesetaccordingtothesettingofsection,makingthematerialofeachsectionintheceilingbearingthesamestrength.Accordingtothesitestatus,toconfirmthelayoutintheceiling,thejoistshouldbestrengthenedandthemakeupsubmissionforapprovalshouldbereviewed,thespecialmanufacturerwillarrangethefabricationandtransportationtothesite,theassembleconstructioncouldbeginonlyaftercarefulcheck.156 放线：包括标高线、吊挂布局线、分片布置线。分片布置线就是根据吊顶的结构形式、材料尺寸和材料刚度，来确定分片的大小和位置，其一般先从室内吊顶直角位置开始逐步展开。吊挂点的布局需根据分片的布置线来设定，使吊顶的分片材料（单体功多体）受力均匀。根据现场实际情况，确定吊顶内布局，龙骨加固，并进行排版报批审核，专业厂家进行定加工运输到现场，务必检查核实，确保无误，方可进行拼装施工。(3)Treatmentoffinishing:mostofaluminum-alloymaterialsarefinishedsingleceiling;theprotectionshouldbepaidattention.饰面处理：铝合金是成品单体吊顶，几乎都已进行了饰面处理，安装时必须加强注意成品保护。(4)HangingsFixture:吊装固定：Fromthewallcorner,toassembletheparts,propupthefacingbysections,abithigherthanlevelline,facingshouldbetemporarilyfixed.从墙角开始，组装模件，将面层分片托起，高度略高于标高线，并临时固定该分片面层。沿标高线拉出交叉的吊顶平面基准线。Leveltheceilingsectionsaccordingtothebenchmarkline.Shouldconsideranchoringforbiggerroom,heightofanchoringshouldbe1.5/2000ofwidth.根据基准线调平吊顶分片。房间面积较大者应考虑起拱，起拱高度约为短跨的1.5/2000。Atthetimeoffixingeachslice,shouldaligntheedgejointsofeveryslice,andfixedwithironparts.Itshouldberightangleassemblyandtoppingedgejunction.固定分片的同时应将各分片拼缝对齐，并用铁件进行连接固定。其方式通常为直角拼接和顶边连接。(5)Wholeadjustment:aftercompletetheinstallation&fixtureofsliceintheceiling,shouldcheckthecorrectionofanchoringandfastenoffixtures,andshouldmakeamendmenttimelyofthedistortionandtofastenthepartswithbearingstrengthcentralized.整体调整：安装固定吊顶分片完成后应认真统一调整检查起拱是否正确，检查固定件是否可靠，对因安装时产生的变形要即时修理，对受力集中部位要进行加固。4.4、CeilingQualityControl吊顶质量控制ItemsofCeilingQuality吊顶工程质量保证项目内　容Description检验方法ExaminationMethodType,material,specandsizeofmaterialshouldbeaccordwiththerequirementofdesign.材料的品种、材质、规格、成型尺寸应符合设计要求MeasuringExaminationofobservation观察的尺量检查Fire-proofing,dampingproofingandpaintcolorshouldbeaccordObservation&156 withthedesign.防火、防潮及油漆颜色应符合设计要求Examination观察检查Thesuspenderandtheconnectionshouldaccordwiththerequirementofproduct,thefixedironpartsandconnectingshouldbestainresistancetreated.吊拉杆和连接件应符合产品组合要求，所用固定铁件和连接件应作防锈处理Observation&Examination观察检查ItemsaboutCeilingQuality吊顶工程质量基本项目Description内　容检验方法ExaminationMethodTheassemblingshouldbefastened,thejunctionshouldbecloselysealed,thesurfaceshouldbesmooth,withstraightandverticallinesclearlyandthecolorshouldbeharmoniously.应按设计图组装，安装牢固，接口严密，表面平整，横竖顺直，颜色均匀协调。