水轮发电机常识英文汇总-英文词汇-说明书-安装工艺英文介绍

'水轮机专用中英文对照术语（2013年6月4日从好友的空间站收藏）2　一般术语2.1　水力机械hydraulicmachinery2.2水轮机hydraulicturbine2.3蓄能泵storagepump2.4水泵水轮机reversibleturbine，pump-turbine2.5旋转方向directionofrotation2.6机组unit2.13　立式、卧式和倾斜式机组　vertical，horizontalandinclinedunit2.14　可调式水力机械regulatedhydraulicmachinery2.15　不可调式水力机械non-regulatedhydraulicmachinery2.16　主阀mainvalve3.1　水轮机3.1.1　反击式水轮机reactionturbine3.1.2混流式水轮机Francisturbine，mixed-flowturbine3.1.3轴流式水轮机axialturbine3.1.4轴流转桨式水轮机Kaplanturbine，axial-flowadjustablebladpropellerturbine3.1.5轴流调桨式水轮机Thomaturbine3.1.6轴流定桨式水轮机Propellerturbine3.1.7　贯流式水轮机tubularturbine，throughflowturbine3.1.8　灯泡式水轮机bulbturbine3.1.9　竖井贯流式水轮机pitturbine3.1.10　全贯流式水轮机straightflowturbine，rim-generatorunit3.1.11　轴伸贯流式水轮机（S形水轮机）tubular　turbine（S－typeturbine）3.1.12斜流式水轮机diagonalturbine3.1.13斜流转桨式水轮机Deriazturbine3.1.14　斜流定桨式水轮机　fixedbladeofDeriazturbine3.1.15　冲击式水轮机　impulsturbine，actionturbine3.1.16　水斗式水轮机　Peltonturbine，scoopturbine3.1.17　斜击式水轮机　inclinedjetturbine3.1.18　双击式水轮机　cross-flowturbine3.2　蓄能泵3.2.1　混流式（离心式）蓄能泵　centrifugalstoragepump，mixed-flowstoragepump3.2.2　轴流式蓄能泵propellerstoragepump，axialstoragepump3.2.3　斜流式蓄能泵diagonalstoragepump3.2.4　多级式蓄能泵multi-stagestoragepump3.3　水泵水轮机（又称可逆式水轮机）3.3.1　单级水泵水轮机singalstagepump-turbine3.3.2　多级水泵水轮机multi-stagepump-turbine3.4　主阀与阀门3.4.1　蝴蝶阀　butterflyvalve3.4.2平板蝶阀biplanebutterflyvalve，throughflowbutterflyvalve3.4.3圆筒阀cylindricalvalve，ringgate3.4.4球阀rotaryvalve，sphericalvalve3.4.5盘形阀mushroomvalve，hollow-conevalve，howell-Bungervalve3.4.6针形阀needlevalve3.4.7旁通阀by-passvalve3.4.8　直空破坏阀vacuumbreakvalve4　结构部件4.1　混流式水轮机4.1.1　埋入部件embeddedcomponent4.1.2引水室　（turbine）flume4.1.3　蜗壳spiralcase4.1.4　座环stayring4.1.5固定导叶　stayvane4.1.6蜗壳鼻端spiralcasenose4.1.7　基础环foundationring，dischargering4.1.8尾水管drafttube4.1.9　锥形尾水管conicaldrafttube4.1.10　肘形尾水管elbowdrafttube4.1.11　尾水管锥管drafttubecone4.1.12　尾水管肘管drafttubeelbow4.1.13尾水管扩散段drafttubeoutletpart 4.1.14尾水管支墩drafttubepier4.1.15尾水管里衬drafttubeliner4.1.16机坑里衬pitliner4.1.17　导水机构distributor4.1.18　顶盖headcover，topcover4.1.19　底环bottomring，bottomcover4.1.20　导叶　guidevane，wicketgate4.1.21控制环regulatingring，operatingring4.1.22导叶臂guidevanelever，wicketgatelever4.1.23分半键splitkey4.1.24导叶连杆guidevanelink，wicketgatelink4.1.25导叶过载保护装置guidevaneoverloadprotectiondevice4.1.26剪断销shearpin4.1.27摩擦装置frictiondevice4.1.28导叶轴承guidevanebearing4.1.29导叶止推轴承guidevanethrustbearing4.1.30导叶轴密封guidevanestemseal4.1.31导叶端面密封guidevaneendseal4.1.32导叶立面密封guidevaneseal4.1.33　抗磨板facingplates，wearplates4.1.34　导叶限位块guidevanestopblock4.1.35　导叶接力器guidevaneservomotor4.1.36单导叶接力器individualguidevaneservomotor4.1.37推拉杆pushandpullrod，connectingrod4.1.38调速轴regulatingshaft4.1.39均压管balancepipe4.1.40转动部件rotatingcomponent4.1.41转轮runner4.1.42叶片blade4.1.43上冠crown4.1.44下环band4.1.45泄水锥runnercone4.1.46转轮密封装置runnerseal4.1.47转轮止漏环runnerwearingring4.1.48固定止漏环stationarywearingring4.1.49转轮减压板decompressionplate4.1.50主轴mainshaft4.1.51导轴承guidebearing4.1.52轴领guidebearingcollar4.1.53轴瓦guidebearingshoe4.1.54轴承体guidebearinghousing4.1.55主轴密封装置mainshaftseal4.1.56检修密封standstillseal4.1.57联轴螺栓couplingbolt4.2轴流式水轮机和斜流式水轮机。4.2.1转轮室runnerchamber4.2.2内顶盖（支持盖）innerheadcover，innertopcover4.2.3转轮体runnerhub4.2.4转叶机构mechanismofrunnerblade4.2.5叶片枢轴runnerbladetrunnion4.2.6转臂(导叶臂)rockerarm4.2.7连杆link4.2.8操作架crosshead4.2.9转轮叶片接力器runnerbladeservomotor4.2.10协联装置combinationdevice4.2.11受油器oilhead4.5蓄能泵4.5.1吸水管suctiontube4.5.2叶轮impeller4.5.3轮叶impellerblade，impellervane4.5.4叶轮后盖impellerbackshroud4.5.5叶轮前盖impellerfrontshroud4.5.6蜗室spiralhousing4.5.7扩散管diffuser5　性能参数5.1　比能5.1.1比能specificenergy单位质量流体所具有的机械能，是位置比能、压力比能和速度比能的总和。5.1.2　位置比能　potentialenergy5.1.3压力比能pressureenergy5.1.4速度比能velocityenergy5.2水头5.2.1位置水头potentialhead5.2.2压力水头pressurehead5.2.3速度水头velocityhead5.2.4总水头head5.2.5毛水头grosshead5.2.6净水头nethead5.2.7额定水头ratedhead5.2.8设计水头designhead5.2.9最大（最小）水头maximum（minimum）head5.2.10加权平均水头weightedaveragehead5.2.11蓄能泵扬程storagepumphead5.2.12蓄能泵零流量扬程no-dischargeheadofstoragepump 5.2.13蓄能泵最大（最小）扬程maximum（minimum）headofstoragepump5.3流量5.3.1水轮机流量turbinedischarge，turbineflowrate5.3.2蓄能泵流量storagepumpdischarge，storagepumpflowrate5.3.3额定流量rateddischarge5.3.4水轮机空载流量no-loaddischargeofturbine5.3.5蓄能泵最大（最小）流量maximum（minmum）storagepumpdischarge5.4转速5.4.1额定转速ratedspeed5.4.2水轮机飞逸转速runawayspeedofsurbine5.4.3蓄能泵［水泵水轮机的泵工况］反向飞逸转速reverserunawayspeedofstoragepump5.5压力5.5.1表计压力（简称为压力）gaugepressure5.5.2环境压力（或大气压）atmpsphericpressure5.5.3绝对压力absolutepressure5.5.4汽化压力vapourpressure5.6功率5.6.1水轮机输入功率turbineinputpower5.6.2水轮机输出功率turbineoutputpower5.6.3水轮机额定输出功率ratedoutputpowerofturbine5.6.4蓄能泵的输出功率storagepumpoutputpower5.6.5蓄能泵的输入功率storagepumpinputpower5.6.6蓄能泵最大输入功率ratedinputpowerofstoragepump5.6.7蓄能泵零流量功率no-dischargeinputpowerofstoragepump5.6.8蓄能泵最小输入功率minimuminputpowerofstoragepump5.6.9转轮输出功率outputpowerofrunner5.6.10叶轮输入功率inputpowerofimpeller5.6.11转轮输入功率inputpowerofrunner5.6.12叶轮输出功率outputpowerofimpeller5.7效率5.7.1效率efficiency5.7.2水轮机机械效率mechanicalefficiencyofturbine5.7.3蓄能泵机械效率mechanicalefficiencyofstoragepump5.7.4水轮机水力效率hydraulicefficiencyofturbine5.7.5蓄能泵水力效率hydraulicefficiencyofstoragepump5.7.6相对效率relativeefficiency5.7.7加权（算术）平均效率weighted（arithmetic）averageefficiency5.7.8积分平均效率planimetricaverageefficiency5.8空化和空蚀5.8.1空化cavitation5.8.2空蚀cavitationerosion5.8.3水轮机空化系数cavitationfactorofturbine，cavitationcoefficientofturbine5.8.4蓄能泵空化系数cavitationfactorofstoragepump，cavitationcoefficientofstoragepump5.8.5临界空化系数criticalcavitationfactor5.8.6初生空化系数incipientcavitationfactor，cavitationinceptionfactor，initialcavitationfactor5.8.7电站空化系数plantcavitationfactor5.8.8吸出高度staticsuctionofturbine5.8.9吸入高度staticsuctionofstoragepump5.8.10蓄能泵吸入扬程损失suctionheadlossofstoragepump5.8.11蓄能泵空化余量（NPSH）（蓄能泵净吸上扬程）netpositivesuctionheadofstoragepump5.8.12安装高程settingelevation5.8.13空化裕量cavitationmargin5.9暂态过程5.9.1过渡过程transient5.9.2调节保证regulatingguarantee5.9.3水锤waterhammer5.9.4初始压力initialpressure5.9.5水轮机最大瞬态压力maximummomentarypressureofturbine5.9.6瞬态压力变化率momentarypressurevariationratio5.9.7初始转速initialspeed 5.9.8水轮机最大瞬态转速maximummomentaryoverspeedofturbine5.9.9蓄能泵［水泵水轮机的泵工况］的最大瞬态反向转速momentarycounterrotationspeedofstoragepump［pump-conditionofpump-turbine］5.9.10瞬态转速变化率momentaryspeedvariationratio6渗道参数6.1转轮（叶轮）公称直径runner（impeller）diameter6.2叶片开口bladeopening6.3叶片正（背）面pressure（suction）sideofblade6.4叶片进（出）水边leading（trailing）edge6.5叶片转角bladerotatingangle6.6叶片倾角bladetiltangle6.7叶片安放角bladeangle6.8蜗壳包角noseangle6.9导叶高度guidevaneheight6.13肘形尾水管深度depthofelbowdrafttube6.14节圆直径pitchdiameter6.15射流直径jetdiameter6.16射流直径比jetratio6.17射流入射角jetinclinedangle6.18射流椭圆ellipsedofinclinedjet（whenreachingthewheelvane）7试验方面7.1　试验类型7.1.1原型（机）prototype7.1.2模型（机）model7.1.3验收试验acceptancetest7.1.4装配试验assemblytest7.1.5模型试验modeltest7.1.6性能试验performancetest7.1.7特性试验characteristictest7.1.8飞逸试验runawayspeedtest7.1.9力特性试验forcecharacteristictest7.1.10负载试验loadtest7.1.11甩负荷试验loadrejectiontest7.1.12耐压试验pressuretest7.1.13效率试验efficiencytest7.1.14空化试验cavitationtest7.1.15压力脉动试验pressurefluctuationtest7.1.16补气试验airadmissiontest7.1.17水轮机功率试验turbineoutputtest7.2运行工况7.2.1（运行）工况operatingcondition7.2.2最优工况optimumoperatingcondition7.2.3飞逸工况runawayspeedoperatingcondition7.2.4空载工况no-loadoperatingcondition7.2.5相似工况similaroperatingcondition7.2.6协联工况combinedcondition7.3力特性7.3.1力特性forcecharacter7.3.2导叶力特性guidevaneforcecharacter7.3.3叶片力特性bladeforcecharacter7.3.4水推力hydraulicthrust7.3.5径向力radialforce，lateralforce7.4单位量7.4.1单位转速unitspeed7.4.2单位流量unitdischarge7.4.3单位功率unitpower7.4.4单位飞逸转速unitrunawayspeed7.4.5单位水推力unithydraulicthrust7.4.6单位水力矩unithydraulictorque7.4.7水轮机比转速specificspeedofturbine7.4.8蓄能泵［水泵水轮机的泵工况］的流量比转速dischargespecificspeedofstoragepump7.4.9最优比转速optimumspecificspeed7.4.10（水轮机）压力脉动（turbine）pressurefluctuation7.5特性曲线7.5.1（水轮机）综合特性曲线（turbine）efficiencyhilldiagram，combinedcharacteristiccurve7.5.2（水轮机）运转特性曲线（turbine）performancecurve7.5.3飞逸特性曲线runawayspeedcurve7.5.4水泵水轮机全特性completecharacteristicsofpump-turbine Shutdownactuatingprotection停机联动保护Protectionactuationforgenerator-transformerset发变组保护联动引出压板Outletconnectingstrip矩阵插点Matrixpin失磁低阻抗field-losslowimpedance开相闭锁open-phaseblock95%定子接地保护95%protectionagainststatorearthfault转子一点接地保护rotor-onepointearthprotection220KV侧CT补偿变流器变比：0.43/1TransformationratioofCTcompensatedcurrenttransformeron220KVside：0.43/1发电机侧CT补偿变流器变比：3.72/1TransformationratioofgeneratorCTcompensatedcurrenttransformer：3.72/1椭圆率ellipticityConnectingstrip压板YH=voltagetransformerSteelgasket钢纸垫Disconnectors隔离刀闸earthingblades接地刀闸Hoist电动葫芦，卷扬schematicdiagram示意图dottedlineblock虚线框restrainexcitationinrushcurrent抑制励磁涌流weightbalance"hammer"重操作箱锤bevelwedge斜楔airadmissionhole进气口single-sidegap单边间隙trialoperation试运行Bulkhead防水壁oneandhalfbreakers一个半断流器（接线方式）percussivedrilling冲击钻探Storagebattery电瓶6.3KVbusbarsuppliesservicepowerofplant（6.3KV）母线供应厂用电Oilhead受油器oilreceiver油罐airreceiver储气罐Stopvalve截止阀checkvalve止回阀non-returnvalve逆止阀gatevalve闸阀Nameplate(dataplate)铭牌ratedvalue整定值generatorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection发电机纵差保护变比=电流变化比例系数currentchangeproportioncoefficient/transformationradio防水门bulkheadgate架平台erectthenecessaryscaffold；scaffold脚手架国电东北公司人力资源部主任SectionChiefofHumanResourcesofNortheastBranchofNationalPowerCorporation厂长directorputinserviceingrid并网发电=operateingrid=incorporateinpowernetworkzero-initialstep-upvoltagetest零起升压试验SCRsiliconcontrolledrectifier可控硅visualannunciator(alarm)光字牌integratetheorywithpractice理论联系实际ImpulseClosingTestforMainTransformer=closingswitchesatthehighvoltagesideandsupplypowerformaintransformer.合脉冲变试验breach破裂，裂口standbydieselgeneratingunit,bottomgatesMS6(lifting&lowering),workout制定Toadjustoperationmodeofsystemandequipmenttoachievesafe,stableandeconomicoperation.Toexecuteweeklyprogramofchanging-overoperationmodesofequipment,Vaseline凡士林petroleumjelly(=petrolatum)凡士林油,矿油,石油膏onload带负荷startingunderload带负荷起动connectinparallel并联measureinsulation摇绝缘windtunnel/channel风洞flexiblecircuitconductor软接手earthdam土坝penstock水渠surgetank浪涌槽tailrace尾水irrigationcanal灌溉渠step-upsubstation递升变电站switchyard开关站quadrate方形的reinforcedconcrete加固混凝土attacheddrawing附图waterintake进水powergeneration(generateelectricity)发电irrigation-dischargingpipe灌溉排水管,attheintakeofthepenstock水渠入口,airhole气孔vertical-cylindricaltype立柱式Pressuresteelpipe压力钢管emergencygate快速门trashrack拦污栅Watersumpanddrainageequipment集水和排水设备ontheleftofthepowerhouse.Operatingoiltank操作油箱insulateoilsystem绝缘油系统sidewall边墙，侧壁overheadtransmissionline变送线sigle-busbarconnection单母线接线Thetwounitsaredirectlyconnectedwith6.3KVbusbar,thevoltagesteppedupto34.5KVthroughantransformer,andlinkedupwithlocalpowersystemthroughtransformerlines.Hand-operatedstandbyunit手动备用机组Dynamicwater动态水preventtheaggravationoftheaccident防止事故恶化thestateofoverhauling大修状态hydraulicturbine-generatorunitandauxiliaryequipment水轮发电机组和附属设备synchronousgenerator同步发电机/配套发电机parameter参数runnerdiameter转轮直径efficiency效率guarantee保证rangeofsteadyoperating稳定运行范围maximumguaranteedoutput最大保证出力inno-load以空载inletpipe进水管distributor导水机构drafttube尾水管hydroenergy(potentialenergyandkineticenergy)水流的能量(位能和动能)transforminto转换成mechanicalenergy机械能(pl)用法说明Fulldirectionsinside内附详细说明书coupleswith同…联接canachievetostartuporstopunit,incorporateinpowernetwork,addorreduceload.能实现开机、并网、增减负荷和停机。Governorgear调速机构rotationpart转动部分runnerchamber转轮室drafttubecone直锥管drafttubeelbowassembly尾水肘管装配componentof组成=makeupof,fixed116 abutment固定支座rack行李架externalringofguidevane导叶外环expansionjoint伸缩节squaredrafttube方尾水管sealedcover密封盖installingordismantlingworkpiecesinthebulb装卸灯泡体内的工件drainhole排水孔thepassageofoilpipe油管路的通道waterdischargepipe&oildischargepipe排水和排油管operatingring控制环chuckring压环guidevanesleeve导叶套筒bearingshoe轴瓦bearingblock轴承座endcover端盖gravityoiltank重力油箱collecting-supplyingoildevice集油供油装置water-sealinginternalring封水内环sealring密封环swingwatercover甩水罩supplypipe供水管connectinseries串连parallelconnection并联Protection保护装置differentialprotection差动~；time-definitprotection定时限~;voltagebalanceprotection电压平衡~;undervoltageprotection低电压~;underfrequentcyprotection低周~；magneto-electricprotection电磁型~generatorprotection发电机~；inversetimelagprotection返时限~；wire-breakprotection断线~；phase-failureprotection断相~；negativesequenceprotection负序~；overloadprotection过负荷~;overcurrentprotection过电流~；powerprotection功率~；powerdirectionprotection功率方向~；back-upprotection后备~；groundingprotection接地~；distanceprotection距离~；interlockprotection联锁~;zerosequenceprotection零序~;reversepowerprotection逆功率~;out-of-stepprotection失步~;loss-of-excitationprotection失磁~;novoltageprotection失压~;micro-computerprotection微机型~;time-lagprotection限时~;phasecomparisonprotection相位比较~;phasebalanceprotection相位平衡~;impedanceprotection阻抗~;rectifier-typeprotection整流型~;Checkperformanceofelectricgovernorandsynchronousdevicewhileunit1isbeingstartedandconnectedtogrid1号机开机并网时，检查电调和同期装置的工作状况quasi-insulator准绝缘体quasi-synchronization准同步法faultdiagnosis事故分析faultearth接地故障faultinter-turn匝间故障synchronism同步synchronization同期coinstantaneous/simultaneous同时发生的unloadvalve卸载阀reducingvalve减压阀canisterrespirator防毒面具resettingspring复位弹簧zincoxideover-voltageprotection氧化锌过压保护computersupervisoryandcontrolsystem(CSCS)isolatedphasebusduct封闭母线管道standstill—generating停机-发电generating-condenser发电-调相emergencyshut-down快速关闭ControlandcountingcircuitofA-phrasemotor(A相电机控制及计数回路)heatingandilluminationcircuit加热照明回路slot凹槽assemblybay安装间tolaunchsafetyactivitytimelyandclearhiddentroubleonsafety按时开展安全活动，消除安全隐患Toproceedwithpracticaltrainingforfollowingworkonsite按现场实际工作进行培训safetyappliance安全装备concealedwiringmode暗备用接线方式rheostat变阻器thescopeofswingforupperguide&turbineguidebearing上导和水导的摆度regulator标准仪/调整仪swing摆度transducer(传感器/变换器)transformer(变压器)standby(备用)servicepumpfailure(工作泵故障)startingstandbypumpwhenservicepumpfails(工作泵故障启动备用泵)constantpressurepumpwithfrequency-variedmotoradaptor恒压泵与变频率开关blockingreclosing(闭锁重合闸)protectionoutlet(保护出口)protectioncircuit保护回路indicatinglampofalarminglevel(报警水位信号灯)protectioncabinet/panel(保护盘)inverter反用换流器/变极器fluctuation波动oil-replenishingtank补油油箱valvesetinpumproom泵房阀组pump-controlledlifting泵控提升pump-controlledlowering泵控下降dewaterpump排水泵lightingarrester避雷器reservepower备用电源drainagepumpingallery廊道排水泵maintainingvalve保持阀maintainingfurnace保温炉protectionconnectingpiece保护连线heat-insulationlayer保温层raiserblock垫块gland压盖dismantle拆除conductactuationtest进行传动试验conductperformancetest进行性能试验polekey磁极键diesel(柴油)dieselengine柴油机fillingwater(充水)sensor(传感器)differentialwaterpressuretransmitter/sensorbetweenaheadandbackofthegate(闸门前后差压变送器)differentialpressureindicating(压差指示)differentialpressureswitch差压开关measuringsystem(测量系统)airreceiverlow-pressurealarm(储气罐低压报警)sleeve(衬套)poleassembly磁极装配field磁场plug插头bronzebush青铜衬套windowplate窗板yoke磁扼parameter参数maintransformer主变stationservicetransformer厂用变stationservicepower厂用电water-fillinggate充水门thermometricdevice/temperaturemeasuringdevice测温装置differentialcircuit差动回路gear-typeoilpump齿轮泵bubblewaterlevelcontroller吹气式水位控制器bubblewaterleveldifferentialcontroller吹气式水位差控制器bubblewaterlevel116 indicator吹气式水位计transmittingcapacity传输能力verifyallthermometricelements校验各测温原件drivinglever传动连杆operationsequenceisomitted操作顺序略energy-storing储能high-voltageservicetransformer厂高变强励=提供大电流heavycurrentelectricgovernor电调counterflow对流CBauto-closingcircuitfault断路器自动合闸回路故障underpan底盘rheostat可变电阻器slidingrheostat滑动电阻器3-phaseknifeswitch刀闸statorwinding定子绕组overhaul(大修)proceedwithoverhaul进行大修shearpinofguidevane导叶剪断销circuitbreaker(断路器)powersupplymonitoring(电源监视)motor(电动机)maindistributingvalve主配压阀solenoidvalve/electromagneticvalve(电磁阀)emergencysolenoidvalve事故电磁阀currenttransformer(电流互感器)voltagetransformer(电压互感器)currenttransducer(电流变换器/传感器)combinedpowertransducer(组合功率变频器)kilowatt-hourmeter有功电能表kilovar-hourmeter无功电能表kilowatt-hourtransducer(有功电度变频器)knife-bladeswitch(刀开关)watershut-offprotection(断水保护)washer(垫圈)lockwasher(止动垫圈)interlockedwasher双孔止动垫圈forge锻造guidepin导向销butterflyvalve蝶筏copperwasher紫铜垫圈condenser/capacitor电容器stator定子greasebaffle挡油板brakeshoe闸皮brakeshoehanger闸瓦吊brakeshoeholder闸瓦托indicatorlight=pilotlamp指示灯windshieldingring挡风圈airbaffleplate挡风板conductingring导电环potentiometer电位计/分压计plantaccessories电厂附属设备voltageadjuster电压调整器powersupply电源guideapparatus/mechanism=distributor导水机构turbineguidemechanism水导机构gapofwicketgate导叶间隙guidevane/bladearm导叶臂(insulating)conductingwire(绝缘)导线dispatcher调度员resistance电阻jackrotor顶转子CircuitbreakerE2Q2刀闸outletdisconnectorofgenerator发电机出口刀闸primaryelectricalequipment电气一次设备operationprinciple动作原理bottomoutletfordesilting底孔泄水道bottomoutlet(fordesilting)emergencygate底孔泄水道事故闸门bottomoutletservicegate底孔泄水道工作闸门electromechanization电动机械化/机电化electricequipment电气设备primaryelectricaldepartment电气一次部门secondaryelectricaldepartment电气二次部motor-drivenwaterfilter电动过滤器coarse/finefilter粗/精滤器bottomringplane底环平面capacitytransformeroftransmitter电容式变送器cablesupport电缆桥架contactor接触器开关terminalbox端子箱ammeter电表voltmeter电压表/伏特计operatingvalue动作值electricalcable电缆electricalaccident电气事故electricalfault电气故障potentiometer电位计,分压计short-lineprotectionaction短线保护Static静态的dynamic动态的disconnectlead断引brokenlinelockingrelayfalseacting断线闭锁继电器voltageimbalance电压不平衡electro-hydraulictransducer电液转换器electro-thermalwire电热线thermistor电热调节器electothermalporcelainplate电热瓷盘diode两极管light-diode两极真空管preoperation=trialoperation空转，试运行electricenergy发电量anti-skipladder防滑梯shunt分路分流器manualoperatedvalve手动阀motor-drivenvalve电动阀panel(disctype)drainagevalve盘形阀anglestopvalve角形阀throttlevalve节流阀airadjustmentvalve气量调节阀addload加载阀unloadvalve卸载减载阀releaseairvalve放气阀non-fullphasetrip(非全相跳闸)hydraulicoperatedvalve(液压阀)electrichydraulicdistributionvalve(电液动配压阀)solenoiddistributionvalve(电磁配压阀)solenoidairvalve电磁空气阀over-flowvalve溢流阀inletvalve吸水底阀3-waycock三通旋阀safetyvalve(安全阀)releasevalve(减压阀)single-waythrottlevalve单向节流阀normallyclosedstopvalve常闭截止阀reversalvalveset反阀组expander-contractbutterflyvalve伸缩式蝴蝶阀delugevalvegroup雨淋阀hand-operatedvalve手动阀poppetvalve提升阀vacuumbreakingvalve真空阻断阀sprinkler喷头watercock水龙头wedgegatevalvewithmotor电动楔形闸阀non-returnvalvewithinnerthread内螺纹式止回阀airvalve(空气阀)unloadingvalve减载阀Windtunnel风洞generator发电机flange(法兰/轮缘)unitsprotectionstarting(发变组保护启动)preventlooseness防止松动generator发电机separator分离器negativepole负极preventaccidentworsening防止事故恶化preventrunawayhappening防止飞逸watersupplyanddrainforservicebuilding副厂房给排水系统图floatingoiltrap浮油收集器sendoutnon-watersignal发出无水信号generatorguidebearingoilreservoir发电机油浸式导轴承clockwiseviewedfromtop俯视顺时针flywheeleffect飞轮效应pneumaticapparatus风动工具aerodromometer风速表/空气速流计implant/embedcontrolcable敷设控制电缆phenomenaofdischarging放电现象auxiliary辅助的totalreset总复归windtunnel风洞airgap/clearance空气间隙Upgrade升级checkingcomponentsin116 waterway过水部件检查disconnector隔离刀闸high-frequencytrap高频电抗器built-inbushingcurrenttransformer套管式电流互感器megger高阻表steelpipe(钢管)faultalarmandresetcircuit(故障信号及复归回路)activepower有功功率reactivepower无功功率powermeter(功率表)over-current(过流)zero-sequenceover-current(0序过流)overload(过负荷)over-torquesignal(过转矩信号)locatingplate固定板maintainingwasher固定垫coverplate盖板pipeclip管夹pipejoint管接头simultaneouslyinductivevoltage同时感应电压checkingcomponentsinwaterway过水部件检查workingprinciple(seedrawingattached)工作原理-见附图faultalarm故障报警siliconcontented含硅胶over-pressureofpipeline管路超压stationaryparts固定部件disconnectorslockingpowerfault隔离开关联锁电源消失generateelectricpower计划发电量serviceposition工作位置serviceinserter工作插件blowingdevice鼓风装置sumpoiltank(回油箱)oilcontaining/mixedwater油混水piston(活塞)welding定位焊接/焊接法silversoldering银锡焊spotweld搭焊grounddowntheprojectingspotsafterwelded焊后磨平concrete混凝土guardplate护板pistonring活塞环pistonrod活塞杆oilreturntank回油箱restoringshaft回复轴rearcooler后冷却器environmentadaption环境适应airdryingfilter呼吸器collectorring集电环slipring滑环abnormaloperatingconditions不正常的工作［操作］情况framework机架joint接头timer计时器intermediaterelay(中间继电器)isolating(绝缘的)rolledangle/angleiron角钢watercollector/catchment集水井adapter适配器moisturecollector积水器pressingplate夹紧板groundingcarbonbrushdevice接地碳刷装置terminalbox接线箱connector接头/连接器separator间隔块tankforoildischargefromunit机组排油罐servomotorandturbinerunnerhub接力器和转轮体staticSCR静止可控硅silicon硅adapter接头/适配器reducer减速器absorber滤波器/减震器aircushionshockabsorber气垫减震器cylinderenergyabsorber圆筒形消能器accelerator加速器pulsator震动器/搅拌器propellerpulsator螺旋桨式搅拌器alternator交流发电机Heatingapparatus/heater加热器earthingresistance接地电阻shearpin剪销mechanism机械装置generator-transformerset机变组step-upvoltagetestongeneration-transformerset机变组递升加压试验starting-upunit机组机动maintenancepersonnel检修人员medium介质pneumaticsystemforunitbraking机组制动压气系统pneumaticsystemforunitspeedgovernor机组调速系统压气aircompressingforunitoperatedinsynchronisms调相压气系统freshoilreceiving接受新油equippedwithturbine-generatorset机组配套axisofunit机组轴线synchronismlockingcircuit同期闭锁继电器patrolinspection巡视检查sumptankoilcontainingwatersignal集油箱油混水信号器maintenancetechnology检修工艺mechanicalshop机修间disposefaultsonallkindsofequipmenttimely及时完成各类设备故障处理conductloadrejectiontest进行抛载试验clearance间隙emergencygate快速门extension(扩展)controlcircuit(控制回路)commoncontrolcircuit(公用控制回路)periodicsewagecontrolcircuit(定期排污控制回路)no-load(空载)aircompressor(空压机)airgap空气间隙control&protectioncircuit(控制与保护回路)holdingring卡环coolingwaterofaircompressor空压机冷却水wear-resistingplate抗磨板aircooler空气冷却气opencavity开腔openinglimiter开限opening-limiterrotatingwheel开限转轮start-upflow开机流程switchyard开关站tunnelofcontrolandpowercables控制和动力电缆廊道aperturetrianglevoltage开口三角电压gatelimitingdevice开度限制机构digitalinputsignal开关量，数字输入信号coupling联轴器filter(滤油器)filterblocking(滤油器堵塞)filterframe滤框waterleakage漏水coolingwatercontrol(冷却水控制)coolingwatertrouble(冷却水中断)zerodrift零飘tieswitchSQF联络开关SQFinterlockdevice联锁设备bolt(螺栓)nut螺母screwcap螺帽screwplug螺塞roundheadbolt圆头/盘头螺钉stud大头钉/柱头螺栓countersinkheadscrew埋头钉/沉头钉aluminumfoil铝箔jointbody连接体waterfilterflush滤水器冲洗excitationleads(positive/negative)励磁引线正极/负极spiralflow螺旋流excitationcontrolboard励磁盘runnerblade轮叶runnerbladeinitialanglecontrol轮叶初始角控制scope量程excitationtransformer励磁变excitationregulator励磁调整仪connectingplate连接板excitationbrushyokeandlead励磁刷架和引线leakagetankoilcontainingwatersignal漏油箱油混水信号箱connectingbolts连接螺栓sealingblock密封块tightsealgasket/washer密封垫fireextinguishingdevice灭火装置fieldbreaker灭磁开关damcrestgantry(桶架)cranerail上游门机轨道CBauto-closingof6kvbussection6kv母线分段断路器自动合闸busbarinservice工作母线openwiringmode明备用接线方式density密度analogsignal模拟量116 anticlosewise=counterclosewise(逆时针)oil-resistingroundrubber耐油橡胶圆条socketheadscrew内六角螺钉hexagonal六角形的internalcombustionengine内燃机contravariant/inverter/deexcite逆变hose软管O-typesealringO型密封圈Distributioncenter(配电中心)airinlet(气孔)oildistributor配油器drainagevalve排水阀pressuredifferentialmeter平压表pressurebalancing平压drainagepipeforwastewater排水管道startprepareorder启动准备命令hoistingjack起重器/千斤顶upper/lowercavity(上/下腔)airreplenishingdevice(补气装置)lockingforSF6gaspressuredepressed(SF6气体压力降低闭锁)sphericalsurface球面leadwasher铅垫圈carburetor汽化器abstergent去污粉cavitywithrod有杆腔cavitywithoutrod无杆腔immersedoilpump潜油泵cavitation汽蚀tosampleoilfrom从..取油样changeoverpowerfault切换电源消失fuses(熔断器)winding绕组assemblyofaccessdoor入门装配lubricatingoil润滑油lubricate加润滑油lubricationoilpressureprotection润滑油压力保护manhole人孔disturbancetest扰动试验thermalrelay热继电器residualcurrentrelay残电流继电器de-energize失压，失能brushyoke刷架closewise(顺时针)sluicegate(水闸门)workingdrawing(施工图)currentquickcutoff(电流速断)three-phasestarting(三相启动)circuitbreakeronbay3三串开关3-phraseco-operatingcounting(三相联动计数)failureprotectionexitrelay(失灵保护出口继电器)failureoperation(失灵动作)waterleveltransmitter(水位发送器)waterleveltransducer水位传感器flowswitch/annunciator(示流器/示流信号器/报警器)resin树脂epoxideresin环氧树脂waterlevelcontroldevice水位控制器upperguidebearing上导轴承turbineguidebearing水导轴承observingwindow视察窗headwater水头equipmentlist设备表lockcylinder锁锭缸locker锁扣装置duplex-typewasher双联垫圈lightningarrester闪电避雷器lightingrod避雷针/闪电杆watergate水闸门horizontal水平vertical垂直manualstartingwithoutexcitation手动无励磁开机状态watergauge水位计hydraulicmachineryequipment水机failurestop事故停机administrationservicebuilding生产管理大楼domesticandpotablewatersupplysystem生活和生产技术用水three-wayflangecock三通旋塞servicewatersupplytank生活水箱levelreadingcalculator水位接收仪inletframeofdouble-doortype双门型进线架theintermediateframeofjointype连续型中间架connectiondiagramofemergencylighting事故照明接线图manualprecisesynchronizingvoltagecircuit手动准同期电压回路hydraulicturbine-generatorunit水轮发电机组familiarize熟悉duplexoilfilter双滤油器regulator调节器elastic有弹性的elasticrubberpad弹性橡胶垫synchroscope同步器synchronousgenerator同步发电机barecooperearthingwire铜接地线putintooperation投入运行throw-indevice投入装置putreservepowersupplyinservice投备用电源emergencypowersupply备用电源governingsystem调速系统vent通气口governor(调速机)speedgovernor调速器trippingcircuit(跳闸回路)trippingexit(跳闸出口)nostretchofthespring(弹簧未拉紧)springstoragepower(弹簧储能)brakesynchronismclosedcircuit(同期合闸回路)condenseroperationend(调相运行结束)phrasemodulationpiping调相管路thrustbearing推力轴承turbineoil透平油standstilltono-load停机至空载synchronizingindicator同步指示灯governoronunit1shockviolently调速器震动较大governingsystem调速系统stoppingflow停机流程hoist提升间civilengineering土建earthdam土坝principlediagrams原理图systemcharts系统图arrangementdrawings布置图Hydraulicsystemandautomaticelementsconfigurationforturbine-generatorset机组机械液压系统及自动化元件配件图theoutlineofthesemi-spiralcase蜗壳单线图theoutlinedrawingofdrafttube尾水管单线图centraloilsystem中心油务油系统powerhouseserviceoiloperationsystem主厂房油务运行系统图pipingdiagramforunitwatersupply机组`系统图serviceandfirefightingwatersupplysystem生活和消防供水系统图powerhousewaterpassage-dewateringsystemdiagram主厂房排水系统图pipingdiagramofpowerhousewaterleakagedewateringsystem主厂房渗漏排水系统图powerhousepipingdiagramofdrainagedisposalsystemforheadcover主厂房顶盖排管路布置图diagramofpowerhousehydraulicmeasurementsystem水力测量系统图mainschemeofelectricalconnection电气主接线图theoutlinedrawingofdrafttube尾水管单线图overheadinletarrangementfor220KVswitchyard220KV开关站进线布置图connectiondiagramof6KVstationservicenetwork厂用6KV系统接线图connectiondiagramofdistributioncenterNo.1No.1配电中心接线图groundingtotallayout全厂接地总平面图220KVcircuitbreakersynchronizingprinciple116 connectiondiagram断路器同期原理接线图centercontrolroommaincontrolboardfrontelevationdrawing中央控制屏CCB正视图computersupervisoryandcontrolsystemblockdiagram计算机监控系统结构框图turbinegeneratorcontrolconnectiondiagram水轮发电机组控制接线图automaticfire-preventionareaplandiagram全厂自动灭火区域分布图communicationandcarrierequipment通讯和载波设备supplywaterpipefordomesticintheadministrationandservicebuilding管理楼生活给水管道step-downtransformer降压变压器sewage(污水)withouttimedelay(无/零延时)locationrelayextension(位置继电器扩展)temperaturegauge(温度表)thermograph(温度记录器)thermometric温度计的thermometer温度计maintenance(维修)downstreamchannel尾水渠bandage围带supportingpad托瓦elbow弯管kilovarhourmeter无功表spiralcase蜗壳drafttube尾水管stabilize稳定reactivepower无功usedoilrelease污油排放tailracegate尾水门surgeprotection稳压保护器temperaturecontroller温度控制仪thermometer温度计Pressure-losslockedsignalcontactsofphrases(各相失压闭锁信号接点)partialmaintenance(小修)strokelimitingswitch行程限制开关Systemonoroff(系统投切)announciator(信号器)rubberplate橡胶板directionofrotation旋转方向accumulator蓄电池inclinedplane斜平面Wedged(楔形的)localcontrol(现地)signallamp信号灯selectswitch选择开关narrowscope小范围strike行程workingstroke工作行程drainagesystemofwastewaterfiresystem消防废水排水系统firewatersupply消防水absorber吸附器absorptionratio吸收比率firehydrant/firecock消火栓signalgeneratingdevice信号发生器patrolinspection巡视检查EL2reclosingaction线路重合闸动作waterfilter/straineroffirepump消防泵滤过器conductperformancetest进行性能试验oilsuctionroomandoildrainroom吸油间和排油间electroscope验电器preliminarypreparation前期准备couplerofPMG永磁机联轴oilpressure(油压)tankoillevertoolow(油箱油位低)pressureoiltank(压力油箱)oilpumpmotorrunningover-timealarm(油泵电机超时报警)pressureswitch(压力继电器)pressuresensor(压力传感器)pressuregauge(压力表)remotepressuretransmitgauge远传压力表pressuregaugecock压力表旋塞oiloverflow(溢油孔)plate压板cylinderpin圆柱销pressureoil压力油oilandairseparator油气分离器portableoilpump移动式油泵shifter移位器/移动装置coolingwaterconsumptionforoilcooler油冷却器用水量greasecup油嘴oilconservator油枕oilfilterblocking油过滤器堵塞operationtimer运行计时器pressuredifferentialswitch压差开关manometer压力计one-pointearthprotection一点接地operationmode运行方式hydraulichoist液压启闭机hydrauliccylinder液压缸hydraulicactuator液压传动系统allowablevalue允许值Euphrates幼发拉底河wiredbroadcastnetworkdrawing有线广播网络图oilstorage油库outdooroilstorage露天油库turbineoil透平油freshoil新油cleanoil净油usedoil运行油transformeroil变压器油sumptankforoildrainage污油罐draintank废油罐pressureoilfilter压力滤油机vacuumoilfilter真空滤油机shifter移动装置/转换开关Purificationanddryingofusedoil运行油的净化与干燥freshoilpurification新油的净化oilfillinginunit机组充油oildischargefromunit机组排油dischargesewagepipeline排污管hiddentrouble隐患couplerofPMG(perennialmagneticgenerator)永磁机联轴节allowablethrow允许摆动accelerograph油门pilotvalve引导阀distilledwater蒸馏水rectifier整流器indicatinglight(指示灯)holdself(自保持)automaticsewagedischarge(自动排污)changeoverswitch(转换开关)indicator(指示器)assembly(集合/装配)busoiltube(总油管)busadapter总线适配器[转接器]busbar汇流条,母线busbarcurrenttransformer母线电流变压器busbartypecurrenttransformer汇流排式电流互感器buscircuit总线电路buscontroller总线控制器busbarprotection母线保护(装置)valvemotor(闸门电动机)DCsupervision(直流监视)CCBsemi-automaticprecisesynchronizingstarting(中控室半自动准同期启动)automaticwatersupply(自动给水)brakeplate制动板brakeshoe制动块damperbar阻尼条damp阻尼taperpinhole锥销孔rockerarm转臂supportingring支承环runnercone拽水锥bearingbase轴承座bearingshoe轴瓦supportplate支板brakingandjackingsystem制动和顶起系统rotor转子damperbrake制动闸vacuumswitch真空开关centralcontrolboard中控返回屏vibration振动vibrationonthrustbearing推力支架振动framework支架positivepole正极megohm兆欧姆megavolt兆伏megacycle兆周megahertz兆赫megawatt兆瓦特rectification整流inservice在投bearingcoverplate轴承盖板Airpressureover-highinrunnerchamber(转轮空压偏高)rotatingcomponents转动部件liftingupandloweringspeedof116 gate启闭闸门速度gateopeningcontroller闸门开度控制仪lightingsystem照明系统mainelectricalconnection主接线secretary-motherclocknetwork字母钟网络runner转轮vacuumoilfilter真空净油机flushingofpipelinesofmaintransformer主变油管冲洗oildrainagefromtransformerattheplaceofinstallation主变就地排油maincommunicationlever主传递杠杆maindistributingvalve主配压阀Closedcircuit合闸回路gateservomotorlocker闸门锁锭接力器Centraloildepot/storage中心油库automaticsewagedischarge自动排污terminalbox终端盒bearingcoverplate轴承盖板brakeplate闸块journal轴颈thrustplate止推盘rotationalspeed转速lTheslotonthesurfaceofitem27shallbealignedwiththeholeofairinletonthebrake.