无循环钻孔灌注桩施工工法(旋挖桩,cfg桩复合地基)

'formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment无循环钻孔灌注桩施工工法１前言1.0.11随着我国基础建设的大力发展，无循环钻孔灌注桩（旋挖桩）施工被广泛应用到高速公路、铁路、城市道路、工业和民用建筑等各个领域。1.0.3我公司自2000年以来已承接多项采用该技术的工程项目，施工灌注桩4000余根，取得了良好的经济效益与社会效益。为进一步推广无循环钻孔灌注桩（旋挖桩）技术的应用，在结合以往施工经验的基础上，特编制本施工工法。2工法特点2.0.1施工效率高、成桩质量可靠、泥浆排放量小（与传统钻孔灌注桩相比）。2.0.2施工时无振动，避免扰动已施工的桩和对临近建筑物产生的不良影响。2.0.3适用范围广，无循环钻孔灌注桩适用于穿越填土、粘性土、粉土、砂土、碎（砾）石土层、风化岩层以及地质情况复杂、夹层多、起伏变化较大的软质岩层。2.0.4桩长可达65m，可发挥桩身全长的摩擦阻力作用，并具有很好的端承作用。3适用范围3.0.1单桩承载力要求高的道路桥梁、工业和民用建筑。3.0.2可适用于深基坑支护工程排桩施工。3.0.3可适用于对噪音、振动和泥浆污染要求严格的场地施工。4工艺原理4.0.1复合地基是在天然地基中设置一定比例的增强体，并由原土和增强体共同承担由基础传来的建筑物荷载。CFG桩是由水泥、粉煤灰、碎石、砂加水拌和形成的桩，CFG桩和桩间土、褥垫层一起形成CFG桩复合地基。4.0.2长螺旋钻孔压灌CFG桩采用长螺旋钻机钻进成孔，并由混凝土输送泵通过中空钻杆泵送混合料，同步提钻而成桩。4.0.3褥垫层技术是CFG桩复合地基的一项关键技术。褥垫层能保证桩、土共同承担荷载，通过调整褥垫层的厚度还能调整桩、土垂直荷载和水平荷载分担比；褥垫层还有减少基础底面的应力集中的作用。4.0.4该工艺可发挥桩身全长的摩擦阻力的作用，并具有很好的端承作用，通过褥垫层的作用能充分发挥桩间土的承载能力，从而使地基承载力得以大幅度提高。5施工工艺流程及操作要点formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment5.1施工工艺流程图施工准备测量放线复测桩位钻机就位钻进成孔钻机移位搅拌混合料压灌混合料成桩基槽开挖及桩头处理检测及验收铺设褥垫层5.2钻机就位5.2.1钻机就位必须平稳，液压支腿要落在可靠处。5.2.2调整钻机立柱的垂直度，确保垂直度≤1%；钻头与桩点偏移不得大于20mm。5.3钻进成孔5.3.1开始钻进前应使出料口密封，在钻进过程中不致张开，且在开始压灌混合料时能通过压力打开；钻头刚接触地面时应慢速下钻。5.3.2在钻进过程中，应根据地层变化和动力头工作电流显示的结果，及时对钻压、转速和钻进速度进行合理调整，正常钻进电流值一般为100A左右，不能超过140A的额定电流；如遇土层抱钻杆或电流过大时，应迅速刹住主卷扬进行空钻，待电流值降到额定范围或叶片上的土块甩出电流正常后方可继续钻进。5.3.3钻进过程中应防止钻进速度太快造成蹩钻，可采用间歇式钻进方法，即：钻进→空钻→钻进，以利于被切割的岩土及时排出地面。钻进过程中不宜反转或提升钻杆。如遇卡钻、钻机摇晃、偏斜或发出异常声响时，应立即停钻，查明原因，并采取相应措施后方可继续作业。5.3.4formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment钻进地下水位以下的砂类土时，应有防止钻杆内进水的有效措施；对饱和粘性土层可采取慢速高扭矩方式钻孔；在硬土层中钻孔，可适当向孔中加水；对稳定性较差的土层，不应长时间空转虚钻，否则机械强力扰动会造成窜孔或孔壁坍塌。5.3.5钻进过程中发现窜孔时应合理提高钻头钻进速度或采取隔桩、隔排跳打的方法。5.3.6钻至设计深度后，应空钻30～60s，待电流稳定后停钻，并向后台发出泵送混合料信号，作好泵送准备。5.3.7钻孔产生的土方及时清理外运，以免占用施工场地，影响后续施工。5.4搅拌混合料5.4.1根据桩身混合料的设计强度等级，通过试验确定混合料配合比，粉煤灰掺量宜为60～80kg/m3，坍落度宜为160～200mm。5.4.2混合料搅拌严格按配合比计量上料，每盘搅拌时间不少于90s；质检员应经常进行抽检，以确保混合料的和易性、析水性和坍落度满足施工质量要求，按要求制作混合料试块，并编号、记录、养护和送检。5.4.3冬季施工时混合料入孔温度不低于5℃，混合料可使用热水搅拌以提高温度。水温不得超过60℃，否则会造成混合料的早凝，产生堵管，影响混合料的强度。5.4.4所有材料必须经检验合格方可使用。5.5压灌混合料5.5.1混凝土泵应根据桩径选型，安放位置应与钻机的施工顺序相配合；泵管布置应尽量减少弯道，尽可能保持水平，长距离泵送时泵管下面应垫实，泵与钻机距离不宜超过60m。泵管和高强柔性管必须用卡环连接牢靠，保持管道畅通，卡环更换后必须清洗干净并做好防锈处理。混合料输送管道要定期清洗，防止管内有混合料的结硬块造成堵塞。5.5.2混合料的泵送应连续进行，当钻机移位时，混凝土泵料斗内的混合料应连续搅拌，泵送混合料时，料斗内混合料的高度不得低于400mm，以防吸进空气造成堵塞。5.5.3灌注首次混合料时应停顿10～20s加压，再缓慢提升钻杆。提钻速度应根据土层情况确定，且应与混凝土泵送量相匹配，保证管内有一定高度的混合料；泵送混合料过程中，混凝土泵工作压力值为3.0～4.0MPa。5.5.4当气温高于30℃时，宜在输送泵管上覆盖隔热材料如麻袋、草袋，每隔一段时间洒水湿润，以防管内混合料失水离析，造成堵塞泵管。冬期施工时，输送泵管及弯头均需做防冻保护，防止混合料冻结造成堵管。