景观规划设计原理复习题

'景观规划基本理论1、谈谈你“LANDSCAPE”、“LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE”的理解？Landscape—风景、景色、景观、地景。LandscapeArchitecture——1858年由美国建筑师奥姆斯特丹提出，有很多译法与理解，分别为“景观建筑学”、“造园”（日本、台湾）、“风景园林”、“景园”等。译为“景观规划设计“较妥切，因其已超于风景园林专业的传统范畴，随现代的生活发展而变化，适应旧时代要求而设立的专业，1901年予哈佛大学由奥姆斯特丹创系，核心是人类户外生存环境的建设，重点是各种环境的规划与设计。另LandscapeGardening——景观园艺《中国园林》—ChineseLandscapeArchitecture同时也可以理解为LandscapePlanning+Landscapecultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 景观规划基本理论1、谈谈你“LANDSCAPE”、“LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE”的理解？Landscape—风景、景色、景观、地景。LandscapeArchitecture——1858年由美国建筑师奥姆斯特丹提出，有很多译法与理解，分别为“景观建筑学”、“造园”（日本、台湾）、“风景园林”、“景园”等。译为“景观规划设计“较妥切，因其已超于风景园林专业的传统范畴，随现代的生活发展而变化，适应旧时代要求而设立的专业，1901年予哈佛大学由奥姆斯特丹创系，核心是人类户外生存环境的建设，重点是各种环境的规划与设计。另LandscapeGardening——景观园艺《中国园林》—ChineseLandscapeArchitecture同时也可以理解为LandscapePlanning+Landscapecultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 景观规划基本理论1、谈谈你“LANDSCAPE”、“LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE”的理解？Landscape—风景、景色、景观、地景。LandscapeArchitecture——1858年由美国建筑师奥姆斯特丹提出，有很多译法与理解，分别为“景观建筑学”、“造园”（日本、台湾）、“风景园林”、“景园”等。译为“景观规划设计“较妥切，因其已超于风景园林专业的传统范畴，随现代的生活发展而变化，适应旧时代要求而设立的专业，1901年予哈佛大学由奥姆斯特丹创系，核心是人类户外生存环境的建设，重点是各种环境的规划与设计。另LandscapeGardening——景观园艺《中国园林》—ChineseLandscapeArchitecture同时也可以理解为LandscapePlanning+Landscapecultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 景观规划基本理论1、谈谈你“LANDSCAPE”、“LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE”的理解？Landscape—风景、景色、景观、地景。LandscapeArchitecture——1858年由美国建筑师奥姆斯特丹提出，有很多译法与理解，分别为“景观建筑学”、“造园”（日本、台湾）、“风景园林”、“景园”等。译为“景观规划设计“较妥切，因其已超于风景园林专业的传统范畴，随现代的生活发展而变化，适应旧时代要求而设立的专业，1901年予哈佛大学由奥姆斯特丹创系，核心是人类户外生存环境的建设，重点是各种环境的规划与设计。另LandscapeGardening——景观园艺《中国园林》—ChineseLandscapeArchitecture同时也可以理解为LandscapePlanning+Landscapecultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 景观规划基本理论1、谈谈你“LANDSCAPE”、“LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE”的理解？Landscape—风景、景色、景观、地景。LandscapeArchitecture——1858年由美国建筑师奥姆斯特丹提出，有很多译法与理解，分别为“景观建筑学”、“造园”（日本、台湾）、“风景园林”、“景园”等。