项27表面凹槽应与闸上进气口位置对准。lAfterbeingassembled,thebrakeshallbetestedunderanoilpressureof15MPafor30minuteswithoutleakage.Duringtesting,thebrakeshallbesealedupwithitem29,31.装配后闸以15MPa油压试验30分钟不得有渗漏油。试验时用项29、31密封。lWhenoilpressureorairpressureisappliedonthebrake,thebrakepistonshallberaisedtoafullstrokeof35mmandwhenairpressureisreversed,thebrakepistonshallbereset.加油压或气压后活塞能顶至全行程35mm，反向通入气压后，活塞能灵活复位。lTheairpressureisforbrakingandtheoilpressureisforjacking.制动时用气压，顶起转子时用油压。lAllslidingsurfaceshallbegreasedwithlubricatingoil.所有滑动配合面涂以润滑油。lAfterbeingassembled,theoutersurfaceofbrakeshallbecoatedwith1321graypaintexceptitem8.装配后除项8外，闸外表面全部喷1321灰瓷漆。lKeeptheoperatingoilpipesshallbeconcentricwithmainshaftwhilebeinginstalledatthefield.工地安装时应找准操作油管与主轴同心lOn-loadstartinguptestwithlocalsupervisorycontrolsystem现地监控系统开机带负荷试验lAllanalogsanddigitalinputandoutput各模拟量的开关量lDecreaseunitloadto“0”机组减负荷至0lTotakeaccordingmeasuresformaintenanceinrespectofvariousrequirementofwork根据不同的作业要求作出相应的检修的措施lLiftinglugofhydrauliccylinderisconnectedwithgatebydrag-link液压缸吊头与闸门有拉杆连接lOneoftwooilpumpsservesinautomaticstateandtheotherasstandby两台泵任一泵可以做为自动泵，另一台备用。lGateautomaticallyrisestofull-openedposition自动将闸门提升到全开位lHydraulic(pressure)hoistforpowerintakeemergencygatehydrauliccontrolsystem机组进水口事故闸门液压启闭机液压系统lCMsynchro-openandlagin5minutesclosed联动开启，滞后5分钟关闭synchros同步器lPressureprotectionofairreceiverforvariousclassofcylinder各级气罐的压力保护lOpenEV2andturnthefilternetwhenpressuredifferentialrelayhighratedvalve当差压继电器高接点动作时，开阀EV2转动滤水器滤网lGroundingterminalforequipmentgroundingconnection接地线设备引接端子lToconductgangtestonallprotectionrelays,matrixcircuitandoutletcircuitbreakersonunit22#机变组各保护继电器与矩阵回路及开口开关整体连动试验lTomeasuregapofrunnerbladeandcheckrunnercavitation,oilleakageandothercomponentinwaterway转轮叶片间隙间测量，转轮汽蚀，渗漏油及其他过水部件检查lTodisposefaultsonallkindsofequipmenttimely及时完成各类设备故障处理lTohandleandclearanomaliesandfaultsonalltypesofequipmenttimely及时完成各类设备异常和故障处理lTolaunchsafetyactivitytimelyandclearhiddentroubleonsafety按时开展安全活动，消除安全隐患lToproceedwithpracticealtrainingfollowingworkonsite按现场实际工作进行培训lToworkoutcomplementaryregulationsonoperationofsomesystemsandequipmentonrunning116 conditionsofequipment根据设备运行情况制定部分系统或设备运行的补充规定lToproduce50000000kwhelectricenergyasplaned计划发电量….lTohandleinsulationdeteriorationofrotorleadonunit44号机转子引线绝缘损伤处理lCheckperformanceofelectricgovernorandsynchronousdevicewhileunit1isbeingstartedandconnectedtogrid1号机开机并网时，检查电调和同期装置的工作状况lToorganizeworkonreceptionofunit5aftercommissioningtest组织做好5号机组试运后接收工作。lWiththisletter,wesubmityoucaptionedregulations.You’rekindlyrequestedtotranslateitintoArabic,readitandgiveusyoursuggestiontoperfectitfurtherormakefinialdecisiontodeclareitandimplementithereinTishrinHPP.Yourquickanswerandactionwillbegreatlyappreciated.Thankyouforyourcooperation.Yoursfaithfully,lToexecutetrainingasscheduled(refertotrainingprogramforoperationdepartment)按计划做好培训工作（详见运行培训计划）lToconductgangtestonallprotectionrelays,matrixcircuitandoutletcircuitbreakersonUT2.2#机变组各保护继电器与矩阵回路及出口开关整体连动试验。lTomeasureswingandcheckgoverningsystemonunit1-unit5.1#-5#机组摆度测量，调速系统检查。lTomeasuregapofrunnerbladeandcheckrunnercavitation,oilleakageandothercomponentinwaterway.Erode侵蚀，腐蚀/corrade2#机转轮叶片间隙测量，转轮气蚀、渗漏油及其他过水部件检查。lTodismantleandrepairsafetyvalveandunloadingvalve.2#机压油泵安全阀、减载阀分解检修。lTolaunchsafetyactivitytimelyandclearhiddentroubleonsafety.按时开展安全活动，消除安全隐患。lToorganizeandcoordinatetoassortoutprotectionsettingonturbineandaccessory.组织协调做好水机和附属设备类保护定值整理工作。lEC1busdifferentialprotectionactionwhen220kvCBfailure断路器失灵，起动1段母差动保护lTosuperviseandinstructGOED’soperatorstoconductpatrolinspectiononequipmentoutdoors.监督并指导lTohandleandclearfaultsandanomalies异常ontypesofequipmenttimelylTomakepreliminarypreparationsformaintenanceofunit2lTocompletetrainingtaskaccordingtotrainingprogramme/schedulelTocleanandcheckmotorforoilpumpforCBonbay3inswitchyard开关站三串开关油泵电机检查清扫lToswitchoffQF2CBonlow-voltagesideinNo.1distributioncenter.拉开一配变低压侧QF12开关phaseexcursion相位偏移excursion偏移premeditatedsimulationofaccident事故的预想模拟活动theprotectionschemeofgeneratorandtransformersetatTishrinHPP迪什林电站的发变组保护配置TishrinHPPisofariver-bedtypestationinSyriawhichlocatedonthehighersteamofEuphrates,wasdesignedbytheNorthwestSurveyandDesignInstitute.ItsmechanicalelectricdeviceisconstructedbytheSeventhHydraulicElectricEngineeringCompany.Thetotalgeneratorpoweris6*105MW,thetypeisaxial-flowrotatedblade.轴流转浆putintoproduction投产发电unitconnection单元接线assigningloadflexibly负载分配灵活operatingbreakersconveniently倒闸操作方便integrated-circuitprotection集成电路保护manualdetector手动检测Theprotectionisequippedwithtripmatrixandinput-outputmodule保护系统设有跳闸矩阵和输入输出组件。Breakersynchronousclosingoperatingcircuit同期合闸操作回路hostprotectionandback-upprotection主备保护和后备保护interphone对讲机Short-circuit,earthback-up,abnormaloperatingdutyprotection短路，接地后备和异常运行方式来保护voltagerank电压等级contravariantpowersource逆变电源integratedcircuitprotectionrelay集成电路保护继电器auxiliarydevice辅助装置respectivelyinsert-drawstructure单个插拔式结构enginecase机箱revolvedframe可旋转的架板potentialterminal电压端子wirewraparound绕接配线thecurrentterminalwiredincompressionjoint电流端子采用压接配线identical同样的parallel平行，并联theplugofduplexdiode双二极管插头tripchannel跳闸通道triplogicofprotection保护跳闸逻辑actonsignaloracton116 trip作用于信号或跳闸Italsomayintroduceexteriorprotectionorcontrolsignal,andmayveryconvenientlyrealizethetwosignalscombinationof“and”and”or”.还可以引入外部保护或控制信号，并且很方便地实现两个信号的“与”“或”组合。General-purposerelay通用继电器correspondingrelaychannel相应的继电器通道duodiode双二极管Thepairofmove-breakcontacts两对动合接点protectivetripcontact保护跳闸接点throughtheseries-parallelconnection通过串并连terminalline/block端子排blockingrelay闭锁继电器keeping-self(holdself)relay自保持继电器themalfunctionback-upprotectionofthefailurebreaker断路器失灵后备保护failureprotection失灵保护interlocksignal联锁信号misoperatinganddisoperating误动和拒动generatordifferentialprotection发电机差动保护hostprotection主保护startthesystemagainstfireofgenerator发电机消防系统throwoffloading甩负荷systemvibration系统振动definite/ratedvalue定值triptheoutletswitch跳出口开关generatorandtransformerset机变组high-tensionstationservicetransformer高压厂用变Loss-of-fieldprotection失磁保护FMK(fieldbreaker)/de-excitationswitch灭磁开关out-of-stepprotectiondevice失步保护装置asynchronousboundarycondition异步边界条件reactivepowerdirectionrelay无功方向继电器large-scaleturbinegenerator大型水轮发电机negativephase-sequenceandinversetimeover-currentprotection负序反时限过电流保护asymmetricalshort-circuitbreakdown不对称短路故障solidstateproportionbrakingandsecondharmonicbraking固态比例制定和二次谐波制动ratioofCTcompensationconverterCT补偿变流器变化density密度fire(extinguishing)system消防系统actioncurrent动作电流generatorrotorone-pointgroundingprotection发电机转子一点接地保护protectiverelay保护继电器conventionalelectromagneticrelay常规电磁式继电器digitization数字化settingprinciple整定原则adoptresistancespecialityoflens采用透镜阻抗特性透镜阻抗保护=距离1段保护distance1stepprotection;interphasefault相间故障phasemodulation调相voltageimbalance电压不平衡Commissioning试运转，试车testthermometer温度计windtunnel风道,two-stepclosure分段关闭,ventilation通风，3-phasenon-coordinateprotection非全相保护workoutcorrespondingcountermeasure对策，反措施integralscheduledwork整体预定工作displacement位移转移,module模件interceptioncock,拦截阀wicketgate导叶strokeswitch行程开关submersible(immersed)oilpump潜油泵steelball钢球dischargeair,放气seepoil渗漏油velocimeter速度计，速度表tripfrequently频繁跳,dragrod,托棒integralsimulationtest整体模拟试验firepump消防泵carbonbrushyoke碳刷架,impedancetest,阻抗试验,brushholder刷握ammeter,电表stopwatch秒表tripodassembly三角桌装配inserter插件amplificationunit扩大单元self-adapting自我配合initialvalue初始值thyristorcabinet半导体闸流管箱anode,阳极，正极oscilloscope=oscillograph示波器tramegger高阻表，兆欧表，摇表，迈格表Megohmmeter兆欧计，摇表step-upvoltagetest升压试验digitalmultimeter,数字万用表wickergatefeedback导叶反馈potentiometer电位计，分压计swingandvibration摆度和振动reactivedirectionalrelay,反方向继电器lensshiftimpedancerelay透镜漂移阻抗继电器clampingphasemeter箝位相表transmitter,传导物regulator,调速器,phaseshifter,移动装置，转换机构，开关digitalmillisecond毫秒dual-beamoscilloscope,双束示波器siliconstack硅堆DCdualpositionrelay,thermometricelement温度计元件shiftimpedancerelay偏移阻抗继电器brushyoke刷架leakagedrainagepump渗漏排水泵counter计数器tomeasurethrow摆度测量turbineandgeneratorchambers水轮机和发电机室brakesystem制动系统ventilationsystem通风系统commissioningtest试投运试验patrolinspection巡视检查routinework定期工作togenerate50000000kwhenergyasplanned计划发电量50000000kwhbottomgate底孔门primarycircuit一次回路commonhead-coverpump公用顶盖泵ove-headtransmissionline半空传送线conductactuationtestoncircuitbreaker开关传动试验DCcharger直流充电机protectivesettings保护定值hydraulicsystemofbottomgates底孔门液压系统mechanicalgovernorcubicle机调柜pressureoilmechanism压油装置acceleratemechanicalmaintenance加速机械维修transferformality转交手续specification说明书,warehouse仓库reliableservicepoweroperationmode,dampring阻尼环inflatable膨胀的seal,stainlesssteelring不锈钢环,scaffold脚手架,porcelainknob瓷器捏手Laptop笔记本电脑approvedby----verifiedby---checkedby---translatedby----compliedby---quoted引用standardandapplication应用synchronous同时的asynchronous不同时的，异步的partialmaintenance小修116 subsidiarymotor辅机metallicfragment金属的碎片optical-fiber光纤receiver-transmitter,coordinate,同等的，sludge软泥,packingsealofbushing轴衬，套管,fluctuation波动起伏,CSCS—computersupervisoryandcontrolsystem(CSCS)communication,database,graphicuserinterface,sequencecontrolprogram,reporteditor,drivesoftware,applicationsoftware,thewordseditionsoftware,oriented,dynamic,bulletin,self-diagnosis,)IPC—Industrialpersonnelcomputer,corrosion侵蚀,guidebearingjournal轴颈,multimeter万用表,puncture刺破,alkali碱性的,fiberglass玻璃丝administrationbuilding行政楼safeproduction安全生产theoretical理论的subordinate下属,amplifier放大器,oscillation摆动anomaly不规则potentiometer电位计，分压计amplitude振幅,milliammeter毫安表,disturbance,干扰velocitymeter速度计commissioning试运转，试车chronoscope极微时间测定器,coefficient系数,restraint抑制,galvanometer检流计digitalmultimeter数字万用表,opticalsignal光信号,flashover跳火antiskidladder防滑梯electroscope验电器goggles护目镜dust-proofantisepticmask防尘面罩preventoilrunningout防油外跑burr毛刺kerosene煤油,phenomenon现象triplicate三倍的renovation革新modification更改，修正periodical定期地electrictorch=flashlight手电筒hostcomputer上位机,immersedoilpump潜油泵periphery外围algebra代数学,actuatetripping传动跳闸illustrated有插图的interface界面circulation循环，流通synchronizer同步装置,networkterminalcoupler网络终端适配器upstreamlevelmeter上游水位表tailwaterlevelmeter尾水水位表headmeter,stateindicator状态指示,disconnectorstateindicator,redpilotlamp红色指示灯manualoperatedvalve手动阀,normalclosedvalve常闭阀,non-returnvalve逆止阀,motor-drivenvalve电动阀,pandrainagevalve盘形阀,anglestopvalve角形阀,servo-motor接力器,safetyvalve安全阀,throttlevalve节流阀,solenoiddistributionvalve电磁配压阀,solenoidairvalve电磁空气阀,waterfilter过滤器,waterfiltermotor-driven电动过滤器,waterpump水泵,airpump气泵,overflowvalve溢流阀,motor电动机solenoid电磁阀delugevalvegroup雨淋阀,sprinker喷雾头,cable电缆线,joint接头,hose软管,inletvalve吸水底阀,vent透气口,flowswitch示流器，流量开关pressuredifference压差,OCM=oilcontainingwater油混水,transducer变送器,变频器,转换器sensor传感器accumulater累加emergencyclose事故关闭transistor晶体管reciprocatingmovement往复运动Hydraulicsystemandautomaticelementsconfigurationforturbine-generatorset.机组机械液压系统及自动化元件配件图Dimensiontable尺寸表semi-spiralcasesection蜗壳断面watertight不漏水的，水密的thesurfacehastobesmoothwithoutwavenessandwatertight.过流面应光滑平整结实水密。Thedown-selectiondimensionofinletofspiralcase进口下部断面尺寸,inclinedplane斜平面,bottomringplane底环平面runner转轮,universaljoint万向节,theoutlinedrawingofdrafttube尾水管单线图,receivingcolumns接收站,freshoil新油turbineoil透平油cleanoil净油usedoil运行油outdooroilstorage露天油库,transformeroil变压器油,oilpurifierroom油处理室portableequipment移动式设备listofmainoperationswithturbineoil透平油操作表descriptionofoperations操作项目freshoilreceivingincentraloilfacilities中心油处理装接新油freshoilpurification新油的净化oilfillinginunits机组充油oildischargefromunit机组排油usedoildryingpurification运行油干燥净化circulatingpurificationofoilfromservicetank中心油桶油循环处理sewageoilrelease污油排放slightlypolluted轻度污染highlypolluted严重污染oildrainagefrommaintransformer主变排油oildrainagefrommaintransformerattheplaceofinstallation主变就地排油usedoilregenerationinsequencebytwoabsorbers运行油连续吸附处理pumping-outfromsumpoildraintankthroughreceivingcolumns污油回收flushingofpipelinesofmaintransformer主变油管冲洗vacuumoilfilter真空净油机electricheater机外电热器threewaycock压力表旋塞three-wayflangecock三通旋塞sluicevalve（gatevalve）闸阀absorber吸附器airdryingfilter呼吸器gear-typeoilpump油泵serviceoiltank中心油桶draintank废油桶sumptankforoildrainage污油罐centraloildepot中心油库oiltankofoilpressureunit油压装置油箱tankforoildischargefromunit机组排油罐gear-typeoilpump齿轮泵servomotorandturbinerunnerhub接力器和转轮体oilreturntank回油箱maintransformer主变压器servicetransformer厂用变压器bubblewaterlevel116 controller吹气式水位控制器bubblewaterleverindicator吹气式水位计airinletforreset复位进气brakingcontrolcabinet制动柜oiloverflow溢油assemblybay安装场mechanicalshop检修间dewateringpumpstationofwaterpassageatEL2680,airpipeline气管waterpipeline水管sewagedrainagepipeline排污管electricalcable电缆aircompressor空压机airreceiver储气罐flowswitch示流器stopvalve截止阀pressureswitch压力继电器moisturecollector集水器temperaturegauge温度计over-pressureprotection超压保护automaticwatersupply自动给水cylinderpressureprotection气缸压力保护lubricationoilprotection润滑油压力保护watershut-offprotection断水保护controlindicationelement控制指示元件ratedvalue整定值synchronousopenandlegin5minutesclosed联动开启，滞后5分钟关闭。运行30分自动排污，开机3分钟后自动关。Automaticsewagedischargeafter30minutesinoperation.Automaticclosedafter3minutesinoperation.机组制定压气系统Pressuresystemforunitbraking.西北设计院NIDI;automaticoperationandprotectionrequirement自动操作与保护要求;over-pressurealarmofairreceiver储气罐超压报警over-pressureofpipeline管路超压CMpressureprotectionofairreceiverforvariousclassofcylinderCM各级气罐压力保护pressureprotectionoflubricationoil润滑油压力保护automaticwatersupplyandshutoffprotection自动给水及断水保护releasevalve减压阀remotepressuretransmitgauge远传压力表airfeedingunit补气装置protectioncabinet保护盘aircompressingsystemautomaticoperationandprotection空气系统自动操作及保护lowerwaterlevelsignal低水位信号automaticdischargesewagewater自动排污pressureprotectionforcylinder气缸压力保护oilpressureprotection油压保护Waterleveltransmitter水位变送器waterleveltransducer水位传感器electrichydraulicoperatedvalve电液动配压阀hydraulicoperatedvalve(hydraulicpressurevalve)液压阀maindiagramofserviceandfirewatersupplysystem消防和工业供水系统图TunnelofcontrolandpowercablesatswitchyardatEL.322.60开关站EL322.60控制和动力电缆廊道constantpressurepumpwithfrequency-variedmotoradaptor恒压泵于变频电机waterfilter滤水器firehydranthousinginbox室内消防栓箱firehydrant消防栓Diff.pressureswitch压差开关watercock水龙头，验水阀vacuumpressuregauge真空压力表controlcabinet控制柜remotepressuregauge远传压力表equippedwithpump随水泵供货administrativeandservicebuilding行政和生活楼tailwater尾水servicewatersupplytank生活水箱tunnelofcontrolandpowercableunderassemblybay安装间下控制和动力电缆廊道sprinkler喷头hand-operatedvalve手动阀门drainagepipeofcleanwatertank清洁排水管nearbyunitwatersupply相邻机组供水pressureoiltank压力油箱turbineshaftseal水轮机主轴密封unitwatersupply机组供水turbine-generatorset水轮发电机组generatorcooler发电机冷却器sealingofmainshaft主轴密封automaticequipment自动化设备whentheunitturnintooperation当机组启动sendoutnon-watersignal发出无水信号expander-contactbutterflyvalve伸缩式蝴蝶阀electricaloperatedbutterflyvalve电动蝴蝶阀Diff.pressureswitch差压开关dewaterpump排水泵wedgegatevalve动楔式闸阀waterlevelcontroller水位控制器watercollectorgallery集水廊道servicepumpstartlevel工作泵启动水位servicewatersupplysystem生活供水系统compressedairsystem压缩空气系统watercollectiongallery集水井centralcontrolboard中心控制盘overhighwaterlevelalarming报警水位trippingoffbothpumps停泵水位non-risingstemwedgegatevalve暗杆楔式闸阀gatevalvewithinnerthread内螺纹式闸阀pneumatichydraulicwaterlevelcontroldevice吹气式水位控制仪waterflowdirection水流方向pipelineofcompressedairsupply压缩空气管路measuringpipeline测量管路normal-openedvalve常开阀three-waycock三通旋塞pipingdiagramofpowerhousewaterleakagedewateringsystem主厂房渗漏排水系统图sumptankoftransformerfire-fighting变压器灭火集水箱valvewithmotordriven电动阀与电动装置capacitytransmitter/transducer电容式变送器pumpoil-mixturedwatertofirefightingtank水泵排除油混水至灭火水箱headwaterlevel水头averagetainwaterlevel平均尾水位electricalconnection测量电缆measuringpipeline测量管路normal-openedvalve常开阀normal-closedvalve常闭阀pneumatichydrauliclevel吹气式水位指示仪pneumaticdifferentialindicator吹气式压差指示仪levelreadingcalculation水位接收仪waterheadindicatinginstrument水头显示仪pressure116 differentialindicatingandalarminginstrument压差指示和报警pressuredifferentialmeasurementoftrashrack拦污栅压差测量flowagemeasurementofspiralcase蜗壳流量测量EL1HVlinetosubstation变电站高压线lightingarrester避雷器high-frequencytrap高频闸isolatedphasebusDuct绝缘相母线输送管neutralcubicle中性点柜excitingboard励磁盘generatormainbus发电机母线disconnectingswitchforneutrals中性点隔离开关metaloxidearresterforneutral146KV,146KV中性点氧化锌避雷器stationservicetransformer厂用高压变压器branchbusforstationservicetransformer厂用高压变压器分支母线cablesupport电缆桥架safetynet安全网firewall防火墙transporttrackofmaintransformer主变运输轨道trackofgantrycrane门机轨道coordinate同等的并列的lineoperatingcurrent线操作电流zero-sequencecurrenttransformer零序电流变压器,distributioncenterNo.6switchgear六号配电中心的开关设备（接电装置）Connectiondiagramof6KVstationservicenetwork厂用6KV系统接线图fuseswitch熔丝开关contactor电流接触器thermalrelay热继电器residualcurrentrelay残余电流继电器distributionboard配置盘sectionbreaker分段开关tapchanger分接头cabletunnel电缆通道storagebattery(220V)蓄电池，bridgecrane桥式机,sanitaryfitting&heaters卫生设施及热水器groundingconductor接地线naturegroundingbody自然接地体groundingterminalforequipmentgroundingconnection接地线设备引接端子powersourceboxforrepair检修电源箱,terminalbox端子箱bituminousconcrete沥青混凝土lowresistivity低电阻率resistivity阻抗力，电阻系数steelstrip扁钢steelpipe钢管thenameofframeandbearingstructure构架设备支架名称theinletframeofdouble-doortype双门型进线架theintermediateframeofjointype进线型中间架thebusframe母线架theoutletframeofsingle-doortype单门型出线架thelightpower灯塔thebearingstructureofSF6circuitbreakerSF6断路器支架thebearingstructureofdisconnector隔离开关支架gravelwithhighresistivity高阻率砂砾层normallighting工作照明lumination照明，发光unitemergencylighting机组事故照明，serialnumberofemergencylightingdistributionbox事故照明配电箱编号servicetransformercurrentcutoffandover-currentprotection厂用变电流切断和过电流保护excitationtransformerprotection励磁变压器保护excitationregulator励磁调整器generatorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection发电机纵差保护generationstatorearth-faultprotection发电机定子接地故障保护excitationelectricgovernor电调励磁field-lossprotection失磁保护localcontrolunitforauxiliaryequipmentsystemofallstation—RCBdisplayandcontrol----6KVpowerdistributioncabinet—6KVpowerautomaticchangeoverboard—6KVservicetransformerprotectionboard—servicepowertransducerboard—0.4KVpowerdistributioncabinet—DC220Vcontrolboard—controlboardforbottomoutletgates—aircompressorsystemcontrolboard—controlboardforsupplyanddrainagewatersystem—controlboardforcommonreturningoilsystem—commonhydraulicmeasurementboard—firealarmpreventioncontrolboard—localfire-extinguishcontrolboard—localcontrolcabinetforventilation—手动准同期电压回路manualprecisesynchronizingvoltagecircuit同期闭锁继电器synchronismblockingcircuit半自动恒定导前相角同期装置接线图semi-automaticconstantleadingaheadphaseanglesynchronismdeviceconnect导前相角回路leadingaheadphaseangle检查滑差回路checkingSlipfrequency合闸回路closedcircuittechnicalcharacteristic技术特性synchronismpointselectionswitch同期点选择开关，intermediaterelay中间继电器kilowatt-hourmeter有功功率表kilovar-hourmeter无功功率表wattmeter瓦特表，电表activepower有功reactivepower无功phasecurrent相电流locallinecurrent现地线电流neutralpointvoltage中性点电压controlsupply控制电源,发电机上导轴承温度监视generatorupperguidebearingtemperaturemonitor,发电机空气冷却器冷风温度监视generatorair-coolercoolingairtemperaturemonitor,水导轴承温度监视turbineguidebearingtemperaturemonitor,主变冷却器温度监视maintransformerair-coolercoolingairtemperaturemonitor,发电机空气冷却器热风温度监视generatorair-coolerwarmairtemperaturemonitor,油混水信号器OCW(oilcontainingwater)nitrogen氮,itshallbepositivepressureatnormaltemperature,bolt螺栓blindflange盖板conservator保护者disassembleparts解开部件stockpile库存seamlesssteelpipe,无伤痕的ambienttemperature外界环境温度plastic塑料116 tarpaulin防水油布dewpoint露点tap-changer(tap-changingswitch)分接开关residualpressure残压dielectric电介质,绝缘体dissipation消散，分散dielectriccircuit介质电路polarity极性chromatogramanalysis色谱分析instantaneous瞬间的即刻的releasegas放气,transformerbushing变压器套管silicon硅paperboard卡纸impregnate使充满注入externalcircuit外部电流stud大头钉柱头螺栓,studpin柱螺栓销blocknut防松螺帽adapter适配器flashover跳火ventvalve泄水阀，排气阀megohmmeter兆欧计vibration振动，摆动violentvibration剧烈的振动multimeter/universalmeter万用表oillevelindicator油位计microswitch微动开关attachmentscrew止动[连接,装配,紧固]螺钉resistancethermometer电阻温度计hexangular六角的loosehexangularbolt松动六角螺钉mercurythermometer水银温度表mercurythermostat水银（汞恐）恒温器resistancethermometer电阻温度计resistancethermometersadapter电阻温度计适配器pressurereliefvalve减压阀,保安阀pressurerelief卸压gatevalve闸式阀,闸门阀supportingframe支架signallamp信号灯alarmindicator光字牌insulationresistanceofwinding绕组绝缘电阻sludge软泥，沉淀物Currentmutual互相inductor感应器=currenttransformerintensegas重瓦斯Weakgas轻瓦斯positioningnut定位螺母extrinsiccycledilute-oillubricationsystem外循环稀油润滑式slightscratch轻微划痕temperature-measurepoints测温点数据库、顺控、画面database,flowchartorgraphic同期、测速装置synchronousdeviceandscanningspeeddevice短引线保护short-lineprotection进线差动保护incomingwiredifferentialprotection传动试验conductactuationtest失灵保护failureprotection避雷器lightningarrester真空破坏阀vacuumbreakingvalve连臂背帽tightenednutsandconnectingarm风闸统airbrakingsystem,转动部分rotatingparts上机架upperbracketofgenerator永磁机万向节universaljointofpermanentmagnetgenerator.接力器锁锭lockerofservomoter顶转子jackrotator.振动、摆渡vibrationandthrow模拟量simulatinginputsignals无功波动thefluctuationofreactivepower机组振动、摆度测量记录表UnitVibration&ThrowRecord上导摆度upperguidethrow水导摆度turbineguidethrow推力支架振动vibrationonthrustbearingspider(bracket)定子振动statorvibration上机架振动upperbracketvibration水平horizontal垂直vertical空载（无励）noloadwithoutexcitation安全装备safetyoutfits防滑梯skidproofladder电击electricshock验电器electroscopegasmask防毒面具safetyhelmet安全头盔safetybelt安全带gas-protectiveglove防毒手套anti-creepage漏电safetymachine测温系统measurementtemperaturesystem测温元件thermometricelement白金（铂）platinumresistanceelement白金电阻元件formula公式有功电能变送器watthourtransmitter/transducer无功电能变送器varhourtransducer脉冲/瓦时PULSE/10WH脉冲/乏时PULSE/10VarHAbsorption吸收ambienttemperatureandhumidity外界温度和湿度capacitance容量，电容stipulate规定，保证resistivity抵抗力，电阻系数manufactory制造厂longitudinalinsulation纵向绝缘externaldimension外部尺寸micrometer测微计，千分尺inaccordancewith依照，与…一致calcium-sodiumgrease…纳油脂archiveroom档案室intactgeneralcatalogs完全总目录sortout整理,classify分类onsultation查询coordinationmeeting调和会specialist专家oilreplenishingbox补油箱hydrauliccylinderofpressureoilhoist,governorcubicle调速机室GovernorandItsAccessory调速机及其附件压油罐油位oillevelofpressureoiltank集油槽油位oillevelofoilsumpduct总油位totaloillevel压油罐压力pressureofpressureoiltank受油器开侧压力pressureonopensideofoilhead接力器开侧压力pressureonopensideofservomotor压力泵运行情况operatingstateofpressurepump附属设备运行情况(operatingconditionofaccessory)specification说明书，规格MattersConcerningProvisionofSpareContacts关于供应备品合同negotiatewith与…商议，谈判Overheadtransmissionline输送线verniercaliper(slidecaliper)游标卡尺adjustablewrench可调整扳钳wicketgate导叶visualinspection外观检查restoringmechanismofgovernor调速机还原机构oilflowcongestion油流堵塞openinglimiter开限potentiometer电位计two–stepclosuredevice(valve)两段关闭阀fieldcircuitbreakertrip灭磁开关跳阀Protectionmatrix保护矩阵Feedbacksteelcable反馈钢缆Pulley滑车，滑轮instantaneous瞬间的intensevibrationoccurred剧烈的振动TurbineGuideBearingFlowIndication水导示流Oil–proofrubberplate防油橡胶盘asbestos石棉Gasoline汽油Alcohol酒精sponge(air–foam)116 棉球，纱布，海绵Anti–rustpaint,Emerypaper金刚砂纸Vaseline凡士林Strokecontact行程接点multigangsocket多向插座PMG(permanentmagneticgenerator)永磁机MaintenanceRulesonRelayprotectionforgenerator-transformerunitinTishrinHPP迪什林电站继电保护检修规程Tableofcontents目录subjectindexandapplicablescope主题内容与适用范围quotedstandard引用标准generalrule通则dailymaintenance日常维护earthprotectiverelayforstator定子接地保护impedancerelay阻抗继电器negativePhase-SequenceInverseTimeovercurrentrelay负序反时限过电流继电器protectionrelayagainstoverexcitation过激磁保护继电器protectionrelayforRotorone-pointearth转子一点接地保护verificationonBBH-7Bprotectionrelayforzero-sequenceovervoltageonmaintransformerBBH--7B型主变零序过电压保护继电器检验Protectionrelayagainstlow-excitationoutofsynchronism低励磁失步保护继电器reactivedirectionalrelay无功方向继电器under-frequencyrelay欠频率继电器DCvoltageconverter直流电压变换器VerificationonManualdetectingdeviceofgenerator-transformerprotectionsystem发变组保护系统手动检测装置的检验Subjectcontentsandapplicablescope:主题内容及适用范围relatedsecondarycircuit相关二次回路Quote引用ministryofPowerIndustryofPeople"sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国电力部operationmanualandinstruction产品使用说明书RulesandregulationsonLocalverificationonrelayprotectionandsafetyautomaticsofpowersystem电力系统继电保护及安全自动装置现场检验规程Insidepanelandterminalblock/line盘内及端子排combinewithpreventivetest结合设备预试visualinspection外观检查brokenline断线desolderingoninserterandrearplatelead插件及背板引线脱焊checkiffixingboltsarelooseornot所有固定螺钉是否松动checkifrelaycontactsandplug-boardreliably继电器及接插处接触是否可靠checkifterminalblockandterminalscrewsaresecure端子板及端子螺丝是否紧固measurementofinsulatingresistance绝缘电阻的测量removefuseonsecondarycircuitofPT拔出PT二次熔断器takecountermeasureagainstreversepowerdeliveryandsendspecialpersontokeepwaterifnecessary做好防止PT反充电措施，必要时应设专人监护transistorDCcircuit晶体管型直流回路shortpositiveandnegativepolesofitspowerortransistorcomponentsoncircuitmaybedamaged将其电源的正负极短接后放可进行，否则会损坏回路中的晶体管元件.allinsulatingresistantofcircuitstoearthandbetweencircuitsshouldn"tbelessthan1.0MΩ其全部回路对地及回路间的绝缘电阻值应不小于1.0MΩintermediaterelay中间继电器windingofopening&closingcontactorforcorrespondingcircuitbreaker相应断路器的分、合接触器线圈的直流电阻comparedwithrating,errorshouldn"texceed+-10%与标称值比较，误差应不大于+-10%.Operatingvoltagevalue动作电压值resettingvalue返回值forintermediaterelaywithtime-delayreseting对于带有延时返回的中间继电器actuationtest传动试验wholegroupandactuationtestoncircuit整组试验及回路传动试验meetrequirementofdesign符合设计要求signalindicatescorrectly信号指示正确protectionactuatescircuitbreakertotripcorrectlyandreliably保护连动断路器跳闸正确可靠Errorbetweentheaveragevalueof3-timesmeasuresvaluesandsettinginmanualshouldn"texceed+-5%其三次测量的平均值与定值书上的定值误差不应大于5%.Voltagelosscircuitandreservepowerautomaticconnectiondevice失压连切回路、备自投defectonequipment设备缺陷preparedrawingsconformingtoactualconditionsofequipment准备好与设备实际状况一致的图纸qualifiedinstrumentation合格的仪器仪表testwiring试验连接线divideworkclearlyamongworkingstaffandfamiliarizethemselveswithrelateddataasdrawingandcheckingrulesonequipment工作人员应明确分工，并熟悉设备图纸与检验规程等有关资料交流试验电源的试验电流、电压的谐波分量不宜超过基波的5%harmoniccomponentoftestcurrentandvoltageofACtestpowershouldnotexceed5%offundamentalharmonic基本偕波.Identicalwith与…一样beforedeenergizedrepair停电检修前disconnectACvoltagecircuitandtostartoutletcircuitoffailureprotection断开交流电压回路，启动失灵保护引出回路twoandmorepersonsshouldattendworkon-siteandworkleadermustbetechnicalengineerapprovedbyleader.Workleadershouldersfullresponsibilityofpreparationbeforeworkandsafety,quality,progressandtakeoverfollowingwork.116 现场工作应有2人及以上参加，工作负责人必须由经领导批准的专业人员担任。工作负责人对工作前的准备、现场工作的安全、质量、进度和工作结束后的交接负全部责任。