5.5.5formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment泵送混合料过程中，遇到输送管道堵塞时必须立即停止泵送，并进行泵送的逆操作，直到采取措施清除堵塞后方可继续泵送；若钻头、钻杆堵塞时，必须立即停止泵送，进行泵送的逆操作，并将钻杆拔出地面，清除堵塞后重新对准原桩位钻至设计深度，再重新泵送混合料。5.5.6若非连续施工，应分别用水和砂浆湿润和润滑料斗、分配阀及输送管道，保证管道畅通，以防泵送混合料时发生堵塞现象。遇到设备出现故障不能正常施工时，为避免泵送混合料因长时间停滞造成堵管，必须每隔15～20min按以下程序进行一次：泵送→泵送的逆操作→泵送→泵送的逆操作。5.5.7压灌桩的充盈系数应不小于1.2，桩身混合料超灌高度不宜小于600mm。钻机前台指挥员必须时刻指挥和监控钻杆的提升速度，与输送泵操作工相互注意对方传递的信号，确定泵送、停泵、提钻和停止提钻的时机，保证混合料泵送量和钻杆提升速度同步，并控制桩顶标高和超灌量。5.5.8若因土层原因发生窜孔，当提钻压灌混合料至窜孔土层时，应停止提钻，连续泵送混合料直到窜孔桩混合料顶面上升至原位。5.6基槽开挖及桩头处理5.6.1长螺旋压灌砼桩施工完毕，待桩体达到一定强度，方可进行基槽开挖。5.6.2对基槽开挖，如果设计桩顶标高离地表不深（一般不大于1.5m），宜考虑采用人工开挖，不仅可防止对桩体和桩间土产生不良影响，还可防止对设计桩顶标高以下的桩体产生损害，而且比较经济。如果基槽较深或开挖面积大，采用人工开挖效率太低，可采用机械和人工联合开挖，并尽量采用小型机械，不可对设计桩顶标高以下的桩体产生损害。对中、高灵敏性土应尽量避免扰动桩间土，必须留置足够的人工开挖厚度，留置厚度与桩体强度和土质条件有关，一般不宜小于700mm。5.6.3桩头处理：基槽开挖后，设计桩顶标高以上部分桩头需要截除。截除桩头宜采用小凿沿桩周边对称截桩，最好采用截桩器截桩；不可用重锤等直接敲击桩头，也不可采用推倒桩头等容易造成对桩体产生破坏的方法处理桩头。5.7铺设褥垫层5.7.1褥垫层是由粗砂、中砂、级配砂石或碎石等粒状材料组成的散体垫层。碎石粒径宜为8～30mm，但不宜选用卵石。5.7.2褥垫层压实后厚度H一般为150～300mm，当桩径大或桩距大时宜取高值，施工时先按设计虚铺厚度（h=H/λ）虚铺，再采用静力压实法均匀压实至设计厚度，并满足夯填度λ≤0.9的要求。当基础底面下桩间土的含水量较小时也可采用动力夯实法。对较干的砂石材料，虚铺后可适当洒水再行碾压或夯实。6材料与设备6.1材料formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment6.1.1所用材料均应符合设计和规范要求。6.1.2水泥：应当具有良好的保水性能，使混合料在泵送过程中不易泌水，一般选用强度等级为32.5MPa的水泥。6.1.3粉煤灰：细度不大于45%的Ⅲ级或Ⅲ级以上等级。6.1.4碎石：粒径为5～25mm的碎（卵）石。6.1.5砂：中粗黄砂。6.1.6泵送剂：必要时可按规定掺入。6.2设备6.2.1长螺旋钻机：一般为液压步履式钻机或走管式钻机，配有能满足钻进要求的动力头和钻头，与设计桩长桩径相匹配的钻杆。6.2.2混凝土输送泵：按施工泵送要求可配备HBT30A、HBT40、HBT50或HBT60等型号，配有足够长的高强柔性管和泵管及卡环。6.2.3混凝土搅拌机：每台套机组应配备1～2台0.5m3强制式搅拌机。7质量控制7.0.1质量检验按《建筑地基基础工程施工质量验收规范》GB50202-2002和《建筑地基处理技术规范》JGJ79-2002的相关规定执行。7.0.2施工时应及时做好施工记录，控制好混合料坍落度、桩位偏差、褥垫层厚度、夯填度，及时做好桩体试块，避免扰动桩间土等。7.0.3常见的施工质量问题防治（见表7.0.3）表7.0.3常见的施工质量问题防治问题主要原因处理方法桩孔倾斜场地不平将地面处理平整桩架不竖直调整垂直度钻头底两侧土层软硬不均减轻钻压、控制钻进速度。钻具没固定加装导向圈、固定钻具和钻杆。断桩和缩径提升钻杆过快提钻速度应根据土层情况确定，且与混凝土泵送量相匹配，保证管内有一定高度的混合料，带压提钻。压灌混合料长时间中断回填后对准原桩位重新钻进后再泵送混合料混合料质量不合格调整不合理的混合料配合比，清除粗骨料中的大块石，保证搅拌时间，防止混合料离析。桩端或桩顶空芯排气阀堵塞施工中应经常检查排气阀的工作状态，发现堵塞及时清洗疏通；如已出现此问题应及时清理并补浇混凝土。8安全措施8.0.1特殊工种操作人员必须持证上岗，严格遵守操作规程，不得擅离工作岗位。8.0.2formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment施工所用的安全防护用品、用具齐全有效；机械、工具符合安全要求。施工人员按规定着装和使用防护用品、用具。8.0.3加强设备的运行维护管理，发现问题及时处理，消除事故隐患，保证安全生产。8.0.4施工用电符合规范要求，电缆线路必须按要求埋地或架空敷设，避免机械损伤和介质腐蚀；电器设备必须完好。8.0.5高空作业时必须系安全带、穿防滑软底鞋；患有高血压、恐高症、心脏病等高处不适症者严禁上机架作业。8.0.6混凝土泵泵管和高强柔性管必须连接固定牢靠。泵送混合料时应有专人指挥,防止因排气不畅和操作失误造成爆管形成伤害。8.0.7在暴风雨、大雪、雷雨天气应停止施工；六级以上大风时，应加缆绳保护钻机机架。8.0.8受工程影响的建（构）筑物，应采取适当措施加以保护。9环保措施9.0.1易于引起粉尘的细料或松散料应覆盖运输，施工中应避免水泥、粉煤灰等扬撒。9.0.2废水、废油应集中收集处理，减小对水体、土壤的污染。