建筑毕业设计-英文翻译

'兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计施工进度计划中施工段排序优化的概念分析及施工组织设计的改进摘要：施工组织设计作为指导施工全过程各项活动的技术经济的纲领性文件，是施工技术与施工项目管理有机结合的产物，它是工程开工后施工活动能有序、高效、科学合理地进行的保证。随着我国经济的快速发展及市场经济的逐步完善，建筑施工企业普遍面临者市场广阔、利润率低、技术难度加大的现状。因此，如何科学地进行施工组织、降低工程施工成本，成为施工企业应着重考虑的问题之一。本文作者在查阅了大量资料的基础上，首先对施工进度计划的原理、任务和作用，流水施工原理、组织方法，网络计划技术及其优化进行了系统的归纳和阐述，然后主要对施工段排序优化进行了深入研究，根据作者多年的工程管理实践，从基本概念入手，提出了利用概念分析法进行施工段排序优化的新方法，列出了优化步骤，并且利用VC语言编制了程序来实现施工段排序优化。最后结合两个工程实例，从工程实践角度，证实了该方法的正确性及有效性。并着重指出，该方法不仅可以缩短工期，同时也可以降低施工成本，而且比较适合广大施工企业工程管理人员的实际水平。关键词:施工进度计划；流水施工；概念分析法；网络计划技术。随着社会经济的发展和建筑技术的进步，现代建筑施工过程已成为一项十分复杂的生产活动。一个大型建设项目的建筑施工安装工作，不但包括组织成千上万的各种专业建筑工人和数量众多的各类建筑机设备有条不紊地投入工程施工中，而且还包括组织种类繁多的，数以几十甚至几百万吨计的建筑材料、制品和构配件的生产、运输、贮存和供应工作，组织施工机具的供应、维修和保养工作，组织施工现场临时供水、供电、供热以及安排施工现场的生产和生活所需要的各种临时建筑物等工作。这些工作的组织与协调，对于多快好省地进行工程建设具有十分重要的意义。8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计建筑施工组织的任务就是针对工程施工的复杂性，来研究工程建设的统筹安排与系统管理的客观规律，研究如何组织计划一项拟建工程的全部施工，寻求最合理的组织方法，实现工程建设计划和设计的要求，提供各阶段的施工准备工作内容，对人力、资金、材料、机械和施工方法等进行科学合理的安排，协调施工中各施工单位、各工种之间、资源与时间之间、各项资源之间的合理关系。在整个施工过程中，按照客观的技术经济规律，做出科学合理的安排，以使工程施工取得相对最优的效果。但是，从施工组织设计编制的特点看：施工组织设计是以单个工程为对象进行编制的，有很强的技术性和综合性，需要编制人员有足够的建筑工程理论基础和一定的实践经验。施工组织设计的内容必须适应工程项目和业主、设计、监理的特殊要求，同时也必须符合国家有关法律、法规、标准及地方规范的要求。施工组织设计编制必须满足最终的一个基本要求即对施工过程起到指导和控制作用，在一定的资源条件下实现工程项目的技术经济效益，达到施工效益与经济效益双赢的目的。施工组织设计编制目前所存在的缺陷：1.目前所累积的施工技术资源得不到有效、充分的应用，特别是其中的智力资源，这一方面是编制人员自身素质和经验不足造成的；另一方面是传播渠道不足不畅通所致。对早已有的成功经验没有进行借鉴，所编制的内容缺乏新技术、新工艺，没有起到提高劳动效率、降低资源消耗的作用。2.有的施工组织设计编制人员缺乏技术理论基础和具体施工经验，编制中只是对技术规范照搬照抄，而未对具体工程的特点进行有针对性的规划和设计，没有起到指导施工作用。3.施工组织设计必须对每个工程逐个进行编制，以适应不同工程的特点，但不同编制人员对于同类型的施工工艺在进行编制工作的同时，作了大量不必要的重复劳动，降低了工作效率。4.现在编制的施工组织设计只作为技术管理制度的一项工作，它主要追求施工效益而很少考虑经济效益，存在只注重组织技术措施，而没注重经济管理的内容，以至在实施过程中不讲成本，没有实现经济效益的目标。5.目前施工组织设计的编制经常是设计与实施分离，以至造成施工组织设计只是个形式而已，不能真正起到指导施工的作用。组织管理者必须充分认识施工过程的特点，对所有环节要做到精心组8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计织、严格管理、全面协调好施工中的各种关系。对于特殊复杂的施工过程，要进行科学的分析，弄清主次矛盾，找出关键线路，有的放矢措施，合理组织各种资源的投入顺序、数量、比例，进行科学的工程排队，组织平行交叉流水作业，提高对时间、空间的利用，这样才能取得全面的经济效益和社会效益。因此，随着科学技术的发展和建筑水平的不断提高，管理体制的进一步完善，原有的传统施工组织设计编制方法已不能适应现在的要求。目前我国已加入了WTO，为了适应日益激烈的市场竞争形势，适应建筑市场和新型施工管理体制的需要，要具备建造现代化建筑物的技术力量和手段，就必须对现在的施工组织设计的编制方法进行改进。实施办法如下：1.运用系统的观念和方法，建立施工组织设计编制工作的标准。工程管理部门对建筑工程的大中型项目施工组织设计进行收集，经过分析和归纳，整理并发布，则能使先进的施工组织设计更能发挥效益，减少编制人员重复劳动，而且能推广先进经验。2.施工组织设计的内容就是根据不同工程的特点和要求，根据现有的和可能创造的施工条件，从事实出发，决定各种生产要素的结合方式。选择合理的施工方案是施工组织设计的核心，应根据多年积累的施工技术资源，同时借鉴国内外先进施工技术，运用现代科学管理方法并结合工程项目的特殊性，从技术及经济上互相比较，从中选出最合理的方案来编制施工组织设计，使技术上的可行性同经济上的合理性统一起来。3.施工组织设计内容应简明扼要，突出目标，结合实际、满足招标文件的需要，要具有竞争性，能体现企业的实力和信誉。4.实行施工组织设计的模块化编制，更多的运用现代化信息技术，以便进行积累、分组、交流及重复应用，通过各个技术模块的优化组合，减少无效劳动。5.努力贯彻国家质量管理体系标准，走质量效益型发展道路，建立并完善科学的、规范的质量管理体系。逐项地编制质量保证计划，与施工组织设计工作同时进行，并努力使二者有机结合起来。6.施工组织设计应扩大深度和范围，对设计图纸的合理性和经济性做出评估，实现设计和施工技术的一体化,扩大技术积累，加快技术转化，使新的技术成果在施工组织设计中得到应用。8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计在知识经济时代，信息技术在工程项目中已起到越来越大的作用，应大力发展和运用信息技术，重视高新技术的移植和利用，拓宽智力资源的传播渠道，全面改进传统的编制方法，使信息在生产力诸要素中起到核心的作用，逐步实现施工信息自动化、施工作业机器化、施工技术模块化和系统化，以产生更大的经济效益，增强竞争力，在日益激烈的竞争中获得更好的生存环境。而现阶段建筑施工组织研究发展的特点是广泛应用数学方法，网络技术和计算技术等定量性方法，应用现代化的计算手段—电子计算机，采用各种有效手段，对整个工程的施工进行工期、成本、质量的控制，达到工期短、质量好和成本低的目的。