Accessoryequipment辅助设备conductor导线tiestrap压板?ACimpedancerelay交流阻抗继电器auxiliarycontact辅助接点trippingwinding跳闸绕组auxiliaryclosingcoil辅助合闸线圈3-phasecontact三相触头operationmechanismofcircuitbreaker断路器的操作机构energizedeviceandbyshortinganddisconnectingcontact将装置上电后，用短、断接点的方法redindicatinglamp红色指示灯bandswitch波段开关operatingcurrent动作电流set/ratedposition整定位置regulatecurrent调节电流digitalchronoscope极微时间测定器，数字毫秒器signal-phaseautovoltageregulator单相自耦调相器sliderheostat滑线电阻器ACammeter交流电流表ACcontactor交流接触器single-phaseknifeswitch单相刀闸开关operatingcharacteristictest,动作特性试验isolationtransformer,隔离变压器internalrelay,内部继电器correspondingtoIzd2对应Izd2restraintcurrent制动电流operatingcurrent动作电流restraintcoefficient制动系数It’srequiredthatinclinationofthesecondoperatingcharacteristicbewithin45-55%要求第二段动作特性斜率在45~55%.Harmonicrestraintcharacteristictest谐波制动特性试验galvanometer捡流计，电流表electricorelectromagneticnotrectifiertype电动式或电磁式但不使用整流式（电流表）regulationofsecondaryharmonicresonance(谐振共振)circuit二次谐波谐振回路调整inputendofdifferentialcircuitofrelay继电器差动回路的输入端certainvalue定值rectifyingbridgeofrestraintcircuit制动回路整流桥resonancefrequency谐振频率Capacitor=capacitator电容器capacity容量frequencygenerator变频电源vacuumtubeACvoltmeter真空管交流电压表statorearthprotectionrelay定子接地保护继电器panelboard面板operationindicatinglamp动作指示灯highinternalresistancevoltmeter高内阻电压表calibration校准calibrationonfilteringradiooffundamentalwave基波滤过比的校验audiofrequencygenerator音频信号发生器regulatetap调整抽头signalgenerator信号发生器frequencymeter频率计stopwater电秒表potentiometer电位计，分位计audiofrequency音频time-settingthumbwheelswitch时间整定拨轮开关inherentoperatingtime固有的动作时间settingerror整定误差viatestsocket通过测试孔afterrectifying整流后audiofrequencysignalgenerator音频信号发生器block-signallamp闭锁信号灯block-signallampshouldgoonimmediately闭锁信号灯应立即点亮releasetestbutton松开试验按钮measuredcircuit被测回路voltagestabilizingcircuit稳压回路initiatingcircuit起动回路measuredpoint被测点filteringratiotestonthird-harmonic三次谐波滤过比的校验rectifierbridge整流桥verificationofrestraintratio制动比校验threekindsofcircularcharacteristics三种圆特性fullimpedance全阻抗directionalimpedanceanddisplacement(offset)impedance方向阻抗和偏移阻抗DCcircuitdebugging直流回路调试beforeinputtingvoltage上电前measurepotentialonslidingterminal测量滑动端电位impedancesensitiveangle阻抗灵敏角shiftthephase-shifter摇移相器inductiveload,负感phasemeter相位表initiaterelay使继电器动作phase-comparisonangle比相角Togeneratorcapacitance,generatorinductanceunitcapacitiveloadside向发（电机）容，发感至负容方向theoreticalcircle理论圆comparewiththeoreticalcirclewiththelocusformedbyconnectionofmeasuredimpedanceonvariouspoint将所测各点阻抗的连接轨迹与理论圆进行比较inspectiononmin.accurateoperatingcurrent最小精工电流检查relationshipcurve关系曲线inputcurrent输入电流operatingvoltage动作电压operatingimpedance动作阻抗accuratecurrent精工电流settingofthumbwheelswitchofrelay继电器拨盘开关的整定数值collectinganodepotential集电极电位symmetricalwaveform对称的波形inverse-timeintegralcircuit反时限积分回路frontpanel面板formulaforcalculationoftheoperationtime动作时间的计算公式open-phaseblockingprotectionrelay断相闭锁继电器millisecondmeter/chronoscope毫秒计regulationconnectiondiagram调试接线图singlethrowuniversalswitch单掷宇宙开关3-phaseknifeswitch三相刀闸开关3-phaseautovoltageregulator三相自藕调压器=试验变operatewrongly---misoperate误动作logiccircuit逻辑回路inspectiononunbalancedvoltage不平衡度检查linevoltage线电压terminalB9connectingneutralline端子接中性线simultaneously同时地operationsensitivity动作灵敏度electronicchronoscope电子毫秒表digitalmultimeter数字万用表relatedparameter有关参数powervoltagestabilizing电源稳压回路116 startingcircuit启动回路inherentsettingvoltage固有的整定电压thumbwheelswitch拨轮开关detectingpoint检测点preoperation动作前postoperation动作后constantvoltagepower稳压电源initiatesignalterminal启动信号端子transistorlamp晶体灯luminous发亮的emitting发出，放射diode二极管testresistorcase试验电阻箱testcapacitorcase试验电容箱externallyattachedwavetrap外附阻波器milliammeter毫安表tap抽头syntonizev.共振，谐振resonance共振magneticshuntbar磁分路片idle（机器）空转trim整理，休整highinternalresistancedigitalmultimeter高内阻数字万用表impactring压紧环connectingsheet连接片differentialcoefficient微分系数interstageerror级差，级见间的差withoutsparkgaponneutralpoint中性点无放电间隙underexcitationoutofstepprotectionstep低励磁失步保护继电器static-stabilitycriticalcriterion静稳边界判据takestatic-stabilitylimitangle静稳极限角phasecomparisonprinciple相位比较原理characteristicequation特性方程accuratecurrent精工电流generatorinductance发感，发电机感应roughadjustingposition粗调位置indicationonphasor相位表指示shakephaseshifter摇移相器variouscorrespondingphaseangle不同对应相位角impedancecharacteristiccurve阻抗特性曲线phaseangle相位角loadinductance负荷感应generatorcapacitance发电机电容reactivepowerdirectionalrelay无功方向继电器autotransformer自藕变压器double-beamoscilloscope双线示波器squarewave方波operationalamplifier运算放大器happentooverlap正好重叠potentiometer电位器portablelamptransformer行灯变压器ACammeter交流电表multi-rangeACvoltmeter多量程交流电压表constructionandoperatingprinciple结构与工作原理该继电器用于电网按频率减负荷或发电机按频率自动解列Therelayservesforpowernetworktoswitchoffloadsorforgeneratortoautomaticallydisconnectfromsystemaccordingtofrequencyinbothcases.面板示意图schematicdiagramoffrontpanel接线端子图connectionterminaldiagramunder-frequencyrelay欠频继电器normaloperation工作正常blockrelease解除闭锁under-frequencyoperation欠频动作slipblockingcircuit滑差闭锁回路monitoringlamp监视灯outletrelay出口继电器3-digitthumbwheelswitch三位拨轮开关internalcircuit内部电路low-frequencyoscillator低频振荡器connectingplateontrippingcircuit跳闸回路压板under-frequencyoperationstage欠频动作级blockingrelease-stage解除闭锁级sinceCMOSintegrated-circuitisemployedinsiderelay由于继电器内部采用CMOS集成电路takereliableearthmeasure采取良好的接地措施It"sstrictlyforbiddentoplugin/outinternalcomponentofrelaywithpoweron.严禁带电拔插继电器的内部元件testinstrument测试仪器electriciron电烙铁decimalpoint小数点shieldingcase屏蔽罩DCvoltageconverter直流电压变换器performanceindication工况指示voltagestabilizing稳压inversion变换electrictorch=flashlight手电筒deexcitationinvertedrectifier逆变整流polarityconnection极性接线dual-purposemulti-rangevoltmeter两用多量程电压表inspectiononscopeofoutputvoltage输出电压范围检查workingwinding工作绕组brakingwinding制动绕组executiveelement执行元件restrainexcitationinrushcurrent抑制励磁涌流eliminateunbalancedcurrent消除不平衡电流bedistributedoncolumnsofironcoreonbothsidesinequalturn以等匝数分布在两边的铁芯柱上magneticflux磁通fluxdensity磁密fast-saturatedcharacteristic速饱和特性differentialcoil差动线圈inductive电感性的magneticpath磁路ultimatefunctionrelationshipcurve极限函数关系曲线operatingmagneticpotential动作磁势brakingmagneticpotential制动磁势operatingzone动作区restraintzone制动区relationcurvesofoperationzoneorrestraintzoneagaincurrentphase-shiftingangle动作区与制动电流的关系曲线lowerlimit下限upperlimit上限armofcirculatingcurrent环流臂initialoperatingampereturnstest起始动作安匝的试验inverter变流器，反向换流器fasteningscrew压紧螺丝movingcontactandstationarycontact动，静触点manualdetectingdevice手动检测装置withstandvoltagetest耐压试验secondaryoutputvoltage二次输出电压analogoutputterminalofprotectionsystem保护系统模拟量输出端子initiatingsignalterminal启动信号端子breakdown(puncture)击穿flashover闪落practicallogicalactuationtest实际的逻辑传动试验protectivetrippingmatrix保护跳闸矩阵outlettrippingcircuit出口跳闸回路testonwholegroupofgenerator-transformerprotection发变组保护的整组试验onlocalsite在现场blockingprotectionforabnormalpressureonoperatingmechanismofoutletcircuitbreakerofgenerator-transformer116 set发变组出口断路器操作机构的压力异常闭锁保护SF6gasdensitydepression气体压力降低resultsoftestsshouldmeettherequirementofdesign其试验结果应符合设计要求unitisconnectedwiththegrid开机并网HV/LVwinding高压绕组servomotor接力器locker锁锭constanttemperature恒温numberofwindings匝数,转弯数G1overspeed-limiteraction过速限制器动作G1mechanicalfailurestopstart机械事故停机流程开始G1servo-motorpositionattwo-stepclosure分段关闭装置动作G1accidentvalveopen机调柜事故配压阀动作CBE1Q2openE1Q2开关跳闸maindistributingvalve主配压阀mainsealingwaternormal,rubbersealingringairpressure,oscillograph,CTbrokenlineprotectionaction,servo-motorpositionattwo-stepclosure,turbineshearpinairpipepressure,coolingwaterpowerloss,mechanicalgovernorcubicle机调柜PowerPlant防爆装置explosionprotection悬浮电位suspensionpotential油枕oil-breather/oldexpansionvessel,硅胶silicagel基本原理fundamental,interaction,aluminium,铝deltaconnectionandstarconnection,squirrel-cagetypeasynchronousmotor,steppingmotor,bridgehoist,twofold-gang双联(电容器)abnormality异常，不规则，紊乱abrade磨损abrasion,abrasioninspection磨损检查abrasive磨蚀剂abrasivedisk砂轮abrasivepaper砂纸abrasiveness耐磨性absolutehumidity绝对湿度absolutealcohol无水酒精abutment接合点，座，支柱acceleratedaging加快老化acceleratingtorque加速扭矩accelerator加速器acceptablevalue容许值acceptancecheck验收accidentalerror偶尔误差accumulator蓄电池，存储器acetylenegenerator乙炔发生器acid-proof耐酸的防酸的acid-resistant抗酸的acrotorque最大扭矩activecurrent有功电流activepower有功功率activesection(zone)活性区actualcapacity有效容量actuatingmechanism执行机构，伺服机构actuator执行元件，调节器adapter接头，适配器，转接器adjuster调节器advertiser信号器，信号装置annunciator信号器，报警器aftercondenser后冷却器after-current剩余电流aging老化airbreaker=aircircuitbreaker空气断路器airgap气隙airheater空气预热器airscoop进气孔，进气口air-spring气垫airventfilter排气过滤器aligner校准器allenscrew六角螺丝allenwrench六角扳手allowablebearingcapacity容许承载力alloy合金alternator交流发电机ambientnoise环境噪声ambienttemperature周围温度ammeter=amperemeter电流表，安培计amortisseur阻尼器阻尼线圈ampere-turn安匝amplifier放大器inverter/magnetic/pulseamplifier倒相/磁/脉冲放大器amplitude振幅，幅度amplitudemodulation调幅analog模拟analogdata模拟数据anode阳极，正极antiphase逆相，反相位antirust防锈antivibrator减振器，阻尼器anchorbolt基础螺丝，地脚螺丝anionresin阴离子树脂apparatus装置，仪器applicationprogram应用程序arc-arrester放电器arc-over飞弧arrester制动装置，避雷器，放大器ashseparator除尘器asphalt沥青，柏油aspirator吸气器，吸收器assembler配电器asymmetricalshort-circuit不对称短路asynchronism,asynchronous异步的attachment附件attendant维护人员，值班人员，附属的autocontrol自动控制autoexcitation自激励autoformer=autotransformer自藕变压器automanual半自动的auto-manualswitch自动-手动开关automaticcontrol自动控制automaticdispatchingsystem自动调度系统automaticfollowing自动跟踪automaticprogramming自动程序控制automaticregulation自动调节automaticreset自动复位automaticstart自动起动automaticsynchronizer自动同步器automaticvoltageregulator自动电压调整器autovalve自动阀auxiliarypower厂用电auxiliarytransformer厂用变压器avometer万用电表axialclearance轴向间隙axialdisplacement轴向位移axialexpansion轴向膨胀axial-flow轴流式的axialflowfan轴流风机axialflowturbine轴流式汽轮机axialforce轴向力axialpositionindicator轴向位移指示器axialthrust轴向推力axialthrustbearing轴向推力轴承axialvibration轴向振动directaxis直轴quadratureaxis横轴axisymmetrical轴对称的azote氮back-arc逆弧backbar支承梁backboard底板backcurrent回流backdrop交流声，干扰backgroundradiation背景辐射backguy(电杆，起重机等的)拉线backing轴瓦，逆转，衬垫，底座backingring衬环backnut缩紧螺母backvalve止回阀baffle挡板baffler隔挡板，阻尼器balanceddisk平衡盘balancingweight平衡块，配重，ballseat球形阀座bandswitch波段开关barchartgraph棒状图barinsulator棒行绝缘子barometer气压计barostat恒压器baroswitch气压转换开关barrelpin销钉barring盘车baseplate底板basicimpulselevel冲击耐压basicshaft主轴battery蓄电池bayonetgauge插入式表计beamcaliper大卡尺bearing轴承journalbearing套筒轴承rollbearing滚动轴承thrustbearing推力轴承bearing116 block轴承座bearingcapacity承载能力，容许载荷beaterhead锤头anodebed阳床cathodebed阴床bedframe底座benchdrill台钻biaxial两轴的bidirectionalswitch双向开关biennial两年一次的biharmonic双调的，双谐的billi-condenser管状微调电容器bipolar双极的bird’s-eyeview鸟瞰图bitbrace手摇钻，钻孔器bitumen沥青movingblade动叶片statorblade静叶片bladeclearance叶片间隙bladeinclination叶片角度blankflange=blindflange堵板，闷头法兰bleeder泄方阀，分压器，分泄电阻bleeding抽出，引接出，T-接blindnipple闷头短管blockage阻塞，堵塞blockgauge块规block-diagram方块图blockmount组装blowdown排污bolt螺栓，插销bonnet阀帽，机罩boost增压，加速器booster前置泵boringmachine镗床brakehorse-power制动马力brakingtorque制动转距branchbus分支母线brass黄铜airbreak空气断路器by-passbreak旁路断路器busbarcouplerbreaker母联开关break-point断点coilbrace线圈支架crevassecrack裂缝,龟裂bridge电桥，天车，bridgearm桥臂bridgecrane桥式起重机bridgegauge桥规brim边缘brush电刷，炭刷brusharm刷臂brushlessexcitation无刷励磁brush-rocket刷架，电刷摇移器bucketcover围带buffer缓冲器，阻尼器buffeting振动，抖震，颤震bullgear主齿轮bullring/grindingring磨环bumpyflow涡流buncher电子集束器buoy浮标，浮子，救生圈buoyancy浮力，弹性powercable动力电缆by-passpipe旁路管by-passbus旁路母线caliber量规，口径calibration校准，标定，刻度calibrator校准器，定标器calorstat恒温器，恒温箱cam凸轮，偏心轮camber弯度，曲面camfollower凸轮随动作camshaft凸轮轴canalization管道系统canisterrespirator防毒面具cantilever悬臂，支架cantilevercrane悬臂吊车capabilityoperatingcondition能力工况(COC)capacitance电容，容量capacitor电容器parabolic-platecapacitor抛物面电容器capacitorvoltagetransformer电容式电压互感器capacity容量，能力breakingcapacity断流能力makingcapacity闭合（短路）能力carbon碳，碳刷，碳棒carbondioxide二氧化碳carbonmonoxide一氧化碳cardan万向接头，万向节carriage托板，托架cartridgefilter滤心式过滤器cascadedhydropowerplant梯级水电站casing汽缸，外壳innercasing内缸outercasing外缸catcher集电极cathode阴极，负极cathode-current阴极电流cationexchanger阳离子交换器capsulechamber气囊室captivetest静态试验cave凹槽，内腔cavitation气蚀，空化作用ceilingvoltage顶值电压centerbore中心孔centercaliper测径规centralizedcontrolroom集中控制室centrifugalforce离心力centrifugalpurifier离心净化器centripetalforce向心力centripetalpump向心泵changer变换器channelswitch波段开关characteristiccurve特性曲线characteristicequation特性方程characteristicfunction特性函数characteristicparameter特性参数characteristicratio特性比characteristicvector特性矢量，向量charactron显象管，显字管charcoal木炭charge充电，使带电，电荷charged带电的charger加载装置charging增压，充电，充气，加载chargingequipment充电装置choke木楔，扼止，挡板chokeflange节流孔板，电抗器，节气门choketube阻塞管chokevalve阻流器chronopher电控报时器closedcircuit闭合回路equivalentcircuit等价电路opencircuit开路primarycircuit一次回路secondarycircuit二次回路shortcircuit短路circuitbreaker断路器circuitcloser通路器assisted/forcedcirculation强制循环combinedcirculation复合循环naturalcirculation自然循环circuitry电路，电路图civilengineering土木工程clack阀瓣clamp线夹，压板，接线夹groundclamp接地线夹terminalclamp终端线夹clampedamplifier箝位放大器clawcoupling爪形联轴器cleaner除尘器，吸尘器clearance间隙，缺口clearancefit间隙配合clearancegauge量隙规clearanceleakage间隙泄漏clearanceloss余隙损失cleavagefracture解理断口climbers（爬电杆用的）角扣clipper限制器，钳位器clippingamplifier限幅放大器clocksystem时钟脉冲系统，同步脉冲系统clockwise顺时针clogging阻塞，闭合closedcirculating闭式循环closedcirculatingmode二次循环方式closedcycle闭式循环closedfit紧配合closedloopcontrol闭环控制closer闭合器closingpiece锁块clutch离合器，联轴器rawcoal原煤coalgas煤气coalunloader卸煤机coatedabrasive砂纸，砂带coaxial共轴的coaxswitch同轴开关co-current平行电路，并流currentflow合流，伴流coefficient系数cofactor余因数cofunction余函数coil线圈coiled绕成线圈的coilformer线圈架coilingmachine盘簧机coilpitch线圈节距coilside线圈边coincide重合coincidence符合，相等，一致coinstantaneous同时发生的coldpressure冷压coldreserve冷备用coldstrain冷变形collaborate合作，协作collectingelectrode吸尘电极collapse崩溃，破裂collar环，轴环collator校对器collector收集器，换向器，集电极electrostaticcollector静电除尘器centrifugal116 dustcollector离心式除尘器flatplatecollector平板收集器columnmatrix列矩阵combineddrill组合钻头阳性电流测试仪positivecurrenttestingmeter高压试验用电工工具electrician"shandtoolsforhighvoltagetesting试验桌laboratorytableforhighvoltagetesting接地棒highvoltagestaticelectricityreleasepole接地线groundingwireforhighvoltagetesting水电阻spark瞬间放电waterresistanceforhighvoltagetesting滑轮组（吊链）chainhoistforhighvoltagetesting手推车handcartformovingequipment泄漏电流测试仪currentleakagetestingmeter接地电阻测试仪groundingresistancemeter高压试波器highvoltagefrequencyscanner绝缘油测试仪insulationoiltestingequipment同上ditto高压电压表highvoltagemeter高压电桥highvoltagebridge绝缘试验设备insulatedequipment发电机绝缘试验设备generatorvoltageenduranceequipment测温表temperature多功能计算器detectionmulti-functionalcomputer绝缘手套highvoltagegloves各种电工工具variouselectrician"shandtools电容电桥capacitorbridge磨石，油石whetstone照度表lightmeter秒表stopwatch烙铁solderiron试验用台桌laboratorytable各种试验用开关variouslaboratoryswitches指示灯indicatorlights试验用各种继电器variousrelaysfortestingpurpose频率表frequencymeter稳压电源stabilizedpowersupply兆欧表meggarmeter电子式万用表universialelectricmeter电度表KWHmeter瓦特表wattmeter电流电压相位表VARmeter可调式电阻器variableresistance可调式电流调节器variablecurrentregulator可调式电压调整器variablevoltageregulator试验用电压互感器voltagetransformerfortestingpurpose校准用电流表highprecisionamperemeter校准用电压表highprecisionvoltmeterforgaging数字式电压表digitalreadingvoltmeter交直流伏特表directreadingvoltmeter双线示波器electronicoscilloscope异步通信asynchronouscommunication同步通信synchronouscommunication换向器，整流器，集电环commutator展缩器compandor兼容机compatiblecomouter膨胀节compensatingline补偿绕组compensatingwinding补充，补足complement余角complementaryangle复杂complicate,complication,complicated复合式发动机compoundengine压缩弹簧compressionspring压缩机，压缩器compressor计算机辅助设计computer-aideddesign计算机控制computercontrol集中负荷concentratedload集中器，浓缩器concentrator凝结器condenser调节器conditioner锥角coneangle圆锥形绝缘子coneinsulator遵从，符合conform可相乘矩阵conformablematrix锥体切面conicalsection共轭梁conjugatebeam接头，连接，接线connection三角形接线deltaconnection星形接线starconnection曲折形接线zigzagconnection接线盒connectionbox组合器，连接器，端子connector中间磁极，辅助极consequent-pole恒定的，不变的，常量constant气体常数gasconstant惯性常数inertiaconstant出力常数outputconstant定压循环constantpressurecycle定压过程constantpressureprocess稳压变压器constantvoltagetransformer参考，咨询consult固定接点fixedcontact动触点movingcontact无触点的contact-free无触点的contactless接触器，开关contactor容器，槽container蛇形管圈continuousloop连续出力continuousoutput连续功率continuouspower收缩比contractionratio反向旋转contrarotation逆变的contravariant模拟量控制analogcontrol随动控制follow-upcontrol汽机随动控制turbinefollow-upcontrol控制循环controlledcirculation调速油controloil控制盘controlpanel控制棒controlrods对流流动convectionflow转换，换位，逆的converse转换器，变换器，变(频，压，能)器converter变换器，换流器，变频器convertor旋转变频器rotaryconvertor钢卷尺convex匝，圈，转数，涡流convolution疏水冷却器draincooler氢冷却器hydrogencooler冷油器oilcooler冷却剂coolingagent冷却应力coolingstress协调控制系统coordinatecontrolsystem坐标变换器coordinateconverter坐标制图器coordinateographcheckingrulesongeneratorthermometricsystem发电机测温系统检验规程thermometric温度计的thermometer温度计quotedstandardsandapplicablescope引用标准及适用范围检验周期checkperiodthermometricmeter测温表计visualinspection外观检查thermometricelement测温元件terminalblock/line端子排insulatingstrengthen绝缘强度partialmaintenance小修inspectionmethod检验方法energizeddisplay通电显示frontpanelboard前面板incomingline来线alarmline报警线connection接线thermometricmeter测温表standardrheostat标准电阻箱linearrelationship线性关系valueoftemperatureandresistanceofthermometricelementwhileit’s0℃and200℃.测温元件零度与满度的温度与电阻值。Shouldbeinstepwith与同步进行blend混和megger=tramegger摇表，高阻表intermittent116 间歇的，断断续续的fluctuation起伏，波动correspondingcircuit对应的回路excitationsystem励磁系统generalrule总则turbine-generatorunit,rectify矫正，调整rhyristor,closed-loopregulation闭环调整dynamic-stabilitycharacteristic动态稳定特性automaticdistribution自动分配paralleloperation,rejectload甩负荷under-excitation,pulse-loss脉冲消失suppressfield抑制磁场ratedpowerfactor额定功率因数no-loadexcitationvoltage空载励磁电压accuracy精确性，正确性regulation-errorratio,overshoot,manualcurrentregulatingrange,automaticvoltageregulatingrange,forcedexcitationmultiple,thyristorrectifyingdevice半导体闸流管调整设备3-phasefull-controlbridges,conductionangleofthyristor,relationshipformula关系公式rectifyingstate,inversionstate倒置状态fieldenergyfeedbacksystem,deviation背离putinoperationrespectivelyandsimultaneously,隐患hiddentroubleanddefect日常维护routinemaintenance保证各部接触良好ensuregoodcontactingateachlocation氧化oxidation烧损sparkwear（触点等的）烧毁，（由于电弧作用引起的烧毁）fieldcircuitbreaker磁场断路器earthingcircuitofrotorisdisconnected转子接地回路断开circuitoperationtest回路动作试验resume/restoreallpowersourcesforexcitationsystem恢复励磁系统各部电源energizeSCRcabinet调节柜上电fanonpowercabinet功率柜风机anodeswitch阳极开关protectiontripscircuitbreaker保护跳开关fieldsuppression灭磁powercabinetexitsfromservice功率柜退出signalissentnormallywhendisconnectionfaulthappenstoPTPT断线发信正常checkthatallmechanismsarenotseized检查各机构灵活无发卡operatingvalue动作值resettingvalue返回值testconnectionofrelay继电器校验图3-phasevoltageregulator三相调压器servicepower工作电源phase-sequenceiscorrectandnewsettingisidenticalwithoriginalvalue相序正确，定值与原值相同knifeswitch刀闸开关chronoscope/millisecondmeter毫秒计potentiometer电位计，分压计powerinputterminalsofSCRcabinet调节柜电源输入端子sliderheostat滑线电阻regulatorcabine调节柜operationalamplifier运算放大器oscillation摆动，振动short-circuitplug短接插头voltage-deviationregulatingpotentiometer调差电位器K1pickup,K1吸合open-phasesignal断相信号restraintcharacteristic限制特性settingpotentiometer整定电位器integraltime积分时间adaptermodule适应器单元dynamicregulation动态调试limitingamplitude限幅inputlimitingfield-forcingsignal加入强励信号lampgoon/out灯亮/灭triggersystem触发系统optionswitch选择开关change-overmodule切换单元dynamicbalance动态平衡triggersystem触发系统3-phaseequilibrium(balance)三相平衡synchronoustransformer同步变压器amplitude振幅pulsespacing脉冲间隔lowelectricallevel低电平detectingpulse检测脉冲phase-shiftscope移相范围plotphase-shiftcurve作出移相曲线operationmonitoringmodule运行监测单元mainunitandtriggerunit基本单元与触发单元identicalwithdrawing与图纸一致phase-shifter移相器phasemeter相位表under-excitationlimitingcharacteristiccurve低励限制特性曲线critical-turnoverstate临界翻转状态overallstaticopen-loopcharacteristic整组静态开环特性thyristorrectifier半导体闸流管整流器onsecondarysideofexcitationtransformer励磁变二次侧pluginallinsertersofautomaticchannelofregulator将调节器自动通道的所以插件插好paralleloperation并联运行functionalandgangtest功能与联动试验lossofpulse失脉冲simulateoperationtostartandshutdownunit模拟开、停机操作non-linearvalve-sheetresistor非线性电阻阀片autotransformer自藕变boostertransformer升压变压器filtercapacitor滤波电容currentlimitingresistor限流电阻high-voltagesiliconstack高压硅堆microammeter微安电流表leakagecurrent漏电流voltagedivider分压器oscillographneedstobeinsulatedfromground示流器需对地悬空waveform波形readingshouldbemultipliedby1.414读数值需乘以1.414zero-initialstep-upvoltagetest零起升压试验fieldbreaker磁场断路器forcedexcitation强励磁load-rejectiontest甩负荷试验velocity速率，周转率adoptresidualvoltagetomeasurefrequency采取残压测频率proportion-integral-differential比例-积分-差动(PID)permanentspeeddrooprange永态差范围frequencydeadband频率死区SCRcabinet可控硅整流柜ToStartUnit—Whenunitisinreadystate,centralcontrolroomsendsoutcommandtostartunitandpowerisautomaticallysetatno-loadpositionafterstartingrelayofunitpicksup;afterrelaytoopenopeninglimiterpicksup,openinglimiterofgovernorautomaticallyopenstono-loadopening;whenopeninglimiteropensto3%,relayK3excitesandvoltageoncapacitorC2infeedbackunitofwicket116 gatedeclinesviapotentiometerRP8andresistorR1.Whenitislessthansignalvoltageoutputfromfrequencymeasuringdeviceofunit,therewillbecurrentinelectricaldeviceoutputtingindirectionofstartingunitandspeedofunitbeginsrising.Duetoautomaticregulationofgovernor,unitreachesratedvelocityandproceduretostartunitbygovernorisfinished.开机：机组处于准备状态，中控开机，机组准备继电器动作后，功率给定自动置空载位置；打开限继电器动作后，调速器开度限制自动开至空载开度，当开限开至3%时，继电器K3励磁，导叶反馈单元中电容器C2上的电压经电位器RP8，电阻R1衰减，当其值小于测频的输出信号电压时，电器装置开始有开机方向的电流输出，机组开始升速，因调速器的自动调节作用使机组达到额定转速，完成调速器开机过程。Freeofdamage无破损oxidation氧化sparkwear烧坏，烧毁megohmmeter摇表,兆欧计feedbackunitofwicketgate导叶反馈单元electricgovernor机调luminousdiode发光二极管derivative微分oscillationsignal振荡信号overallcharacteristic整体特性proportiongain比例增益permanentspeeddroop永态转差系数electric-hydraulictransducer电液转换器milliammeter毫安表frequencysignalgenerator频率信号发生器no-loaddisturbancetest空载扰动试验performanceofgovernorshouldsatisfyrequirement调速器动作情况应满足要求Thermometricsystem测温系统overhaulofthermometricsystemproceedsinstepwiththatofgeneratingunit;测温系统的大修随发电机组的大修同步进行。Interface接口visualinspection外观检查thermometricelement测温元件Insulatingstrength绝缘强度terminalblock端子排panelboard面板incomingline来线alarmline报警线thermometricmeter测温表linearrelationship线性关系openingcircuit开路intermittentfluctuation断断续续的波动manometer压力计pressuregauge压力表hereafter今后approvedby批准verifiedby审定checkedby校核compliedby编写verticalshaft立轴axial-flow轴流Max.(water)head最大水头weightedaveragehead加权平均水头designhead设计水头rotatingvelocity速度，速率runawayspeed飞逸转速runawayspeedoncam协联飞逸转速runawayspeedoffcam非协联飞逸转速timetoclosewicketgates(excludeingdampingtime)导叶直线关闭时间（不考虑缓冲时间）timetocloserunnerblades轮叶关闭时间formulate规定generalmaintenance一般维护partialmaintenance小修overhaul大修extensiveoverhaul扩大性检修applicationscope适用范围各阀门应完整，操作灵活，严密不漏。各管路接头、紧固部件，均应齐全，无松动，无渗漏。水滤过器检查，排污正常。Allvalvesshouldbeintact,tightwithoutleakageandflexibletooperate.Allpipejointsandfixingpartsshouldbeintactandfreeofloosenessandleakage.Waterstrainershoulddischargesewagenormally.过水部件检查inspectdiversionanddischargingcomponent气蚀cavitation各焊缝应无裂缝及渗漏allweldingseamsshouldbefreeofcrackandleakage检查叶片螺栓堵板、排油阀堵板、吊孔堵板，应无裂纹checkblockingplateofbladebolts,oildischargevalvesandliftingorificesandtheyshouldhavenofracture.导叶端、立面密封条应完整，无脱落Sealingsheetonendandverticalfacesofguidevaneshouldbeintactwithoutfallingoff.护板guideplate变形deformation润滑油lubricatingoil进人口manhole紧固部件fixingcomponent排水阀drainvalve操作机构operationmechanism检查阀口，阀盘无变形checkvalvesealandpanshouldbefreeofdeformation橡胶板无老化现象rubbleplateshouldbefreeofaging转轮室runnerchamber裂纹stagnantwater积水fracture测绘要求plottingrequirement坡口，斜口bevel气蚀破坏层应全部刨掉planethedestroyedlayofcavitationentirely,withoriginalmaterialexposedover95%scraggly凸凹不平的inspectandtreatofsealingofblade叶片止漏装置检查及处理glandpacking盘根boltsonpressedboard压板螺栓buttsmoothlywithoutstaggering不应有错牙现象notch切口slit裂缝leadsealingisfullandsecure铅封应饱满牢固keeppressureof0.5MPafor24hours在0.5MPa压力下保持24小时build-upslit组合缝runnerservomoter转轮接力器workingpressure工作压力connectingplate连接板runner转轮体diversioncone引水锥turbineguidebearingjournal水导轴颈abnormalwear不正常磨损bearingsegment轴瓦的瓦面ribboncontact带状接触adjustingstud(stem)andnutshouldbe116 freeofloosenessandlockingisreliable调整螺杆、螺母应无松动，锁定可靠。Meetrequirement符合要求conduct24-hourkeroseneleakagetest做24小时的煤油渗漏试验inspectiononrotatingring转动环检查frictionalface摩擦面screwnailonguideplate护板螺钉biasedburnish偏磨guidepinhole导向销孔sealingseat密封座upwardsanddownwardsflexibly上下活动灵活airfillingtest充气试验butt对接处gatemechanism导水机构bushingofwicketgate导叶套筒glandpackingslot盘根槽retainingblock挡块compressionstroke压紧行程turbinechamber水车室foreignmatters异物corrosivepitting锈斑Ifpaintpeels,complementit如果有掉漆现象应进行补刷excessiveheat过热vacuumbreakvalve真空破坏阀clipplate压板brakeboot制动块,闸瓦valveseal阀口sealingrubbersheetonendcover端盖密封条mirrorplate/thrustring镜板servomotorcylinder接力器缸burr毛刺valveoperatesflexiblywithoutseizure阀动作灵活无卡阻现象coppersegment铜瓦sphericalsurfaceonrunnerbody转轮体球面rewelding补焊prototype原型scrapeorchange修刮或更换pistonring活塞环elasticity弹性evidentaxialditchtrace明显的沟痕guidewayandguideslidingblock导向槽与导向滑块circularity环状scar伤痕concave-convex凸凹ditch,blowholeandgasvent沟槽，砂眼及气孔extensionvalueofbladescrewnail叶片螺钉的伸长值pluggauge塞尺Gapisn’tallowedaroundcombinedboltsandpinsanderectingareaofcombinedgapshouldn’thavestaggeredjoint.组合螺栓及螺钉周围不应有间隙，组合缝处的安装面无错牙现象conductleakagetestonallcavitiesofrunnerandoildrainvalvewithkerosenefor30minandnoleakageshouldlie转轮各腔、排油阀应进行30分钟的煤油渗漏试验，应无渗漏。Conductpressurewithstandtest进行耐压试验doublelink-rod双连臂spanner扳手governingring调速环radialandaxialthrustsegment径向瓦及轴向止推瓦actualmeanvalue实际平均值springtubetype弹簧管式quotedstandardandapplicablerange引用标准及适用范围premeditatedsimulationofaccident事故预想metrologybureau计量局measuringdielectric所测介质oxygenmeter氧气表skyblue天兰色blackgreen深绿色oxygen氧hydrogen氢ammonia氨chlorine氯acetylene乙炔othercombustiblegas其他可燃性气体otherinertgasorliquid其他惰性气体或液体deficiency缺乏，不足dustguard防尘装置widthofgraduatingline分度线宽度magneticpoleandleadline,dampingring,polarization,capacitance,adsorptive,anodeswitch,generator-transformerprotection,protectiveinterlockbreakers,volt-amperecharacteristic,engineerforautomation,excitationengineer,relayprotectionengineer,meterandmeasurementengineer,computerengineer,generatorengineer,engineerfortransformerandcircuitbreaker,governorengineer,high-voltageengineer,engineerforauxiliaryequipment,turbineengineer,reserveengineer,solidcable,sensitivepaper,silicondiode,硅二极管waterresistancepipe,Plexiglassblock,ironbucket,electroscope验电器,wirenipper,nipper镊子adjustablewrench可调扳手straightscrewdriver,crossscrewdriver,electricianknife,electricianbelt,electriciancompositetool,instrumentalscrewdriver,compositetoolbag,magneticcompositetool,cablereel,bigshadingumbrella,toolbag,insulatingpole,insulatingmat,discharger,voltagealarm,shockprotector,temperaturemoisturemeter,insulatingsheathingcramp,flashlight,safetyhelmet,handcart,手推车batterycar,handdrill手砖peelingpliers,剥线钳testingwireanddischargingbarforcablefault;dielectriclossmeasuringdevice介子损失测验仪AC-DChightensiongenerator直/交流高压发电机seriesresonancepower-frequencywithstandvoltagedevice连续共振(中介)功频耐压仪testingapparatus试验设备treblingvoltagegenerator三重压力发电机arresteractioncounter避雷器动作计数器livetestingapparatusofarrester,infraredthermometer红外线温度计ultravioletradiation紫外线multielementoscillograph多元件示波器tramegger高阻表，兆欧表，摇表light-spotmillivoltmeter光点毫伏计voltgauge伏特表,电压表ammeter电表capacitor电容器pointeruniversalmeter指针万用表phasesequencemeasuringdevice相频测验仪inductivelowresistancemeasuringdevice感应低阻抗测验仪handtramegger,corona王冠，冠壮detector检波器，检电器slideresistor滑动电阻器rheostat可变电阻器kinematic运动学的viscosity粘质，黏性testingapparatus,petroleum石油synthetic合成的emulsion乳状液digitaluniversalmeter,pointeruniversalmeter,singlephasemeter,micrometer测微计，千分尺asbestos石棉gasoline汽油rug小垫子emerypaper金刚砂纸metallographic金相学的Vaseline凡士林multigangsocket多相插座gang伙，群pluggauge塞尺octagonal八角形steelhammer研磨布abrasivecloth,spotlight聚光灯interfacial116 tensiometer张力计electricalarmaturewinding电枢绕组laminatedpole,rectangularsection矩形区域amortisseur阻尼器winding,damper,squirrel-cagemotor,deterioration,idlecurrent,vibration振动collision碰撞，冲突pulley滑车，滑轮carium-soliumgrease,walkie-talkie,adequately充分地clothsline,dustbin垃圾箱lubricant润滑剂screwdriver螺丝起子lubricator润滑物postponement延期toclearunexpecteddefectsofequipment突发设备缺陷处理firefightingpipeline消防管路vacuumbreakvalve真空破坏伐performhigh-voltagetest高压试验checkdistributionlocalsupplytounitNo.1一号机机旁动力检查electricgovernorpanel电调盘automaticcontrolelement自动化元件flow示流levelswitch液位开关airbraker风闸utilization利用ventilation通风calibration标度，刻度slidingring,electricbrushes,auxiliarysystem,toresumetheexecutionmaintenanceitems继续完成维修项目ofOctoberworkingprogramthatdidnotcompletedforunitNo.1makemimictest=conductsimulationtest模拟试验requirementofthenationalgrid,switchingoperationofequipment设备的倒闸操作performperiodicalinspectionofequipment执行定期检查Hydraulichoist液压启闭机busduck1andbusduck2一母，二母线oscillation摆动，振动infullcompliancewiththedrawing同图纸一致generateinnationalgrid并网发电E4Q2circuitbreakertrippedbyemergency开关事故跳闸powercabinetsreleasedfromoperationsimultaneously功率柜同时退出fieldcircuitbreakertrip灭磁开关跳闸overexcitationlimiteroperated过励限制动作break12fuses爆断12个熔丝wicketgate=guidevane导叶unitbegancondenseroperation机组进入调相状态unitliftup机组抬机safetyrailing安全扶拦thunderstormyday雷雨天quasi-synchronization准同步stepupunitvoltagefromzero,aerationvalve通风阀exciteflashing/flashfield起励PT=potentialtransformer=TV电弧，电压互感器Quit8LP3*2circuitofCBsE3Q1&E3Q2failureprotectiontotripNo.3U-Tset.退出E3Q1,E3Q2开关失灵引跳3号机变保护8LP3*2insulationresistanceoftheleakageoilpumpmotor,theheadcoverdewateringpumpmotor,thepressureoilpumpmotor,theoretical理论的pressurestrokecontact压力行程接点dealwithexposedpartofshearpin剪断销露出处理permanentmagnetgenerator永磁机rotatingandstationaryparts转动及固定部分electromechanicalequipment机电设备microswitch(sensitiveswitch)微动开关sensitivethermometer敏感温度计maintenancerequest检修申请patrolinspection设备巡视defectmanagement缺陷管理execution执行，实行premeditated预想的capitalmaintenance大修coordinateion同等，调和instrumentation使用仪器unit6failtoconnectedwithnationalgridafterstarting六号机启动并网失败3-phasenon-coordinationprotection三相非一致保护corrosion侵蚀，腐蚀状态sealingrubberring围带axle轮轴axlebolt轴螺栓servomotorlocker接力器锁定floodgate=bottomgate泄洪门，底孔门outdoorequipment户外设备maintenancetechnologyrules检修工艺规程tofilltransformerinsulatingoilintono.6maintransformerandadjustoillevelwithtemperature六号主变油枕注油并根据气温变化做适当调整SF6=sulphurhexafluoridegaselectricmeasuringinstrument电测仪表checkmeter校验器actuationtest传动试验simulationtest模拟试验shaftsealonno.1firepump消防水泵轴密封reducingvalveonpressureoildevice压油装置减载阀ventilationsystem通风系统Tourgeandcoordinatetoexecute“2-sheet,3-system”duringde-energizedmaintenance督促。