Observation&examination观察检查Thespacesettingofjoistrebarshouldbeinrational,satisfyingtherequirementofsafetyuse.龙骨吊筋间距布置合理，满足安全使用要求。观察与尺量拉线检查5PVCplatesofelasticity弹性PVC地板铺贴5.1Preparativeworks:施工准备;Asperdesign,allbrandsareselectedanddeliveredtositepriortoinstallation.根据设计提供的要求，确定地板材料品牌，安装前及时进入现场。Professionalinstallationstaffshallbeassignedtoprovidequalifiedservice.安排专业人员安装，确保安装达到标准。Walltopfinishingandothersupportingfacilitiesatsiteshallbefinished.现场铺设区域的墙顶面装饰施工及其他任何配套施工已完成。Thesiteshallbefreefromdefectorbarrier现场铺设区域地面平整，无任何缺陷及障碍。Theinstallationissuggestedtobedoneattemperatureabove15℃.安装温度最好大于15℃5.2Workflow:156 工艺流程Inspectionoflevelnessoftheground→miscellaneousrepairingorflooringoflevelingatgravity（asperowner’srequirementandsiteconditions）→cleaningoftheground—>conductiongridforearthing—>outletofearthwire—>applyingconductiontape—>applyingflooring—>Vchannelmaking—>layingofweldingrod—>finishingofhotweld—>cleaningonthesurface—>inspectiononproperties检查地面平整度→零星修补或自流平施工（根据业主要求和现场情况）→清扫地面—>铺接地导电网—>引出地线—>涂导电胶—>铺贴地板—>开V型槽—>铺设焊条—>热焊修整—>表面清洁—>检测性能。地板安装结构图：5.3Methods施工方法：5.3.1.Requirement:要求：Groundshallbesmooth,dry(whiteningofthecementfloor),freefromunevenness,floatingsand,peel-up.Theunevennessonthesurfaceshallbelessthan3/3000mm.Itcanbeterrazzo,ceramicorcementofthefloor.对地面要求平整、干燥（水泥地面表面应发白）无明显凹凸不平，不起沙，不脱壳，表面不平度应小于3/3000mm，可以为水磨石地面，瓷砖地面或水泥地面等。5.3.2..Mainmethods主要施工方法5.3.2.1Cleaningofthegroundandfindingoutthecenterline;清理地面，寻找中心线。Getridoffloatingdustwithacleanerfirstly,thenfindoutthecenterwithmeasuringdeviceandmarkouttherethecrossjointline.首先将地面浮灰用吸尘器清除干净，然后用量具找出房间的中心位置，画出中心十字线，要求十字线垂直等分。5.3.2.2Copperfoilnetworkshallbeconductiontapedpriortoapplicationtoground,startingfromthecenterandtotheground.156 铺设铜箔网络在铜箔涂上少许导电胶，从中心位置开始相邻铺于地面。5.3.2.3Applyonelayerofbindingagenttogroundandwaituntilitisdried.在地面上均匀涂上一层粘结剂，待干。5.3.2.4Laydowntheplateswhilethebindingagentsonthegroundarestickyfromdryingup.Theplatesaretamppedtogroundwithrubberhammertokeepitisfullystucktothebindinglayeruntilthatworkofthewholeroomisfinished.待地面粘结剂手触似粘非粘的情况下开始铺设地板。地板边用橡皮榔头敲打，以保证地板间的粘结牢固，直至整房间施工完毕。5.3.2.5MakeVtypechannelswithagrooverwherethejointsofthefloorare.Layoverthechannelwithweldrodandgetithotweldedwithaweldinggun,thenscrapetherodwhichisprotrudingabovethefloor.在地板拼缝处用开槽机开V型槽，然后在开槽处铺设焊条，用塑料焊枪在地板拼缝处把焊条进行热塑焊接，并用刮刀把高出地板的焊条割平。