译为“景观规划设计“较妥切，因其已超于风景园林专业的传统范畴，随现代的生活发展而变化，适应旧时代要求而设立的专业，1901年予哈佛大学由奥姆斯特丹创系，核心是人类户外生存环境的建设，重点是各种环境的规划与设计。另LandscapeGardening——景观园艺《中国园林》—ChineseLandscapeArchitecture同时也可以理解为LandscapePlanning+Landscapecultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, Design2、现代景观规划设计与风景园林规划设计的异同？同：景观最基本最实质的内容也是园林的核心；异：现代景观规划设计涵盖面更大，优美的景观为“风景”、“园林”的精华。现代景观规划设计强调精神文化，面向大众群体，强调生态、风景、旅游三位一体，求经济和实用性。面向群体是现代景观最大的特点。随现代生活而发展，受城市规划，新材料应用，感官、感觉、变化、艺术的发展，生态保育要求等因素制约而不同，具体为：1、城市人多地少，讲究经济利用，还要善于从死角。边料用地中创造景观；2、私人用地减少，公共绿地增多，与传统风景园林的私人使用不同；3、不再纯粹美观、游憩、重视教育性，防污染等实用的绿化环境；4、不像景园古典精致典雅，设计简单，抽象，常见大片花草树木；5、造型、线条、雕塑或其它设施、材料更富于现代感；6、受城市规划影响大，要考虑历史文脉融合延续，不如景园独创性强。3、景观规划设计与城市设计区别？城市设计是从城市整体出发，具体地对某一城市、某一地段、某一街道、某个中心或场所进行综合设计，且的是最大可能地便利与舒适、美观，精髓是城市形体环境的设计，着重于在型体方面构思。现代景观设计在某些方面和设计手法上与之同，但景观设计不限于城市内，也包括风景区、旅游度假区，主题园、公园等多方面的景观规划，着重于景观构造和大众游赏行为策划。范围更广。在城市领域，建筑、规划、景观园林三个专业都有一席之地。在已有大量实践的美国，主要是由建筑师和景观师来做，且景观建筑师占了大头。城市设计在空间布局组织上，主要是由贯穿于整个城市开敞空间的景观来控制协调的。景观规划设计强调意象在先，布局平面在后，更偏向于艺术作品；而城市设计则必须以功能为考虑的第一要素。(P7)4、景观规划设计、建筑学与城市规划三个学科的关系？1、目标同——创造人类聚居环境；核心同——将人与环境的关系处理落实于具有空间分布和时间变化的人类聚居的环境中。2、就所设计的人居环境的客体而论，专业分工不同建筑：空间塑造、设计；建筑使用要求、建筑个性、人情味；侧重空间组合，聚居空间的塑造，专业分工重在人为空间设计；城规：以道路、用地为主的场所规划，聚居场所（社区）的建设，专业分工重在场所规划；城市效率、土地利用。功能分区，交通规划，基础设施，侧重于平面布局；景观设计：景观资源与环境的综合利用与再创造。主要指聚居领域的开发整治，土地、大气、水、动植物等，专业分工基础是场地规划与设计；景观感受意、情、物三境的创造，生态平衡、行为，侧重环境的创造；现代景观规划设计在绿地系统规划等方面可以作为城市规划的分支。建筑与城市规划也强调精神文化，但它们最基本的还是偏重于使用功能，偏重于技术，偏重于解决人类生存问题。景观则要上一个层次，它要解决人类精神享受的问题。就人居环境的主体而论，建筑、城市规划、景观规划设计三者各有侧重和分工，有机叠合，构思生活世界场域过程体系。5、景观规划设计的四个基本层面？及其蕴含的三个层面不同的追求和相应的理论研究？四个基本方面：（1）宏观环境规划，土地使用和自然土地地貌的保护以及美学和功能上的改善强化；（2）场地规划，各类环境详细规划；（3）各类施工图，文本制作；（4）施工协调与运营管理。蕴含着三个层次追求：（1）文化历史与艺术层面；（2）环境、生态、资源层面；（3）景观感受层面。（P205）6、景观规划设计中宏观、中观、微观层面的基本内容？宏观：土地环境生态与资源评估和规划；工作过程包括对规划地域自然、文化和社会系统的调查分类及分析；大地景观化，即绿化——蓝化——棕化规划，是现代景观建筑师宏观环境规划的核心工作。中观：场地规划，城市设计，旅游度假区，主题园，城市公园设计；呈递规划是中观环境规划设计的基础性内容。微观：街头小游园、街头绿地、花园、庭院、古典园林、园林景观小品等设计。（P207）7、“景观规划设计”中的“景观”包含哪些内容？cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 景观是能带给人以美的享受，能引起人心灵、精神上的愉悦感的自然的、人工的要素，在此意义上讲一切美的，尺度比艺术品大的东西都可称之为景观。在景观设计中景观的具体要素有山、水、植物、建筑等，可分为硬质的人造景观如铺地、栏杆、建筑和软质的自然景观如树木、天空、阳关、细雨等，也包括人文活动。