协调设备停电检修时两票三制的执行repairdrainagepump检修排水泵relayprotectionroon继保室eliminatehiddentrouble消除安全隐患carbonbrush碳刷brushholder刷握potentiometer电位计,分压计voltage-stabilizing稳压openinglimiter开限charger充电器cartridge弹药筒partialmaintenance小修thermometricmeter温度表switchtoservicepowersupply倒厂用电under-voltage电压不足rectifier整流器powerquantityofunit机组发电量active(power)indication(MW.H)有功电字reactive(power)indication(MVar.H)无功电字activereverse受电电字powerquantityoftransmissionlineof220KVsystem220KV输电线路电量ambienttemperature/temperatureofenvirement环境温度waterlevelofreserveoir水库水位powerquantityofsupply厂用变电量distributionboardforadministerativebuilding管理楼检修柜low-voltagemodulerswitchgearsystem低压组合式开关柜switchgear接电装置，开关设备pollutiondegree污染等级degreeofprotection防护等级116 welder焊机instantaneoustripping瞬间跳闸timemultiplier放大器，心率器auxiliaryrelay辅助继电器blockingreclosing闭锁重合releasevoltage释放电压sewagestandbypumprun污水备用泵运行oscillograph示波器3-phasenon-coordinate非全相disconnectorinterlock(blocking)controlboard刀闸闭锁控制盘synchronismcheckrelay,auto-airswitch,powersupplysupervision电源监视uninterruptiblepowersystem不中断电源系统frontside前侧rearside后侧emergencyillumination事故照明=emergencylightingfaultrecorder故障示波器currentquickcut-offprotection电流快速切断保护intensegas重瓦斯weakgas轻瓦斯pressurereleasingvalveopen减压阀打开kilowatt-hour有功电度表fieldbreaker灭磁开关lightingswitch照明开关automaticcleaningwaterfilter自动滤水器bubblepressurewaterlevelcontroller吹气式水位控制器3-phaseinductionmotor3相异步电动机centrifugalpump离心泵terminalconnectiondiagram端子图alarminglevel报警水位horizontalairreceiver卧式储气罐manuactureserialnumber出厂编号lightingdistributionbox照明配电箱lock-on锁锭投入lock-off锁锭拔出limitedoperation限制运行emergencyshut-down紧急停机openlimitinghandwheel开限手轮airvalve气阀pressureoiltank压力油箱oillevelgauge油位计，油浮子drawertypePTcubicle抽屉式电压互感器柜instrumentandrelaychamber仪表继电器小室vacuumCBtruck真空断路器手车truckchamber手车小室energystoredmanually手动储能lightingswitch照明开关manualclose手动合闸emergencyopen紧急分闸busbar2sectionvoltage母线二段电压generatordisconnectorforunitno.22号单元发电机断路器excitationregulatorforunitno.22号单元励磁调整器dewaterpumpofheadcoverforunitno.22号单元端盖排水泵hydraulicpressuregatehoist液压提升门sectionbreaker分段断路器temp-riselimits温升限值servicecondition使用条件standardcode标准代号ratedpower额定容量dry-typetransformersignalthermometer干式变压器信号温度计stopvalve截止阀solenoidairvalve电磁空气阀jointcontrol成组运行gateopening导叶开度unitfrequency机组频率powersetting功率给定balancecurrent平衡电流reserveACpowersupply备用交流电源full-stroketimeadjustment全行程时间调整frequencymeasure测频frequencydeadband频率死区integrator积分deriveative微分poweramplifier功率放大器gatepositionfeedback导叶反馈settingfollow给定跟踪governorelectricalcabinet调速器电气装置speeddetecting转速测控仪oilcontainingwatersignal油混水信号sumpoiltank回油箱putinlocker/putoutlocker投入锁锭two-stepclosurevalveopen二段关闭阀打开lossofexcitation失磁deexcitation逆变negativesequenceinversetime负序反时hydraulicoperatingmechanism液压操作机构peakvalve峰值phasetoearth相对地tripcoil分闸线圈closingcoil合闸线圈elasticity弹力，弹性stationarycontacts固定接点countermeasure反措施necessityandfeasibilityofmodification改造的必要性和可行性starttoofrequency频繁启动load/reliefsolenoidvalve加载/放气电磁阀controloilcylinder控制油缸butterflyvalve蝶阀energize通电deenergize失电cutoffpressureoilflowingtooilcylinder切断流向油缸的压力油underactionofresettingspring在复位弹簧的作用下runidlewithminimumpower以最低功率惰转time-lagrelay延时继电器conceptive概念上，构思operativemethod实施的方式workoutquestionsandstandardanswers,throubleshooting发现并处理故障throttlevalve节流阀HVservicethansformer高压厂用变conformtotheirrequirement与要求一致violate冒犯drillhole钻孔stipulate规定，保证distinct清楚的，明显的hydrant消防拴extinguisher灭火器asbestos石棉flammable易燃的efflorescence风化collapse倒塌，崩溃muffler消声器casing包装，保护性外套electricshock电击dioxide二氧化物apparatus仪器，设备megohm-meter兆欧姆表lubricate润滑misoperation误动作diameter直径radial半径rectifier整流器insulatingmat绝缘垫rim-brake轮圈刹车cam凸轮feedback反馈trialrun试运行pan(disc)-shapevalve盘形阀inflation胀大scaffolding脚手架erect竖立，笔直formalities礼节executedworksheet执行工作票fieldbreaker灭磁开关inaccordancewith依照troubleshooting发现并处理故障throttlevalve节流阀stipulate规定，保证temporary暂时地distinct清楚的，明显的hydrant消防栓fireextinguisher消防器asbestos石棉fireproofmaterial防火材料collapse倒塌qualification资格，条件manualquasi-synchronizationoperation,magneticpole磁极,lead引线one-pointearth,short-leadprotection,illustrate图解controllingswitch控制开关triprelayofprotection跳闸保护继电器inletdifferentialprotection进线差动保护paralleloff解列openinglimiter开限firefightingpump消防泵field(circuit)breaker灭磁开关oilreplenishmentvalve补油阀theoretical理论的116 open-circuit开路onsecondarysideofCT,intermediaterelay中间继电器auxiliarycontact辅助接点flashlight手电筒electroscope验电器insulatingboot绝缘靴chargingflashlight可充电筒subordinate下级的，下属的shouldtheresponsibility,implementwork执行工作dispensable不是必要的，可有可无的inaccessible达不到的，难以接近的parameter参数lowefficiency低效率reiterate重申，反复说inadequatepreparation不充分的准备buffer/bumper缓冲器messengercable吊线缆sling吊物机implementation执行滴油器，一级缸，同心度，electromechanicalequipment机电设备SF6circuitbreaker开关,浸油的电流电压互感器oil-immersedCT&PT,distributiondevice配电装置dry-typeservicetransformer厂用干式变压器pressureoilmechanism压油装置controlcubicleandelectricregulatingcubicleofexciter励磁各控制柜、电调柜automaticelement自动化元件controlpanelofaircompressorandwaterpumps气机及水泵控制盘protectionpanelandprotectionboardofotheroperationboard保护盘及其他操作屏保护屏highvoltagesleeve高压套管transformerbody变压器本体coolerchamber冷却室manometer压力表adhensivewatertest微水测试checkwhetherjunctionsarelooseandexcessivelyheated检查各接头有无松动发热问题checkwhetherconnectingsurfaceofcontactsofbreakersareburned检查各开关触头接触面是否烧毁checkwhetherscrewsonleadterminalblockarelooseandexcessivelyheated检查引线端子螺丝是否紧固，有无发热问题checkwhetheraxlesofdrivingmechanismarequalified检查传动机构各轴销是否完好filloiltodrivingparts对各传动部分注油coatVaselineoiltoconnectingsurfacebetweenstaticandmovablecontact对动静触头接触面涂凡士林油reliableandflexible可靠灵活lead-outjoint引出线接头wipeslipringwithnon-aqueousethanol用无水乙醇擦滑环lubricantgrease润滑脂measurethethrowofupperguidebearing测量上导摆度chemicalanalysis化验分析brakingring制动环impactstud压紧螺杆brakeshoe风闸闸板pivotedshoe=bearingshoe/pad轴瓦visualsurface外观sealingmechanism密封装置pressuredifferentce压差tightenterminalblock端子排坚固cleanconnectingareabetweenplug-incomponentswithnon-aqueousethanol各插件接触部位用无水乙醇清洗limitingswitch限位开关solenoiddistributingvalve电磁配压阀controlpartofelectricalvalve电动阀门的控制部分solenoidoperatedairvalve电磁空气阀indicatingswitch,flowrelay示流器liquidlevelindicator液位信号器boardinversesource面板逆变电源periodicallytestfunctionofkeysbypressingthemdown定期进行按键功能试验changeovercontact转换接头checkstrokejoint检查行程接点dopressuretestonoilpumps油泵打压试验electrolyte电解，电解液testandmeasureelectrolytelevelandgravityofbattery.Chargeitifitisnotuptostandard.蓄电池电解液面及比重检测。如比重达不到标准，应充电。Fastenterminalconnection,各项指标ratedparameter0.8MPaaircompressor:空压机1,replaceoilfiletercoreinthesecases:oilfiltercoreinanewcompressorwhichhasbeenputinservicefor150hoursforthefirsttime.Coreinservicefor2000hours.Indicatorofoilfiltergoeson.Replacecorewhenreplacinglubricantoil.油过滤芯更换时间：在第一个累计运行150小时或以后每累计运行2000小时之后；或者油过滤指示灯亮。更换润滑油时必须更换油过滤器芯。2,airfiltercoreshouldbereplacedinthesecases:indicatorofitonpanelgoeson;ithasbeeninserviceforayear;whilecoolantisreplaced;observeindicatorwhildunitisoperatingunderfullload.空气滤清器芯的更换时间：当仪表盘上空滤器指示灯亮；一年之后或更换冷却时。在机组满负荷运转时应观察指示灯。3,replacelubricantoilwhen:formeroilhasbeeninservicefor2500hours.Ifit’sinserviceoverayearbutlessthan2500hourstotally,itshouldbechangedaswell.润滑油更换时间：累计运行达2500小时；运行一年时，即使不满2500小时也必须更换油。4,coreofoil-waterseparateorshouldbechangedwhenpressuredifferenceacrossendsofthecoreisthreetimesofthevalueatthebeginningatserviceandwhenthemaximumpressuredifferencereaches1.0bar.油分离器芯更换时间：当分离器芯两端的压差是开始时的三倍数值时或最大压差达到1.0bar时。5,examineunit,lubricatemovingpartsanddocleaning:检查机组和转动部件润滑及清洁工作：examineoillevelofcompressorandfilloiltoitwhenneeded;检查压缩机润滑油位，油量不足时应加油。116 Examineindicator’sstateofoilandairfilter.检查油过滤器及空气过滤器指示灯是否亮。Checktoseewhetherreadingsofallinstrumentsarewithinnormalrange.检查各仪表读数是否在规定范围内。Checkthepressuredifferenceofoil-waterseparator.检查油分离器芯前后压差。Checkworkingstateofalloperationalswitches.检查各操作开关的工作情况Checktoseewhetherthereisabnormalnoisesandleakageofunit.检查机组有无异常响声及泄漏。Sampleandobserveiflubricantoilhasdeteriorated取样观察润滑油是否变质Cleandustoffsurfaceofunit清洁机组外表灰尘Checktoseeiftemperatureswitchofexhaustdoesn’twork.检查排气温度开关是否失灵。6,cleanfanblades,coolersurfaceandunit清洁冷却器表面及风扇叶片和机组周围的灰尘。Washventnoisereducer清洗放气消声器Filllubricantgreasetobearingacrossmotor加注润滑脂于前后轴承上。Examineifthereisbreakageandageinflexiblehoseandreplaceitwhennecessary.检查所有软管有无破裂和老化现象，根据情况更换软管。Checkelectricalelementsandcleandustwithinelectriccontrollingbox检查电器元件，清洁电控箱内的灰尘7,washbearingacrossmotorandrefilllubricantgrease.清洗电动机前后轴承并重新加润滑脂correctpressuregaugesandkeeperrorbelow±0.02MPa.检验各压力表，误差不得大于±0.02MPa.electricactuator电力传动装置,电动执行机构电表ammeterentersystem进入系统UPS=uninterruptiblepowersystem不间断电源CB1(UPSinput&batterybreaker)CB3(UPSoutputbreaker)机电设备electromechanicalequipment,可变电阻器sliderheostat,钳子tongs，夹相表clampphasemeter毫秒表millisecondmeter,接头电阻测试仪bondresistancetester电阻器resistor升压变压器boosttransformer,networkreceiverandtransmitter,change-overswitch切换开关double-positionrelay双位继电器pressuregauge压力表voltmeter电压表silicon硅booster升力器boosteradjuster增压调节器microammeter微安培计brace支柱，曲柄servomoterlocker接力器锁锭computercartridge计算机墨盒stapler订书机comeintoeffect实施amendment改善，改正elasticity=flexibility弹性tension张力absorptivity吸收率tosearchforreasonwhyrunningNo.20.8MPaaircompressortrips2号0.8MPa空压机运行中掉电原因查找makepreliminarypreparation前期准备工作conductperformancetest进行性能试验bearingcoverplate轴承盖板runningconditions运行条件additionalregulation补充规定maintenancetechnology检修工艺couplerofPMG永磁机联轴节connectingbolts连接螺栓polekey磁极键safetyvalveonpressureoilpump压油泵安全阀governorsystem调速系统hydraulicsystem液压系统thermometricsystem测温系统verification确认，查证diminishhiddentroubleonsafety消除安全隐患synchronousdevice同期装置illustration图表，插图toorganizeworkonreceptionofunit5aftercommissioningtest组织做好5号机组试运后接收工作toworkoutoperationregulationsonsomesystemsorequipment制定部分系统或设备的运行规定tosuperviseandinstructGOED"soperatorstoconductpatrolinspectiononequipmentoutdoors.督促并指导GOED做好户外设备的巡视检查工作tocooperatewithothersonworkconcerningunit5andfamiliarizerelatedequipment做好5号机组检修作业的配合及有关设备的熟悉工作drainagepumpingallery廊道排水泵firepump消防泵tocleanandcheckupperguidebearingofunit3externallyandhandleoilleakagefrombearingcoverplate3号机组上导轴承外部清扫检查及轴承盖板漏油处理formality礼节，正式手续kilowatt-hourmeter有功电度表kilovar-hourmeter无功电度表transducer传感器，变换器sensor传感器hydraulichoistforgates导叶启闭机dewaterpumproom排水泵室bottomsluicegate泄水门opticalfibercable光纤电缆trialoperation试运行commissioningtest传动试验wattmeter瓦特计electric-contactpressuregauge电接点压力表deflectionofclosingvalvelever关闭阀杆倾斜dielectric电介，绝缘体，非传导性的reiterate重申，反复说specialized专门的efficient有效率的，能干的comprehend领会，理解electro-mechanicalterms&idioms机电术语inturn依次acquaint使熟知，通知desiredinterest渴望的兴趣commit提交116 makeacoordination做协调executionmaintenancework执行维修工作displacement位移deflection偏转，偏差windtunnel风道airbrake风闸screwsonwindshieldofairbrake风闸挡风螺钉tower塔earthingarrester接地避雷器load-rejectiontest甩负荷试验toconductperiodicaltest,change-overandmaintenanceofrelatedequipment对相关设备进行定期试验，转换和维修precaution防范，预防distinct清楚的，明显的accelerate加速，促进drainpipe排水管resistor电阻器comprehensively全面地，广泛地Trainingshouldbeginwithprinciples,practicalskilltolayasolidfoundationandproceedwithitsystematically系统地afterwards.Suchresultshouldbepreventedtoobtainingthatseveralyearslater,operatorswillremainatthelevelofsimpleoperations.Followtheprescribeorderstep-by-step按部就班Thiscontactisofdouble-coilstartingandsinglecoilholdingself该接触器为双线圈启动，单线圈保持toimprovereliabilityofitsperformance提供其动作的可靠性parallelin并联parallelout解列dustproof防尘respirator呼吸器safetyfirst,preventionpriority安全第一，预防为先hypothesis假设creepage漏电complywith照做tentativescheme试验性的计划reliableservicepoweroperationmode可靠的厂用电操作模式springandflexiblecouplingof4-stagesuctionexhaustvalve4段吸、排气阀的弹性联接facilitatework便利工作oillevelonbreather油枕油位actualoillevelonbreather,readingonoillevelindicator,readingonthermometerontransformer,Understaffed人手不足的coordinate同等，协调tosampleandanalyzeoilfromtapchangerofno.1H.Vservicetransformer1号高压厂用变分接开关取油样化验Takeupworkconcerning72hcommissioning72小时试运工作handleanomalies异常处理floodgate泄洪门toworkoutcomplementaryregulationsonoperationofsomesystemsandequipmentonrunningconditionsofequipment根据设备运行情况制定部分系统或设备运行的补充规定toproduce50000000kwhelectricenergyasplaned,permanentmagnetgenerator永磁机tapchanger分接开关vulnerable易受攻击的decorate装饰localinspection现场检查signalsaying"LOWoillevelin1#oilreserveoirforemergencygatesonsection1"turnedup.Air-dischargingpiston排气活塞incomingline引人线openinglimiter开限executedworksheet已执行工作票transmit传导，传输FMKfieldbreaker灭磁开关muffler消声器casing包装，保护性外套electricshock电击dry-typeextinguisher干式灭火器carbondioxideextinguisher炭二氧化物灭火器apparatuss仪器，设备megohmmeter兆欧姆表misoperation误动作rectifier整流器insulatingmat绝缘垫pressureplate压板rim-brake轮圈刹车feedback反馈axial轴向的scaffolding脚手架erect竖立的，笔直throttlevalve节流阀rotatingmechanism转动机构drillhole钻孔stipulate规定，保证passageway通道hydraut消防栓asbestos石棉combustible=flammable易燃的fireproofmaterial防火efflorescence风化collapse倒塌scald烫伤hereafter今后，从此以后simultaneously同时地curriculumvitae履历inaccordancewith与…一致，依照conceive构思conceptive概念上，构思supplementalexplanationondrawing补充解释workoutquestionsandstandardanswersandGOEDwillmark.Bonus/prize奖金postponement延期，延缓elasticity弹力，弹性preliminary预备的，初步的loadsolenoidvalve加载电磁阀reliefsolenoidvalve放气电磁阀controloilcylinder控制油缸butterflyvalve蝶阀energize通电deenergize失电completeaircapacity全气量completeaircapacitytocutoffpressureoilflowingtooilcylinder切断流向油缸的压力油underactionofresetingspring在复位弹簧的作用下runidlewithminimumpower以最低功率惰转consumingairpressureofsystem系统用气time-lagrelay延时继电器disconnector隔离开关tripcoil分闸线圈closingcoil合闸线圈lossofexcitation失磁negativesequenceinversetime负序反时exciteflashing起励two-stepclosurevalve2段关闭阀speeddetecting转速测控仪sumpoiltank回油箱putinlocker/putoutlocker投入锁锭/拔出锁锭rubbersealingring围带ACpowersupplyfailure交流电源故障gateopening导叶开度frequencysetting频率给定unitfrequency机组频率frequencydeadband频率死区gatepositionfeedback导叶反馈governorelectricalcabinet调速器电气装置sectionbreaker分段断路器powersourcefromdistributeoncenterno.5电源来自5号配电singlephaseenclosed单相封闭standardcode标准代号stopvalve截止阀dewaterpumpofheadcoverforunitno.2单元端盖除水泵116 powerincrease功率增加openlimitinghandwheel开限手轮airvalve气阀oillevelgauge油位计，油浮子drawertypePTcubicle抽屉式电压互感器柜vacuumCBtruck真空断路器手车truckchamber手车小室energystoredmanually手动储能lightingswitch照明开关emergencyopen紧急分闸horizontalairreceiver卧式储气罐manuacturesertialnumber出厂编号workingmedium工作介质spiralcase涡壳lightingdistributionbox照明配电箱bubblepressurewaterlevelcontroller吹气式水位控制器centrifugalpump离心泵alarminglevel报警水位currentquickcut-offprotection电流速断保护intensegas重瓦斯weakgas轻瓦斯3-phasenon-coordinate3相非同期disconnectorinterlockcontrolboard刀闸闭锁控制板emergencyillumination事故照明faultrecorder故障录波器instantaneoustripping瞬间跳闸blockingreclosing闭锁重合sewagestandbypumprun备用污水泵运行storagebattery/storagecell/secondarybattery蓄电池reversible可逆的rechargeable可充电的maintainingwasher固定垫maintainingvalve保持阀maintainingfurnace保温炉dismantle拆修mainpowercontrol主用电源控制indicatingrunning投入信号runningpumpfault工作泵故障signalcircuit信号回路runningsignallamp运行信号灯faultsignal故障信号time-delaytrippingoutletofallcoolersstop冷却器全停延时跳闸引出lowwaterpressuresignal水压降低信号generalcontrolcircuit控制总回路drainterminal引出线drainvalve排水，泄水阀polarity极性short-leadprotection短引保护gatepilotvalve,bladepilotvalve,emersion出现，再现，脱出potentiometer电位计congestion拥塞，充血windowsill窗台，窗沿balcony阳台withdraw收回，退回inadequatepreparation不充分准备abstract摘要，概要oilduct油管takeprovisionalmeasure采取临时措施observatory天文台，气象台temperaturecontrolvalve温控阀oilseparatevessel油分离罐lubricantcirculationsystemaircooler风冷压缩机润滑循环系统loadsolenoidvalve负载电磁阀energized通电de-energized失电drainvalve排污阀oilsumparea盛油区oillevelsightglasee油位窥镜flangemountedseperatorelement分离器元件安装法兰air/oildischargefromairend从气端排油、气checkvalvetopreventbackflowintoairendatshutdown止逆阀防止压缩机停止时气流倒回coldstarttemperatureswitch冷启动温度开关,isolatesandmaintainsinclosedpositionifinjectedoiltemperaturelowerthan120°FScavenge打扫，从废物提取oilfillconnection加油口aftercooler后置冷却器compressorinletairfilter压缩进气过滤器airflowsystem空气流程图mountedoninstrumentpanel装在仪表板上air/oilmixturedischargefromairend油气混合气inletaircomtrolvalve进气控制阀omission冗长perceptual知觉的rational理性的，推理的notion概念，想法subordinate次要的，从属的deficiency缺乏不足reducer减压器manual-automaticchangingvalve手动-自动转换阀门couplerdevice连接设备humidiometer湿度计synchronizingoperation同步操作abnormalreturn异常返回,abrade磨蚀,abrasion磨损,abrasioninspection磨损检查,abrasionresistance=abrasiveness耐磨,abrasivepaper砂纸,abrasivewheel砂轮,abridgeddrawing略图,abscess砂眼,absolutealtitude绝对标高,absoluteerror绝对误差,absolutehumidity绝对湿度,absolutepressure绝对压力,absolutetemperature绝对温度,absolutevacuum绝对真空,absolutealcohol无水酒精,absorbability吸收能力,absorbance吸收率,absorbentoscillation阻尼振动,absorbentcarbon活性炭,absorber吸收器,absorbingmedium吸收介质,accelerant使加速,acceleratedaging加速老化acceleratingtorque加速力矩,accelerator加速器,accelerometer加速度表,acceptablevalue容许值,acceptancecheck验收,acceptancetest验收试验,acceptor接收器,accessories配件，附属设备,accessory附属设备，附加的,accidentalerror偶然误差,aceticacid醋酸,acetyleneblack炭黑,acetylenegenerator乙炔发生器,acidcleaning酸洗,acid-proof耐酸的,acid-resistant抗酸的,acrotorque最大力矩,activecomponent有功部分,activecurrent有功电流,activepower有功功率,actuatingmechanism执行机构,actuator传动装置,adapter接头，适配器,adiabaticexpansion绝热膨胀,adjustableblade可调叶片,adjustablejet可调喷嘴,adjustablepropeller可调螺旋浆adjustablevane可调导叶,adjuster调节器,admissiblestress许用应力,adsorbentfilter吸附过滤器,advertiser信号器,aftercondenser后冷却器,aftercooler后置冷却器after-current剩余电流,after-treatment后处理,ag(e)ing老化,agingunit老机组，旧机组primaryair,secondaryair,tertiaryair三次风airbreaker=aircircuitbreaker(ACB)空气断路器,air-choke空气扼流圈,airclutch空气离合器,airconditioning空气调节,aircoolingzone空气冷却区,air-duct（电机铁心）通风道,airflow气流,airgap气隙,airheater/air-preheater空气预热器,air-proof气密的,airscoop进气口,air-spring气垫,airventfilter排气过滤器,116 airway通气孔,aligner校准器,allenscrew六角螺丝allenwrench,allotter分配器allowablebearingcapacity容许承载力,alternatingfield交流磁场,aluminum铝,ambienttemperature周围温度,ammeter/amperemeter电流表，安培计,amperage安培数，电流强度,ampere-turn安匝amperete限流器amplification放大，放大系数amplifier放大器inverteramplifier倒相放大器magneticamplifier磁放大器pulseamplifier脉冲放大器,amplitude振幅，幅度,amplitudemodulation调幅,analog模拟analogcomputer模拟计算机,analogcontrol模拟量控制,analogdata模拟数据,anchor电枢，衔铁，铰钉anchorbolt基础螺栓,地脚螺丝,anchorpole锚杆,anemometer风速仪,anglegage角规,anionexchanger阴离子交换器,anionresin阴离子树脂anisoelastic非弹性的,annualgeneration年发电量annualproduction年产量，年发电量annualreservedvolume年蓄水量annular环形的,annulargear内齿轮annularjet环形喷口annunciater信号器，示号器anode阳极，正极,anodic阳极的,antenna天线,anti-abrasion防磨,anticlockwise逆时针方向的anticlutter反干扰anticoincidence反重合，非一致,anti-corrosive防腐蚀的,anti-interference抗干扰,antiknock抗震anti-oxidant抗氧化剂,防老化剂antiphase逆相,antipode对极,antirust防锈anticaling防垢antisepsis防腐antisqueak消声器antistatics防电剂antisymmetric反对称的apparatus仪器，器具,applicationprogram应用程序approachment端差approximate接近于,approximation,apron挡板apyrous耐火的，防火的araldite环氧树脂arc弧光，电弧arc-arreste放电器，火花熄灭器arc-back逆弧（整流器的）arc-extinction灭弧arcing击穿，发弧，构成逆弧archive归档arclamp弧光灯arcotron显光管arc-over电弧，放电，飞狐drainagearea流域面积armature电枢armaturemmf电枢磁动势direct-axis~纵轴电枢磁动势quadrat-axis~横轴电枢磁动势armaturereaction电枢反应armouredcable铠装电缆armouredconcrete钢筋混凝土armaturedthermocouple铠装热电偶arrestor制动装置，避雷器，放电器articulatedcoupling铰链式联轴器，活节联接器asbestos石棉as-builtdrawing竣工图ashseparator除尘器asphalt沥青，柏油aspirate吸出aspiration,aspirator,assembler装配器assemblystress装配应力asymmetricalshort-circuit不对称短路asynchronism异步steady-statestability静稳定度autoexcitation自激励autoformer自耦变压器auto-manualswitch自动-手动开关automaticcontrol自动控制automaticdispatchingsystem自动调度系统automaticfollowing自动跟踪automaticprogramming自动程序设计automaticregulation自动调节automaticsynchronizer自动同步器auto-transformer自藕变压器autovalve自动阀auxiliarypower厂用电auxiliarysteampipe辅汽管道auxiliarytransformer厂用变压器avometer万用电表axialclearance轴向间隙axialcondenser轴向布置凝气器axialdisplacement轴向位移axialexpansion轴向膨胀axial-flow轴流式的axialflowfan轴流风机axialforce轴向力axialpositionindicator轴向位移指示器axialthrust轴向推力axialthrustbearing轴向推力轴承axialvelocity轴向速度back-fire逆火，逆弧backingring衬环backingstrip,backingweld底焊backnut锁紧螺母backrun反转，封底焊backseat后(阀)座backstand支承，构架,backupfile备用文件,backvalve止回阀,backwater回水,bafflebrick隔墙砖,baffleplate挡板,bafflewall隔墙balancer平衡器,balancesheet资产负债表balancingweight平衡块，配重ballbearing滚珠轴承,bang-bangcontrol继电器式控制barchartgraph,bargate,barrelpin销钉barrelwinding桶形绕组barretter镇流器barricade障碍物，隔板barring盘车barringgear盘车装置baseload基本负荷baseplate底板basicshaft主轴beamcaliper大卡尺，journalbearing套筒轴承rollbearing滚动轴承thrustbearing,bearingblock轴承座bearingcapacity,anodebed阳床benchdrill台钻bendingstrength,biannual一年两次biennial两年一次的biddingdocument标书bidirectional双向的，双向作用的bidirectionalswitch双向开关binocular双筒望远镜telescope望远镜biweekly两周一次的，blacksmith锻工bladeclearance叶片间隙bladeinclination叶片角度bladewheel叶轮blackflange堵板，闷头法兰blindflange盲法兰blackrun空转bleeder泄放阀，分压器，分泄电阻，稳定负载电阻blindnipple闷头短管blockgauge块规blockmount组装blowdown排污blowdownpipe排污管blowdownvalve,bourdengauge弹簧管式压力表braking制动branchbus,branching分支，分路airbreaker,by-passbreak,oilbreak,tank-typebreak,breakbuscouple,breakdown击穿，崩溃，破损breakpoint断点bridgearm,bridgecrane,bridgegauge,brushlessexcitation,brush-rocker,bubblelevel,bucketcover围带bucketwheel斗轮buffer缓冲器buffing抛光，磨光，打磨=burnishbullgear主齿轮burr毛刺burring去毛刺doublebus双母线ringbus,sectionalbus分段母线segregatedbus分相封闭母线signalbus单母线116 transferbus旁路母线bush衬套，轴瓦bushing套管buttjoint对接接头buttwelding对接焊by-passsystem旁路系统oil-filledcable充油电缆powercable,singlephasecable单芯电缆submarinecable水下电缆cablebusduct电缆母线cablelaying电缆布设calcium钙calibrate校准，刻度calibrator校准器calorstat恒温器camfollower凸轮随动作camshaft凸轮轴canisterrespireator防毒面具cantilever悬臂，支架cantilevercrane悬臂吊车capabilityoperatingcondition能力工况capacitance电容，容量capacitiveelement容性元件capacitor电容器capacitorvoltagetransformer电容式电压互感器breakingcapacity断流能力capstanlathe六角车床captivetest静态试验carbon碳棒，炭刷carbondioxide二氧化碳carbonmonoxide一氧化碳cardan万向节头，万向节carrierring隔板套carrierwave载波innercasing内缸outercasing外缸chamber腔室channelswitch波段开关characteristiccurve特性曲线closedcircuit闭合回路equivalentcircuit等价电路opencircuit开路primarycircuit,secondarycircuit,shortcircuit,circuitbreaker,assistedcirculation强制循环combinedcirculation复合循环forcedcirculation强制循环naturalcirculation自然循环circumcircle外接圆civilengineering土木工程clamp线夹，夹子，夹钳groundclamp接地线夹tensionclamp耐张线夹terminalclamp终端线夹clampedamplifier箝位放大器clamper箝位电路clawcoupling爪形联轴器cleanlinessfactor清洁系数clearancefit间隙配合clearancegauge量隙规clearanceleakage间隙泄漏clearanceloss余隙损失cleavagefracture解理断口cleft裂缝，裂口cliper,clippingamplifier限幅放大器clocksystem同步脉冲系统clockwise顺时针，右旋clockwork钟表机构closedcircuit,closedcirculating,closedcirculatingmode二次循环方式closedcycle,closedfit闭合模closingpiece锁块clutch离合器，联轴器coaxial共轴的，coaxswitch同轴开关coefficient系数coilformer线圈架coilingmachine盘（弹）簧机coincidence符合，重合coke焦炭coldextrusion,coldtreatment冷处理collaboration合作collapse崩溃collectionchamber，collectingelectrode吸尘电极collector集流环，集电极compressionspring压缩弹簧compressor,computer-aideddesign,computercontrol,concentratedload集中负载condemn谴责condition条件，情况，调节exitcondition出口参数normalcondition额定状态norminalcondition标称状态standardcondition标准状态suctioncondition入口参数conditioner温度调节器conditioning工况调节conevalve锥阀conformablematrix可相乘矩阵corrosion腐蚀，侵蚀counterspring缓冲弹簧coupler,coupling,hydrauliccoupling,slipcoupling,couplingend,couplingsleeve,coverband,cranegantry,crankshaft曲轴creepage漏电creeplife,creeplimit,criticaltemperature,current-carrying,currentcollector,currentinterruption,cushioning减振器cutoffgate截止阀cut-offvalve截流阀dailycheck每日检查dailymaintenance,earthdam土坝earth-rockfilldam土石坝dampedoscillation阻尼震荡dampedvibration阻尼振动damperwinding阻尼绕组darlistor复合可控硅dashboard挡板，仪表表dataplate铭牌deadabutment/fixedabutment固定支座，止推轴承deadband/zone死区，不灵敏区deadstop完全停止deadtime空载时间deafener减音器，消声器debooster减压器，限制器debugger调试程序deburring去毛刺declination倾斜decorate,deflction偏差，偏离deform变形，失真currentdensity电流密度designparameter设计参数fluorescentlamp日光灯vectordiagram向量图differentialamplifier微分放大器differentialcapacitor差动电容器differentialprotection,digitalindicator,digitalmultimeter,directionblocking方向闭锁disassemble分解discharge放电dischargepump排泄泵discharger放电器dischargetemperature出口温度dischargevalve排放阀disconnectingdevice切断装置disconnectingswitch=disconnector隔离开关dismantle拆除，拆散dismount卸下dispatcher调度员displacement位移，移动displaycementpump活塞泵disposal处理，处置disproportion不均衡dissymmetrical不对称的distributionboard,distributionloss配电损失disturbance扰动，干扰divisionwall隔墙domesticdirectdialing国内直拨电话double-fed双馈doubleflow双流dowelpin定位销downwind顺风drainagepipe排泄管drainvalve疏水阀drawaconclusion得出结论driftmeter偏移测量仪drilling钻孔by-passairduct旁路风道suctionairduct吸风道dumppump回油泵dumpvalve泄放阀duplexer天线转换开关duplicator复印机duplicatepart备件dustarrester吸尘器dustcleaner除尘器dustcollector集尘器earthing接地earthometer兆欧表，接地检查仪dynamometer功率计，测力计easypushfit滑动配合easyrunningfit转动配合easyservicing小修eccentricgear偏心齿轮effectiveefficiency有效效率effectiveoutput,effectivepower,mechanicalefficiency发电机效率thermalefficiency热效率oil116 ejector注油器elasticconstant弹性常数elasticcoupling弹性联轴节elasticstress弹性应力elasticwasher弹簧垫圈electricalpump电动泵electricarcwelding电弧焊electricplaner电刨electrohydraulicconverter电液转换器electromagnet电磁铁，电磁体electromagneticinduction电磁感应electricmobile电瓶车electroscope验电器electrostatic静电的electrothermal电热的electro-welding电焊embed放入，嵌入，埋置emergencylighting事故照明emergencypower紧急备用动力emergencypump紧急备用泵emergencysource事故电源emergencystop危急停机emergencystopvalve主汽门emergencytrip紧急脱扣，危急遮断emulation仿真endcover封头endframe端架endplate端板，端盖endthrust轴端推力endtighting端部紧固end-point终点，终端endurancefailure疲劳破损endurancelife耐久寿命endurancelimit耐久极限endurancestrength耐久强度endurancetest耐久强度end-view侧视图endwiring端部线圈end-windingleakage端部线圈漏磁energize供能，励磁，通以电流potentialenergy势能，电能energyloss能量损失enhancer增强器，放大器enlarger放大器entryloss进口损失epikote环氧树脂equalizingvalve均压阀equilibratedvalve压力平衡阀equilibriumdiagram平衡图，状态图，相图equipotential等电位，等电势equivalentcircuit等价电路erosion侵蚀，腐蚀erosionrate侵蚀率erosionresistance抗侵蚀性errorhandling出错处理errormethod误差法errorterm误差项escapevalve泄放阀establishmentangle安装角ethanol乙醇，酒精excitationsystem励磁系统exciter励磁机，激励器，主控振荡器mainexciter主励磁机pilotexciter副励磁机excitingharmonic激振斜率excursion偏移，偏差，振幅exhaustduct排气管道exhauster排气器，抽风机exhaustfan引风机exhaustoutput排气口exhaustsilencer排气消音器exhauststeampipe排汽管externalcrack外表裂纹externalforce外力externalgland端部汽封extinguisher灭火器airfoamextinguisher泡沫式灭火器CO2extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器drychemicalextinguisher粉沫式灭火器extrusionstress挤压应力availabilityfactor可用系数loadfactor负荷系数utilizationfactor利用系数windingdistributionfactor绕组分布系数Fahrenheittemperature华式温度failsafeoperation完全安全运行fail-safety系统可靠性fastvalve快关阀faultlocator故障位置测定器faultphase-to-phase相间故障faultresistance故障电阻feedback反馈feedbackcontrol反馈控制feedbacklinkage反馈联杆feedcable送电电缆feederline馈电线路feedforward前馈feedvalve给水阀feelergauge塞尺，测隙规，厚薄规feetswitch装脚开关feltwasher毡垫圈femalefitting内螺纹femaleflange内法兰femalejoint套筒结合femalescrew阴螺丝ferroconcrete钢筋混凝土fieldcoil励磁线圈fieldcurrent励磁电流fieldinspection现场检查fieldrheostat磁场变阻器fieldyoke磁轭filleting嵌缝法filletwelding角焊filmcooling气膜冷却filmlubrication油膜润滑filmresistor薄膜电阻filtergauge滤网filtermedium过滤介质finaloutput终端输出fineadjustment精调，微调finecut精加工fire-extinguisher灭火器fireprecaution防火装置firepump救火泵firstcriticalspeed一阶临界转速fixeddiskdriver硬盘驱动器flangebolt法兰螺栓flangedjoint法兰联接flapvalve瓣阀flashover飞弧，闪络flatiron扁铁float浮子floatingcharge浮充电floatswitch浮动开关floatregulation浮子调节floodvalve溢流阀flopover双稳态多谐振荡器，触发器counterflow逆流，反向流动contraflow对流，逆流flowdeflector导流片flowdiagram流程图flowdivider分流器fluid-supplysuspendsionrelay断流继电器flushingpipe冲洗管fluxdensity漏磁follow-upcontrol随动控制follow-upvalve随动阀forcedfit压入配合forcedlubrication强制润滑forcedoutage强迫停机forcedpartialoutage限制出力foreignmatter异物，杂质foundationbolt底脚螺丝fracture裂缝，裂痕freeharmonicvibration自由谐振freeoscillation自由振荡freepistion,freerunning空转，无人监视运转powerfrequency功频frequencyallocation频率配置frequencybandrange频率范围frequencydivider分频器frequencydoubler倍频器frequencymodulation频率调制frequencyresponse频率响应，频率特性friction摩擦frictionclutch磨擦离合器frontview前视图frostvalve防冻阀fullvoltage满电压fullvoltageimpulse全电压冲击functiongenerator函数发生器fundamentalfrequency基频fundamentalharmonic基波fusecontactor熔断接触器galvanometer电流计，捡流计ganging同轴，共轴gangoperated同轴操作gangswitch同轴开关gantrycrane龙门吊车gapcapacitance间隙电容gap-gauge间隙规gas-filledcable充气电缆gaswelding气焊gateblade锁紧叶片gatethrottle节流门gatevalve闸阀gaugeboard仪表盘gaugehole测孔gaugepressure表压力gaugerod量杆barringgear盘车装置gearcoupling齿轮联轴器generalarrangement总布置generatingcost发电成本generating116 