5.3.2.6Oncetheflooringisdone,performanycleaningworkofitssurface.地板铺设完后，表面必须清理干净5.3.3.Qualityrequirements施工质量要求PVCfloorofanti-staticpropertyshallbeacceptedwithitselectricityresistance.　　防静电PVC地板的测试电阻符合要求。Thesurfaceofthefloorshallbesmooth,freefrombulborpeelup.　　表面平整光滑无汽泡，无脱壳现象。Novisualpollutionisallowedonsite.　　无明显施工污染。MaintenanceofthePVCfloor地板的维护和保养Notesforinstallation安装注意事项：Onceitisfinishedandcleaned,thefloorshallbesubjecttowaxingtoprotectitfrom156 damage.Especiallyincaseofmovingequipmentthereon,nohaulingnoranyotherworkisallowedonthefloor,安装完毕后并清理现场后，应立即打蜡以形成保护膜。搬运机器设备时严禁机器设备在地板上拖檫。严禁直接在地板上面进行其他施工。5.4.Notesformaintenance保养注意事项：5.4.1.Onecushionshallbeputrightatthedoorwaytopreventanyintrusionofdust.房间门口应该放置脚垫，防止带入砂灰。5.4.2.Anyheavystuffwithburrorroughcornershallbestrictlyprohibitedfromhaulingalongthefloor,noranyshoeswithnailssoastokeepgoodofthefloor.切忌带有尖刺、粗糙的重物在地板表面擦划、拖拉、避免穿有钉子的鞋在地板上行走，保持地板表面光洁平整。5.4.3.Nochairwithblackrubbercushiononthefloorisallowed,sinceitmaypollutethefloorfortheblacksulphidetherein.在地板上避免放置带有黑色橡胶底垫的椅子，以防黑色硫化物对地板的污染。5.4.4.Incaseanygreasefoundonthefloor,abstergentmaybeappliedtogetitridof.Incasethereisscarorburr,cangrinditoffwithfinesandpaperorwaxtopolishit.地板表面如有油污脏物，可用去污粉清除，如局部表面被划伤擦毛，可用细水砂纸带水砂光，表面上蜡打光处理。5.4.5.Noerosiveagentsubjectisallowedtofloor.严禁用带腐蚀的溶剂搽洗地板表面。5.4.6.Anti-staticwaxingforcuringofthefloorshallbeappliedevery6months.Oroncethreemonthsisrecommendedforfloorwhichissubjecttofrequentoperation.使用防静电蜡维护保养地板，一般可六个月打一次腊，如使用频繁，亦可三个月打一次蜡。6.Applicationofemulsion乳胶漆工程施工方案Preparativeworks施工准备Materials:theproposedemulsionshallbeconformingtothedesign.Mainmaterialsincludedinthiswork:emulsion,gypsumboardforjointing,talcumpowderorwhiteningpowder,fibrin,whiteemulsion,punchedtape材料准备：所选用的乳胶漆必须符合设计要求，本道工序主要材料为：乳胶漆、嵌缝石膏、滑石粉或大白粉、纤维素、白乳胶、穿孔纸带。Tools:mixer,mortarmixer,blackingbrush,bucket,shovel,float(scraper),brushandsoon;机具及工具准备：搅拌机、砂纸机、排刷、小灰桶、铲刀、抹子（刮板）、毛刷等。156 Workconditions:作业条件Boththecanopyandwallarecompletedfrominstallationandkeptclean.天棚/墙面及设备施工完毕，表面清洁干净。Theambienttemperaturecanenableasmoothworkbyover10℃.施工的环境温度能保证正常施工10℃以上；Allwaterproofingputty,elasticputtyhavebeenmixedandreadyforapplication.所需的耐水腻子/弹性腻子已搅拌完毕，达到使用要求。MaterialRequirement材料要求Type,colorandqualitymustaccordwiththerequirementofdesignandnationalstandard,withfabricationcertificaterequired.涂料品种、颜色、质量必须符合设计要求和国家标准，并有产品出厂合格证。Accessories:sealingplasteratthebaseshouldaccordwithdesignrequirementandprovidedwithfabricationcertificate.辅料：基层腻子粉质量应符合设计要求并有出厂合格证明。Thepaintcourseshouldpasstheexaminationoffadeperformance,colorfastness,scratchresistance,mycostatandpaintcontents.涂料涂层通过检测褪色性、色牢度、抗刮擦、防霉菌、颜料含量等Accordingtothedesignrequirement,washableemulsionvarnishfortheinnerandpartitionwallnotincleanareashouldonelayeracrylicprimerandtwolayersactiveemulsionvarnish.根据设计要求，不在洁净区的内墙和隔墙的可清洗乳胶漆为1层丙烯酸底漆，2层活性乳胶漆；CommonemulsionvarnishinroomswithceilingshouldbeonelayacrylicprimerandtwolayerscommonemulsionvarnishBrickbase,3thickspecialinterfacereagent,15thick1：2.5cementmortar,innerwallplaster.Coating一Oneprimertwotopcoatforconcretebase,3thickspecialinterfacereagent.Innerwallputty,coating-oneprimertwotopcoatforemulsionvarnishwall.用于有吊顶的房间的普通乳胶漆为1层丙烯酸底漆，2层普通乳胶漆砖砌块基层、3厚专用界面剂、15厚1：2.5水泥砂浆、内墙腻子、涂料一底两面砼基层、3厚专用界面剂、内墙腻子、涂料一底两面乳胶漆墙面Plasterboardbase,plasterboardputtyrendering&leveling,jointtreatment,coating-oneprimertwotopcoatforemulsionvarnishwall;石膏板基层、石膏腻子打底找平二道做好接缝处理、涂料一底两面乳胶漆墙面：Waterproofmortarwall:penetration-resistingreinforcingconcretebase,1：2.5156 cementmortarleveling&polishing,2mmthickJSnontoxicwaterproofmaterials(totalthickness20)防水砂浆墙面：抗渗钢筋混凝土基层、1：2.5水泥砂浆找平抹光、2厚JS无毒防水涂料（总厚度20）Craftflow:clearanceofwallandtreatmentofbase-stainlesspaintdrop,jointleveling,stripfilling-shavingputtyinlayers-polishing&leveling-partialremedy-primerpainting-spouting,rollingandpaintingbylayers-polishing-covering工艺流程：墙面清理干净及基层处理→点防锈漆、补缝、贴布→分层刮腻子→打磨找平→局部修补→刷底漆→分层喷、滚、刷浆→打磨→罩面。ConstructionMethod施工方法Basetreatment:Forthebasepartwherehaspitsandholes,itneedstoberemediedwith1:3cementmortarandpolymermortar,tolevelpittingsurfaceandjointupwithputty;.基层处理：墙面/天棚基层有坑、洞的需用1：3的水泥砂浆或聚合物水泥砂浆修补，表面有麻面及缝隙的应用腻子填补齐平；Theuprightness,levelnessandthestrengthofthesurfaceshouldaccordwithdesignrequirement;表面垂直度、平整度、强度均符合计要求；Tofillthejointwithspecialpunchtape,stripesandembeddedplaster;thewallshouldstaysdry;.板缝用专用纸带、布条、嵌缝石膏粘贴补平；墙面必须干燥；Cleanupthejointofcoveringplate.清理罩面面板缝隙；Brushallofboltcapwithstainlesspaint.用防锈漆点刷所有螺钉帽。OilApply:thesurfaceofthistleboardshallbedampinsulatedwithoil(emulsifiedglossoil)操油：在纸面石膏板面上，最好操油（乳化光油）隔潮。