施工进度计划利用网络图的方式表达后，可以通过数学推导形成算法或逻辑过程，并利用数值计算迭代，即可直接求得最优方案。施工网络优化不仅能大大节省工作时间，增进决策的科学性，而且能产生巨大的经济效益。但是，由于施工进度计划的编制过程中将施工对象划分成若干个施工段，则施工队进入不同施工段的顺序不同，施工计划的工期也不同。要在资源固定，保证施工工艺顺序不变的前提下，合理安排施工进度计划的工程排序，缩短工期，则需对不同施工段的施工顺序做出多方案的组合，从中得出最优施工顺序的方案。8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计Intheconstructionprogressplanexecutestheconceptanalyticmethodandtheconstructionorganizationplan,whichtheconstructionsectionarrangementoptimizesAbstractTheconstructionorganizationplanconstructstheentireprocesseachactivitytechnicaleconomyPlatformastheinstruction,isconstructstechnicalandtheconstructionprojectmanagementorganicsynthesisproduct,afteritistheprojectbeginstoconstructtheactivitytobeabletohavetheforeword,tobehighlyeffectivetheguaranteewhich,thesciencereasonablycarrieson.。Asthedevelopmentofourcountry"seconomyandtheconsummating　of　market-economysystemgradually.Manyconstructioncorporationsarefacingthemuchopportunity,butatthesametime,theyarefacingmuch　difficulty,suchasprofit-ratiodropping,highertechnique.So,itbecomes　moreimportanttoconstructmorereasonablytosubduethecost.Afterlookingupmuchmaterial,theauthorofthearticlehasdonemuchwork,suchasgeneralizingthesystemofnet-plan,theeffectandprincipleoflow-constructionandilluminatingthemeansofmakingtheconstruction-planmorepreferential.Theauthoralsohasdonemuchwork　inresearchingthesuperioritywayofconstruction-sequencedeeply,basedonyears"experienceinconstructionmanagement,hestartwithfundamentalconceptsandraisetheconceptanalysiswaysuperioritymeanstolineupthestepsandachieveitoncomputerinC.Finallyheadducestwoprojectexamplestoverifyitandexplainitseffect.Theymanifestthatthemeansdosenotonlyshortentheperiod,butalsodecreasethecostofconstruction.Iarguethatthesuperiority-meansaboutconstructionpracticallyaccommodatethemostofconstructionenterprise.Keyword：Constructionprocessplan;ConceptanalysiswayConstructionunitsuperiority;NetplantechniqueAlongwiththesocialeconomydevelopmentandtheconstructiontechnologyprogress,themodernarchitectureconstructionprocesshasbecomeanextremelycomplexproductionactivity.Alarge-scaleitemsofbasicconstructionwork,notonlyincludesorganizesthousandsofeachkindsofspecializedconstructionworkerandthequantitymultitudinous,andeachkindofbuildingmachineequipmentmethodicallyinvestsintheprojectconstruction,moreoveralsoincludestheorganizationtypesomanytoseveraldozensevenseveralmilliontonsofbuildingmaterials,products,constructsandtheirproduction,transportation,storingandsupplywork,alsotheorganizationconstructionmachinesandtoolssupply,theserviceandthemaintenance,work8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计andsoon,eachkindoftemporarybuildingwhichtheorganizationjoblocationtemporarywatersupply,thepowersupply,heatingaswellasthearrangementjoblocationproductionandthelifeneeds.Theseworkorganizationsandthecoordinationregardeconomicallycarryingontheengineeringconstructionhavingextremelyvitalsignificance.Theconstructionorganization"sdutyisagainstingtheprojectconstruction"scomplexity,studyingtheengineeringconstructiontheoverallplanarrangementandthesystemadministrationobjectivelaw,toplanhowstudiesorganizesconstructtheprojectcompletely,andseekthemostreasonableorganizationmethod,andtherealizationengineeringconstructionplanstherequestwhichanddesigns,providesvariousstagestheconstructionpreparatoryworkcontent,tothemanpower,thefund,thematerial,themachineryandthejobpracticeandsooncarriesonthesciencereasonablearrangement,inthecoordinatedconstructionbetweeneachconstruction,variouskindsofworkinafactory,theresourcesandthetime,eachitemofresourcesreasonablerelations.Intheentireconstructionprocess,accordingtotheobjectivetechnologyeconomiclaw,makesthesciencereasonablearrangement,bycausestheprojectconstructiontoobtaintherelativemostsuperioreffect.Lookedfromtheconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentcharacteristicthat,Theconstructionorganizationplaniscarriesontheestablishmenttakethesingleprojectastheobject,hastheverystrongtechnicalnatureandthecomprehensivenature,needstheestablishmentofstrengthtohavetheenougharchitecturalengineeringrationaleandthecertainexperience.Theconstructionorganizationplancontentmustadapttheengineeringprojectandtheowner,thedesign,theoverseeingspecialrequest,atthesametimealsomustconformtothenationalrelevantlaw,thelawsandregulations,thestandardandtheplacestandardrequest.Theconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentmustsatisfyafinalbasicrequestnamelytogetuptotheconstructionprocesstotheinstructionandthecontrolaction,realizestheengineeringprojecttechnologyeconomicefficiencyunderthecertainresourcescondition,achievedtheconstructionbenefitandtheeconomicefficiencydoublewingoal.Theconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentexistsatpresentflaw:1.atpresentaccumulatestheconstructiontechnologicalresourcecannotobtain,thefullapplicationeffectively,especiallyintelligenceresources,thisontheonehandisestablishmentofstrengthownqualityandisinsufficientlyexperiencedcreates;Ontheotherhandisdisseminatesthechannelinsufficiencynottobetheresultof.Tothesuccessexperiencethatalreadyhasnotcarriedonthemodel,establishesthecontentlacksthenewtechnology,thenewcraft,totheenhancementlaborefficiency,reducestheresourcesconsumptionthefunction.2.Someconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentsofstrengthlackofthetechnologyrationaleandtheconcreteconstructionexperience,intheestablishmentonlyareimitatetothetechnologystandardcopyverbatim,but8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计hasnotcarriedontotheconcreteprojectcharacteristichasthepointedplanandthedesign,doesnothavetotheinstructionconstructionfunction.3.Theconstructionorganizationplanmustcarryontheestablishmenttoeachprojectonebyone,byadaptsthedifferentprojectcharacteristic,butthedifferentestablishmentofstrengthwhilecarriesontheestablishmentworkregardingthesimilarconstructioncraft,hasmadethemassivenonessentialrepetitionswork,reducedtheworkingefficiency.4.Nowestablishestheconstructionorganizationplanonlytookthetechnicalmanagementsystemawork,itmainlypursuestheconstructionbenefitbutverylittletoconsidertheeconomicefficiency,theexistenceonlypaysgreatattentiontotheorganizationtechnologymeasure,buthasnotpaidgreatattentiontotheeconomicalmanagementthecontent,downtodoesnotspeakthecostintheimplementationprocess,hasnotachievedtheeconomicefficiencygoal.5.Atpresenttheconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentisfrequentlythedesignandtheimplementationseparates,downtocreatetheconstructionorganizationplanonlyisaform,cannotbetruetotheinstructionconstructionfunction.Organizesthesuperintendenttohavefullytoknowtheconstructionprocessthecharacteristic,mustachievethecarefulorganization,thestrictmanagementtoalllinks,andcomprehensivelycoordinatesinthegoodconstructioneachkindofrelations.Regardingthespecialcomplexconstructionprocess,mustcarryonthesciencetheanalysis,clarifiestheprimaryandsecondarycontradiction,discoverstheessentialline,themeasure,reasonablyorganizeseachkindofresourceswithacleargoaltheinvestmentorder,thequantity,theproportion,carriesonthesciencetheprojecttolineup,theorganizationparalleloverlappingstreamlinedproduction,enhancestothetime,thespatialuse,likethiscanobtainthecomprehensiveeconomicefficiencyandthesocialefficiency.Alongwiththescienceandtechnologydevelopmentandtheconstructionlevelunceasingenhancement,managesthesystemthefurtherconsummation,theoriginaltraditionconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentmethodhasnotbeenabletoadeptthepresentrequest.AtpresentourcountryhasjoinedWTO,inordertoadaptdaybydaytheintensemarketcompetitionsituation,theadaptionconstructionmarketandthenewconstructcontrolsystemneed,musthavetheconstructionmodernizationbuildingtechnicalforceandthemethod,mustmaketheimprovementtothepresentconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentmethod.Implementationmeansasfollows:1.usingthesystemideaandthemethod,establishtheconstructionorganizationplanestablishmentworksthestandard.Theprojectmanagementdepartmentcarriesonthecollectiontothearchitecturalengineeringlargeandmiddlescaleprojectsconstructionorganizationplan,theprocessanalysisandtheinduction,thereorganizationandtheissue,thencanenabletheadvancedconstructionorganizationplantodisplaythebenefit,reducestheestablishment8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计ofstrengthtoduplicateworks,moreovercanpromotetheadvancedexperience.2.Theconstructionorganizationplancontentisaccordingtothedifferentprojectcharacteristicandtherequest,accordingtoconstructionconditionwhichexistingandpossiblycreates,embarksfromthefact,decideseachkindofelementofproductiontheunionway.Choosesthereasonableconstructionplanistheconstructionorganizationplancore,shouldactaccordingtomanyyearsaccumulationtheconstructiontechnologicalresource,atthesametimeprofitsfromthedomesticandforeignadvancedconstructionstechnology,theutilizationmodernscientificmanagementmethodandtheunionengineeringprojectparticularity,fromtechnologyandeconomymutualcomparison,selectsthemostreasonableplantoestablishtheconstructionorganizationplan,causesintechnicalinthefeasiblesameeconomyrationalitytounify.3.Theconstructionorganizationplancontentshouldbebriefandtothepoint,theprominentgoal,theunionisactual,satisfiesthetenderdocumenttheneed,musthavecompetitiveness,canmanifesttheenterprisethestrengthandtheprestige.4.Implementationconstructionorganizationplanmodularestablishment,moreutilizationmodernizationinformationtechnology,inordertocarriesontheaccumulation,thegrouping,theexchangeandtherepetitionapplication,througheachtechnicalmoduleoptimumcomposition,reducestheinvalidwork.5.Implementsthecountryqualitycontrolsystemstandarddiligently,walksthequalityefficiencydevelopmentpath,theestablishmentandtheconsummationscience,thestandardqualitycontrolsystem.Establishesthequalityguaranteeplanitembyitem,carriesonwiththeconstructionorganizationplanworkalso,andcausesthetwoorganicsynthesesdiligently.6.Theconstructionorganizationplanshouldexpandthedepthandthescope,makestheappraisaltothedesignpaperrationalityandtheefficiency,therealizationdesignsandconstructsthetechnicalintegration,theexpandedtechnologyaccumulates,speedsupthetechnologytotransform,enablethenewtechnicalachievementtoobtaintheapplicationintheconstructionorganizationplan.Intheknowledgeeconomytime,theinformationtechnologyintheengineeringprojecttothemoreandmoremajorfunction,shoulddevelopandtheutilizationinformationtechnologyvigorously,takesthehightechnologyandnewtechnologythetransplantandtheuse,opensuptheintelligenceresourcesthedisseminationchannel,comprehensivelyimprovestraditionaltheestablishmentmethod,causestheinformationintheproductiveforcesvariousessentialfactorstothecorefunction,realizestheconstructioninformationautomation,constructionwork,theconstructiontechnologymodulationandthesystematizationgradually,byhasthebiggereconomicefficiency,theenhancementcompetitivepower,obtainsthebettersurvivalenvironmentdaybydayinkeencompetition.Thepresentstageconstructionorganizationstudiesthedevelopmentthecharacteristicisthewidespreadappliedmathematicsmethod,network8 兰州交通大学博文学院毕业设计technologyandcomputationtechnologyandsoonthemethod,theapplicationmodernizationcomputationmethodelectronicaccountingmachine,useseacheffectivemethod,carriesonthetimelimitforaproject,thecost,thequalitycontroltotheentireprojectconstruction,achievedthetimelimitforaprojectshort,thequalityisgoodandthecostlowgoal.Aftertheconstructionprogressplanusenetworkchartwayexpression,mayformthealgorithmorthelogicalprocessthroughmathematicsinferentialreasoning,andusingthevaluecomputationiteration,thendirectlyobtainsthemostsuperiorplan.Theconstructionnetworkoptimizesnotonlycansavetheoperatingtimeoperatingtimegreatly,promotespolicy-makingthescientificnature,moreovercanhavethehugeeconomicefficiency.Becauseintheconstructionprogressplanestablishmentprocesswillconstructtheobjecttodividecertaintoexecutetheconstructionsection,thenwillexecutetheengineeringunittoenterdifferentlyexecutestheconstructionsectiontheorderdifferently,theconstructionplantimelimitforaprojectwillbealsodifferent.Mustbefixedintheresources,guaranteedundertheconstructioncraftorderinvariablepremise,reasonablyarrangestheconstructionprogressplantheprojectarrangement,reducesthetimelimitforaproject,thenmusttodifferentlyexecutetheconstructionsectiontheconstructionordertomakethemulti-plansthecombination,obtainsthemostsuperiorconstructionordertheplan.8'