equipment发电设备generator-transformerunit发电机变压器组gland密封装置glandpacking盘根，汽封填料glandseal汽封glazingmachine抛光机globevalve球阀go-between连接杆，中间节goggles护目镜，墨镜governoroil调速油governorvalvewideopen调速阀全开grabcrane抓斗吊车grindstone磨石groovedarmature有槽电枢groundbus接地母线groundclamp接地夹groundcoating底漆groundconnection接地线groundinggrid接地网groundrelay接地保护继电器groundrod接地棒grubscrew平头螺丝guardplate护板guardring保护环guidebearing引导轴承guidepin导向销guiderule准则guideslot刀槽guidewheel隔板guyanchor地锚，拉线杆guyedpole拉线杆guyinsulator拉线绝缘子hairspring游丝，细弹簧hammerwelding锻焊handbook手册handfile手锉handwheel手轮,驾驶盘handy-talkie步话机hang-over释放延迟hang-up意外停机highlight要点，强光，突出，强调hightension高电压hinder阻止，妨碍hingearmature枢轴衔铁hoistingequipment卷扬机holdingcircuit保持电路holdingcoil保持线圈holdingrelay保持继电器inspectionhole监视孔manhole人孔observationhole视察孔hollowcoil空心线圈hollowshaft空心轴homingrelay复位继电器hone磨石，油石honeycombcoil蜂窝状线圈houseconsumption厂用电消耗housegeneratingset厂用电发电机组houseloadoperation带厂用电运行housetransformer厂用变压器houseturbine厂用气轮机housewiring屋内布线huntingfrequency振荡频率hydrauliccoupling液力耦合器hydrauliccylinder液压缸hydrostatictest静水压试验hyposynchronous次同步的idlecoil死线圈idlefrequency中心频率idlestroke空行程idletime惰走时间idlerunning空转，惰走illumination照明illuminationengineering照明工程illuminator照明装置imbalance不平衡imbed埋置impacterosion冲击侵蚀leakageimpedance漏抗negative(positive)sequenceimpedance负(正)序阻抗transientimpedance暂态阻抗impregnatedcable浸浸电缆impressedpressure外加压力impressedvoltage外加电压impulserelay冲击继电器impulseresponse脉冲响应impulsevoltage冲击电压inchingtest渐进地试验inching低速转动，微动inclination倾斜，偏角inclined-tubemanometer斜管式压力计incomingfeeder进线，输入馈路incomingsignal输入信号incurrelate不相关的independenttimelagrelay定时限继电器indicateddial指示盘indicatedvalue指示值indicatingpressure指示压力indicatingneedle指针shaftpositionindicator轴向位移指示器vibrationindicator振动仪indirect间接的，迂回的individualline用户专用线indoorinsulator室内绝缘子indoorequipment室内设备induced感应的，诱导的inducedcharge感应电荷inducedcircuit感应电路inducedcirculation强制循环induceddraftfan引风机inducedvelocity诱导速度inducing感应的inducer电感器，诱导体inductance感抗，电感mutualinductance互感self-inductance自感inductancebridge感应电桥inductiongenerator感应发电机异步发电机synchronization=in-phase三相同步lossofsynchronization失去同步,失步asynchronization,automaticphasesynchronization自动相位同步carrier-frequencysynchronization载频同步datasynchronization数据[脉冲]同步initialsynchronization初并网,初始同步zonesynchronization同步区synchronizationofcyclicalmovements周期运动的同期性synchronizationofoscillator【信】振荡器的同步inelastic非弹性的，inertia惯性，惯量inertiaconstant惯性常数initialstart-up初次启动initiatingsignal触发信号，起动信号inleteye进气口inlead引入线inletchamber进汽室inputpower输入功率inputterminal进线端子inspectiondoor检查门，检查孔instantaneouspower瞬间功率insulatingoil绝缘油tensioninsulator耐张绝缘子integratedcircuit集成电路integratingcircuit积分电路interceptor拦截器interchanger交换器interfacialtension界面张力interlinkage互连，联接interlock联接，结合，联锁，闭锁装置interlockedswitch联锁开关interlockingdevice联锁装置interlockingrelay联锁继电器interrupter断流器interruptingcapacity遮断容量interruptingcurrent遮断电流interruption断流，停电，断路interstageamplifier中间放大器intertripping联锁跳闸interturn匝间的interturninsulation匝间绝缘inversefeedback负反馈inverseflow反相流动，回流inversetimelag反时限isolatedneutral中性点隔离isolatedneutralsystem不接地系统isolatedphasebusduct分相封母线isolatingcapacitor隔离电容器isolatingjoint隔离接头isolatinglink/switch隔离开关isolationvalve隔离阀isolator隔离开关，绝缘体jackingoilpump顶轴油泵jackingscrew顶起螺钉jam-nut锁紧螺母journalbearing径向轴承,支持轴承journalbrass轴颈铜衬joystick控制杆，操纵杆junctionbox接线箱，分线盒junctionpoint接点keeper衔铁，止动螺帽，夹子keeppin固定销kerosene火油，煤油kilowatt-hourmeter电度表timingkilowatt-hour分时电度表116 o-ring环形knifeswitch闸刀开关laggingcurrent滞后电流layerinsulation层间绝缘layerwinding分层绕组layout配置，设计，方案，布局lay-shaft副轴，中间轴leader导杆，引线leading-in引入leadingrod导向杆leadwire引线levelgauge液位仪lewishole吊楔孔liftingeye吊眼liftpump提升泵lightcircuit照明回路lightingwiring照明布线lightload轻负荷lightingarrestor避雷器lightingconductor/rod避雷针lightingprotection防雷保护lightingstroke雷击limiter限制器limitingswitch限位开关linear直线的，线性的，线状的linearaccelerator直线加速器linechargingcurrent线路充电电流lineinductance线路电感liner套筒，衬套，垫圈，衬垫linevoltage线电压line-to-ground线对地liquidnitrogen液氮liveline带电的livewire载电线，火线livingconditions生活条件loadallocation负荷调整loadcurrent负载电流loaddispatching负荷调度lock闭锁装置lockingblade锁紧叶片locknut锁定螺母lockoutdevice闭锁装置lockwasher锁紧垫圈longitudinalarrangement纵向布置long-lived经久耐用的long-rangeprogram长期规划longtermprogram长期规划loopcircuit环形电路lockloop闭环的loosefit松配合excitingloss励磁损耗frictionloss磨擦损耗windageloss通风损耗lowbrass下半轴瓦lubrication润滑magneticamplifier磁放大器mainbusconnection主接线mainfeedpump主给水泵mailoilump主油泵majoraxis主轴，长轴majoroverhaul大检修majorrepair大修理make-and-break断续，闭合打开make-before-break先闭合后断开makecontact闭合接点makeupprotection后备保护maladjustment失调，失配nonalignment中心偏移maleflange凸法兰femaleflange凹法兰malfunction故障，误动作，失灵maloperation误操作，不正确运行mandatoryrequirement强制性要求mandatoryspareparts随机备品manhole人孔，检查窗口man-machineinterface人-机接口manometer流体压力计manualinterference人工干预manualtripping手动跳闸mechanicalseal机械密封megger高阻计，摇表megohm-meter兆欧表mica云母microcallipers千分尺，测微器micromanometer微压计micrometercalipers千分卡尺microswitch微动开关minimumcurrentrelay低电流继电器minoroverhaul小修misconnection错接，误接misoperation误动作missingoperation拒绝动作mobileoil机器油vibrationmode振动模式modulatingchoke调制扼流圈momentarily暂时，瞬时地，立刻modulatingfrequency调制频率momentarm矩臂momentofinertia转动惯量synchronousmotor同步电机muffjoint套筒接头multi-amplifier多级放大器multicircuitswitch多电路转换开关multifunctional多功能的multipointearthing多点接地multi-resonantcircuit多谐电路nailhammer拔钉锤nativemica天然云母naturalcirculation自然循环nativeoscillation固有振荡naturalvibrationfrequency固有振动频率needlebearing滚针轴承needlevalve针阀negativepressure负压netefficiency净效率netoutput净出力netweight净重neutralaxis中性轴nippers镊子，小钳子nipple螺纹接套，接头短管noblegas惰性气体no-load空载，空负荷no-loaded无负载的，开路的no-loadloss空载损耗no-loadtapchanger无载分接开关non-conductor非导体non-contact无触点non-inflammability不可燃性non-linear非线性的non-returnvalve逆止阀，单相阀non-reversible不可逆的non-synchronous异步的non-volatile不挥发的normalcondition正常工况normalfunction正常函数normallyclosedcontact常闭接点normallyopenedcontact常开接点wideopen全开notouchrelay无触点继电器no-voltageprotection无压保护nuclearpowerplant核电站numericalcontrol数控numeroscope数字记录器nutlock螺母锁紧observationwindow观察窗odd-evencheck奇偶交验off-time断开时间ohmmeter欧姆表，电阻表oilbaffle挡油板oilbreather(充油设备的)吸潮器oilbuffer油缓冲器oilconditioningsystem油净化系统oilconservator油枕oilejector注油器oilfilmoscillation油膜振荡oilfilter滤油器oilgroove油槽oilpurifier净油器oilreservoir油箱oilstrainer滤油器oilwedge油楔onconditionthat在….条件下one-linediagram单线图one-shotcircuit单触发电路one-way单向的onhand在手边onlinediagnosis在线诊断on-loadtapchanger有载分接开关on-offcontrol双位控制onsite现场，接地opencircuit开路operatingcharacteristic运行特性operatingmaintenance小修houseloadoperation带厂用电运行operationalparameter运行参数operatorstation操作员站opposedpistons对置活塞opposite-flow逆流opticaldisk光盘optimumcondition最佳工况optimumstructure最佳结构optionswitch选择开关orientate定向，定方位orifice口，孔O-ringsealO型密封环oscillatingfeeder振动给煤机oscillation摇摆，波动，振荡oscillator振荡器oscillograph示波器oscillosynchroscope同步示波器outage停止，停机，电流中断forcedoutage强迫停运outdoor116 boiler露天锅炉outlet出口，排水口，引出线outlinedimension外形尺寸outletdrawing轮廓图outofcontrol失去控制outoforder发生故障，失调out-of-phase不同相，失调out-of-step失步out-of-stepprotection失步保护out-phase不同相overalldimension总尺寸overallheatconsumption总热耗overcharge过量充电overdamping阻尼过度over-excitation过励磁flashover飞弧overflowvalve溢流阀overheadcrane桥式起重机overheadgroundwire架空地线overheadline架空线overheadpositionwelding仰焊overheat过热overloadedcapacity超负荷能力overpotential过电压over-pressure超压overspeedtrip超速脱扣overvoltage过电压lightningovervoltage雷击过电压switchingovervoltage操作过电压ovonicmemoryswitch双向存储开关ozonometer臭氧计pacevoltage跨步电压packettypeswitch组合开关packinggland填料密封套packingpiece垫块=padblockpackingring汽封环controlpanel控制盘localpanel就地控制盘parallelcapacityance并联电容parallelin并网paralleloperation并列运行parallelport并行口paraphaseamplifier倒相放大器partassemblydrawing零件配图criticalparts主要部件patchbay接线盘，接线架patchboard接线盘percentagedifferentialrelay比例差动继电器performancecurve性能曲线periodicinspection定期检查perkingswitch速断开关permanentdeformation永久变形permanentmagnet永久磁铁permanentmagentgenerator永磁发电机permutator转换开关photoelectrictransformer光电变换器pillow轴枕pilotswitch辅助开关，控制开关pincers夹子pistonrod活塞杆hydro-powerplant水力发电厂pliers刻丝钳，尖嘴钳，扁嘴钳，老虎钳plug-in插座plug-inchassis插件底盘point-contactdiode点接触二极管pointlightingprotection避雷针polishedsurface抛光面poppet-valve提升阀potentialenergy位能，势能potentialtransformer电压互感器poweramplifier功率放大器powercable动力电缆powerdistribution配电powerfrequency工频powerinput/output输入/输出功率powerresponse功率响应powersupplyunit发电机组powertransmissionsystem输电系统pressbutton按钮pressuremanometer压力计pressurereducetionvalve减压阀pressureregulator调压器pressurestage压力级preventivemaintenance预防性维护protectinggroundingnetwork保护接地网protectingnet保护网back-upprotection后备保护gasprotection瓦斯保护impedanceprotection阻抗保护overalldifferential大差动保护reversecurrentprotection逆电流保护protectiveearthing保护接地protectivegap安全隙protectivegear防护装置protectivehelmet安全帽protectiveinterlock保安联锁装置protectiverelay保护继电器protector保安器，保护装置pull-back阻力pullrode拉杆pull-uptorque最低起动转矩pulsatingstresss脉动应力pulseamplification脉冲放大pulsegenerator脉冲发生器boosterpump升压泵，前置泵boosteroilpump增压油泵drainpump疏水泵feedpump给水泵filluppump上水泵，进水泵filterwaterpump过滤水泵ignitionlightoilpump点火轻油泵make-uppump补给水泵oiltransferpump输油泵servicewaterpump工业水泵transferoilpump输油泵punctureimpulsevoltage击穿冲击电压pyrostat恒温器quadraturelagging滞后90度quadraturetransformerT形变压器qualitativeanalysis定性分析qualityspecification质量标准，技术规范qualitywitnesspoint质量监测点quasi-conductor准导体，半导体quasi-insulator准绝缘体quasi-synchronization准同步法quenchcircuit灭弧电路quenchingpot灭弧室quenchingtransformer灭弧变压器quick-actingrelay速动继电器quick-actingswitching-off快速切断quick-actingvoltageregulator速断电压调整器quich-breakfuse速断熔断器quick-breakswitch速断开关quick-responseexcitation快速励磁quiescentcondition静止状态racerotation(idlerotation)空转radialairgap径向气隙radialbearing径向轴承radialclearance径向间隙radialdisplaycement径向位移radialstress径向应力ratedrevolution额定转速ratiodifferentialrelay比例差动继电器reclose重合闸recloser自动重合闸reclosingrelay重合闸继电器rectangularwindtunnel矩形风洞rectiformer整流变压器reducingvalve减压阀reenergize重激励，重通电referencebook参考书referencestandard参考标准regionaldistributionnetwork区域配电网regularinspection定期检查regulatingrheostat调节变阻regulatingvalve调节阀reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土reometer电流表，测电表resistancethermometer电阻温度计retainingnut锁紧螺帽retardationcoil扼流圈retentionpin定位销returnspring恢复弹簧return-to-zero复零reversalofphasesequence相序倒转reverse-currentprotection逆电流保护reverse换向器，换向开关=reversingswitch;reversiblecycle可逆循环shearingforce剪力revolutionmeter转速表rheotrope电流转换开关rheoscope验电器dischargeingrod放电棒ruawayspeed飞车转速rundown停机惰走runningattention运行维护runningfit转动配合，running116 free空转runningmaintenance日常维护ruraldistributionnet农村配电网rust-proof放锈的rest-resistingsteel不锈钢safecarryingcapacity安全载流量Eliminateturbidair排除混浊空气safetycoefficient安全系数safetygap安全隙，保安放电器saleforcash现卖saleprice廉价sampling采样arbitrarysampling随机采样replicatesampling同一样品重复测试representativesampling代表性采样samplingselective选择性采样sandwichwindings叠层绕组saw-shaped锯齿形的scannerrecorder扫描记录器scaterer散热器，扩散器scrapiron废铁screenedcable/shieldedcable屏蔽电缆screw-cap螺丝管帽screwdriver螺丝起子，改锥sealingoil密封油sealingstrip汽封片sealinggland密封装置seamwelding缝焊secondarydistributeonnetwork低压配电网secondaryfeeder备用馈线secondaryharmonic二次谐波secondarymeter二次仪表sectionalbus分段母线sectiondisconnectingswitch分段隔离开关secureingkey定位销selectiveitycharacteristic选择特性selector选择器，波段开关=selectorswitchselectorvalve换向阀self-actingthermostat自动恒温器self-lubricatingbearing自润滑轴承self-restoringrelay自复归继电器selsynsystem自动同步机系统sensor传感器，敏感元件separateor隔板，分离器sequencestep步序sequentialcontrolsystem顺序控制系统seriescapacityor串联电容series-parallel串并联，浑联servicelife使用寿命servicemanual使用手册serviceparts备件servicetrial运行试验servovalve伺服阀setpin削钉setscrew定位螺丝zerosetting零位调整shaftgland轴封sheathedwire铠装线，金属互皮电线shielded-arcwelding气体保护焊shifter移相器shockabsorber阻尼器，减振器，缓冲器shockring减震环short-circuitcurve断路特性曲线short-circuitarmature断路电枢shrinkagefit热套，冷缩配合shuntcoil分流线圈shutoffgatevalve截止阀silencer消声器silicoformer硅整流变压器silistor可变电阻sluice闸板，渠道sluicevalve闸阀smoothrunning平稳运行socketwrench套筒扳手sparkingplug火花塞spoolpilotvalve滑阀springsupport弹簧支座springwasher弹簧垫圈dynamoicstability动稳定staticstability静稳定transientstability暂态稳定stabilization稳定性stablecharging稳定充电stableequilibrium稳定平衡staticswitch静态开关statictest静态试验staticexcitation静态励磁staticinduction静电感应stayedpole拉线杆stayinsulator拉线绝缘子stayedtower拉线铁塔steadyload稳定负荷steamfilm气膜step-downtransformer降压变压器step-outrelay失步继电器stopvalve截止阀stopvalvespindle主气阀芯杆strainer滤网，过滤器straininsulator耐张绝缘子stud-bolt双头螺栓subcarrier副载波subcircuit分支电路substationtransformer配电变压器subzerotemperature零下温度suctioncheckvalve进水管逆止阀supersynchronousmotor超同步电动机supplementaryrelay辅助继电器supplymain给水总管，供电干线supplynetwork馈电网，供电干线supplysource电源supportingframe支架，支框surfacebearing平面轴承surfacecrack表面裂缝surfacedischarge表面放电surfacetension表面张力surgecurrent冲击电流surgeimpedance波阻抗surgeprotection冲击电压保护surgetank缓冲箱，稳压箱，（水电站）调压井surgetransformer浪涌变压器sveillance监视，检验surveyprobe测针，探针suspensionclamp悬线夹suspendsionfittings挂线配件demonstrationtest论证试验suspensioninsulator悬式绝缘子sustainedload持续负荷suspensionspring悬簧swingingload摆动负荷swirlnozzle旋流喷嘴switchboxard配电盘，开关屏switchcabinet开关柜switchcell开关间隔switcher转换开关switchfuse开关保险丝switchhandle开关把手switchingcurrent合闸电流switchingtransient操作瞬态switchpanel控制盘，控制板symmetricalload对称负载symmetricalthree-phasesystem对称三相制symmetricimpedance对称阻抗synchro-indicator同步指示器synchronizer同步器，同步装置synchronizingclutch同步离合器synchronizingtorque同步转矩synchronoscope同步指示器synchronouscapacityor同步调相机synchronousreactance同步电抗synchronousspeed同期转速syntheticamplifier综合放大器，多输入信号放大器systemconfiguration系统配置systemoptimization系统优化tachometer转速表，流速计tackingrivet定位铆钉tailchannel尾水渠tailwater尾水tangentloss截止损耗角draintank疏水箱liquefiedgastank液化气罐make-upwatertank补给水箱oilstoragetank储油罐purifiedwatertank净水箱tap-changer/tapswitch分接开关tape-armouredcable钢带铠装电缆tappedcoil抽头线圈tapwater自来水technicalanalysis工业分析technicalcondition技术条件technicalspecification技术规范，技术条件acceptancetest验收试验dynamicresponsetest动态响应试验endurancetest耐久试验thermorelay热继电器thermoresistance热变电阻throatdiameterofvalve阀门的口径throttle活门，节流圈，节流阀throttlevalve,throttlegoverning节流调节thrust116 segment推力瓦块tidalcurrent潮流tiebolt拉紧螺杆tiebreaker联络开关timelagoverloadrelay延时过载继电器toggleswitch波动开关toroidalcurrenttransformer环形环流继电器synchronoustorque同步力矩torsionalmoment扭矩totally-enclosedfan-cooled全封闭风冷transferrbus旁路母线auxiliarytransformer厂用变压器，辅助变压器spiralcoretypetransformer螺旋形绕组变压器transientresponse瞬时反应transmitsionline输电线路transmitsionnetwork输电网trialoperation试运行triple-poledoublethrow三刀双投throuble-free无故障的trouble-shooting寻找故障，发现缺点tumblerswitch倒扳开关tungsten-arcwelding钨极保护焊two-poleswitch双极开关unbalancedbridge不平衡电桥unbalanceforce不均匀力uncharged放电uncharged未充电的undercharge充电不足under-currentrelay低电流继电器under-frequencyprotection低频保护undergroundlaying地下敷设unelasticity非弹性unexcited未励磁的ungroundedsupplysystem不接地系统uninsulated不绝缘的uninterruptedpowersupply不停电电源(UPS)lineunit接线盒replacementunit备品supplyunit供电设备switchunit转换开关unitauxiliarytransformer厂用变压器universalbridge通用电桥universalcoupling万向接头，万向联轴器universaljoint万向节universalmeter万用表universalmotor通用电机unsealed未密封的unusedtime停机时间upperlevelprocessor上位机vacuummeter/vacuumometer真空计vacuumbreaker真空破坏阀vacuumcapacityor真空电容器vacuumcircuitbreaker真空断流器vacuumtripdevice低真空遮断装置blowdownvalve排污阀pilotvalve控制滑阀pinvalve针阀oressurereducetionvalve减压阀relief/reseasevalve释放阀remotecontrolvalve遥控阀samplingvalve采样阀slidevalve滑阀sluicevalve/gateval;ve闸阀，滑动阀门solenoidvalve螺线管操纵阀stopvalve截止阀ventvalve放气阀valvebush阀套valve-disc阀碟valveresistancearrester阀电阻式避雷器valve-seat阀座valvesilencer阀门消音装置valve-washer阀座垫圈valvewidelyopencondition阀全开工况vane-typerelay扇形继电器ventilatingduct通风道ventilatingslot通风槽ventilation通风ventilationsystem通风系统ventilator通风机ventpipe排气管vernierscale游标尺oilvessel油桶vibrationabsorber减振器，振动阻尼器vibrationfrequency振动频率viewport窥孔visor护目镜vitalightlamp紫外线灯warehouse仓库wastewater废水watercirculatingpump循环水泵watercirculateon水循环waterconsumption水耗water-cool水冷water-cooledforced-oilmode水冷强制油循环方式watercooler水冷却器waterfeeder给水器watergauge水位表watermain总水管water-proofmachine防水电机waterpurifier净水器waterrheostat水变阻器waterscreen水滤网waterseal水封waterseparateor分水器waterstrainer滤水器watertest水压试验wattfulpower有功功率watt-hour瓦时wattmeter瓦特表waveimpedance波阻抗wave-rangeswitch波段开关wearability磨损性wearallowance容许磨耗wearingpart易损件wearingsurface磨损面wear-out磨损wearresistance耐磨性wearring耐磨环wedgebolt楔形螺栓wedgegauge楔规wedgegroove楔形槽weldinginspection焊接检查arcwelding电焊brazewelding钎焊weldingseal密封焊接weldingseam焊缝windbox二次风箱windtunnel风洞wire-resistancegauge电阻丝wirerope钢丝绳wirespacing线间距离wire-woundresistor绕线电阻wiringdiagram布线图withstandtestvoltage耐压试验电压withstandvoltagetest耐电压试验Woodsmetal低熔点合金workinginstruction操纵规程Y-joint叉形接头yokeair-gap轭空气隙Y-section三通接头管Y-Yconncetion双星形接线Z-connection曲折接线zerodrifterror零点漂移误差zerodroop（调速器的）不等率为零zeroerror零误差zerofriction无摩擦zero-sequencereactance零序电抗zero-sequenceresistance零序电阻safeguard安全措施incandescentlamp白炽灯screw-wrench/spanner扳手protectivegap安全保护间隙safestress安全应力earthdam土坝earthrock-filleddam土石坝swingingload摆动负荷oscillation摆动flapvalve瓣阀semi-closedcycle半闭式循环semi-openslot半开口槽semi-sunkswitch半埋装式开关candlefilter棒式过滤器rodinsulator棒形绝缘子barchartgraph棒状图packing-case包装箱exfoliation剥离保安放电器safetygap;protectivec保安联锁装置holdingcircuit保持电流holdingrelay保持继电器protectiverelay保护继电器protectiveearthing保护接地protectinggroundingnetwork保护接地网protectiveredundancy保护冗余protectivenet/guardnet保护网boot保护罩warner报警器detonation爆炸exploder爆炸装置rearwardface背弧面spareparts备品reservefeedtank备用给水箱secondaryfeeder备用馈路reserveshutdown备用停机electricpump电动泵feedwaterpump给水泵verticalpump立式泵centrifugalpump离心泵spiralpump螺旋泵submergedpump潜水泵deliverypump输送泵116 oil-transferpump输油泵drainpump疏水泵liftpump提升泵reciprocatingpump往复泵horizontallpump卧式泵impellerpump/sicklepump叶轮泵proportionalcontroller比例调节器protortional-integral-derivati比例-积分-微分ratiodifferentialrelay比例差动继电器purportionlimit比例极限specificvalue比值makecontact闭合触点closedcircuit闭合回路loop-locked闭环的closedtunnel闭式风洞closedcirculating/closedcycle闭式循环lockoutdevice闭锁装置lightingarrestor避雷器lightingconductor/lightingrod避雷针converter变频器substation变电所station变电站inverter变换电路variablespeedgear变速装置impulsetransformer冲击变压器regulatingtransformer调压变压器surgetransformer浪涌变压器step-downtransformer降压变压器step-uptransformer升压变压器rectifyormer整流变压器varyingstress变应力macrooscillograph标准示波器surfacedischarge表面放电surfacefriction表面摩擦parallelcapacitance并联电容parallelresonance并联谐振paralleloperation并列运行parallelin并网wave-rangeswitch/band-switch/channelswitch波段开关wiringdiagram布线图stepswitch步进开关step-by-stepcontrol步进控制samplingvalve采用阀residualstress残余应力switchingovervoltage操作过电压operatorstation(OS)操作员站slotwedge槽楔voltagebetweenlayer层间电压layerinsulation层间绝缘plug-incard插件板differentialmanometer差压计dieselgenerator柴油发电机dieselengine柴油机normallyclosedcontact常闭接点normallyopencontact常开接点long-rangeprogram长期规划housetransformer/auxiliarytransformer厂用变压器auxiliarypower/stationservice厂用电plantnetwork厂用电系统housegeneratingset厂用发电机组stationdistributionboard厂用配电盘supertension超高压supertensionnetwork超高压电网overspeedtrip超速脱扣supersynchronous超同步的tidalpower潮汐能lathe车床turningtool车刀padding衬垫backingring衬环load-carrying承载的relaxationcircuit驰张电路relaxationinverter驰张换流器relaxationoscillation驰张振荡器surcharge充电过度charger充电设备chargingequipment充电装置gascharging充气fillingwaterpipe充水管initialload初负荷triggercircuit触发电路pricker触针transducer/transmitsion传感器magneticdamper磁阻尼器magneticyoke磁扼porcelainbushing瓷套管porcelainsupportinsulator瓷支持绝缘子electrolyticsolution电解液reactance电抗synchronousreactance同步电抗magnetizingcurrent励磁电流electrohydraulicconverter电液转换器motorizedvalve电动阀kilowatt-hourmeter电度表inductiveload电感负荷electricwelding电焊electricspark电火花voltageregulator电压调整器potential/voltagetransformer电压互感器voltagedetector电压检测器potentiallcoil电压线圈electro-hydraulicgovernor电液调速器tiefeeder电源联络线wire-resistancegauge电阻丝应变仪resistancethermometer电阻温度计pandantlamp吊灯eyebolt吊环螺栓hanger吊架amplitudemodulation调幅throttlereverning节流调节regulatingvalve调节阀deploystoragecapacity调节库容governorvalvewideopen调速阀全开speedgovernor调速器pressureregulator调压器zeroadjustment调整零位jackup顶起holdingscrew定持螺钉regular/periodicregulateon定期检查periodicblowdown定期排污routinetest定期试验independenttimelagrelay定时限继电器positionedweld定位焊setscrew定位螺丝tackingrivet定位铆钉locatingdowel/dowelpin/retentionpin定位销phasing定相guidebearing定向轴承centeringwedge定心楔harmonicsstatorslot定子槽谐波movingcontact动触点kineticenergy动能dynamoicresponsetest动态响应试验bucketwheel斗轮endtightening端部紧固externalgland端部汽封endwinding端部线圈end-windingleakage端部线圈露磁endeffect端部效应terminaltemperqaturedifferentce端差voltageterminal端电压endplate/headcover端盖interruptingcurrent断开电流trip断路wire-breakrelay断线继电器buttwelding对接焊buttjoint对接接头multicircuitswitch多电路转换开关multi-amplifier多极放大器normaloutput额定出力ratedcondition额定工况ratedrevolution额定转速yokeiron轭铁choking扼流diode二极管silica二氧化硅pressure-reductionvalve减压阀throttlevalve节流阀equalizingvalve均压阀stopvalve/shut-offvalve截止阀two-wayvalve两通阀checkvalve/non-returnvalve逆止阀dischargevalve排放阀blowdownvalve排污阀sphereicalvalve球形阀reliefvalve释放阀servovalve伺服阀follow-upvalve随动阀drainvalve疏水阀needlevalve针形阀clack阀瓣valve-guide阀导空转free-running/idlerunning/race阀电阻式避雷器valveresistancearrester阀碟valve-disc阀壳valvecasing阀口valve-port阀帽bonnet阀门操作机构valveoperatinggear阀全开工况valvewidelyopencondition阀室valve-chest116 阀位指示器valvepositionindicator阀座valve-seat阀座垫圈valve-washer法兰螺栓flangebolt法向应力normalstress反冲洗阀reversingvalve反馈feedback反馈联杆feedbacklinkage反时限inversetimelag反作用backaction泛光灯floodlight防雷保护lightingprotection防磨anti-abrasion防磨的wearproof防水的waterproof防松螺母checknut防锈antirust防锈的rust-proof防锈剂rustpreventer防雨的rain-proof仿真simulation/emulation仿真器emulator放电器discharger放气阀ventvalve放气口reliefport放气旋塞ventcock放热heatrelief非同步力矩asynchronoustorque非线性的non-liner分瓣式集电环splitcollectorring分布负载distributionload分层绕组layerwinding分段隔离开关sectiondisconnectingswitch分段绝缘器sectioninsulator分段开关sectionswitch分段线圈sectionalcoil分段母线sectionalbus分隔墙separatingwall分级控制stepcontrol分接开关tapchanger分接头转换tap-changing分节距绕组fractional-pitchwinding分界点terminalpoint分流器flowdivider分流器电流shunt分流线圈shuntcoil分配器dispatcher分线盒junctionbox分相封闭母线isolatedphasebusduct分压器voltagedivider/bleeder分支母线branchbus封头endcover风道airduct风洞windtunnel/windchannel敷设lay浮充电floatingcharge浮充机组floatingset浮动开关floatswitch浮环密封floatingringseal浮子式流量计floattypeflowmeter辅助设备accessory复归弹簧resettingspring复合可控硅Darlistor复零return-to-zero复位按钮resetbutton复位式继电器homingrelay复原弹簧restoringspring负反馈inversefeedback负荷摆动loadswing负荷配置loadallocatetion负相序negativesequence电抗reactance阻抗impedance负压negativepressure/subatmosphericpressure负压侧suctionside负载不足的underloaded负载冲击loadimpact拉线杆stayedpole/guyedpole干式除尘器drytypedustcollector感应传感器inductivetransducer感应线圈inductor钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete/armouredconcrete隔挡板baffler隔弧板flashbarrier隔绝阀isolatingvalve隔离变压器insulatingtransformer隔离阀isolationvalve隔离接头isolatingjoint隔离开关disconnectingswitch隔墙bafflewall/divisionwall给水泵feedpump给水阀feedvalve给水管feedwaterpipe给水器waterfeeder给水总管supplymain工频powerfrequency/Industrialfrequency工作应力workingstress供电电源supplysource供电中断powerinterruption固定节流孔fixedorifice固定销keeppin观察窗observationwindow/sightglass观察孔spyhole/peephole管子扳手pipewrench管子钳pipetongs管子弯头elbowbend惯量inertia惯性的inertial惯性分离器inertialseparator光控开关photoswitch光敏电阻photoconductor光敏元件photoconductivecell光盘opticaldisk光字牌visualannuciator硅整流变压器silicoformer硅堆siliconstack焊点nugget焊缝weldingjoint/weldingseam焊缝处commissure焊缝裂缝weldcrack焊开elbowarm拐臂unsolder焊枪weldingtorch/weldingpistol焊丝selding-wire合金alloy合闸电流switchingcurrent合资jointventure横断面视图cross-sectionalview后处理after-treatment后视图rearview/backupview后轴承rearbearing呼吸器inspirator护板guardplate护环retainingring护目镜visor护套sheath互感mutualinductance华氏温度Fahrenheittemperature滑差slip滑触头slipper滑阀slidevalve/spoolpilotvalve滑环slipring滑线变阻器slidingrheostat滑环电刷slip-ringbrush滑压运行slidingpressureoperation张力tension环箍张力hooptension环境标准environmentalcriteria环境噪音ambientnoise环流circulation环式螺线管toroidalsolenoid环形密封环O-ringseal环形电路ringcircuit/loopcircuit环形电线ringnain环氧树脂epoxy/epokote/araldite还原剂reducingagent缓冲器shockreducer/vibroshock缓冲箱surgetank换位绝缘子transpositioninsulator换向阀selectorvalve换向开关reversingswitch簧片leafspring恢复电压recoveryvoltage恢复力矩restoringmoment回复弹簧returnspring回流recirculate/returnflow/backcurrent回路circuit/loop闭合回路closedcircuit等价回路equivalentcircuit输出回路outputcircuit回油泵dumppump混流combiflow活节式刷握swivelbrushholder活络扳手monkeywrench/slidingspanner活塞环pistonring活性炭absorbentcarbon击穿breakdown击穿冲击电压punctureimpulsevoltage基波fundamentalharmonic/firstharmonic基准点referencepoint/zeropoint机床machinetool机械工程mechanicalengineering机械未完全燃烧热损失mechanicalunburntcarbonloss机组负荷unitload畸变deformation激光找中laseralignment脱脂乳skimmedmilk(=skinmilk)膨松剂raisingagent乳糖lactose集成电路integratedcircuit/molectron集电环hoop集流环collector集流器currentcollector集中负载concentratedload/lumpedload集中控制室centralizedcontrolroom级间汽封interstagegland技术规范technicalspecification技术手册technical116 manual计划停机scheduledoutage计算机辅助制造computer-aidedmanufacturing记录式压力表recordingmanometer定时限继电器time-definitrelay返时限继电器inverse-timelagrelay低周继电器underfrequencyrelay极化继电器polarizedrelay失步继电器out-of-steprelay失磁继电器loss-of-excitationrelay失压继电器novoltagerelay相位比较继电器phasecomparisonrelay阻抗继电器impedancerelay整流形继电器rectifier-typerelay继电器式控制bang-bangcontrol继电器式选择器relayselector加负荷loadup加速老化acceleratedaging架空地线overheadgroundwire架空进户线servicedrop架空线overheadline间断负荷intermittentload间隔时间interval间级绕组interpolewinding间接控制indirectcontrol间接照明indirectlighting间距规perambulator间隙规gap-gauge间隙电容gapcapacitance间隙配合clearancefit间隙泄漏clearanceleakage间歇的periodic间歇运行intermittentoperation兼容机compatiblecomputer检查孔inspectiondoor捡流计galvanometer碱腐蚀alkalicorrosion剪切断口shearfracture减速器decelerator减速装置reductiongear减温器attemperator/desuperheater减压阀pressurereductionvalve/reducingcalve减震shockattenuation减震环shockring减震器dashpot/deoscillator/snubber键垫圈keywasher渐缩弯头reducingelbow脚扣(爬杆用)poleclimber脚手架scaffolding脚踏开关foot-switch角规anglegauge角焊filletwelding接触电势touchpotential接触钎焊resistancebrazing接地棒groundrod接地电阻groundingresistance接地夹groundclamp接地网groundinggrid接地线groundconnection曲折形接线zigzagconnection三角形接线deltaconnection星行接线starconnection接线盒connectionbox/terminalbox接线盘patchboard截流阀cut-offvalve截止阀stopvalve/shutoffgatevalve节点nodalpoint节径nodaldiameter节流调节throttlegoverning节流阀throttlevalve节流孔板orificeplate/throttlingdisk/chokeflange节流门gatethrottle,leaf节流圈throttle节流损失throttlingloss解paralleloff金属互皮电线sheathedwire界面张力interfacialtension介质medium紧急备用泵emergencypump紧急跳闸系统emergencytrippingsystem紧配合tightfit进户线serviceentrance进口导叶inletguideblade进口侵蚀inletattack进口损失entryloss进口温度inputtemperature进口蜗壳inletscroll进气口inleteye进汽(口)admission部分进汽partialadmission全周进汽full-arcadmission进汽套管inletsleeve进水管逆止阀suctioncheckvalve进水渠headrace进线端子inputterminal禁止脉冲inhubitpulse浸渍电缆impregnatedcable精调fineadjustment精炼油refinedoil精密天平precisionbalance经济负荷economicload经济评价economicevaluation静不平衡unbalancestatic静电除尘器electro-staticprecipitator静电的electrostatic静电伏特statvolt静电感应staticinduction静电荷staticcharge静弧quietarc静态开关staticswitch静态励磁staticexcitation静态试验statictest/captivetest静稳定度steady-statestability静效率staticefficiency静止补偿器staticcompensator静止部件stationarypart静止位置homeposition径向间歇radialclearance径向膨胀radialexpansion径向平衡radialequilibrium径向气隙radialairgap净发电量netgeneration净重netweight救火泵firepump旧机组agingunit就地控制屏localpanel局部放电partial/localdischarge局部过热localoverheating局部蠕变应力localcreepstress矩臂momentarm聚苯乙烯polystyrene/polystyrol聚光灯spotlight卷扬机hoistingequipment绝缘层insulatinglayer绝缘等级insulationlevel绝缘击穿rupturestress绝缘套管insulatingbush绝缘套鞋insulatinggaloshes绝缘子insulator拉线绝缘子guyinsulator均流器currentequalizer均压阀equalizingvalve均压器voltagebalancer竣工图as-builtdrawing卡板snapgauge卡尺slidingcaliper卡钳calipers卡住jam开关把手switchhandle开关保险丝switch-fuse开关操纵继电器switchingrelay开关柜switchcabinet开关间隔switchcell开关装置switchgear开口槽openslot开口垫圈splitwasher开口三角opendelta开口铁心opencore开口销splitpin开路opencircuit铠装电缆armouredcable铠装热电偶armouredthermocouple抗冲击性shockresistance抗冲强度impactstrength抗腐蚀的incorrodible抗干扰anti-interference抗疲劳性fatigueresistance抗侵蚀性erosionresistance抗氧化剂anti-oxidant可变电感器variometer可变电容variablecapacitor可变电容器variodencer可变电阻variableresistance/silistor可调喷嘴adjustablejet可靠性试验failtest可靠的reliable可靠性reliability可控硅整流thyristor可能利用率operatingavailability可逆电动机reversiblemotor可逆过程reversibleprocess可逆运行push-pullrunning可逆运转reversibleoperation可燃混和气burningmixture可伸缩式吹灰器retractablesootblower可维修性maintainability可行性feasibility可用小时availabilityhours空气断路器aircircuitbreaker116 