Sealing:firstcourseputty:fullymopuplandscapeorientatedwithsteelfloatinfirsttime,tosealjoiningplasterwithpunchedtape;2ndcourse:mopupplatefaceslightlyandrepairtheedge,180mmwide,recoverthescrew;3rdcourse:onecourseofjoiningplastic,270mmwide.Onefloatafterone,thejunctionshouldbecleanedupandwithnotrailleft.Secondplasteringshouldbeinverticalthirdshoulduserubbershavingplateanddeficiencyplaster,topolishwithfinesandpaperafterplasteringeachtime,nomissingandbecarefulnottopolishtheputtythrough.156 嵌缝：第一道腻子：用钢抹子第一遍横向满抹，用穿孔纸带封住接缝用嵌缝石膏；第二道腻子：轻抹板面并修边，宽度均为180mm，再次覆盖螺钉部位；第三道腻子：抹一层嵌缝石膏腻子，其宽度约为270mm。一抹子紧接着一抹子,接头不得留槎，每抹一板收头要干净利落。第二遍竖向满抹，第三遍用胶皮刮板找补腻子，每遍干燥后用细砂纸磨平磨光，不得遗漏或将腻子磨穿Puttyshaving,polishing:Firsttimetoshavetheputtyandpolish:requireshavingitflimsyandeven,noprotuberanceallowed.Usesandpapertopolishafterputtydried.Secondtimeshavingandpolishing:shrinkthecrack,forthatunevenness;itshallbefilledwithputty,afterdried,cleanitup.Thirdtimeputtyandpolish:tocheckitwith2mguidingrule,tolevelupwithputtyandthenpolishafteritdried,afterwardstocleanupdust.满刮腻子、打磨：第一遍满刮腻子、打磨：要求刮薄、刮匀，不留野腻子。腻子干燥后，用砂纸磨平磨光。第二遍满刮腻子及磨光：收缩裂缝、不平处、要得补腻子，腻子干燥后，打磨平整后清扫干净；第三遍腻子及磨光：用2m靠尺先检查，不平整的部位，再用腻子抹平，腻子干燥后，再打磨平整，清扫粉尘。Emulsionvarnishbrushing::accordingtothesitestatus,couldusemachinespouting,rollingspoutingandspreadbrushing(smaller),plasterfromroofingtowallandupanddown;firsttimeshouldbepriming,afterpaintdried,usefinesandpaperandspreadbrushtopolishsmalllumpsoffandclean.Thirdtimetocontinuepaintingfullyandquicklyfromonesidetoanotherside,avoidtoplastertoothinandobviouslappingandbrushprint:payattentiontorollingdirectionandlappingdepth,therollermustbecleanedup;Beforepaintbeingused,putpaintintobigvesseltomixitup;keepchurningupintheuse,thepaintshallbefullysuppliedincaseofinconsistenceincolor.刷乳胶漆：依现场不同情况可采用机喷、滚涂、排笔涂刷（小面），涂刷顺序是先顶后墙，先上后下；第一遍刷底漆，第二遍漆膜干燥后，用细砂纸将墙面小疙瘩和排笔毛打磨掉，并清扫干净；第三遍应连续迅速操作，从一头开始，逐渐刷向另一头，上下顺刷互相衔接，后一滚或一排笔紧接前一滚或一排笔，避免出现透底、接茬明显或刷纹明显；应注意滚涂方向及搭接度，毛滚必须清洁；涂料使用前将涂料倒入大容器内搅拌均匀；使用中需不断搅拌。涂料应一次备足，以免颜色不一致影响效果。Qualitystandard:质量标准：Thetype,qualityandcolorofpaintmustaccordwiththerequirementofdesignandsample’sselectionaswellasrelevantregulations;powderdropping,peeling,brushleakandtranslucenceisnotallowed.选用涂料的品种、质量及颜色必须符合设计和选定样品的要求以及有关规定；严禁掉粉、起皮、漏刷和透底。Accordingtothedifferenceofwallbase,constructgraduallytomakesurethequality156 requirement,cleanup,coverandembellishthepartswhicharenotsatisfying.根据墙体基层不同，逐步施工，确保质量符合要求，对于不满意的部分进行清洗、覆盖、润色等多种方式处理。IssuestoAware:tocleanupthesiteduringthepaintconstruction,notallowedtoremainpilingandunnecessarytools,makesurethequalityofconstruction.注意事项：涂料施工时，现场清理干净，没有剩余堆积物和不必要的工具，确保施工质量。