9.0.3使用机械设备时，要采取适当措施减少噪声、废气等的污染。9.0.4对驶出施工现场的车辆应进行冲洗，避免携带泥土。10效益分析10.0.1可以解决其它方法处理不了的工程技术难题。10.0.2施工效率高、质量容易控制、工程造价低廉。10.0.3由于桩体材料可以掺入工业废料粉煤灰，具有环保功能，可以节约水泥用量12%～20%，不需要使用钢材，还能充分发挥桩间土的承载能力，桩间土可承担总荷载的25%～60%，节省大量建设投资。10.0.4施工噪音低、无振动和泥浆污染。11应用实例我公司自2000年以来应用本工法先后在30多项工程中施工桩2万余根桩，取得了良好的经济效益与社会效益。formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allocusingonwaysandmeansofimprovingandupgradingwork,furtherdevelopmentof"threetosplit".(A)fullygrasp"nounauthorised"created.Thetownship"nounauthorised"createdtheexistingbuilding"onehousehold,onedocument"surveyandfilestorageworkmustbeunconditionalandfullcoverage.Maincorridorleadingtothetown(road,river)village,theCentralbuilt-upareaofthetownonbothsidesmustbetocreatea"nounauthorisedvillage".Accordingto"fivehundredvillages"createdandshantytowns,villages,oldhouses,reconstructionofoldplant,expandcreate,upgradingcreatesfiles,thereal"nounauthorisedvillage"createdintothebenefitofthepeopleofverygoodthing.(B)tostrictlymanagecountasunauthorisedcontrols.Promotingthe"new"controlworktomovethecenterofgravity,managementmeasurestothefront,andearnestlypipeseffectively.Astrictnewunauthorisednetworkresponsibility.Sectorssuchasland,housingandbasicstations(stations)andtheTownshipofgridaccountabilitymechanismsmustbestrictlyinaccordancewiththenewregulatoryrequirements,effectiveimplementationoftheareaofresponsibilityofthenewinspections,suppression,demolitionworktoensurethatthenew"zerotolerance".Second,publicsecurity,water,electricity,water,oceansandfisheries,tourismcollaboration,marketsupervisiondepartmentsshouldstrictlyenforcetheillegalconstructionofdisposalofrelevantprovisionsoftheregulations,effectivefulfilmentofresponsibilities,particularlyinelectricityandwatersupply,andotherunitsmaynotbenewillegalbuildingstosupplywaterandelectricitysupply.Whilemoreregulationtopreventpersonalprivacyviolations.IllicittradinginillegalconstructionintheMinistryofpublicsecuritysectortostrictlyfromtheblow.Threeistocreateadditionaloffencereportingsystemofincentives.Accordingtobuildinglawandcoversanareaofnature,toreporttimelydegreedividedreportgrade,effectiveaftertheremovalofcertainincentives.