空气冷却区aircoolingzone空气扼流圈air-choke空心线圈hollowcoil空心叶片hollowblade空心轴hollowshaft空载时间deadtime空载损耗no-loadloss空载特性no-loadcharacteristics空转free-running/idlerunning/race孔板流量计orificemeter模拟控制analogcontrol汽机随动控制turbinefollowcontrol数字控制digitalcontrol控制单元cubiclecontrol控制杆joystick控制回路controlloop控制盘controlpanel/switchpanel控制器supervisor控制循环controlledcirculation库容storagecapacity/capacity调节库容deploycapacity上库容uppercapacity跨步电势steppotential跨接管cross-overpipe块规blockgauge快关阀fastvalve快关汽门earlyvalveactuation快速反应fastresponse快速返回fastback快速励磁quick-responseexcitation快速起动quickstart/faststarting快速切断quick-actingswitching-off快速退负荷fastcutback快速响应的quick-response窥窗peepwindow窥孔镜borescope窥视孔sighthole馈电feed馈电线feeder馈电线路feederline拉杆pullrode拉簧tensionspring拉紧stretch拉紧螺杆tiebolt扩孔钻expandingdrill拉力tensileforce拉力计tensimeter拉线spanwire/spaning拉线杆stayedpole/guyedpole拉线夹板guyclamp拉线绝缘子guyinsulator/stayinsulator拉线开关pendantswitch/pullswitch拉线铁塔stayedtower来复电路reflexcircuit栏杆balustrade/railing拦水堰staunch浪涌变压器surgetransformer老虎钳vise雷电波发生器lightinginggenerator雷电指示器stormindicator雷击lightingstroke雷击过电压lightiningovervoltage冷备用coldreserve冷变形coldstrain冷处理coldtreatment冷风道coldairduct冷态起动coldstart离线控制off-linecontrol离心泵centrifugalpump离子交换树脂ironexchangeresin励磁机exciter励磁电流magnetizingcurrent励磁损耗excitingloss励磁系统excitationsystem励磁线圈fieldcoil利用率usefactor利用系数utilizationfactor立焊verticalpositionwelding立式泵verticalpump联机的on-line联锁继电器interlockingrelay联锁开关interlockedswitch联锁跳闸intertripping联锁装置interlockingdevice联轴器coupler柔性联轴器flexiblecoupling摩擦联轴器frictioncoupling液力联轴器hydrodynamiccoupling连接杆go-between连接器jointer连接跳线tiejumper连续出力continuousoutput/continuousrating连续负荷continuousduty连续运行continuousoperation连续排污continuousblowdown两班制运行two-shaftoperation俩侧进气/水double-entry两通阀two-wayvalve两相流twophaseflow量规caliber量隙规clearancegauge裂断应力failstress裂缝fracture裂相起动split-phasestarting临界点criticalpoint临界压力criticalpressure临时故障temporaryfailure零点漂移误差zerodrifterror零电位zeropotential零件装配图partassemblydrawing电抗reactance电阻resistance阻抗impedance灵敏度sensitiveness/sensitiveity隔离开关link硫的氧化物sulphuroxide流程图flowdiagram流量flowrate/quantityflow/flowcapacity流量表flowmeter流速flowvelocity流速继电器flowrelay六氟化硫SF6sulphurhexafluoride六角扳手allenscrew六角螺丝allenscrew六相six-phase六相环形接线six-phaseringconnection星形接线starconnection龙门吊车gantrycrane龙门起重机gantry漏磁fluxleakage漏电creepage漏气blow-by滤波电容器filtercondenser滤网filtergauge滤心式过滤器cartridgefilter滤油器oilfilter/oilstrainer螺母锁紧nutlock螺丝车床screwcuttinglathe螺纹thread螺线管操纵阀solenoidvalve螺旋绕组sprialwinding马蹄形磁铁horse-shoemagnet脉冲发生器pulsegenerator/impulsator脉冲放大器pulseamplification脉冲频率pulsefrequency脉冲振荡器pulseoscillator脉冲整形放大器shapingamplifier满负荷fullload毛重grossweight铆钉rivet铆接rivetedjoint煤气总管gasmain闷头短管blindnipple闷头法兰blankflange磁通密度fluxdensity电流密度currentdensity密封风机sealairfan密封焊接sealingring密封接头tightjoint灭弧arc-extinction灭弧变压器quenchingtransformer灭弧电路quenchcircuit灭弧室quenchingpot灭火器fire-extinguisher敏感温度计sensitivethermometer敏感元件sensingelement铭牌nameplate/dateplate模拟量控制analogcontrol模拟试验simulationtest磨损abrasion/wear-down磨损检查abrasioninspection摩擦力，摩阻friction摩擦系数frictioncoefficient母联开关coupler分段母线sectionalbus分支母线branchbus分相隔离母线isolatedphasebus旁路母线by-passbus/transferrbus双母线doublebus耐电压试验withstandvoltagetest/voltage-withstandtest耐压试验电压withstandtestvoltage耐火材料flame-proofmateriall耐久试验endurancetest耐久寿命endurancelife耐磨环wearring耐磨性wearresistance/abrasionresistance耐气gasproof耐热的heatproof/heat-resistant耐酸的acidproof/acidproof耐压voltageendurance耐压力pressureproof耐张杆tensionpole耐张线夹strainclamp内衬（轴瓦）innerlining内缸innercasing能力工况capability116 operatingcondition能量交换powerinterchange能自动脱开的联轴节disengageablecoupling逆电流保护reverse-currentprotection逆弧back-arc/back-fire逆流countercurrentflow/opposite-flow/counterflow逆序invertedsequence逆止阀checkvalve年发电量annualgeneration年蓄水量annualreservedvolume扭矩torsion扭振torsionaloscillation/torsionalvibration农村配电网ruraldistributionnet女儿墙parapetwall耦合linking爬距creepagedistance排除管blow-offpipe排放阀dischargevalve排风天窗roofventilator排流能力dischargecapacity排气expulsion/air-out排气挡板exhaustscreen排气阀deliveryvalve排气风机exhaustfan排气管pipeairvent/ventpipe排气管道exhaustduct排气过滤器airventfilter排气口exhaustoutlet排气速度exhaustvelocity排气消音器exhaustsilencer排汽exhauststeam排水drainage排水孔weephole排水口outlet排水量submergeddisplacement排污管blow-downpipe排泄泵drainagepump排烟风机vaporextractor盘车barring盘车装置barringgear/rollinggear/turninggear盘根glandpacking旁路开关by-passbreaker/transferrbreaker配电powerdistribution配电变压器substationtransformer/distributiontransformer配电盘switchboard/distributeonboard配线distribution配线管道subsidiaryconduit配重balancingweight喷射泵injectionpump/waterjetpump/ejector喷嘴调节nozzlegoverning伸缩节expansionjoint膨胀指示器expansionindicator断口fracture裂纹crack疲劳破损endurancefailure疲劳损坏fatiguebreak-down/fatiguefailure匹配matching匹配连接enchain偏差检测deviationdetection偏心齿轮eccentricgear偏心轮cam/wabbler片间电压voltagebetweensegments平衡equilibrium平衡不足underbalance平衡活塞dummypiston平衡块balancingweight平衡运转equilibriumrunning平均误差meanerror平面轴承planebearing平头螺丝grubscrew平稳运行smoothrunning屏蔽电缆screenedcable/shieldedcable屏蔽式热电偶shieldedthermocouple坡口焊缝grooveweld剖视图sectionalview漆包线lacqueredwire/varnishedwire漆包的enameled起动按钮startbutton起重吊钩liftinghook起重滑车liftingtackle起重机crane气焊gaswelding/torchwelding气焊条welding-rod气流分离器flowseparator气密的air-tight气蚀cavitation气态gaseousstate气体放电gasdischarge汽封环packingring/glandring汽封套glandsleeve/glandbush千安kiloampere千乏时kilovar-hour千伏kilovolt千伏安kilovar/kilovoltampere千赫kilohertz千焦耳kilojoule千瓦kilowatt千瓦时kilowatt-hour钳子pincers箝位clamping潜水泵submergedpump潜水式电动机submersiblemotor潜行电流sneakoutcurrent墙装插座wallsocket/wallplug强电流heavycurrent强迫停机forcedoutage强行励磁forcedexcitation强制通风positivedraft桥臂bridgearm桥式起重机overheadcrane/bridgecrane切换继电器transferrelay切换开关selectorswitch球阀globevalve球形阀sphericalvalve曲轴crankshaft渠道sluice取水口intake去磁demagnetization全电压冲击fullvoltageimpulse全封闭风冷totally-enclosedfancooled热腐蚀hotcorrosion热耗heatconsumption热敏电阻thermistor日常维修routinemaintenance熔点fusingpoint熔断接触器fusecontactor容许承载力allowablebearingcapacity容许载荷bearingcapacity肉眼检查visualcheck润滑lubrication塞尺feeler三极开关triple-poleswitch三角架spider闪络overflash/falshover商业性运行commercialoperation升压泵boosterpump事故电源emergencypowersource事故分析faultdiagnosis事故顺序记录sequenceofeventrecord事故照明emergencylighting适配器adapter释放阀reliefvalve室内照明indoorillumination室外照明outdoorlighting超声波试验ultrasonictest甩负荷试验loadrejecttest现场试验sitetest验收试验acceptancetest主气阀试验mainstopvalveoperationtest试运行preliminaryoperation/preoperation/trialoperation收缩shrink/constriction/contraction收缩裂纹shrinkagecracks手持钻portabledrill手动复归handreset手动控制handcontrol手动盘车hand-barring手动跳闸manualtripping受电端receivingend手挫handfile枢轴衔铁hingearmature输出常数outputconstant输出信号outputsignal输电tansmission输电网transmissionnetwork/grid输电系统powertransmissionsystem输电线路transmissionline输入/输出接口input/outputinterface输入回路inputcircuit输入馈路incomingfeeder输入阻抗inputimpedance输送管deliverypipe/pipeline输油泵oiltransferpump疏水泵drainpump疏水阀drainvalve数据自动记录器datalogger数字电压表digitalvoltmeter数字模拟变换器digital-analogconverter数字式万用表dititalmultimeter刷架brush-rocker甩负荷loadrejection甩负荷试验loaddumptest双层过滤器doublelayerfilter双极开关two-poleswitch双级泵two-stagepump双母线接线doublebussystem双通的two-way双头螺栓stud-bolt116 双位控制on-offcontrol双吸doublesuction双相的biphase双向的bidirectional双向的开关bidirectionalswitch双芯电缆twincabletwo-corecable双芯软线twinflexiblecord双芯电流互感器twin-corecurrenttransformer双座阀门doublebeatvalve水冷强制油循环方式water-cooledforced-oilmode水力除渣系统hydraulicdisposalslagsystem水位表watergauge水下电缆submarinecable浮盖式水箱floatingroofwatertank水压试验watertest/hydrostatictest/hydraulictest瞬间电抗transientreactance瞬态工况运行transientoperation瞬态稳定极限transientstabilitylimit顺流concurrentflow顺序控制系统sequentialcontrolsystem说明书instruction丝包线silkcoveredwire死区deadband死线圈idlecoil四通管cross-bar四线制fourwiresystem伺服follow-up伺服传动servodrive伺服电动机pilotmotor伺服阀servovalve送电电缆feedcable送电端sendingend送风机forceddraftfan速比velocityratio速动电压调整器quick-actingvoltageregulator速度计velometer速断开关quick-breakswitch/perkingswitch速断熔断器quick-breakfuse随动阀follow-upvalve随动簧springfollower随动系统servo随机备品mandatoryspareparts缩接套reducingjoint缩孔shrinkagecavity锁定lockout锁定力矩lockedtorque锁定螺母locknut缩紧垫圈lockwasher缩紧螺帽retainingnut/backnut缩紧螺母jam-nut塔基towerfooting台钳vice台钻benchdrill套阀sleevevalve套管bushing套管绝缘子throughinsulator套装油管pipe-in-pineoilpipe矢量vector函数function提升泵liftpump提升阀poppet-valve添加剂additionagent填料stuffing/wadding填料箱stuffingbox跳焊skipwelding跳火电压sparkovervoltage跳开tripoff跳闸trip铁塔steeltower铁塔天线pylonantenna铁心线圈plungercoil停机power-off/cut-off停机按钮stopbutton停机惰走rundown停转转距stallingtorque通风道ventilatingduct通风系统ventilationsystem通用标准workingstandard通用电桥universalbridge同步电机synchronousmachine/synchromotor同步调相机synchronouscondenser同步功率synchronizingpower同步通信synchronouscommunication同步指示器synchronoscope同杆架设jointuse同轴开关coaxswitch/gangswitch铜焊copperbrazing铜丝布电刷gauzebrush凸轮轴camshaft土坝earthdam土石坝earth-rockfilldam推力环thrustring推力面thrustsurface推力瓦块thrustpad/thrustsegmentU形螺栓U-boltV形拉线V-stay外表裂纹externalcrack外部损失externalloss外过电压externalovervoltage外围设备peripheralequipment外罩lagging弯头jointelbow/unionelbow/万能钻床fulluniversaldrill万向接头knuckle万向联轴器universalcoupling万用表universalmeter万用电表avometer微动开关microswitch微型电路microminiaturecircuit危急停机emergencystop危急遮断emergencytrip围带bucketcover/tipshround/shroudring/coverband围堰environ尾水tailwater尾水渠tailrace/tailchannel位移displacement位置变送器positiontransmitter位移电流displacementcurrent温度计thermometer温度记录器thermograph稳钉guidepin稳定充电stablecharging稳态蠕变steadystatecreep稳压器stabilizator紊流流动flowturbulence蜗壳spiralcasing涡轮wormwheel涡流spiralflow钨气保护焊tungsten-arcwelding无差调节noncorrespondingcontrol无触点non-contact无触点的contactfree无触点继电器no-touchrelay污水泵sewagepump无负载的，开路的no-loaded无功负载reactiveload无摩擦zerofriction无人值班变电所unattendedsubstation无刷励磁brushlessexcitation无烟煤blindcoal/kilkennycoal/glancecoal无载分接开关no-loadtapchanger低熔点合金woodsmetal误操作maloperation误动作misoperation误动作失灵malfunction吸滤器suctionfilter熄弧blow-out系统配置systemconfiguration下半轴瓦lowbrass先闭合后断开make-before-break衔铁anchor现场onsite现场的on–the-spot现场检查fieldinspection现场试验fieldtest现场维修fieldmaintenance限幅放大器clippingamplifier限流器amperite限位开关limitingoutput限制出力forcedpartialoutage线槽slot线电压linevoltage线对地line-to-ground线规wiregauge耐张线夹tensionclamp释放线夹free-centretypeclamp终端线夹terminalclamp转角线夹cornerclamp线间line-to-line线间电压voltagebetweenlines线间距离wirespacing线圈架coilformer线圈节距coilpitch线速度linearvelocity相位移phaseshift相变点transitionpoint相电压phasevoltage相对误差relativeerror相间电压voltagebetweenphases相间的phase-to-phase/interphase相间电抗器interphasereactor相间故障faultphase-to-phase相接地phasegrounding相容的consistent相位phase相位补偿phasecompensation相位差phasedisplacement/phasedifference相位计phasemeter相位一致的cophasal相序phasesequence/phaserotateon相序倒转reversalofphasesequence橡皮垫圈rubber-ringpacking橡皮绝缘的rubberinsulated116 向心泵centripetalpump向心力centripetalforce销钉barrelpin消防栓hydrant消火栓fireplug小修minoroverhaul/linecheck/currentrepair校正器regulator校准器aligner楔规wedgegauge楔形槽wedgegroove楔形测针wedgeprobe谐振harmonicoscillation/resonance卸载装置unloadinggear泄放阀escapevalve/dumpvalve泄漏试验leaktest泄水渠dischargechannel信号变换器signalconvertor信号变换装置chromacoder信号传输signaling信号灯indicatinglamp信号发生器signalgenerator信号器annunciator信号装置advertiser信息管理系统managementinformationsystem行灯safetylamp性能曲线performancecurve性能数据performatancedata蓄电池battery/condenser蓄电池放电容量loadingcapacity蓄电池室roombattery蓄水池storagereserveoir悬臂吊车cantilevercrane/jibcrane悬吊结构suspendedstructure悬挂线夹suspensionclamp旋钮knob旋转泵rotarypump旋转电机rotatingmachine旋转滑阀rotatingpivotvalve旋转开关turnswitch旋转力矩turningmoment旋转跟踪selectivetracing旋转开关optionswitch旋转特性selectivitycharacteristics循环泵circulator循环水泵watercirculatingpump寻找故障trouble-shooting巡回监测器sequencemonitor压比pressureratio压差pressuredifference压力泵forcedpump压力表pressuregauge压力传感器pressurecapsule/pressurepick-up压力变送器pressuretransmitter压力计pressuremanometer压力开关pressureswitch压力平衡阀equilibratedvalve压入配合pressfit压缩弹簧compressionspring压缩空气compressedair延时断delayedoff延时继电器tim-lagrelay验磁器magnetoscope验电器electroscope/rheoscope验收scceptancecheck验收试验acceptancetest/warrantytest验证试验verificationtest/prooftest阳床anodebed阳极positivepole摇摆oscillation/swing摇臂rockerarm摇表megger遥测仪表remote-indicatinginstrument遥控remotecontrol/distancecontrol遥控阀remotecontrolvalve咬边undercut液氮liquidnitrogen液压泵hydraulicpump液压传动hydraulictransmitsion液压伺服机构hydraulicservomotor液压系统hydraulicsystem液压油hydraulicoil一个半断路器（接线方式）oneandhalfbreakers移相器phaser/shifter仪表instrument/appliance仪表盘panel/gaugeboard仪表屏instrumentboard仪用互感器powerstationattendant电厂值班人员switchboardattendant配电盘值班人员trainattendant列车服务员instrumenttransformer已激磁的energized乙炔glycol乙炔发生器acetylenegenerator乙烷ethane乙烯ethene易燃的flammable易损件wearingpart溢出escape意外停机hang-up意向书letterofintent溢洪道spillway溢流overflow/effluxence溢流阀overflowvalve/floodvalve异步的non-synchronous异步电机inductionmotor异相out-phase阴极cathode阴螺丝femalescrew阴螺纹femalethread银焊silverbrazing引风机suctionfan/induceddraftfan引线leadwire引线端子terminal应力计stressometer应力松弛stressrelaxation永磁发电机PMG=permanentmagentgenerator永久磁铁permanentmagnet油槽oilgroove油缓冲器oilbuffer油箱oilreserveoir/oiltank油枕oilconservator油枕grease油制动器oilbreak游标vernier游标尺vernierscale游丝hairspring有电端liveend有功电流activecurrent/wattfulcurrent有效功率effectivepower/realpower有载分接开关on-loadtapchanger余隙损失clearanceloss预检查precheck预启阀pre-inletvalve/equilibratedvalve运行参数operationalparameter运行工况operatingcondition运行检查servicecheck匝间的interturn匝间绝缘interturninsulateon在户外outofdoos在线维修on-linemaintenance在线诊断onlinediagnosis暂态励磁电流transientexcitingcurrent增压boost/pressurecharging增压器supercharger闸刀开关knifeswitch闸阀gatevalve/sluicevalve闸流管thyratron障碍物barrier找正centering找中心alignment照明布线lightingwiring照明回路lightcircuit兆欧表megohm-meter/earthometer真空破坏阀vacuumbreakvalve真空吸尘器vacuumcleaner针阀needlevalve针形阀pinvalve振动频率vibrationfrequency整定点setpoint整流变压器rectiformer支持轴承journalbearing支环supportingring支架cantilever/arm支框supportingframe知识产权intelligencerights直线杆supportingpole指板规finger-playgauge指示灯pilotlamp阀位指示器valvepositionindicator偏心度指示器eccentricityindicator轴移指示器shaftdisplacementindicator指示压力indicatedpressure指针indicatingneedle/pointer/pointer止动螺帽keeper止动器dog/stopdog止回阀backvalve止推环thrustcollar滞后电流laggingcurrent中间相intermediatephase轴线不重合nonalighment,轴向间隙axialclearance主给水泵mainfeedpump主接线mainbusconnection主开关mainswitch转动惯量momentofinertia/rotaryinertia转动配合rotaryfit转换开关rotatyswitch/116 changeover转速表revolutionmeter/speedindicator转子端环rotorendring装脚开关feetswitch准绝缘体quasi-insulator准同步法quasi-synchronization自调节self-adjustment自动脱扣automatictrip自动重合闸recloser自动复位automaticreset自同期self-suynchronizer自通风self-ventilation自耦变压器auto-transformer总体规划generalplan总效率overallefficiency总装配generalassembly纵向布置longitudinalarrangement阻尼振动dampedvibration组合结构unitizedconstruction组合开关packettypeswitch组合转子combinedrotor组态图configurationdiagram最低击穿电压minimumdisruptivevoltage最后试验finaltest最佳工况optimumcondition左螺纹left-handthread左手定则left-handrule左向焊接forehandwelding座basis/standopeninglimiter开限theoreticalquestions理论问题hazard危险DChighvoltagegenerator直流高压发生器automatictramegger自动摇表mechanicalstopwatch机械式秒表doublebridge双臂电桥thermometer温度计tweezers镊子opticaldielectriclosstestmeter光导介质损耗测试仪earthingwire接地线backladder靠梯"^"shapeladder人字梯millivoltmeter毫伏表CBoperationtimetester断流器动作时间测试仪quicktesteroftransformerDCresistance变压器直流电阻快速测试仪automaticcontrolmicroammeterandinsulatingbrace自动控制微安表及绝缘支架shunt分流器portablelamptransformer行灯变terminalcontactresistancetester接头接触电阻测试仪pressuresource压力源three-phasestandardtestingsource三相标准试验源standardelectricquantitysensor标准电量传感器phaseshifter(orcomputerprotectiontestingdevice)移相器（或微机保护试验仪）testingslideresistor试验用滑线电阻器three-phasevoltageregulator三相调压器low-frequencysignalgenerator低频信号发生器frequencychangerpower变频电源clampphasemeter钳形相位表DCmicroammeter直流微安表highvoltagedivider高压分压器dry-reedrelay干簧继电器poweron-offswitch电源切换开关steel-seelflashlight手电筒dial(swingmeter)摆度仪gasbottle瓦斯取气瓶lowvoltageproofpen低压验电笔thermoscope/thermometer测温仪/温度计smallballforflashlight电珠toolbagforoperationaltools操作用具工具袋fire-fightingairbreather消防用空气呼吸器interfacialtensiometer界面张力计asbestos石棉gasoline汽油unitbeginscondenseroperation机组进入调相状态operationstateofprotection保护动作情况powercabinetsreleasedfromoperationsimultaneously四号机功率柜同时退出fieldcircuitbreakertripped灭磁开关跳闸overexcitationlimiteroperated过励限制动作emergencysolenoidvalveoperated事故电磁阀动作carbonbrush电刷/炭刷wearandshortcircuitdamagetoslipring滑环磨损、断路击伤break12fusesonpowercabinets功率柜12个熔丝爆断steelcable钢丝绳wicketgate(guidevane)feedbackdevice导叶反馈机构consequently从而，因此unitliftup/unitbegincondenseroperation机组抬机megohmmeter/megger摇表centralcontrolroom中控室precautions预防措施se-energize/cutoffpower/powercut停电flashlight手电rubberseal/rubberring胶垫Motorisoutoforder电机坏了taketoolswithyou带上工具travelrod/strokelevel行程杆pressurerelief泄压reject/decline/refuse拒绝LF/HFreject低频/高频抑制equalizingpulsereject均衡脉冲滤除hydraulicmeasurementfault水力表故障excitevoltage励磁电压powerfactor功率因数phaseA-Bvoltage机组相间电压runnerblade浆叶guidevane/wicketgate导叶voltage-regulatorgas电压校验瓦斯effectivewaterhead有效水头fire-fightingwaterpipepressure消防水管压力dischargewaterflow水轮机流量dieselbusvoltage柴发机母线电压pulsesignalinput脉冲量输入electriccharge电量unitsumpoiltank机组回油箱thrustbearing推力瓦statorcore定子铁芯PTchange-overcircuitpowerfaultPT转换电源故障motorrunover-time电机运行超时lowoil-pressurelocktrip低压闭锁跳闸servomotorlocker接力器锁锭opencondenserair-replenishvalve开调相补气阀operatecondenserair-replenishcompressor启动调相压力机runnerbladesolenoidvalve轮叶电磁阀over-speedlimitvalve过速限制阀two-stepclosedvalve2段关闭阀generateordertoturnonexcitationsystem机组启励磁stopordertoturnoffexcitationsystem启励失磁startingordertogovernor调速机动作命令automaticfieldflashing自动起励resetfieldflashing复归起励precisesynchronizingmodetocloseFMK同步模式关灭磁开关FMK-fieldbreakerstartDE-excitationwhenstopunit停机停励tripFMKfromfailure故障解除FMKfailurevalveopenfromunitfailure机组事故故障阀开stopordertobrakercabinet制动柜停applybreaker投制动openupper-cavityvalve开上腔阀emergencyshutdowntocloseintakegate紧急关进水口门totalresetorder复归命令currentcut-offprotection电流速断保护differentialCTbreakinglineprotection差动保护CT断线protectionboard116 powerdevicefault保护屏电源故障fieldcircuitbreakeropen灭磁开关分闸fieldcircuitbreakerfaulttrip灭磁开关误跳gateservomoterlockerin导叶全关gateservomotorlockerout导叶全开gateservomotorpositionbelowfull-open导叶全关以下opening-limiterpositionbelowfullclose限制开度全关以下turbineheadcoverwaterleveltoohigh顶盖水位过高leakageoiltankleveltoohigh漏油槽油位过高sumpoiltankleveltoolow回油槽油位过低breakingline断线disconnectionswitchoperate-lockingpowerfault刀闸操作电源消失actuator调速控制器sensor传感器trigger触发器rag抹布transducer转换器oscilloscope示波器modifier调节器plotter绘图器microprocessor微型计算机amplification放大器interface接口，连接装置interlock连锁amplify振幅induce感应，电感rectifier整流器resistance电阻impedance电抗capacitance电容density磁感应密度potential电势的malfunction/failure失灵，误操作leak漏电knob旋钮waveform波形assemble装配configure配置align调整，调准disturbance干扰restoration恢复，复位harmonics谐波notch穿孔condense凝结emission放射，排放capability性能，能力availability利用率stability稳定性electrify供电electrification电气化manufacturer厂家，制造商powersystem电力系统maincontrolcabinet主控箱polecabinet电极箱capacitancebox电容箱insulationboard绝缘板airdamper调节风门electricpowerquality电能质量electricalcapacity电量currentcapacity载流量transmissionpole输电线杆electrifiedbody带电体livepart带电部分powertransmission输电electricalwirenetting防护电网systemrestoration系统恢复faultlocation故障定位faultanalysis故障分析base-load基本负载，负载sensitiveequipment灵敏设备ohmmeterbridge欧姆电桥currentmeter电流表stopwatch秒表calibratedscale刻度盘circuitloading电路负载impedancematching阻抗匹配frequentcyresponse频率响应capacitancedistribution电容分布programmablelogiccontroller(PLC)可编程控制器supplyvoltage供电电压closedcircuit闭合电路waveshapingcircuit整形电路thedegreeofaccuracy精确度shortinterruption暂短断电voltageswell电压增强DCoffset直流电失调voltagefluctuation电压不稳定powerfrequencyvariation电源频率变化oscillatoryimbalance电压失衡sustainedinterruption持续断电transientvoltage瞬时电压appliedvoltage外加电压inducedvoltage感应电压flashovervoltage飞弧电压abenchmark测量值fixedvalue定值breakdown击穿，发生故障troubleshoot检修故障/查找故障looseconnection连接松动badbrazing焊接不好weld-ability焊接性能incorrectclearances间隙不正确shutdown断路shortcircuit短路clearthefault排除故障directionalearthfault直接接地故障circuitfault电路故障electricalequipment电气设备start-up开始运作，启动siliconcontrolledrectifier(SCR)可控硅整流器hydraulicpressure液压peakloadperiod峰荷期equipmentservice设备维修differentialpressure差压fixedvalue定值processscontrolsystem过程控制系统feedbackcontrol反馈控制open-loopcontrol开环控制closed-loopcontrol闭环控制transferfunction传递函数errorsignal误差信号steadystateerror稳态误差responsecurve响应曲线overshoot超调量MVar=reactivepower无功功率MW=activepower有功功率bandagerings/maintenanceseal空气围带/检修密封oilbaffleeplate挡油板oilbarrier油栏bracket支架brakingsystem制动系统fireextinguishingsystem消防系统thermalcontrol热控制regulatinggenerator调节发电机auxiliarygenerator附属发电机pitceiling,airdividingshield,oilbath,rotorspider三脚架rim边，轮圈oilbathgear油浴齿轮传动oilbathtypeoilcircuitbreaker油模式充油断路器oilhead受油器airgap气隙fillingfoundationwithconcrete,currentsupplybusbar,electricalwiring电气接线nameplate铭牌initialstarting初始firepreventionmeasure防火措施tightingtorque紧扭矩shaftextension轴伸run-awayspeed飞逸速度flywheeltorque飞轮扭矩electrohydraulicspeedregulator电液调速器revolutionscontrolrelay,mountingtoolsandattachment,thyristor半导体开关元件ventilationblade通风装置轮叶dowel木钉，销子damperwinding阻尼线圈screwjack螺钉插座statorendparts定子端部件three-waycock三通旋塞spraynozzle环喷insulationresistance绝缘电阻temperatureindicator,resistancethermometer,permanentmagnets永磁operatingvalvegroup操作阀组throttledevices节流设置woodensupportingplates,radialassemblingline半径装配线frictionsurfaceofthedisc,turbineoil透平油eyebolt,outercylindricalsurface,polishing磨光slidingblock滑动块adjustingwedge调节楔centrifuge离心机outofoperation,absorptionfactor吸收因数varnish油漆enamel瓷釉guaranteedtemperatures,selfsynchronization自同步amplitudeoscillation振幅振动float浮子arbitrarystarting启动频繁supporting116 nuts支持螺钉carbonedioxide二氧化物foam泡沫voltageincreaserate电压增加比率rectifiedcurrent整流permissibledeviation可允许偏差contactresistance接点绕组residualvoltage残压reactance电抗degreeofwear磨损程度non-linearityfactor非线因数illumination照明breathingmask呼吸面具reversepolarity倒极性burrs毛边，毛刺weldingarc,weldingseam,meltingpoint熔点exhaustventilation排气通风dynamometer测力计，动力计accuracyclass精确等级combinationalcircuit组合电路deputy代理人，代表telescopic远视的，伸缩的inguarantyperiod在保质期collaborate合作，通敌clarification澄清，净化above-descirbedmatter,thankyouforcooperationandurgentaction,DCwithstandvoltagetest直流耐压试验fundamental基本原理，基本原则symmetric对称的impose强加copper铜aluminium铝squirrelcagemotor鼠笼式电动机,dailymaintenance日常维护disassemble解开,分解reassemble重新集合corona冠壮物，光环fracture破裂strand绳，股facility工具,熟练idlingcurrent空载电流three-phaseloadcurrent三相负载电流deterioration变坏，退化specifiedvalue指定值deficiency缺乏，不足cavitation汽蚀stem螺杆freeoflooseness无松动lockingisreliable锁定可靠manualquasi-synchronization手动准同步stepupunitvoltagefromzero从零建立提升电压pressurerelief泄压Whenunitisoutage,stoppingorderisgiventoparalleloffoutletcircuitbreaker.Oilpressurecanbuildup,gravely严峻地outletpressedboard引出压力板oilreplenishingbox补油箱reachcommonrecognition达成共识eliminationofdefectsofequipment设备消缺subordinate从属的，下级的archivesroom资料室warehouse仓库crucial至关重要的generatedenergy发电量adequately充分地perceptual知觉knowledge,rational理性knowledgeandpractice;workoutthetrainingscheme制定培训计划predicted预知consultation请教，咨询，磋商implementation执行minutebook记录本intactgeneralcatalog完整的总目录shortage不足，缺乏omission冗长sortout分类，挑选preservative防腐剂filingcabinet/folder档案柜/文件夹coordination同等，调和putsthinpractice付诸实现abstract摘要，概要reproach/blame责备emersion出现，再现electrohydraulicconverter电液转换器inaccordwith与…一致collision碰撞，冲突efficiency效率，功效responsibility责任，职责instantaneously,Vaselineoil凡士林油eliminate排除，除去ethanol乙醇，酒精analysis分析electrolyte电解，电解液adhensivewater微水non-aqueousethanol无水乙醇havenochangeincolor无变色annexe附加物multigangsocket多向插座zincfluoride锌氟化物manometer压力计potentiometer电位计，分压计rosin树脂limitswitch限位开关analogactiontest模拟动作试验subordinate从属的，次要的shoulder/beartheresponsibility,reiterate反复地说，重申，重作captionedtest标题试验mimictest拟态试验diminish减少，变小upperframeofunit上机架vacuumbreakvalve真空破坏阀checkdistributionlocalsupplytounitno.1一号机盘动力检查electricgovernorpanel电调盘automaticcontrolelement自动化元件testthecontrolcircuitoftheairbreaker回路试验purge净化dustbin=garbagebox垃圾箱wardrobe衣柜clothesline晒衣绳changeableplug,turbineguidebearingflowindication水导示流watersealingpressure水封水压spiralcasepressure蜗壳水压turbineguidebearingthrow水导摆度guidevaneopening导叶行程accessory附属设备totalguidebearingwaterpressure总供水压Maintenanceitemsandperiodofelectromechanicalequipment机电设备维护保养项目及周期monitoringofoillevelofhighvoltagesleeve高压套管油面监视sampleandmechanicalanalysisoftransformerbody本体油取样化验minitoringofmanometerofcoolerchamber冷却室压力表监视adhensivewatertestofitsbody本体微水测试oil-immersedCT&PT充油的电流及电压互感器distributiondevice配电装置checkwhetherjunctionsarelooseandexcessivelyheated检查各接头有无松动发热问题checkwhetherconnectingsurfaceofcontactsofbreakersareburned检查各开关触头接触面是否烧损coolant冷却液deteriorate恶化，变质reachthecommonopinion,wicketgateupper/middle/lowerbushing活动导叶上/中/下轴套mainshaftsealpacking主轴密封块bushingforrunner转轮轴套wicketgate活动导叶Kaplanblade卡普兰叶片electriccircuitcard电路板frequencymeasureinserter测频插件frequencydeadbandinserter频率死区插件propotionalinserter比例插件integratorinsertor积分插件derivativeinserter微分插件settingfollowinserter给定跟踪插件Gatepositionfeedbackinserter导叶反馈插件powersupplyinserter电源插件socket插座indicatinglamp指示灯electro-hydraulictransducer电液转换器bushingforbladedistributingvalve叶片分配阀衬套pistonforbladedistributingvalve叶片分配阀活塞bushingforgatedistributingvalve导片分配阀衬套bushingfor116 pilotvalve导阀衬套needleplugforpilotvalve导阀针形柱塞pilotlamp=indicatinglight信号灯，指示灯needleplug针塞specification规格drivescrewassembly主螺杆总成drivescrew主螺杆drivethrustsleeve驱动推力套oilpumpsleeve油泵套pressurecontroller压力控制器springforsafetyvlave安全阀弹簧springforunloadedvalve卸载阀弹簧statorcoilbar定子线圈杆driventhrustsleeve从动螺旋推力轴套bush衬套pressureswitch压力开关uppercoil(jumer)上层线圈(极间联接)lead引出线insulationmaterialsforstatorwindingassembly定子绕组总成绝缘材料insulatingbox绝缘盒insulatingpad槽口垫块,间隔块bevelwedge斜楔slotwedge槽楔lowresistancerubberplate低电阻橡胶垫条Fibreglassplate环氧半导体玻璃布板Dacronfelt涤纶毛毡Fibreglasstape无纬玻璃丝带Fibreglassstring玻璃丝绳poleassembly磁极装配polecoil磁极线圈thrustbearingshoe推力轴承瓦highpressureoilpump高压油泵pipelings,fasteners,andvalvesforhighpressureoilliftingsystem高压油提升系统管道紧固件及阀门collectorring集电环electricbrush电刷brushholder刷握brakeshoe制动块excitationsystem励磁系统unitmodulesofAVR电压自动调节单元组件thyristorpowerunitmodule可控硅单元组件thyristorfuses可控硅保险fansforconvertercooling转换器冷却用风扇quick-actingfuses快速熔断器signaldevice熔断器指示管fanmotor风机soildrelay固体继电器contactor接触器rotaryswitches转换开关fieldcircuitbreaker励磁电路断路器motoroperatedvoltageadjustingdevice电控电压调整设备fieldbreaker磁场断路器/灭磁开关motoroperatedvoltageadjustingdevice给定电位器装配fusetube熔断器管fuseblock熔断器座cartridgefuse熔丝管fusebox熔丝盒signallights信号灯measuringmeters测量仪表measuringtransformersincludingPStransformers测量变压器-保护电源变压器digitalpanelmeter数字面板表automationelements自动化元件pressuregauges压力表pressureswitches压力开关temperatureswitch温度开关pressureswitchwithindicator压力显控器pressuretransmitter表压变送器temperatureswitchwithindicator温度调节显示仪indicatingtemperaturegauges温度指示计levelswitches液位开关flowswitch流量开关flowtransducer位移传感器solenoidairvalve电磁气阀limitswitches限位开关sealingringforeachvalve各种阀门密封环steelreinforcedaluminiumalloycable钢芯铝绞线fittings金具strainclamp拉紧夹steelanchorforclamp耐张线夹钢锚steelanchorforlightingarrestingwire避雷线夹钢锚terminalclamp终端线夹connectingclamp连接线夹deltatorque三角挂板linkfittingandprotectivefitting接头及保护紧固件maincontrolbox主控盒oildischargevalve泄油阀neutralbushing中性套管coolingwaterpump冷却水泵glassinsulator玻璃绝缘子localcontrolcabinet冷却器控制柜substitutedbylightingarrestingtower由消雷塔替代electricconductingrod导电杆extinctionassembly灭弧总成contactfinger接触抓手electro-magnecticclosingcoil电磁闭合线圈trippingcoil脱扣线圈oildistributor配油器boxtopprocelainflaskassembly盒顶瓷箱总成contactknife闸刀crossbeam横梁raisingrod提升杆oilbufferassembly液压缓冲器总成porcelainframe瓷框架bottomframeassembly底框总成electro-magneticmechanism电磁机构busduct封闭母线flexiblesilveringjoint柔性铜编织线nutpanel螺母盘insulatorelasticpanel绝缘子弹性盘sphericalcrownfitting球冠型金具insulatorsealingelement绝缘密封件maincircuitrubbercorrugatedtube主电路橡胶波纹管stationservicerubber电厂厂用橡胶maincircuitsealingpartition主电路密封隔板highvoltagebreaker高压断路器stationarycontactandarcextinguishingchamber固定接触及灭弧室Arcextinguishingchamberassemblyaccessories灭弧室总成附件padforenclosurebusduck"score母线芯抱瓦hydraulicpiston液压活塞uppercontact上触头bushingring衬环connectingbase三联箱supportbase支座装配washerring垫环voltageregulatingcapacitor电压调整电容linearmotionmechanism线性运动机构hoistingrodassembl吊杆总成flange法兰porcelainpost支柱瓷瓶outerrockerarm外摇臂shoclabsorber减振器oilreleasevalve泄油阀sealingformainvalve主伐装配密封change3phaseoperationintosinglephase由三相联动改为单相操作compsitioncushion复合垫sealingcushion，密封垫sealingof6waybase六通座装配密封oildischargevalve放油阀signalcylinder信号缸dust-proofring防尘圈washer垫圈sealingforgaugeandpipeline液压表与管路密封sealingforenergycylinder储能装配密封expansionchamber膨胀管porcelainbushing瓷套管porcelaininsulatorforconductingrod一次导电杆瓷瓶connectionbox接线盒capacitortype电容式capacitorvoltagedistributor电容电压分配器intermediatetransformer中间变压器vibrationarrestingresistor减震电阻gradingring屏蔽环magnetictype电磁式secondwiring116 plate二次接线板expander扩管oildrainvalve排油阀chassisframe底盘框disconnectorswitch隔离开关connectorplate联接器板stationary/movinggroundingconnector接地静/动触头universaljopintfordisconnectingswitch发电机出口隔离开关万向接头centrifugalpump潜水泵stainlessfilterweb不锈钢网differentialpressureswitch压差控制器reducer减速机compressedairsystem压缩空气系统coolant冷却剂hose软管stopswitch停机开关rockerswitch拨动开关dilstopvalve断油器checkvalve止逆阀linesumpselectorvalve手动阀blowdownvalve放气阀cushionvalvespring吸气阀弹簧deliveryvalvespring送气阀弹簧splitpin(packof10)开口销(10件装)connectionrodbolt连杆螺栓2ndstageservicekit2级缸阀片wavedwasher波纹垫圈pistonlockingplate活塞锁定板tabwasher调整垫圈scraperring刮环stagespring缸级弹簧diaphragn流量孔板covergasket钢盖垫圈burstingdiscassembly防爆盘装配connectionrodwasher连杆垫圈bridgecrane桥机steelwire钢绳mainhookgearbox主钩齿轮箱travelgearbox大车减速器hydraulicmechanicalstructures水工结构powerintakemchanicalequipment电站进水机械设备rubberseal橡胶密封couplingaxle连接轴machinehallmechanicalequipment厂房机械设备bottomoutletmechanicalequipment底孔机械设备waterintakehoistingequipment进水口提升设备steelcable钢缆machinehallhoistingequipment厂房提升设备variousspareparts各种备件coilofACcontactor交流接触器线圈thermorelay热继电器resetswitch转换开关direct-onindicator光字牌信号灯pushbutton按钮motorizedgatevalve电动闸板motorizedflexiblebutterflyvalve电动伸缩式蝶阀gatevalveandcutoff(stop)valve闸阀及截止阀cutoffvalve节流阀non-returnvalve止回阀distributingvalve配压阀deltavalve三通阀rotatingplugforpressuregauge铜三路压力表旋塞evenpressurering均压环retainingflange止动法兰valveplate阀盘shuntresistor并连电阻chassisframe底盘框pressurereleasingdevice释压仪generatordistributer发电机配电盘generatorswitchboard发电机开关柜fireprotectionboard防火隔板fireprotectionblockingmaterials防火堵料cablebridge电缆桥架refractorycoating防火涂料reactivepowermeter无功功率计wattmeter瓦特表/有功功率计currentmeter电流表voltagemeter电压表frequencymeter频率表powerfactormeter功率因素表WHmeter电度表VARHMeter乏-小时表powertransformer电力变压器variousoperatingswitch各种操作开关positionindicator示位器autokeepingbutton自动保持开关thermalandmagneticswitch热磁开关Earth-faultprotectionforstatorwinding定子绕组接地不良保护distanceprotectionagainstexternal外路短路遥控保护currentprotectionagainstexternalasymmetricoverloads不平衡过载电流保护earth-faultprotectioninexcitationcircuit励磁电路接地不良保护fieldlossprotection励磁电路断开保护differentialprotectionof220KVbuses220Kv母线差动保护insulationmonitoringon13.8KVside13.8KV侧绝缘监视pressuretransmitter表压变压器flowtransducer流量传感器solenoidairvalve电磁空气阀indicatingtemperaturegauges温度指示计eliminatethefalseandretainthetrue去伪存真oscillator【电】振荡器;震动器;振动子,发生器;加速器,振子electromechanical电动机械的，机电的ontheEuphratesRiverSyriaArabRepublic幼发拉底河NIDI西北设计院NorthwestInvestigationdesign&researchinstituteMEPembeddedpartsofmetalstructure金属部件嵌入部位subsequence后继，随后；headrace导水渠，tailrace尾水，防水路MainPowerhouse主厂房Servicebuilding副厂房administerativebuilding行政楼hydraulicturbinegeneratorunit水力发电机组,auxiliaryequipment附属设备,speedgovernor调速器oilpressureequipment压油装置Powerhouseoverheadbridgecrane厂房顶桥机（天车）fire-fightingwatersupplyequipment消防供应水设备dewateringsystemofgalleryatEL.270.50m270.50高程廊道排水系统spillway泄洪道access入门，通路infiltrationgallery渗透廊道compressedairsystem空压系统hydraulicmeasuringsystem液压测量系统mechanicalrepairingequipment机械维修设备generalrequirementsforFabricationandinstallationofpipelineandfittings管道与零件的装配与安装trashrackofpowerintake动力入口拦污栅cleaningoftrashrack拦污栅清洗trashcleaner垃圾清洗器incomingline进线windvelocitydata风速数据motor-drivenrollinggate电动旋转门ZnOsurgearrester氧化锌浪涌避雷器Phase-isolatedenclosedbusbar相隔离吸附母线stationservicepower厂用电layoutofelectricalequipment电气设备的布局artificialearthingbody人造接地体potentialequalizingnet电压平衡网electriclight电灯electriclightfittings电照明配件electriclightwiring电灯布线,电灯配线synchronizing116 system同步系统sanitaryfacility清洁设备anti-corrosivetreatmentofpipes管的防腐蚀处理sprinklervalve雨淋阀extraction抽出，取出damcrest坝顶reinforcedconcreteparapet加固混凝土扶手excavate挖出，挖掘clamshell蛤壳，挖泥机dynamometer测力计，功率计evaporation蒸发trapezoidal梯形的Theinletofspiralcaseis10minmaximumwidthand12mincrosssectionoperationpersonnel运行人员pier码头，桥墩domesticsewagepump室内排污泵Acidchamber酸室pollutedoiltankchamber污染油箱室dispatchingroom调度室relayprotectionroom继电室ccompartment间隔间watertight不漏水的，水密的stainlesssteelplate不锈钢盘cavitationresistant防汽蚀middlecone中锥,lowerpartofthrustbearingsupport,gatelinkage,rotatingpartsofturbinegeneratorunit,façadegaps,avaragedeviation,meettherequirementsinmanufacturer"sdrawing,antifriction润滑剂deviation背离Kerosene-oilosmotictest煤油渗透试验insulationcushion绝缘垫tooldowel木钉，销子sterilizingfacility杀菌消毒设备purifyingfacility净化设备boosterpump调压泵waterdeliverypipeline引水管sprinkler洒水车deviation背离oscillatingcurrent振荡电流amplitude振幅amplification扩大potentiometer电位计，分压计nonlinearity非(直)线性(特性)标书Tenderdocument,balanceliftingbeam,trolley台车adjacentcrane邻近的起重机storehouse仓库micrometer千分尺，测微计Regulatingring调速环gateservomotor导叶接力器gatevanemechanism导水机构maintenanceanddisposingdefect检修及缺陷处理adjustingthecompactionstrokeoftheservomotor压紧行程的调整assemblydrawing装配图circularcylindertypeservomotor环形接力器bearingbushing瓦套guidetube导管strokeindicatingplate行程指示板pinnedjointbetweenthepistonrodandpiston活塞杆与活塞铰接fasteningnut背帽push-pullrod推拉杆actuatingmechanism操纵机构transmissionmechanism传动机构regulatingring控制环connectinglink连接杆turningarm导叶臂executivemechanism执行机构supportingmechanism支撑机构bottomring底环distributingvalve配压阀thepressureoilentertheopeningchamberofservomotor,theclosingchamberofservomotorwillconnectwithdischargeoil.