ProtectionforCompletedworks成品保护Wellprotectthecoatingcompletedforroofingwall,avoidingthestainsandbreakagebyotherproceedings.已完成的顶墙面涂料成品做好保护，防止其它工序对产品的污染和损坏。Payattentiontotheprotectionoftheelectricswitchinstalledalready,electricproductinsocketaswellastheprotectionofequipmentpipingduringindoorplasteringworkgoingon,avoidingthepollutioncausedbycoating.室内浆活进行时应注意保护已装好的电气开关、插座的电气产品及设备管道的保护、防止刷浆时造成污染。Toprotectthefloorfacingcoursecompletedforpreventingpollutioncausedbyfallingslurry.对已完成的地面面层进行保护，防止落浆造成污染。Nodraggingonthefloorwhenremovetheslurrybucketandconstructiontools,avoidingthebreakageofthefloorsurface.移动浆桶及施工工具时严禁在地面上拖拉，防止损坏地面面层。7.ConstructionSchemeofPartitioninBathroom卫生间隔断施工方案ConstructionPreparation施工准备Accordingtothedesignrequirement,thepartitionanddoorinbathroomshouldbemadeofphenolicresinplate,theedgeofdoorandplywoodshallbechoppedintobevel,ofthesurroundingoftopshouldbesetwithaluminum-alloyframe,smalltemplateshallbemadeandspecificmanufactureshallbeconfirmed,thespecificmanufacturershallconfirmtheschemetogetherwithsiteprojectteamtoacceleratetheproductionprogress.Thetilefloorlayinginthebathroom,constructionofsuspendedceilingandtheinstallationofsanitarywareshavealreadycompletedandalsowhetherthesupportingfacilitiesfurnishedandcleaneduparechecked.Mainconstitutionofthepartition:15mmthicksolidplywood,aluminumoverstockedpilaster,stainlesshinge,doorhandle,lockswithemergencyfunctions,clothpothook.156 Partitioninman’sroom,white;Frame,steelblue;partitioninLady’sroom,white;Sideframe,darkred.根据设计要求，卫生间隔断和门由酚醛树脂装饰板制作而成，门和层压板的边缘削成斜角，顶部周围配置铝合金边框，制作小样板，确认专业厂家，由专业厂家结合现场项目部，共同确认方案，尽快加工。卫生间墙地砖已铺设完成，吊顶施工完成，卫生洁具安装完成并经过核实是否配套，清理干净隔间主要组成：15毫米厚的实心密实层压板，铝合金积压型材壁柱、南不锈钢合叶、门把手、带紧急启动功能的锁具、衣物挂钩等。男卫隔断白色、边框钢青色，女卫隔断白色、边框黑红色。MainConstructionProcess主要施工过程FixtureSliceonthewall墙壁固定片Drawthecentrallineinthewall,drillatplace3onthelinewithelectricdrillandre=buryplasticstuffinthehole,thenfixthefixedsliceonthewallwithinflatedfilature.Seethepic.墙壁上画出固定片的中心线，用电钻在线上3处钻孔后预埋塑胶塞套于孔内，再将固定片用膨胀螺丝固定于墙面上。如图PedestalAdjustment调整脚座Thecentrallineofpedestallocationtobedrawninfloor,thepedestalshallbeadjustedandfixedonthefloor150mmfromthefrontedgeofpartitionplate:seePic2地板画出调整脚座位置中心线，将调整脚座，固定在离隔间板前缘150mm地板上。如图2Partition156 隔板间Uprightleanthepartitionplateonthewallfixtureandpedestal,adjustthisplatefloatoverthefloor,retainthenormalheightas145mm，whenmakesureitishorizontallevel,fixthepartitionplateonthewallwithfilature.