景观是一种资源，如国家公园、风景名胜区等，景观甚至成为一个国家、地区的象征，也承载了地方文化特质，是流动的音乐。（景观>风景）8、何谓景观三元论？（参看刘的论文《景观规划设计三元论——寻求中国景观规划设计发展创新的基点》景观三元论是在景观规划设计的各个方面，对于迅速发展的中国景观规划设计研究实践，以寻求中国景观规划设计发展创新的基点为议题的研究和实践理论，是由刘滨谊教授率先提出的，其主要包括：景观规划设计实践的三元即现代景观规划设计的三大方面：①景观环境形象；②环境生态绿化；③大众行为心理。笔者称之为现代景观规划设计的三元（或三元素）。视觉景观形象——主要是从环境生态绿化——生态：可持续景观生态绿化大众行为心理——行为：心理精神感受景观规划设计观念目标的三元即游憩行为、景观形态、环境生态；景观规划设计操作方法论的三元包括多学科专业人员介入、层次明确的系统理性、规划与设计的专业素质；景观规划设计理论研究的三元，即①cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 从景观规划设计的核心内因入门，研究以人为中心的游憩规划设计和以环境为主导的景观资源筹划；②从景观规划设计的操作落实着手，研究各类景观活动项目空间与时间分布的规律以及相应的规划设计；③cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 从景观规划设计诸纲目因素的分析评价突破，分析判定景观规划设计的价值观念，把景观经济、社会、环境的三大效益评价与景观规划设计关联的各个要素挂钩量化，寻求发现满足社会市场需求的中国景观规划设计的内在规律。景观规划设计学科专业的三元即风景园林、环境艺术、旅游游憩三大专业。9、谈谈你对景观三元论的理解？（同上，书P7）景观环境形象、环境生态绿化、大众行为心理三元素对于人们环境感受所起的作用是相辅相成、密不可分的。一个优秀的景观环境为人们带来的感受，必定包含着三元素的共同作用。这也就是中国古典园林中三境——物境、情境、意境一体的综合作用。现代景观规划设计同样包含着传统中国园林设计的基本原理和规律。通过以视觉为主的感受通道，借助于物化了的景观环境形态，在人们的行为心理上引起反应。一个优秀的景观为人们带来的感受，必定包含着三元素的共同作用。从简单意义上讲，三元论要求的是（相对应）鲜明的个性形象，良好的绿化环境，足够的活动场地。10、景观规划设计中怎样反映文化特质？景观中先立意、后布局，有意识地组织主要的景色、景物，通过空间的组合和时间的推移以引发人心理文化的物——情——意三境的转换，以把景观设计中的意向再现开来。11、景观规划设计中生态意识？在设计中应结合自然环境，将设计对环境的破坏性影响降低到最小，并且对环境和生态起到强化作用，同时考虑充分利用自然可再生能源，节约不可再生资源的消耗，要有可持续发展的意识。12、环境规划设计与生态规划设计的异同？环境规划的对象主要是固定的、客观的，而生态规划动态性强，包括对有生命的物质实体的变化，主要对土壤、水、大气、动植物的整合。同：都追求可持续发展，保持物种的多样性，自然的平衡，连续性。异：景观规划设计主要考虑行为、景观等方面，生态方面主要考虑生态。13、人类在景观中的三种基本活动？必要性活动：生存所必须的活动，不受环境品质影响；选择性活动：散步，游玩等，与环境质量关系密切；社交性活动：聚会等，与环境品质有关，介于上述两者之间。（P13）14、写出你所知道的在景观中的人的活动类型？必要性活动：等候公共汽车上班；选择性活动：饭后散步、周末外出游玩；社交性活动：聚会，party等。（P13）15、谈谈你对“空间SPACE”、“场所PLACE”“领域DOMAIN”理解？三者都是由三维空间数据限定出来的，但界定的严密精确度越来越松散。Space——空间通过生理感受限定，20~25m见方的空间，可辨认脸部表情和声音，交流自由；Place——通过心理感受限定的，超过110m后，只能辨认大略的人行和大致的动作，有广阔感，这是形成景观场所感的尺度；Domain——基于精神方面的量度，领域感，390m左右，看不清东西，浑远，宏伟感。景观规划设计的边界限定要以场所和领域为基准。16、与空间、场所、领域相对应的景观尺度？（近景、中景、远景的尺度范围）由上题回答17、私交距离、社会距离、公共距离、隔绝距离的景观尺度？私交距离——0~0.45m是一种比较亲昵的距离0.45~1.3m为个人距离或私交距离，其中0.45~0.6一般出现在思想一致，感情融洽、热情交谈的情况之下，0.6~1.3m是一种不自觉的感官感受逐渐减少的距离；社会距离——3~3.75m；公共距离——3.75~8m；隔绝距离——>30m。（P18）18、何谓景观感受？