压力油进入接力器的开侧，接力器的闭侧接排油。Stampingtool样冲mainoilsupplyvalve总油源阀emergencydistributingvalve事故配压阀oilescape跑油sludge油泥compactionstroke压紧行程elasticsealing弹性盘根barrelpin销钉tensionapparatus配重块=拉紧机构levelgauge水平仪fabrication装配，构成accessory附件laminated层压的deviation偏差，背离corrugated缩成皱纹状的folding可折叠的irregularity不规则，无规律centerline中心线template=templet模板conical圆锥形的truncated切去顶端的，缩短的pier桥墩bulkheadgate隔水门inclination倾斜，倾度deviation背离，偏差suspension吊，悬浮flammability易燃性nitrogen氮Airadmissionhole进气口polyformaldehyde聚甲醛heptagon七角形expansionjoint伸缩节runnerhub转轮体inflatable膨胀的circumference圆周，周围grinding,magneticyoke磁轭buttnessplatform平台rimlamination,ventilation通风differentialprotectiondeviceforbusbar母差保护装置DClogicprocessoftransientfault瞬间故障的直流逻辑过程protectionzone保护区permanentfault永久性故障cooperationwithfailureprotection与失灵保护的配合protectionoutletcircuit保护出口回路ItemBoardsymbolBoardfunctionQuantityNote1MCBMaincontrolboard12CCB1~15Centralcontrolboard153RCB1~7Firealarmandpreventioncontrolboard74RCB8Hydraulicmeasuringboard15RCB9DC24Vrectifierboard16RCB10ACdistributionboardforCSCS17RCB11Electricaltransducerboardforservicepowersystem18RCB12Electricaltransducerboardfor220KVbussystem19RCB13~14Electricaltransducerboardfor220KVline210RCB15~18220KVbusandshort-lineprotectionboard411RCB19~20220KVsystemfaultoscillographboard212RCB21Spare1116 13RCB22UPSboardformeasuringandsignal114RCB23ACdistributionboardformeasuringandsignal115RCB24UPSboardformeasuringandsignal116RCB2513.8/6.3KVservicetransformerprotectionboard117RCB266.3KVreservepowerautomaticoperatingboard118RCB27~28Disconnetorinterlockcontrolboard219RCB29~30PTchangeovercontrolboard220RCB31~33CSCSlocalcontrolunitforswitchyard321RCB34~36CSCSlocalcontrolunitforcommonequipment322RCB37~39Spare323RCB40~59220KVCBfailureprotectionandoperateboard2024RCB60~109Sparefor220KVlineprotectionandothers50ListofDrawingsforEachGroup1.forTurbineGroupDrawingDescriptionNo.Cross–sectionofturbine-generatorOS1926Cross–sectionofassemblyofturbineOS1708AssemblyofmainshaftOS1964AssemblyofrunnerOS1682Waterandairpipingsystem0S1711OilcollectingdevicetypeJS–45OS1735RunnerhubOS1683Assemblyofsealdevice1S2703AssemblyofservomotorOS2701AssemblyofrestoringdeviceOS1704HeadcoverOS1687InnerheadcoverOS16912generatorgroup:DrawingdescriptionNo.SectionaldrawingofgeneratorOF409AssemblyofupperbracketOF408AssemblyofrotorOF397AssemblyofstatorOF400AssemblyofguidebearingOS1700Assemblyofthrustbearing1F2224Brakingandjackingsystem1F2259PipingdiagramofunitwatersupplyHB4–1–1PneumaticsystemHB3–1–1Cross–sectionofturbine–generatorOS1926Fireextinguishingdevice1F2257Arrangementofaircooler1F2240OilandwaterpipingwithingeneratorhousingOF4073governorgroup:116 DrawingdescriptionDrawingNo.AssemblyofoilheaddeviceOS1695OilpipinglayoutOS1703GovernoroilsystemofunitsHB2–1–1HB2–1–2HB2–1–3HydraulicsystemdiagramforoilpressureequipmentAssemblyofhydraulicmachinerycubicleOK635ScrewpumptypeLY–10–4OK633CouplerleverassemblyOK636MaindistributingvalveOK638CouplerdeviceOK640Hydraulicsystemdiagramforgovernor1K1167Electro–hydraulictransducer1K1156Gatepilotvalve1K1153Bladepilotvalve1K11484.PrimaryElectricGroupDrawingdescriptionDrawingNo.Mainschemeofelectricalconnectionfor220KVand13.8kV1E1–01Connectiondiagramof6KVstationservicesystem1E5–01Connectiondiagram,listofmainequipmentandmaterial1E2–01Stationservice400Vsystem1E5–50ConnectiondiagramofNo.1distributioncenter1E5–02ConnectiondiagramofNo.2distributioncenter1E5–03ConnectiondiagramofNo.3distributioncenter1E5–04ConnectiondiagramofNo.4distributioncenter1E5–05ConnectiondiagramofNo.5distributioncenter1E5–06ConnectiondiagramofNo.6distributioncenter1E5–07Connectiondiagramofpowerbox(400V)1E5–08Connectiondiagramofpowerbox1E5–09Connectiondiagramofrepairnetwork(400v)1E512–13Connectiondiagramofpowerbox1E514–41Connectiondiagramof400Vplugsocketboxanddistributionbox1E542–43Generalinstructionanddatadistributionboard1E5–44Connectionandorderdiagramofdistributionboardfor400Vdieselplant1E5–45Connectiondiagramoflightingsystem1E8–1Powerhouselightingat306.00diagramoflighting1E8–17Lightingconnectiondiagramofadministrationbuilding1E8–A0Lightingconnectiondiagramofservicebuilding1E8–S0Orderdiagramof6KVstationdistributionboard1E5–496.3Kvservicetransformerprotectionconnectiondiagram2E10–11–12VentilationsystemcontrolconnectiondiagramofC10,B101andB1072E16–2--4Ventilationsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E16–9--40Ventilationsystemcontrolcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E16–8–120VentilationsystemdiagramHV1–01–224116 StationservicetransformerSZ7–3150/13.8THPTJCC5–220THGeneralmanualforinstallationandoperationof220KVtransformerShengyangLCWBT–2DW1CTinstructionInstallation&operationmanualforGW4–220IVD(w)typeAChighvoltagedisconnectorManualforSF6circuitbreakerConnectiondiagramofstationauxiliaryACsystem2E3-115secondaryelectricgroupDrawingdescriptionDrawingNo.Mainschemeofelectricalconnectionfor220KVand13.8kV1E1–01Connectiondiagramof6KVstationservicesystem1E5–01Connectiondiagram,listofmainequipmentandmaterial1E2–01Monitoringandcontrolsystemblockdiagramofthewholestation2E3–3220kvcircuitbreakersynchronizingprincipleconnectiondiagram2E3–05PTchangeoverconnectiondiagram2E3–06Measurementplantdiagram2E3–7CCBSignalsystemconnectiondiagram2E3–8Centralcontrol(CCB)boardterminalconnectionnetworktable2E3–10AuxiliaryACpowersupplyconnectiondiagram2E3–11Signalpowersupplysystemconnectiondiagram2E3–12Overallstationhydraulicmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E3–13TerminalconnectionnetworktableofoverallstationhydraulicmeasurementandDC24Vpowerboardterminalconnectionnetworktable(RCB7)2E3–25PTchange–overboard(RCB29,30)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E3–26–27Aux.AC220KVpowersupplyboard(RCB23)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E3–28Centralcontrolboardterminalconnectionnetworktable2E3–29Computermonitoringandcontrolsystemblockdiagram2E4–1Powersupplyconnectiondiagramforcomputersystem2E4–5Interlocklogicrelationdrawingof220KVand13.8KVinsulatedswitchyard2E4–07/08Wholeplantsyntheticinformationindex2E4–13–001Wholeplantelectricparametersmonitoringchart2E4–13–002Allplantelectricequipmentcontrollingandmonitoringchart2E4–13–003Servicepowermonitoringdrawing2E4–13–004Totalactivepowerchartin24hours2E4–13–007Unitsactive&reactivepowerbar2E4–13–008Unit1operationmonitoringchart2E4–13–101Unitpressureoilequipmentmonitoringdiagram2E4–13–104Unitwatersystemmonitoringdiagram2E4–13–105Unitairsystemmonitoringdiagram2E4–13–106Unit1temperaturemonitoringdiagram2E4–13–108Hydro–hoistsystemofunitemergencygateopeningmonitoringdiagram2E4–13–801Hydro–hoistsystemofbottomsluicegatesmonitoringdrawing2E4–13–802Wholeplantaircompressionsystem2E4–13–803116 DC220Vsystemmonitoringdiagram2E4–13–804Distributionboardofcomputersystem(RCB8)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E4–15CSCS1LCU(RCB5–7)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E4–16CSCS7LCU(RCB5–7)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E4–17CSCS8LCU(RCB5–7)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E4–18Generatorelectricmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E5–1Unithydraulicmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E5–2Turbineandaux.Equipmentmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E5–3Turbine–generatorunitsequencecontroldiagram(legends)2E6–1Turbine–generatorcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–2UnitsPLCI/Opointdefinedchart2E6–3Unitautomaticelementsschedules2E6–4Unitwatersupplysystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–5Unitoilpressureequipmentcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–6Unitcondensingair–replenishcompressorcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–7Unitleakageoiltankmotorcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–8Unitheadcoverdewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E6–9Unitauto.Controlboardterminalconnectionnetworktable(UCB4)2E6–16.21Unitwatersupplysystem(UCB14)terminalconnectionnetworktableof2E6–22Unitpressureoilsystem(UCB13)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–23Unitcondensingair–replenishboard(UCB16)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–24(UCB15)unitheadcoverdewatering&leakageoiltanksystemcontrolpanelterminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–25(UCB17,18)generatorterminalcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–26,27Unitbreakercabinet(UCB1)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–28Unitgovernorelectriccabinet(UCB2)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–29Unitgovernormechanicalcabinet(UCB2A)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E6–30Controlpanel(UCB16A)ofunitcondensingcompressor2E6–31Excitationsystem(UEB2,3)breakingcubicleterminalconnectionnetworktable2E7–1---2Excitationsystemregulatorcubicle(UCB8–9)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E7–3---4Excitationsystemfieldresistorcubicle(UEB1)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E7–5ExcitationsystemSCRcubicle(UEB4–7)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E7–6---9Electricalprotectionplandrawingfor220KVand13.8KV2E8–01Generatorexitpotentialtransformerconnectiondiagram2E8–4CTconnectiondiagramofunitsNo.1and22E8–5Generator–transformer(units)CTconnectiondiagram(units3,4,5,6)2E8–6No.1generator–transformerunitprotectionpanelterminalconnectionnetworktable2E8–12Unit113.8KVPTterminalcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E8–13---14Unit313.8KVCTterminalcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E8–15116 Maintransformerterminalcabinet(UCB19)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E8–18Maintransformercontrolcabinet(UCB20)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E8–19220KVoutletlineEL1measurementconnectiondiagram2E9–1220KVoutletlineEL2measurementconnectiondiagram2E9–2220KVbusesand66KVlocaltransformerelectricalmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E9–3Planandconnectionsof220KVcurrenttransformers2E9–10220KVbusespotentialtransformerconnectiondiagram(EC1)2E9–11220KVbusespotentialtransformerconnectiondiagram(EC2)2E9–12220KVbusesprotectionprincipleconnectiondiagram2E9–13220KVbusesprotectionprincipleconnectiondiagram2E9–14220KVshort–lineprotectionconnectiondiagramE12E9–15220KVshort–lineprotectionconnectiondiagramE22E9–16220KVcircuitbreakerfailureback–upprotection2E9–21---26PowersupplybuseslayoutdiagramforRCB40-592E9–30220KVcircuitbreakeroperationconnectiondiagram2E9–31---38220KVdisconnectorandearthingswitchoperationdiagram2E9–71---131220KVcurrenttransformer(CT)connectiondiagram2E9–132---139Eventrecorderpanelof220KVlineRCB19&202E9–141---142220KVline(EL1&2)auxiliaryboardterminalsRCB76&RCB752E9–143---144220kvPTEC1(EC2)terminalcabinetconnectionnetworktable2E9–151---153220KVEC1(EC2)busbarprotectionboardterminalconnectionnetworktableRCB15&RCB162E9–154---155220IKVinlet–linedifferentialprotectionboard(RCB18)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–156220KVcircuitbreakerfailureprotectionandoperationpanelterminalconnectionnetworktable(RCB40–45)2E9–157---162Disconnectorinterlockcontrolboardterminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–177DisconnectorinterlockcontrolboardterminalconnectionnetworktableRCB27&282E9–178---180220KVCTterminalcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–181---185220KVPTterminalcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–211---216220KVshort–lineprotectionprinciplediagram(220KVcircuitbreakerhydraulicmechanismcontrolcubicleterminalconnectionnetworktable)2E9–230220KVcircuitbreaker(phaseA&B)hydraulicmechanismcontrolcubicleterminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–231---232Disconnectorandearthingswitchoperationmechanismboxterminalconnectionnetworktable2E9–331---3886kvservicepowersupplysystemelectricalmeasurementconnectiondiagram2E10–1Servicepowersystemelectrictransducerboard(RCB11)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–36.3KVservicetransformerterminalbox(UCB21)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–46.3KVservicetransformerprotectionconnectiondiagram(ST1&ST2)2E10–11---12116 6.3KVplantpowersupplyinletlinesandbussectionC/Boperationconnectiondiagram2E10–130.4KVunitdistributiontransformerprotectionandC/Boperationconnectiondiagram2E10–14---196.3KVlocaldistributionlineprotectionandC/Boperationconnectiondiagram2E10–206.3KVfeederlineprotectionandC/Boperationconnectiondiagram2E10–22---236.3KVbusesvoltagetransformerconnectiondiagram2E10–256.3KVservicetransformerprotectionboard(UCB25)terminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–286.3KVservicepowerCB(QF1–QF3)automaticcontrolboardterminalconnectionnetworktable(UCB26)2E10–296.3KVswitchgearcubicleST1&ST2inletlinecontrolterminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–31---326.3KVswitchgearcubiclebusbarconnectioncontrolterminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–336.3KVswitchgearcubiclebusbarconnectioncontrolterminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–346.3KVswitchgearcubicletransformer’soutletlinecontrolterminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–356.3KVbusbarPTcubicleterminalconnectionnetworktable2E10–36o.4KVNo.1–No.6distributioncentreexternalterminalconnection2E10–41---42DC220KVsystemconnectiondiagram2E11–1---2DC220KVbatteryinstallationandconnectiondiagram2E11–4---13Unitrepairdewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–1Unitrepairdewateringpumpstationseepagedewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–2Powerhousedewateringgalleryseepagedewateringcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–3---4Commonturbineheadcoverdewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–5---6Powerhousecablecorridorsextinguish–firedewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–7Purificationpumpplantdewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram(WCB13)2E12–8Sewagepumpplantdewateringsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E12–9Powerhousedrainagegalleryseepagedewateringsystemcontrolcablepartslocationdiagram2E12–23---24Unitrepairdewateringcontrolboardterminalconnectionnetworktable2E12–31---390.8Mpacompressorsystemcontrolboardwiringdiagram2E13–1Signalconnectiondrawingforcommoncompressorsystem2E13–2Controlpanelof0.8Mpaaircompressor2E13–4Controlpanelof4Mpaaircompressor2E13–5Controlboardof6Mpaaircompressor2E13–6Commonreturningoilsystemcontrolconnectiondiagram2E14–1---2Commonreturningoilsystemcontrolcabinetterminalconnectionnetworktable2E14–3116 Unitemergencygatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–1Bottomoutletgatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–2Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofbottomoutletgatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–4Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofunitemergencygatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–5Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofbottomoutletgatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–6Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofbottomoutletgatecontrolboardpartslocationdiagram2E15–10Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofunitemergencygatecontrolboardpartslocationdiagram2E15–11Tishrinhydropowerstationoilhoistroomofbottomoutletgatecontrolconnectiondiagram2E15–12Gatecontrolboard2E15–13---18水利水电工程专业英语——水电站与水轮机篇1.EnergyandPowerofWaterFlow1.水流的能量和功率Asmayberecalledfrommechanicsoffluids,theenergyandpowerofaquantityofwaterinsteadyflowfromAtoBcanbedeterminedusingBernoulli’stheoremforspecificenergy.FromtheprincipleofconservationofenergyitfollowsthattheenergyeAatAequalstheenergyeBatBplustheenergyeABreleasedasthewaterflowsfromAtoB.Assumingthattheweightofthewateris1N,Bernoulli’sequation,whichineffectexpressesthelawofconservationofenergy,maythenbewrittenas（1）回顾流体力学，可以使用伯努利定理的比能来确定从A到B的一定量的稳定水流的能量和功率。根据能量守恒定律，A点的能量eA等于B点的能量eB加上水流从A到B的能量损失eAB。假设水体的质量是1N，那么实际上表述能量守恒的伯努利方程可以写作：（1）116 WhereandarerespectivelytheelevationsaboveadatumplaneO-OofthecentersofgravityofthestreamcrosssectionsatAandB(m),andarerespectivelythepressuresatthecentersofgravityofthecrosssectionsatAandB(Pa),isthewaterdensity(kgm-3),andarerespectivelytheaveragevelocitiesofwateratAandB(ms-1),gisthefreefallaccelerations(ms-2),andandarenumericalcoefficientsaccountingforanon-uniformvelocitydistributionoverthecrosssections(theyarealwayslargerthanunityandgenerallyrangebetween1.03and1.1).其中和分别表示A和B处水流断面重心在基准面O-O以上的高程（m），和分别是A和B处水流断面重心的压力（Pa），是水的密度（kgm-3），和分别是A和B处水的平均速度（ms-1），g是自由落体加速度，且和是考虑断面非均匀分布速度的数字系数（它们通常比单位的大，且通常范围为1.03-1.1）。Thefirstterms,z,oneithersideofEq.(1),knownastheelevationheadsorpotentialheads,definethespecificpotentialenergyofwaterduetotheelevationwithrespecttotheselecteddatum.Thesecondterms,,calledthepressureheads,definethespecificpotentialenergyofwaterduetotherespectivepressure.Thetotalspecificpotentialenergymay,therefore,bewrittenase=z+.Itisthesameforanypointofacrosssection,sinceanincreaseinzalwaysproducesamatchingdecreasein.Accordingly,thepotentialenergyatacrosssectionmaybeevaluatedintermsoftheelevationsofthepointslyingonthefreesurfaceofthatcrosssection,assumingthatande=h(wherehistheelevationofthepointsonthefreesurfaceabovethedatumplane).Finally,thethirdterms,,referredtoasthevelocityheads,definethespecifickineticenergyofthequantityofwaterattherespectivesections.Obviously,allthetermsofEq.(1)aremeasuredinmeters.第一项Z在方程（1）两边都有，被称为位置水头或势头，确定了由于所选择的基准面得到高程的单位势能。第二项，被称为压力水头，确定了由于各自的压力产生的单位势能。因此，全部单位势能可以写作e=z+。这对于一个断面任意点都是相同的，因为z的增加总是产生一个在相匹配的的降低。相应地，某断面处势能可以以位于断面自由表面点的高程的形式提升，假设且e=h116 （其中h是基准面上方自由表面上点的高度）。最后，第三项，指的是速度水头，确定了各断面处该质量水体的单位动能。很明显，方程（1）中所有的项都以米为单位。Re-writingEq.(1)forthefreesurface(with=0)yields（2）Then,thelosthead(orfrictionhead)isgivenby（3）Inreality,thedifferenceisnegligiblysmall.So,=HAB（4）Here,HABisthedifferenceinelevationbetweenthebeginningandendoftheportionAB(customarilyreferredtoasthecross-head).Ifitissealevel(theelevationbeingΔ0)thatischosenasthedatumplane,thenhA=ΔA,hB=ΔB,andeAB=ΔA-ΔB=HAB.对于自由表面（=0）改写方程（1），得到（2）那么，水头损失（或摩擦水头）即为（3）事实上，的差别可以忽略不计。所以，=HAB（4）此处，HAB是AB段开始和结束处的高程差（习惯上称之为水头差）。如果被选作参考平面的是海平面（高程为Δ0），那么hA=ΔA,hB=ΔB，且eAB=ΔA-ΔB=HAB。Whenthetotalenergyofflowisdesired,therespectivetermsintheaboveequationsshouldbemultipliedbytheweightoftheflowingfluidwhichdependsonthedischargeQ(m3s-1),meaningthatoveratimeintervaltthesectionAwillletin,andthesectionBwillletout,aquantityofwaterequaltoQt.Obviously,theweightofthatvolumeofwaterisequaltoQtg,sothetotalenergy(injoules)releasedasthewaterflowsfromAtoBwillbeEAB=HABQtg（5）PowerNAB,ortheenergyreleasedpersecond,willbegivenby116 NAB=HABQg（6）如果需要水流的全部能量，上述方程各项应该乘以取决于流量（m3s-1）的流体重量，意为在一个t的时间间隔内断面A处将流入、且断面B处将流出质量等于Qt的水量。很明显，该水体的重量等于Qtg，所以水流自A到B处释放的所有能量（单位为焦耳）将为EAB=HABQtg（5）功率NAB，或者每秒释放的能量，将表示为NAB=HABQg（6）Sincethetotalenergyisinjoules,thedimensionofpoweristhewatt(W).However,thewattistoosmallaunit.So,inpowerengineering,useismostcommonlymadeofitsmultiples,suchasthekilowatt(1kW=1000W)andthemegawatt(1MW=1000kW=106W).由于总量能的单位是焦耳，所以功率的单位就是瓦特（W）。然而，瓦特这个单位太小了。所以，在电力工程中，通常用它的倍数，比如千瓦（1千瓦=1000瓦）和兆瓦（1兆瓦=1000千瓦=106瓦）。Consideringthatg=9.81m2s-1and=1000kgm-3(forpurefreshwater),thepowerinkilowattsmaybewrittenasNAB=9.81QHAB（7）Inpowerengineering,thecommonunitofmeasureforenergyisthekilowatt-hour(1kWh=3600J).IfthetimeintervalTinquestionisexpressedinhours,thentheenergyinkilowatt-hourswillbegivenbyEAB=9.81QHABT（8）Givingperyear(T=8760h)=85936QHAB（9）考虑g=9.81m2s-1且=1000kgm-3（对于纯鲜水），单位为千瓦的功率可以写作NAB=9.81QHAB（7）在电力工程中，度量能量的通常单位是千瓦·时。如果上述的时间间隔T是以小时表述的，那么以千瓦时为单位的能量就可以写作EAB=9.81QHABT（8）给定每年（T=8760小时）=85936QHAB（9）Eqs.(7)and(9)areusedtodeterminethepotentialofawatercourseintermsofitspowerorannualenergyfoundonthebasisoftheaveragedischargethroughseveralyearsofrecord.Thetheoreticalhydroelectricpotentialofawatershed,aregion,oracountryisevaluatedbydividingtheareainquestionintosuitablesectionsandaddingtogetherthepowerandannualenergyfoundforeachsection.Naturally,itseldomhappensthatallofthewaterbodiesinaregioncanbeusedforpowergeneration.Thecommonpracticeistolocatethewatercourses(ortheirportions)thatcanbeusedbytheindustryandtodeterminewhatmaybecalledtheirtechnicalhydroelectricpotential.Partofthetechnicalpotentialwhosedevelopmentiseconomicallyadvisableatagiventimeistermedtheeconomichydropotential.Ofcourse,the116 last-mentionedquantitydependsonthedemandandoveralleconomicsituationandis,therefore,subjecttocertainvariations.基于若干年平均流量记录，方程（7）和（9）用于确定水系的功率或年发电量的潜力。一个流域、区域或国家的理论水电潜力是通过将上述区域分成合适的部分并将每个部分得出的功率和年发电量相加而评估的。通常来讲，很少存在某区域内的所有水体都可以用作发电的情况。通常做法是定位能够用作工业用途的水系，并确定其所谓的水电技术可开发潜力。在给定时间经济可行的开发的技术潜力部分被称为经济水电潜力。当然，最后提到的数量决定于需求和整体经济情况，因此受到某些变量的影响。2.IntakeStructures2.取水建筑物Anintakestructureisanarrangementbywhichwaterissatisfactorilydivertedfortherequireduse.ThusasshownisFigure1,theintakeisanarrangementwhichallowsforwatertobetakenfromitssourceandthendischargedintotheconveyancesystemfromwhichitisledtothedesireduse.Thedesireduseofwatermaybefordomesticwatersupply,floodorirrigationdischargeoutofadamthroughoutletoutsluices,orforthepurposesofgeneratingelectricity.取水建筑物是通过其就可以将需要使用的水满足要求地调动的建筑物。正如图1中所示，进口就是允许从水源取水的建筑物，且随后排放到引向期望用途的输水系统内。水的期望用途可能是用作生活供水、大坝通过出水口的洪水或灌溉放水，或者是用于发电的目的。Figure1Diagrammaticsketchoffunctionofintake图1取水建筑物功能示意图Irrespectiveofthedesireduseanintakestructureshouldfulfillthefollowingrequirements:(1)assuredwatersupply;(2)suitablequalityofwater;(3)controloversupplyofwater.Therequirementsofassuredwatersupplywouldfixthelocationoftheintakein(1)plansothatwaterisalwaysavailable;(2)elevationsothattheinvertleveloftheintakeisatsuchalocationthattheminimumwaterlevelisalwaysabovethisinvertlevel.不管期望用途如何，一个取水建筑物都应该满足一下要求：（1）确保供水；（2）合适的水质；（3）控制供水。确保供水的需求将会将取水定位于（1）总能够获得水的平面；（2）确保最低水位总是高出引水高程的高度。Thequalityofwaterrequiredwoulddependupontheusewhichthewaterisdesiredtobeputto.Inhydroelectricdevelopmentgeneralrequirementforthequalityofwaterwillbethatitshouldbefreefrom116 debris,trash,iceandsilt.Incaseofanirrigationschemeitmaybedesirablethatthewaterisfreefromundesirablesaltsandotherindustrialeffluentswhichharmthecrop.所要求的水质将取决于其期望的用途。在水力发电工程中通常对水质的要求时它应该不含漂浮物、污物、冰和泥沙。对于灌溉计划，水应该不含不期望的盐分以及其它伤害作物的工业排放物。Anintakestructureshouldalwayshaveanarrangementbywhichitmaybepossibletocontroltheflowofwater.Thisarrangementisgenerallyprovidedforbyintroducinghydraulicgatesandsometimesvalvesintheintakestructure.取水建筑物应该总设置一个可以控制水流的建筑物。这个建筑物通常在取水建筑物中以引进液压式闸门和阀门的形式存在。Thus,accordingtotheoperatingheadtheintakemaybeclassifiedinto:(1)lowheadintake,(2)mediumheadintake,and(3)highheadintake.因此，根据工作水头进水口可以被分成（1）低水头取水口，（2）中水头取水口，和（3）高水头取水口。Takingintoaccounttheconveyancesystemtheymaybegroupedunder:(1)canalintake,(2)damintake,and(3)tunnelintake.考虑输水系统它们可能被分为以下组：（1）渠道式取水，（2）坝式取水，和（3）管道式取水。3.Penstocks3.压力管道Apenstockisdefinedasapressurepipewhosefunctionistosupplywaterdirectlytohydraulicturbine.压力管道被定义为具有直接向水轮机供水功能的压管。Penstocksareintendedtohandlehighstreamvelocities(upto12ms-1)andtoresistdynamicloadsimposedbywaterhammer.Therefore,theyarecommonlymadeofsteelpipe.Otherconstructions,suchassteel/reinforced-concretepenstocks,reinforced-concretepenstocks,reinforced-concretepenstocksorwoodpenstocks,areusedfarlessfrequently.压力管道要承受高速水流（高达12m/s）并抵抗由水击强加的动荷载。因此，它们通常用钢管制成。其它建筑物，如钢/钢筋混凝土压力管道、钢筋混凝土压力管道或木质压力管道则采用的少得多。Wehavealreadymentionedthatpenstocksmaybeoftheembedded,buried,andopen(exposed)types.Letusnowdiscusseachtypeindetail.我们已经提到压力管道可能是埋管、回填管和明管型式。现在让我们详细地讨论每种类型。Embeddedpenstocksaremadeofsteelpipe7to10mindiameter,builtinaconcretedamordirectlyinrock.Whenembeddedinconcrete,thepipesarereinforcedwithstrongsteelhoops.Thegapbetweenthepenstockandtherockispackedwithcementgroutorfilledwithplainconcreteorreinforcedconcrete.埋管用直径为7-10米的钢管制成，修建在一个混凝土大坝或直接在岩石中。当埋在混凝土中时，钢管用强钢箍加固。压力钢管和岩石之间的缝隙用水泥浆填充或用混凝土或钢筋混凝土填满。Buriedpenstocksaremadeofsteelorreinforcedconcretepipelaidonagraveloraconcretecushioninbackfilledtrenches.Reinforcedconcretepenstockswhichareusedmostcommonlymaybeupto6mindiameter(sometimes,evenlarger).Steelpenstockswhosediameterneverexceeds3mareemployedveryseldom,becausetheyareratherinconvenientforinspectionandmaintenance.回填式压力钢管用钢管或钢筋混凝土管制成，放置在卵石或一个回填沟的混凝土垫层上。最常用的钢筋混凝土压力管道直径最大可达6米（有时可更大）。直径不超过3米的钢压力管道应用的非常少，因为它们在检修和维护方面相当不方便。