将隔间板立靠在墙壁固定片及调整脚座上，调高此板至离地，正常高度145mm，确定水平后，用螺丝将隔间板固定在墙壁Fixtureslice&pedestaladjustmentasPic1.2.固定片及调整脚座上。如图1.2Pillar立柱Middlepillar—fixpullrodpiecewithscrewontomiddletopofpillar(asinsketch4);useL-typepiecetofixpillartoisolationpanelasawholebody.(asinsketch3.a)中间立柱－－用螺丝将拉杆固定片，固定于立柱中间顶端上图4，以L型固定片片，将立柱与隔间板固定结合一体（图3.a）Pillarbywall—drawastraightlineperpendicularagainstgroundonthewall;makethreeholesonthelinewithdriller;putembeddedplasticrubberplugintoholeandafterconfirmingtheperpendicularity,useL-shapefastenertofixpillaronwallwithdistanceabovefromgroundof145.墙边立柱－－在墙面上画出与地面垂直之直线，以电钻在线上3外钻孔，预埋塑胶塞套于孔内，确定与地垂直后，用螺丝以L型固定片，将墙边立柱固定在离地145高处墙壁上。（图5）Terminalpillar—fixrodfastenerofupperedgeandLshapepieceonterminalpillar,thenfixthospanelonpartition(sketch5aand9).终端立柱－－固定上缘拉杆固定片及L型边接片于终端立柱上，再以螺丝将此板固定于隔间板上（图5a，图9）Pullrod拉杆Cutandfixaccordingtodifferentpracticallength;whenhorizontallytiethestraightpullrod,roundcombinesetandforcedconnectionspring(sketch6)shallbeputintopipetomakesureconnectionheadisflatandfim;connectionshallbearrinangedwithinfastenerforview.156 依隔间实际长度裁切固定，直线拉杆平接时，管内须加装圆形相接套及紧迫连接弹簧片（图6）以确定接头平整、坚固，其相接处应在上绷固定片内，以增加美观。For90°pullrod,useextrudedaluminum90°tie-intoconnectpullrodbetweentwoendsofturning.(Sketch7)对于隔间90度转角拉杆，采用铝合金射出成型之90度转角接头，连接转角两端之拉杆。（图7）Fixsetwithgibbosityroundwall;fixterminalpullrodwithscrewonwall(sketch8).以凸圆形墙壁固定套，用螺丝将终端拉杆固定在墙面上。（图8）Fixpullrodandfixingfastenerofupperedgeofpillartogetherwithscrew.使用螺丝将拉杆于立柱上缘固定片连接固定一起。（图6a）Doorleaf门扇Safetygemelbaseshallbefixedonpillar;gemelpieceshallbefixedatupperandlowerpointofdoor;automaticallyreturningnylonbaseshallbeputingemelbasetoletdooropenandcloseasnecessary.(Sketch10)安全铰链座上、下固定于立柱上，铰链片固定于门扇上、下两处，将自动归位尼龙座放置铰链座内，能使门扇依我们所需之角度自动开、关自如。（图10）Safetyindicatinglock安全指示锁Fixsafetyindicatinglockonpillarandwhenthereisnousingofit,indicatinglockwillbegreen,whileredwhenclosethedoor.Ifthereisanyemergency,lockcanbeopenedoutsidesforsakeofsafety.(Sketch11)将安全指示锁固定立柱上、无人使用时，指示锁会显示绿色，关锁时会显示红色，当突发紧急状况时，可由外面打开安全指示锁，以利安全紧急之需要。（图11）Aftercompletion,cleaningworkshallbecarriedoutandshallbeinspectedandaccepted.完工后，清理干净，并通过检查验收。Attentionshallbepainonprotectionoffinishedproducts:注意成品保护：156 Aftercompletionofinstallation,noenteringintojobsiteatwillisallowed;nohitting,pressingordamagingetcisallowed.安装完成，不得随意进入施工，不得随意碰撞、挤压、损伤。156'