(C)integratedimplementation",buildingdemolition,modification,use"combination.Demolitionisthemeansandpurposebuiltis.Toadheretothebuildingdemolished,combinationofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,demolishedwithcombinedeffortstoimprovethescientificlevelofthreetosplit;second,wemustpayattentionto"threetosplit"and"fivehundred"and"fivewatertreatment","threeofthefoursides",theshackDistricttransformation,anddangerousoldroomtransformationand"tworoadsides",seriesworkorganiccombinedup,activedoRiver,andalongdemolitionwork,andmanpoweradvancevillageinthe,andoldresidentialdemolitionwork,toimprovedmasseshousingconditionsandliveenvironment;threetoput"threemodifiedasplit"astraditionallow,andsmall,andbulkindustrystructuretransformationupgradeofimportantinitiativestocaught,speedupadvanceindustryPark,effectiveoptimizationparkenvironment武汉石化111#油灌工程地基座落在挖填方区，填方区高差达9米，沉降差要求控制在1%以内，其它地基处理手段无法解决，利用本工法能适应于在特别复杂地质条件下、对沉降差要求特别严格的工程的特点，通过布置长短桩、调整置换率和调整桩长进入持力层深度，很好地解决了这一难题。武汉石化112#油灌工程8万m3大型储油罐，罐体直径70m，有效载荷15万余吨，上覆不良土层厚达18米，且中间夹硬夹层，常规手段大面积处理难以实现，尤其是规范要求采用柔性基础，更增加了难度，采用本工法设计施工，经过三年的油罐储油使用，至今未发现有不均匀沉降发生，各项指标均达到设计要求，得到业主好评。武汉石化排水车间隔油罐工程地基为深厚淤泥，采用其它地基处理手段经济上不合理。我公司依据丰富的施工经验，建议业主和设计单位采用本工法，为业主节省了大量的投资，经过三年的使用，各项指标均达到设计要求，得到业主好评。formingtheGovernment,enterprisesandthepublicforcesandactivelyparticipatein,sharingastrongatmosphere.Comrades,doworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit",isrelatedtooveralldevelopment,responsibility,task,departmentsatalllevelsmustplaymorethanspirit,dosolidwork,anddifficult,andeffortstopromotetheworktoanewlevel,"SouthGateofXXbeauty"tomakenewandgreatercontributiontothebuilding!ResearchbytheCounty,theCountyGovernment,theconveningofthiscounty,"three",povertyanddevelopment,environmentalprotection,themaintaskisto2016-theseworkarrangements.Forawhile,......Gayalsomadeanimportantspeech,wemustpayspecialattentiontofollow-up.Thefollowing,accordingtothecity"splansand......Comradeusualrequirementsofourwork,Iwanttotellyouthreeviews:thefirst,on"three"lastyear,myCounty"three"hasmadecertainachievements.Capitalworkisdoneusingcityfunds......Billionyuan,annualtasks......%;onlycompletiontarget......Minutes,annualtasks......rate,accesstocity-widerecruitmenttalentintroduction......Awardrecognizedscientificandtechnologicalachievements......,Cooperationof......Innovationplatforms......Alsocompletetasksinthecity.Theoverall"three"columninthecity......Name,didnotenterthecityinrecognitionoftheresultsofthis.Thismeansweandothercountiesthanthereisroomtocontinuetheefforts.FromeachtownintheCountyStreet,allandimproveidlelandofutilization,realachievedenvironmentimprovedandproductivitydevelopmentmutualpromotingtotalwin.Five,firmlyimplement,promotingworkahead,tocreatehighlights.Thirddeployment,implementationofseven,thenitisimperativetostrengthenresponsibilityandimprovethemechanismsandimplementation.Alllocalitiesanddepartmentsmustbeconvincedthatgoals,goingallout,musteringspirit,worktogethertoensurethatthisyear"sobjectivescarryouttasks,attheforefront.First,wemuststrengthentheleadershiptoimplement.Departmentsatalllevelsshouldalwaysworkandrural"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"inanimportantposition,andcarrythemainresponsibility,mainleaderpersonally,leadersarrestedandlayersofresponsibilityranktransmissionpressureestablishedhierarchicalaccountability,andworktogethertopromotetheworkofthemechanism,aconcertedeffortpayattentiontoimplementation.Countynongban,flood,threetoonedowntofurtherplayaleadingcatchtotal,integratedandcoordinatedroleofallkindsis"long","Sheriff""Inspector"toeffectivelyfulfilltheirresponsibilities,formedthealignmentonthefirelineandmanagementalivelysituation.Second,wemuststrengthenthetestimplementationoftheGovernor.RoleplaytheGovernorgotthebaton,foragriculturalandruralfocusand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"work,refineimproveassessmentmethodsandevaluationsystem,accurateassessment.Combinedwith"dareplay,treebenchmark"stylebuildingfivemajoroperations,carryonandgainfirsthandexperienceofsupervision,inparticular,tostrengthenthefocusonthe"long"signs"goleft","names"suchassupervision,urgedalllevelslongerondutyinplace.Throughthesupervisoryassessment,topromotehabits,stimulatingpower.Third,wemuststrengthenimplementationstyle.Departmentsatalllevelstoworkinruralareasand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"astrainingcadresformajorplatforms,competeagainstlargeexaminationroom,inspectioncadresworkperformanceofthering,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledaworkout,training,discoveryandselectionofcadres.Thangoodcatchup,firsttoexcellence-oriented.Partymembersandcadresatalllevelsmustadheretotherural,watercontrolandtheJapanesepulledagrass-roots,"putdowntheshelf,leaned"pragmaticstyle,thespiritofplay,becomeabenchmarkmodel.Four,wemuststrengthenpropagandaimplementation.Comprehensiveutilizationofmicro-credit,micro-blogging,newmedia,mining,summarizing,goodpublicityworkinthecountrysideand"fivewatertreatment","threetosplit"advancedmodels,pointtogatherpositiveenergyforthecommunitytoseetheresultsofourworkintime,increasepublicawareness,participationrates,satisfactionandsupport.Playgongqingfu,amassorganizationandgrass-rootssuchasschools,communityTheroleof'