景观感受的基本结构、元素？景观规划设计中怎样考虑景观感受？与景观有关的人的感受即感官、沟通与尺度。基本结构：景观感受空间：生理、精神、灵魂空间视觉空间结构模型：三层次风景旷奥元素：主体：人客体：景物距离：环境、速度、方式、密度、角度、生理心理感受19、景观规划设计的图纸成果包括那些内容?随阶段、深度要求而不同，一般而言有：现状图（可以是一个系列，如交通现状图等）；总平面；鸟瞰效果图；交通（分析）图；功能分区图，景观与视线分析图；环境生态或绿化分析图；景观意向图；景观小品等图纸。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 图纸比例一般为1：1000或1：2000，比例尺较大大的也可以是1：500。20、现代景观规划设计专业的核心是什么？核心是人类户外生存环境的建设；重点是各种环境的规划与设计；基础是生态与人类行为学；终极目标是创造人类需求与客观环境的协调关系；专业基础是场地规划与设计；核心课程是场地规划和景观生态。21、景观规划设计师必须具备哪些层面知识？必备能力与经验技巧：读图、资料数据分析收集、基地分析判断、规划设计筹划、设计构思传递交流、规划设计技术、施工建造技术。专业知识背景：规划设计方法技术类、社会历史文化类、人类社会与行为、工程学科类、生物科学类、环境科学类、政策法规类、规划原理技术类、专项规划类、招投标与造价估算、建设施工类、环境景观整治养护类、规划设计经营、规划设计表达、从业道德类。22、现代规划设计研究哪些层面的问题？三个层面：（1）文化历史与艺术；（2）环境、生态、资源；（3）景观感受23、人类景观活动、风景园林欣赏体现在哪几个层次？三个层次：1、物质生活的生理世界，2、心理精神的世界，3、灵魂的世界（P85）24、学完这门课，你觉得哪些方面对你有所启发？整体的设计观；生态的、行为追求；艺术的追求；可持续发展的具体体会25、城市公共空间的概念？主要类型？相对私密性空间而沿，指的是城市中公众可自由进出，进行公共交往活动的场所，空间。分为（1）广场；（2）带状空间，如景观大道，步行街；（3）滨水带；（4）面状公共空间如商业区、公园、自然场所；（5）住区内的公共空间。26、城市公共空间的规划设计有哪几个层面？cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation, 三个层次的问题：一是景观形象，二是生态绿化，三是群众使用。落实到内容上主要有以下几个方面：广场——形象、功能、环境（绿化）带状空间——功能、视觉景观、生态面状空间——美观、生态、功能住区——形象、功能、环境（绿化）（P15）27、城市公共空间景观设计要素？空间轮廓线（1）空间表象与可识别性，空间艺术历史特征、文脉延续（2）建筑形体运用界面处理（3）植物生态、培育光影，色彩，纹理（4）空间行为心理空间秩序、层次、渗透（5）自然、文化、历史特征规模，容量，定性（6）指标、经济、适用交通，停车，设施（7）有机，生成，可持续类28、绿地率的概念？绿地率=绿地总面积（城市六种绿地）/用地总面积*100%29、绿化覆盖率的概念？绿化覆盖率=市区各类绿地覆盖面积总和（公顷）/市区面积（公顷）*100%30、绿视率的概念？指视线所到之处绿色比率。cultureandentertainmentvenues,fitnesscenters,hasagoodecologicalenvironment,jobsecuritymeasures),theserequirementsareverystraightforward,specificstandards,alsohasacleardirection,moreeasilybyasuperiorexamination.Povertyassessmentistolookatthepercapitanetincomeofthepoorendof2015standardsis......Yuan,higherstandardsispoverty.SuperioracceptancetoentrustathirdpartyinstitutionfromHouseImplementation.Afteracceptance,alsothroughspotchecks,visits,telephonesurveyslookingactivities.Thismeansthatourachievementshavebeenrecognizedbythepoorforpovertyalleviationthroughacceptance,whichweputforwardhigherrequirementsforpovertyeradication.Therefore,theCountyOfficeforpovertyalleviationtoevaluationeffortsinthisregard.Toimplementthegridmanagementmodel,integratingpovertyalleviationintogridmanagement,and"makeaheart"activitycombinedpackageofleadingcadresimplementmonitoringsystemsforpovertyalleviation,eachpoorhouseholdsidentifiedapackagecost.Inthisregard,youcandesignaform,indicatingthepoorbasiccauses,currentincome,poverty,supportmeasures,implementationofsupportmeasures,throughhelping"income,annualrevenue.Fromnowon,protectionofficersworkinghouseholds,household-by-place.Whentheexamination,whichthepoordon"thavetimetogetoutofpoverty,andholdingpeopleaccountable.Third,onenvironmentalprotectioninconstructionofecologicalcivilizationisthefocusononeofthesixbattlethisyear.XianWeiproposedtobuild"greenmountainsandbeautiful,happyandharmonious"new......Target,whichisthebasisofenvironmentalprotection.Dowellenvironmentalprotectionwork,wekeepthesideofthemountains,nortothemassestocreateasuitableforresidentialandbusinesssuitableforswimmingandraisinglivingandworkingenvironment.Lastyear,wegotgoodgradestheenvironmentalwork,atmosphericindexranked4thinthecitytoobtaineco-compensationaccordingtoprojectneeds,inaccordancewiththe"channel,usethesame,anduse"principle,theimplementationofprojectplanning,fundingandmanpowerarrangements,avoidingduplicationofinputsandwasteofresources,effectiveintegrationofpovertyrelieffunds...Heretoremindeveryonethatbundleintegration-relatedfunds,aimstoconcentratefinancialresourcesforbigundertakings.Authoritiesdonotthinkthathaslessautonomy,pursuingthederegulationofwork.Thisyearontheamountoffundsonfightingforthedepartmentsconcernedtoincreaseoverthepreviousyear...and...respectively.Inthisregard,thefinancialDepartmenttodispatchinatimelymanner,analysesrelevantdepartmentsstrivefor.(E)toimplementthepovertyassessmentresponsibilities.Ofvillage-levelevaluationisveryclear,thatis,"five-ten"("five-way"path,power,throughwater,throughradio,television,information;"Ten"thehanlaobaoshoufields,richprojects,Officekitchen,healthservices,sanitationsystem,pre-schooleducation,'