Open(exposed)penstocksare,ineffect,weldedsteelpipelinesupto9mindiameter,installedonconcretesupportsplaceddirectlyalongtheslope.Therealsoexistreinforcedconcreteandwood116 constructions,buttheseareusedlessfrequently.Openpenstocksmaybeeitherofthecontinuous(rigid)typeorofthesplitmultispantype.Continuouspenstocksarerigidlyfixedatthetwoendsbyanchoragesupportsand,therefore,sufferconsiderablestressesastheyexpandorcontractundertemperaturevariations.Thiscanreadilybeavoidedbysplittingthepenstockintoseveralspanseachofwhichisfixedbyanchoragesupportsofitsown.Anexpansionjointisinstalledineachspantoallowthepenstocktoexpandorcontractundertemperaturevariationswithoutgivingrisetoanyadditionalstresses.Betweentheanchorages,thepipesrestonanumberofintermediatesupportsdesignedtocarrytheweightofthefilledpenstockonlyandtoprovideforthefreemovementofthepipecausedbythermalexpansionorcontraction.事实上，明管（暴露）压力管道是直径达到9米的焊接钢管道，直接沿着坡安装在混凝土支撑物上。同事存在钢筋混凝土和木质建筑物，但是这些用的很少。明管压力钢管可能是连续（刚性）式或分段式。连续式压力管道被通过镇墩刚性地固定在两端，然后在其受到温度变化导致的扩大或收缩时受到相当大的压力。这可以通过将压力管道分成几段时就可避免，每段由本身的镇墩固定。每段中都安装了伸缩机以允许压力光管在温度变化是扩大或收缩而不增加任何附加应力。在镇墩之间，管道也放置在很多的支墩上，它们被设计于仅承受充满压力钢管的重量，且提供由热膨胀或收缩引起的管道的自由运动。4.WaterHammerinPenstocks4.压力管道中的水击Whentheflowofwaterthrough,say,apenstockisstoppedtoorapidly,thewaterpressuresuddenlyrisesabovethenormallevelandmightcausethepenstocktoburst.Quiteappropriately,thisphenomenonhascometobeknownasthewaterhammer.当水流通过时，例如，一个压力管道非常迅速地关闭了，水压迅速上升至正常水平以上且可能导致压力管道爆裂。这个现象被很恰当地称作“水击”。PicturetoyourselfaconduitoflengthLandcross-sectionalareaFthroughwhichwateruniformlyflowsatavelocityv(Figure1).Assumealsothatagateinstalledattheendoftheconduit(orwicketgatesinthecaseofapenstock)hasclosedinstantlyandbroughtthewatertoasuddenstop.Followingthestop,thekineticenergyofthewatervanishes,resultinginanequivalentincreaseinitspotentialenergy,whichmanifestsitselfinapressureriseΔph.设想水流以v的速度均匀通过一条长为L且断面面积为F的输水管（图1）。再假设安装在输水管尾端的闸门（或者在压力管道情况下的导叶闸门）瞬时关闭并导致水流突然停止。随着该停止，水流的动能小时，引起了在其势能上的相等的增加，这在其展现为Δph的压力上升。Sincetheconduitwallspossesscertainelasticproperties,thepressurerisecannotpropagateinstantaneouslythroughouttheconduit.Overatimeintervaldt,thepressureriseΔphwilltraveladistancedl.Withindl,thewallswillexpandandtheconduitwill“swell”asshownschematicallyinFigure1(a).Asthisprocessgoeson,thepressurewavetravelsuptheconduittotheforebayatavelocitya.Thevelocityofthepressurewavedependsontheelasticcharacteristicsoftheconduitandwaterandwouldbeequaltothevelocityofsoundinwater(1425ms-1)iftheconduitwallswereabsolutelyrigid.Underrealconditions,however,itisdeterminedas（1）whereisthemodulusofelasticityofwater(2×103MPa)，Eisthemodulusofelasticityofthewall116 material(2×105MPaforsteel),isthewallthickness,andDistheconduitdiameter.Forsteelconduits,aisapproximatelyadoptedas1000ms-1.由于输水管壁具有一定的弹性性能，该压力上升不能立刻通过输水管传播。在dt的时间间隔内，压力上升Δph会传播一个dl的距离。如图1所示，在dl内输水管壁将会扩大且输水管将“膨胀”。随着这个过程的推进，该压力波以速度a沿着输水管传播至前池。压力波的速度取决于输水管的弹性特性和水，并且如果输水管壁为绝对刚性，那么它的速度将等于声音在水中的传播速度（1425ms-1）。然而在实际情况中，它被确定为（1）其中是水的弹性模量（2×103MPa），E是壁材料的弹性模量（钢材2×105MPa），是壁厚，且D是输水管直径。对于钢输水管，a近似采用1000ms-1。Figure1Waterhammerinapenstock(a)forwardpressurewave;(b)backwardpressurewave.图1压力管道中的水击（a）向前压力波；（b）向后压力波。Followingthesuddenclosureofthegate,ΔphreachesitsultimatevalueΔpulwhichcanbefoundbyequatingthechangeinwatermomentumoveratimedttotheimpulseoftheassociatedforceΔpulFdtWhenceΔpulConsideringthatdl/dt=a,wemaywritefortheultimatepressureriseandtheultimatewater-hammerheadg（2）ThesecondlineinEq.（2）iscalledtheZhukovskyformula.116 随着闸门的突然闭合，Δph达到了它的最终值Δpul，这可以通过将水动量在dt时间内的变化与相应力的冲量作等式而获得ΔpulFdt由此得到Δpul考虑dl/dt=a，我们可以写出最终压力上升和最终水击水头为g（2）方程（2）中的第二行被称作茹科夫斯基公式。Letusnowconsiderwhathappensasthepositivepressurewaveresultingfromthewaterhammertravelsupthepenstocktotheforebay.Uponreachingtheforebay,itisreflectedbackfromtheopenendofthepenstockasanegativepressurewavewhichhasthesamemagnitudeandtravelsbackatthesamevelocityaasthepositivewave(Figure1b).Assoonasthebackwardnegativewavereachestheclosedgate,itisagainreflectedbacktotheopenendasapositivewave.Thisprocessgoesonuntilthewavesgraduallydieoutbecauseoftheinevitablelossesofenergytakingplaceunderrealconditions.Thetimeofoneroundtripofthewaveiscalledthetimeofoneintervalorthecriticaltimeofthepipe.Itisexpressedinsecondsastcr=（3）现在我们考虑由水击沿着压力管道传播到前池而产生的是正水击波。一旦到达了前池，它就会以负水击波的形式从压力钢管的开放尾端反射回去，它大小相同且以与正波相同的速度回传（图1b）。一旦向后的负波达到关闭的闸门，它又作为正波被反射至开口尾端。这个过程一直持续，直到由于实际情况中发生的不可避免的能量损失使得水波逐渐消失。水波往返一次的时间被称作1间隔的时间或管道的临界时间。它以秒为单位表示为tcr=（3）Underrealconditions,thegateisneverclosedinstantly,sothenegativepressurewavefindsitselfsuperimposedonthepositivewave,whichtoacertainextentrelievesthepipeofthewaterhammer.Asaresult,ΔphisalwayssmallerthanΔpul.在实际情况中闸门并从不是瞬时关闭，所以负波与正波相叠加，这在某种程度上缓解了管道的水击。作为结果，Δph总是比Δpul小。5.SurgeTanks5.调压井Thesimplestmeansofeliminatingpositive(ornegative)water-hammerpressureandimproving116 speed-regulationconditionsistoprovideabypasstotaketherejectedflow.Thismaybeaccomplishedbywhatareknownassurgetanks.Surgetanksaregenerallyinstalledeitheratthelowerendofapressurediversionconduittolinkthediversionconduittothepenstocksoratthelowerendoflongpenstocksleadingfromadamtoanisolatedpowerhouse.Surgetanksmayalsobeprovidedattheupperendofalongtailracediversionsystem.WhetherornotaconduitrequiresasurgetankdependsonitsTw.Asarule,theneedforasurgetankariseswhenTw＞3to6（1）消除正（或负）水击压力和改善转速调节条件的最简单的方式是提供一个旁通道以接纳反射水流。这可以通过所谓的调压井完成。调压井通常安装在压力导流输水管的低端以连接导流管和压力管道，或者在自大坝到一个独立发电厂房的长压力管道的低端。调压井也可放置在一个长的尾水系统的上端。输水管是否需要一个调压井取决于其Tw。一般来说，当下述情况发生时，就需要调压井Tw＞3to6（1）Figure1principleofoperationofsurgetank1—pressuregradientwhensurge-tanklevelisamaximum;2—pressuregradientwhensurge-tanklevelisaminimum.图1调压井的运行规则1—当调压井级别最高时的压力梯度；2—当调压井级别最低时的压力梯度。图1调压井运行原则1-当调压井水位最高时的压力梯度；2-当调压井水位最低时的压力梯度。Letusdiscusstheprincipleofoperationofasurgetank(Figure1).Whentheturbinesoperateataconstantvelocityandauniformdischarge,thefree-surfacelevelofthetankisbylowerthanthestaticheadwaterlevel,whereistheheadlostinthediversionsystem.Whenthewicketgatesareclosedandtheturbineisunloaded,theflowthroughthepenstockscomestoastandstill,andthewaterarrivingwiththeinitialvelocityisrejectedintothesurgetank,therebyraisingitslevel.Asthistakesplace,thekineticenergyoftheflowingwaterisconvertedintothepotentialenergyofthewaterstoredabovethenormalsurge-tanklevel.116 我们来讨论调压井的运行规则（图1）。当水轮机以一个恒定速度和均匀流量时运行，井的自由表面水位，其中是输水系统的水头损失。当水轮机甩负荷导叶关闭时，压力管道中的水流突然停止，而引水道中仍以初始流速流来的水体被迫流入调压井，从而使调压井中的水位升高。当这种情况发生时，水流的动能转换为势能储存在调压井正常水位之上的水体中。Thepressurewavewhichisreflectedfromthefreesurfacecannotpropagateintotheconduitandiseventuallysuppressed,resultinginanappreciabledecreasein.Whenallofthekineticenergyoftherejectedwaterisconvertedintopotentialenergy,thetanklevelbecomesbyZmhigherthantheheadwaterlevel.Atthisinstant,thevelocityofstreamflowthroughthediversionconduitequalszero.However,thisstateisbynomeansstable,andthewatersoonbeginstoflowoutofthetankintotheconduit.从自由表面反射的压力波不能传递至输水管并最终被抑制，导致了中明显的减少。当反射水流的所有动能都转换成势能时，调压井水位比上游水位高出Zm。此时，流过输水系统的水流速度等于零。然而，这个状态并不是稳定的，水流很快就开始回流入输水管。Theaccompanyingpressurefluctuationsareeventuallydampedbythefrictionbetweenthewaterandthewallsoftheconduitandthesurgetank.Afterthefluctuationshavebeensuppressedcompletely,thewaterinthetankattainsanewlevelcorrespondingtothenewloadontheturbineorequaltothestaticheadwaterlevelifthegateshavebeenclosedtozero.Assumingthecross-sectionalareaofthetankas,thecross-sectionalareaofthediversionconduitas,andthelengthoftheconduitasL,theperiodofpressurefluctuationsmaybedevelopedas（2）伴随的压力波动最终通过水和输水管壁及调压井之间的摩擦而减弱。在波动被完全抑制后，井中的水达到了与水轮机上新负荷相对应的水位，或者如果闸门完全关闭时与静止上游水位相同。假设井的断面面积是，输水管的断面面积是，且输水管的长度是L，那么压力波动的时间就可以表示为（2）Whentheloadontheturbinesissuddenlyincreased,thetanklevelfallsby,andsimilarpressurefluctuationstakeplace.Theanalysisofthissituationshouldbebasedonthelowestheadwaterlevel.Thethingisthatthepressuregradientfollowingthedropintanklevelwillgivetheelevationabovewhichthediversionconduitoughtnottobelaidifitistobeprotectedagainstvacuum.当水轮机的荷载突然增加时，井中水位随之下降，且发生相似的压力波动。对这种情况的分析应该基于最低的上游水位。问题是，如果要防止出现真空，就要保证随着井水位下降的压力梯度位于输水管放置的高度之上。6.LayoutofHydroelectricPowerStations116 6.水电站的布置AshasbeenstatedearlierinSectionItheimportantpartsofahydropowerstationaretheunitbayshousingthemainturbineandgenerator,controlbayhousingthemaincontrolandotherelectricalequipment;andtheserviceorerectionbayprovidedforthehandling,erectionandmaintenanceofthemainmachines.Classificationofthepowerstationasdefinedbelowconcernstheunitbayswhichmainlygovernthedesignofapowerstation.正如在第I部分所述，水电站的重要部分是布置主水轮机和发电机的主机厅、容纳主控和其它电气设备的控制室，以及用于处理、安装和维护主要机械的装配间或安装间。下文中电站分类与控制电站设计的主机厅有关。Dependinguponthelocationofahydropowerstationitmaybebroadlyclassifiedasasurfaceorundergroundpowerstation.Asthenameimpliesundergroundpowerstationisonewhichisbuiltunderground.Sinceacavityhastobeexcavatedinsideearth’ssurfacetherockwherethispowerstationisbuiltmustofnecessitybeverysound.根据水电站的位置，它可以被大致地分为地面式或地下式厂房。如名字所示地下式厂房被建于地下。由于须要在地表内挖掘洞室，修建电站的岩石必须是完整的。Asurfacepowerstationisonewhichisfoundedonearth’ssurfaceanditssuperstructureisrestingonthefoundationmemberofthepowerstationitselfwithouttakinganylateralsupport.Thischapterdealsmainlywithsurfacepowerstation.However,wheretheconditionsarecommontobothtypeithasbeensoindicated.Asurfacepowerstationcanbefurthersubdividedaccordingtothesubgrade,superstructureandwaterpassage.地面式厂房建立在地表之上，其上部结构建在电站本身的基础构件上，并且不须要任何侧向支护。本篇主要解决地面式电厂。然而，与两种类型条件相同的情况表述如下。地面式厂房可以进一步细分为基础、上部结构和水道。Accordingtothesubgradeapowerstationmaybeclassifiedintwogroups,viz:onerestingonsoilandtheotherrestingonrock.Thetypeofsubgradeavailablewouldchangeonlythedesignandlayoutofthesubstructure(definedlateron).Thuswhileforrockysubgradethebottomslabofthedrafttubemaybekeptseparatefromthepierandthesidewalls,forsoilfoundationsthishastobemonolithicinordertodistributethesuperimposedloads.Thedesignandlayoutoftheintermediateandsuper-structures,however,doesnotchange.根据地基，厂房可以分为两类，即：一种位于土基，另一种位于岩石上。可用的地基类型仅改变上部结构的设计和布置（后面描述）。因此，尽管对于岩石基础而言，尾水管的底板可能会与闸墩和边墙分开，对于土基为了分散叠加负荷它要是整体的。然而，中间和上层结构的设计和布置并不会改变。Accordingtosuper-structures,ahydropowerstationmaybeclassifiedintothreegroupsortypes,viz:(1)outdoortype,(2)semi-out-doortype,and(3)indoortype.根据上层结构，水电站可以被分为三组或类，即：（1）室外型，（2）半室内型，以及（3）室内型。Outdoorstationarethoseinwhichgenerators,exciters,etcareprovidedwithlocalsteelhousingsforweatherprotectionbutareotherwisefullyexposedabovetheintermediatestructure.室外型厂房的发电机、励磁机等为免受天气影响而用不锈钢外壳保护，但是它们完全暴露在中间结构上。Thesemi-outdoortypehasalowroofordeckimmediatelyoverthegenerators.Theaccesstomachinesisthroughthehatchremovablecoversbeingprovidedoverthemachines.半室外型在发电机之上立刻安置了低矮的屋顶或甲板。可以通过在机械上提供的舱口可拆卸的盖子到达机械。Theindoortypeofpowerstationhastheconventionalsuperstructureandissuitableforroughclimate116 asisfoundinmostpartsofIndia.室内型电厂具有传统的上部结构且可适应恶劣的气候，在印度大部分得以应用。Obviouslythetypeofthepowerstationasclassifiedabovewillaffectthedesignofthesuperstructure.很明显以上的电站类型的分类将影响上部结构的设计。Ahydropowerstationcanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothetypeofwaterpassageprovided.Inthefirsttypetheintakemaybeconnectedtothepowerhousesothattheforebaymaybetakenasapartofthepowerstation.Inthesecondcasethepowerstationisseparatefromtheintakeandthewaterisfedthroughpenstocks.Thisdifferentiationinvolvesonlythedifferenceinthestabilityofthemainpowerstationbuilding.水电站也可以根据提供的水道进行分类。在第一种类型中，取水口可能连接到厂房，所以前池可以被视作电厂的一部分。在第二种情况中，电厂与取水口分离，水通过压力管道提供。这个差别仅涉及到主厂房建筑的稳定性差异。7.UndergroundPowerHouses7.地下电站厂房Undergroundpowerhousesmaybeusedforbothdam-basedanddiversionhydropowerprojects.Inthelast20or25years,thistypeofpowerhousehasbecomeincreasinglypopularowingtomechanizationandnoveltechniquesinrockblastingandminingengineering.Today,about500undergroundplantsaregeneratingpowerallovertheworld.ThelargestprojectsaretheChurchillFallsHydro(N=5225MW,Hd=312m)ontheriverChurchillinCanada,theGordon-ShramHydro(N=2116MW,Hd=152m)onthePeaceRiver(alsoinCanada),andtheCaboraBasaHydro(N=2040MW,Hd=180m)ontheZambeziinMozabique.IntheSovientUnion,too,somehydroplantshavetheirpowerhoursebuiltunderground.地下厂房可以用于坝式和引水式电站。在过去的20或25年内，由于机械化和岩石爆破和采矿工程新技术，这种类型的厂房已成为越来越受欢迎。如今，全世界大约有500个地下厂房在发电。最大的工程是澳大利亚邱吉尔河的邱吉尔瀑布水电站（N=5225MW,Hd=312m），和平河（也在加拿大）上的戈登·施拉姆水电站（N=2116MW,Hd=152m），以及莫桑比克赞比西河上的卡布巴萨水电站（N=2040MW,Hd=180m）。在（前）苏联，也有一些修建于地下的水电厂房。Inspiteofthefactthatthehighcostofundergrounderectionworkstilldetersthistypeofstructurefrombeingusedonalargerscale,undergroundpowerhousesofferquiteanumberofadvantagesoverconventionaldesigns.Inparticular,owingtotheconsiderableload-bearingcapacityoftherock,theyrequirenearlyhalfasmuchconcrete.Asfarastheeaseofconstructionandmaintenanceisconcerned,theylookveryattractiveundersevereclimaticconditionsorinthemountainswheretheyarerathereasytoprotectagainstavalanchesandmudtorrents.Whenusedforadiversionproject,anundergroundpowerhousecanreadilybelocatedatthemostconvenientpointalongthediversionconduit.Ontheotherhand,undergroundpowerhousesneedexpensiveventilationfacilitiesandareratherdifficultofaccessasregardssupplyofequipmentanddeliveryofpower.尽管地下安装工作的高成本仍然阻碍这种类型的结构在更大的规模的使用，但是地下式厂房提供了很多相比传统设计上的优势。特别是，由于岩石的相当大的承载能力，它们需要一半的混凝土。至于考虑到建设和维护的难易，它们在严峻的气候条件或在比较容易防范雪崩和山洪泥山的地区是很有吸引力的。当用于导流工程时，地下厂房可以很容易地布置在沿导流管的最合适的点处。另一方面，地下厂房需要昂贵的通风设施且很难抵达供电设备和电力输送处。Thecostofanundergroundpowerhouseisindependentoftherunnersettingwithrespecttothetailwaterlevel—afeatureunparalleledinanyothertypeofpowerhouse.Accordingly,thedrafttubeswhichgenerallyhaveahighcone,alongoutletportion,andasharplybentelbowofcircularcrosssectionmaybe116 madenarrowerthanusual.Ascomparedwithconventionaldrafttubeconstructions(which,incidentally,areusednearlyasfrequently),theselookmoreattractive,sincetheyweakenthesurroundingrocktoalesserextentandmakeforashorterpowerhouse.Whenapowerhouseiserectedinsolidrock,itsroofandwallsmaydowithoutaconcretelining.Thecostofthepowerhouseasawholecanappreciablybecutdownbyreducingthewidthofthegeneratorroom.地下式厂房的造价同与尾水位密切相关的安装高程没有直接关系，这个特点是其它类型的厂房所无法比拟的。相应地，通常具有一个高锥体、一个长出口部分和急剧弯曲肘的圆形横截面的尾水管可能会制作的比通常的狭窄。相比于传统的尾水管建筑（很频繁地应用），这些看起来更有吸引力，因为它们在较小的程度削弱了围岩，并作为更短的厂房。当在坚固的岩石中修建厂房，它的顶和墙壁可能不需要混凝土衬砌。通过减少机房的宽度，厂房的成本作为整体可以明显减少。Oneofthebasicfactorsaffectingthelayoutofanundergroundpowerplantisthelocationoftransformers.Asarule,thetransformersareinstalledonthedaysurface,thecurrenttothembeingconveyedatgeneratorvoltage.Wherethedepthofthepowerhouseexceeds200m,anapparentlybetterplanistoerectthetransformersdirectlyinthegeneratorroomwhichismadewiderforthepurpose.Asanalternative,theymaybeplacedinpocketsadjoiningthegeneratorroomorinanisolatedgallery.Withanyoneoftheabovethreeapproachesthecurrentisconveyedtothesurfaceviapowercables.影响地下式电厂布置的一个主要因素是变压器的布置。一般来讲，变压器是露天安装的，电流以发电电压传送到它们。当厂房的深度超过200米时，一个更好的方案是直接在主机间安装变压器，主机间因此要修得更宽。作为备选方案，它们可以放置在与机房相邻的空洞内，或在一个独立的廊道中。以上述三种的任一方法，电流都通过电力电缆传输到地表。Iftheyarenecessary,turbineshutoffvalvescanbeplaceddirectlyinthegeneratorroom.Mostfrequently,however,theyareinstalledinanindividualgallery.Draft-tubeservicegatesandtheirmechanismsarelikewiselocatedinisolatedgalleries.如果有需要，水轮机进水阀可以直接安装在主机房内。然而，它们更常被安置在一个独立的长廊内。尾水管设施闸门及其机械同样地位于独立的长廊内。Theerectionsitecanbereachedviaanapproachtunnelwhosegrademaynotexceed1:7.If,forsomereason,suchatunnelcannotbebuilt,itsfunctionmaybeservedbyadeliveryshafthavingacargotransfercraneinstalledonthedaysurface.Inaddition,thepowerhouseshouldbeequippedwithasystemofshaftsortunnelsforattendingpersonnel,electricservices,andventilation.Also,itmusthaveappropriateemergencyexits.安装位置可以通过一个交通洞到达，其坡度不能超过1:7。如果由于某些原因，不能修建该隧洞，那么它的功能可以通过一个拥有表面安装的运货吊车的运输井实现。此外，厂房应该为入场人员、电力服务和通风提供竖井或隧洞系统。同时，它也必须有合适的紧急出口。8.PowerHousesofPumped-StoragePlants8.抽水蓄能电站厂房Powerhousesforpumped-storagehydroplantsaredesignedandproportionedinmuchthesamewayasthoseforconventionalhydropowerfacilities.Here,too,thesizeandshapeofthesubstructuredependonthesizeofthewaterpassagewaysthroughtheturbinesandthesettingoftherunnerswithrespecttotailwaterlevel.Similarly,thesizeofthegeneratorroomisgovernedbyerectionconditions.Ontheotherhand,thepowerhouselayouthasquiteanumberofdistinctivefeatureswhichowetheirexistencechieflytothepower-generatingequipmentused.Forexample,powerhousesequippedwithindividualturbinesandpumpshaveaverycomplexsubstructurewhichhastogiveenoughroomtowaterpassagewaythroughboththeturbinesandthepumps.Powerhousesusingreversiblepumpturbineshavepassagewayssimilartothose116 employedbyconventionalhydroplants,buttheturbinerunnershavetobesetwellbelowthetailwaterlevel.抽水蓄能电站厂房的设计和比例与传统水电设施大致相同。在这里，下部结构的尺寸和形状取决于通过水轮机的流道和相对于尾水位的转轮的设置。类似地，机房的尺寸收到安装条件的约束。另一方面，由于抽水蓄能电站采用了电动发电设备，其厂房布置有许多显著的特点。比如，配备独立水轮机和水泵的厂房有着非常复杂的下部结构，结构中必须为通过水轮机和水泵的流道安排足够的空间。使用可逆式水泵-水轮机的泵房的流道与那些传统水电厂房使用的相类似，但是水轮机转轮必须被很好地安装在尾水位以下。Pumped-storagepowerhousesmayconstituteasingleentitywiththeheadworksorbebuiltasisolatedstructures.抽水蓄能厂房可能与进水建筑物构成一个单一的实体，或者被建设为独立的建筑物。TheKonstantinovkaDevelopmentnowunderconstructionontheriverYuzhnyBugintheUkraineisacombinationofaconventionalhydroandapumped-storagepowerfacility.Ithasapowerhouseintegratedwithanoverflowspillway.Here,thepower-generatingunitsandthegeneratorroomproperareverydeeplysetwithrespecttothetailwaterlevel,andthetwo-waydrafttubesaresharplybentattheelbow.Theplantwillhaveeightdiagonal-flowreversiblepump/turbines(D1=7m)teamedupwithgenerator/motors.Theestimatedpoweroutputamountsto384MWatHd=27m(themaximumheadontheturbinesbeing46.8m).现在在尤日内·博格河上在建的康斯坦丁诺夫卡开发项目，是传统水电和抽水蓄能设施的组合。它有一个与溢洪道为一体的厂房。这里，发电机组和发电机房按照尾水位被安装的很深，且双向的引流管在肘部结构处剧烈地弯曲。该厂房将有八个斜流式可逆式水泵/水轮机（D1=7m），配有发电机/电动机。当水头Hd=27m（水轮机最大水头为46.8m）时，预计输出功率达到384MW。AnexampleoftheisolatedstructureisthepowerhouseoftheZagorskpumped-storageplantnowunderconstructiontothenortheastofMoscow.Theplant’ssixreversiblepump/turbines(D1=6.3m)willgenerateatotalof1200MWofpoweratHd=100m.Becauseofthedeeplysetturbinerunners,thefloorofthegeneratorroomhadtobeplaced18mbelowgroundlevel.Thetwo-waydrafttubeshavesmoothlycurvedelbows.Theiroutletopeningsarecoveredbytrashracks.Whetherornotthetrashracksarenecessaryisdecidedbytheamountoffloatingrubbishinthelowerpool.独立结构的例子是在莫斯科东北部在建的扎戈尔斯克抽水蓄能电站厂房。该厂房的六组可逆式水泵/水轮机（D1=6.3m）将在Hd=100m的水头下发出总计1200MW的电力。由于设置很深的水轮机转轮，发电机房的地面不得不设置在地表以下18米。该双向引水管有着剧烈弯曲的肘状结构。其出水口由拦污栅覆盖。拦污栅设置的必要性取决于下库的漂浮垃圾。Ifapumped-storageplantisbuiltinthenarrowvalleyofaminorwatercourse,theusuallineararrangementofthepower-generatingunitsmaycreateunfavourablehydraulicconditionsinthelowerpool.Awayoutistouseadouble-rowarrangementortoinstalltheunitsalonganarcofsuitableradius.如果抽水蓄能厂房建设在次要水道的峡谷上，那么发电机组的通常的直线排列可能在下库中产生不良的水力条件。一个解决方法是用双排列或沿着一个合适的半径的圆弧安装机组。Sincetherunnersarelocatedratherdeeply,agoodplanistousepowerhousesoftheundergroundorsemiundergroundtype,whichdifferlittle(ifatall)fromthoseofconventionalhydroplants,providedtheyareequippedwithreversiblepump/turbinesandgenerator/motors.因为转轮的位置很低，因此最佳的设计方案就是采用地下式或半地下式厂房。这样，如果采用可逆式水泵-水轮机和发电机-电动机，厂房布置与常规水电站的差别（如有差别）就不大。9.TypeofHydraulicTurbine9.水轮机类型Aswaterpassesthroughahydropowerplant,itsenergyisconvertedintoelectricalenergybyaprime116 moverknownasahydraulicturbineorwaterwheel.Theturbinehasvanes,blades,orbucketsthatrotateaboutanaxisbytheactionofthewater.Therotationpartoftheturbineorwaterwheelisoftenreferredtoastherunner.Rotaryactionoftheturbineinturndrivesanelectricalgeneratorthatproduceselectricalenergyorcoulddriveotherrotatingmachinery.当水流通过水电站时，其能量被一个称为水轮机的原动机转换成电能。水轮机有叶片或斗叶通过水流的作用围着一个轴旋转。水轮机的旋转部分或水轮机通常是指转轮。水轮机的旋转动作反过来驱动一个发电机产生电能或能够驱动其它的转动机械。Hydraulicturbinesaremachinesthatdeveloptorquefromthedynamicandpressureactionofwater.Theycanbegroupedintotwotypes.Onetypeisanimpulseturbine,whichutilizesthekineticenergyofahigh-velocityjetofwatertotransformthewaterenergyintomechanicalenergy.Thesecondtypeisareactionturbine,whichdevelopspowerfromthecombinedactionofpressureenergyandkineticenergyofthewater.Reactionturbinescanbefurtherdividedintoseveraltypes,ofwhichtheprincipaltwoaretheFrancisandthepropeller.水轮机是通过水流动力和压力作用而产生扭矩的机械。它们可以分为两类。一种是冲击式水轮机，它利用高速射流的动能将水能转为机械能。第二种类型是反击式水轮机，它通过水流的压力和动力的综合作用产生动力。反击式水轮机可以进一步被分为几种类型，其中两种基本形式是法兰西斯式水轮机和螺旋桨式水轮机。9.1ImpulseTurbines9.1冲击式水轮机TheimpulseturbineisfrequentlycalledaPeltonwheelafteroneofitsearlydevelopers,LesterPelton.Thepotentialenergyofwaterflowingfromaforebaythroughapenstockistransformedintokineticenergyinajetorjetsofwaterstrikingthesingleordoublebowl-shapedbucketsoftheimpulserunner.Thejetofwaterstrikestherunnertangentiallytoacircularlineofthepitchdiameterofthebucketsandactsatatmosphericpressure.冲击式水轮机通常被叫做佩尔顿式水轮机，以其早期开发者之一的LesterPelton的名字命名。流过压力管道的前池水流的势能被转换为射流的动能，作用在冲击转轮的单个或两个碗状的斗叶上。射流沿着斗叶的节圆直径的圆圈切线防线并以大气压力作用在转轮上。Thewaterstrikingthebucketsoftherunnerisregulatedthroughtheuseofabulb-shapedneedleinanozzle.Thepositionoftheneedledeterminesthequantityofwaterstrikingtherunner.Adeflectorarrangementinmoresophisticateddesignsisusedtodirectthewaterawayfromtheturbinebucketswhenthereisaloadrejectiontoreducehydraulictorqueonthegenerator.作用在转轮斗叶上的水流通过在喷嘴中的灯泡形状的针杆来调控。针杆的位置确定了作用在转轮上的水量。当要发生减少发电机液压扭矩的甩负荷时，要用一个设计更加复杂的偏流器装置将水流从水轮机斗叶处引离。Impulseturbinesareusuallyhighheadunitsandusedatlocationswhereheads1000ftormore.Theyarealsousedatlowerheadsforsmall-capacityunits.Theratioofthewheeldiametertothespoutingvelocityofthewaterdeterminestheapplicabilityofanimpulseturbine.反击式水轮机通常是高水头机组，并应用在水头在1000英尺或更高的位置。它们也应用在小容量机组的低水头情况。水轮机直径与射流速度的比值决定了反击式水轮机的适用性。TheimpulseorPeltonturbineshaveadvantagesforhigh-headinstallations,forinstallationswithabrasivematterinthewater,andforlong-penstockinstallationswherewaterhammeriscritical.Someimpulserunnersaremadewithindividuallyboltedbucketsandothersaresolidcast.Double-overhunginstallationsaremadewithageneratorinthecenterandtherunnerspositionedinthetwooverhangingendsofasingleshaft.116 反击式或佩尔顿式水轮机在高水头安装、存在水中磨损问题的安装和在水击很重要的长压力管道安装的情况中有优势。一些反击式水轮机被制作成单独带有螺栓连接的斗叶形式，另外一些则为整体铸造。双悬臂式安装中发电机在中心且转轮定位在单轴两个的突出端。AnotherdesignofanimpulseturbineistheTurgoImpulseturbineinventedbyEricCrewdsonofGilkesandCo.Ltd.OfEnglandin1920.Theturbineisdesignedsothatthejetofwaterstrikesthebucketsatanangletothefaceoftherunnerandthewaterpassesoverthebucketsinanaxialdirectionbeforebeingdischargedattheoppositeside.Thebucketsareconstrainedbyarimonthedischargesideoftherunner.Theadvantageclaimedforthetypeofunitisthatalargerjetcanbeapplied,resultinginahigherspeedwithacomparativelysmallermachine.冲击式水轮机的另外一种设计是由Gilkes的EricCrewdson和英格兰公司在1920年发明的Turgo冲击式水轮机。水轮机的设计为射流以与转轮面成某一角度作用在斗叶上，且水流在在对面排出前以轴向通过斗叶。斗叶受到转轮出水侧的边缘的限制。这种形式机组的优点是可以应用一个更大的喷口，从而得到一个更高的速度和一个相对较小的机械。9.2Mixed-FlowReactionTurbines9.2混流式反击水轮机Intheoperationofreactionturbines,therunnerchamberiscompletelyfilledwithwaterandadrafttubeisusedtorecoverasmuchofthehydraulicheadaspossible.Threeconditionsofflowdeterminethedesignsofreactionwheels.Iftheflowisperpendiculartotheaxisofrotation,therunneriscalledaradial-flowturbine.Anearlytypeofradial-flowmachinewastheFourneyronturbine,inwhichwaterflowwasradiallyoutward.Manyearlyreactionwheelswereradiallyinward-flowrunners.Ifthewaterflowispartiallyradialandpartiallyaxial,itiscalledamixed-flowturbine.Themostcommonmixed-flowturbinewasdevelopedbyJamesB.Franceandbearshisname.Francisturbineshaveacrownandbandenclosingtheupperandlowerportionsofthebuckets,whileapropeller-typerunnerhasbladesprojectingfromthehub.在反击式水轮机的运行中，水流完全充满转轮室，且尾水管被用来回收尽可能多的水头。三种水流条件确定了反击式水轮机的设计。如果水流与转动轴向相垂直，那么该转轮被称为径向流动水轮机。径向流动机械的早期类型是Fourneyron水轮机，其中水流径向流出。很多早期的反击式水轮机都是径向入流式水轮机。更常用的混流式水轮机是JamesB.France开发的并以他的名字命名。弗兰西斯水轮机有一个上冠和下环封装着斗叶的上部和下部部分，而一个螺旋桨式转轮有从轮毂伸出的叶片。Anothertypeofmixed-flowreactionturbineisthediagonalturbineorDeriazturbine.Therunnerbladesaresetatananglearoundtherimofaconicalhub.Thereisnobandaroundtheblades.Thebladesareadjustableandcanbefeatheredaboutanaxisinclinedat45°totheaxisoftheshaft.Theunitshavebeendevelopedforuseasreversiblepumpturbines.Theyhavetheadvantageofmaintaininggoodefficiencyoverawiderangeofflow,higher-strengthattachmentoftherunnerbladestotheturbinehub,andthearrangementallowshigherpermissibleoperatingheadsthananaxial-flowKaplanoradjustablebladeunit.另外一种混流式水轮机是斜流式水轮机或Deriaz水轮机。转轮叶片被以一定的角度环绕着锥形轮毂而设置。叶片周围没有带子。叶片可以调整并以与转轴轴线45度的倾角顺桨。该机组已经被开发为可逆式水泵水轮机。它们的优势是在较宽水流范围内保持良好的效率，转轮叶片与水轮机轮毂之间更高强度的连接，并且该设备可以在比轴流Kaplan或可调整叶片机组的更高的水头下运行。9.3Axial-FlowReactionTurbines9.3轴流式反击水轮机Thedirectionofflowformostpropellerturbinesisaxial,paralleltotheaxisofrotation;thustheyareclassifiedasaxial-flowturbines.Earlydevelopmentsutilizedpropellerunitverticalshafts.Morerecentdevelopmentsutilizeahorizontalshaft.Propellerturbinescanhavethebladesoftherunnerrigidlyattachedtothehub;thesearecalledfixed-bladerunners.Thebladesoftherunnerscanalsobemadeadjustablesothattheturbinecanoperateoverawiderangeofflowconditionsatbetterefficiencies.ApropellerturbinewithcoordinatedadjustablebladesandgatesiscalledaKaplanturbineafteritsinventor,ViktorKaplan.A116 propellerturbinewithadjustablebladesandfixedgatesissometimesreferredtoassemi-Kaplan.Theautomaticcoordinationofthemovementofrunnerbladeandadjustmentofthegatepositionsprovidesoptimumhydraulicperformanceandhasmadesuchunitsmoreefficientforvariableflowandlow-headapplications.大多数螺旋桨式水轮机的水流方向是轴向，与转动轴向方向相平行；因此它们被分类为轴流式水轮机。早期开发利用螺旋桨机组垂直轴。较近的开发使用水平轴。螺旋桨式水轮机可能有刚性地连接到轮毂的转轮叶片；这些被称为固定叶片式转轮。转轮叶片也可以被制成可调式，这样水轮机就可以以更好的小路在一个更宽的水流条件下运行。配有协调可调式叶片和导水叶的螺旋桨式水轮机被以其发明者ViktorKaplan的名字命名为卡普兰水轮机。配有可调整叶片和固定导水叶的螺旋桨式水轮机被称为半卡普兰式。转轮叶片运动的自动协调和导水叶位置调整提供了最佳水力性能，且对于可变化水流和低水头应用情况使得这样的机组效率更高。Recentdevelopmentsutilizingaxial-flowrunnerhaveincludedarrangingtherunnersinspecializedconfigurationssometimesreferredtoastubular-typeturbines.Basically,theunitsarearrangedtominimizethechangeindirectionofflow,tosimplifythemountingofthegenerator,andtoprovidethebesthydrauliccharacteristicsforthewatermovingthroughthehydropowerplant.TUBEturbineisaregisteredtrademarkoftheAllis-ChalmersCorporationforatypeofunitinwhichthegeneratorismountedoutsidethewaterpassagewithdirectorgeardriveconnectiontothegenerator.Theseunitsarenowbeingproducedinstandardizedsizes.使用轴流式转轮的近期开发已经包括了在专门构型中的转轮，有时被称为贯流式水轮机。基本上，这样的机组布置尽量减少水流方向的变化，简化发电机的安装，使水流流过电厂时具有最好的水力特性。贯流式水轮机是Allis-Chalmers有限公司的机组类型的注册商标，其中发电机被安装在流道外，流道与发电机直接或通过齿轮传动相连。这些机组现在正以标准化型号生产。Bulbhydropowerunitsincludepropellerturbinesthatdriveageneratorencapsulatedandsealedtooperatewithinthewaterpassage.Thegeneratordesignissuchthatallmechanismsarecompressedintoadiameterthatisapproximatelyequaltothepropellerdiameter.Theverycompactnaturetendstoprovidesomeadvantagesinpowerhousedesignandinpatternofwaterflow.Itdoesrequirespecialcoolingandaircirculationwithinthegeneratorbulb.Thistypeofunitisbeingmanufacturedbyseveralcompanies.灯泡水电机组包括封装并在流道内运行的驱动发电机的螺旋桨水轮机。发电机被设计成所有的机械的直径都被压缩成与螺旋桨直径大致相等。这样非常紧凑的特性在厂房设计和水流形式中较有优势。它确实需要在发电机灯泡室内特殊的冷却和空气循环。有几家公司可以制造这种机组。10.TurbineCases10.水轮机蜗壳Aturbinecasemaybedefinedasawaterpassagesurroundingaturbine.Itsprimaryfunctionistodistributeuniformlythewateraroundthestayring,thewicketgates,andtherunner.Tovertical-shaftturbinesthewaterisconveyedfromoneside,sotheircasesaremadespiralinshapewiththeouterwallcompletelyorpartiallyembracingthestayingring.Quiteappropriately,turbinecasesofthisconfigurationhavecometobeknownasspiralcases.ThebasicparameterofaspiralcaseisthevoluteangleФvolmadebytheplanespassedthroughthethroatandthesmallend.水轮机蜗壳可以被定义为环绕水轮机的流道。其首要功能是均匀地分配环绕座环、导水叶和转轮的水流。对于垂直轴水轮机，水流从一侧传输，因此其蜗壳被制成螺旋状且其外墙完全或部分地环抱着座环。这样配置的蜗壳很合适地被称作螺旋型蜗壳。螺旋型蜗壳的基本参数是蜗壳的包角Фvol，即从蜗壳进口到蜗壳末端的平面角度。Thereexisttwobasictypesofspiralcases,namelyconcretecaseswithavoluteangleof180°to270116 °andmetalcaseswithavoluteangleof345°to360°.Concretespiralcasesareusedunderheadsupto80m.Theymaybesymmetricalinradialcrosssectionorhaveanextendedlowerorupperportion.Whentheheadontheturbineexceeds50m,concretecasesarelinedwithmetal.Asarule,concretecasesareusedforadjustable-bladepropeller(Kaplan)turbines,although,onsomerareoccasions,theyareemployedforlow-headFrancisturbines.螺旋型蜗壳有两种基本类型，即角度为180°到270°的混凝土蜗壳，以及角度为345°到360°的金属蜗壳。混凝土螺旋型蜗壳应用于水头低于80米的情况。它们可以是径向横截面对称的或有一个延长下部或上部结构。当水轮机水头超过50米时，混凝土蜗壳就用钢板做内衬。按规定，混凝土蜗壳被用于可调整叶片式螺旋桨（卡普兰）水轮机，尽管在很少的情况下，它们也用于低水头的弗兰西斯水轮机。Forlargevertical-axisturbines,semi-spiralorreinforcedconcretespiralcasesareused.Theadvantageofthesemi-spiralcaseislowerheadloss.Theheadlossisalsolowerforanopen-flumearrangementthanformoresophisticatedspiralcasings.Forlarge-,medium-,andhigh-headturbinesthespiralcaseisusuallyfabricatedfromsteelplate.Olderinstallationssometimeshadcaststeelorcastironspiralcases.Thewaterpassagewaysaredifferentforvarioustypesofturbines.对于大型垂直轴水轮机，要使用半螺旋或钢筋混凝土螺旋型蜗壳。半螺旋型蜗壳的优点是低水头损失。开放式水槽装置比更加复杂的螺旋型蜗壳的水头损失也更低。对于大型、中型和高水头的水轮机，螺旋型蜗壳通常用钢板制就。早期的安装有时用铸钢或铸铁螺旋型蜗壳。该流道不同于很多型式的水轮机。MetalspiralcasesareanexcellentchoiceforFrancisandhigh-headKaplanturbinesoperatingunderheadsrangingfrom40to500m.Theyaretraditionallycircularincrosssectionthroughout,andaremadeofweldedplatesteel,orunderhigherheads,ofcastironorcaststeel.对于在在40到500米之间水头下运行的弗兰西斯和高水头卡普兰水轮机来说，金属螺旋型蜗壳是一个非常好的选择。它们通常在全断面上都是圆形，并用焊接钢板制就，或者在更高的水头下用铸铁或铸钢制就。Watervelocitiesanduniformityofflowareprimaryengineeringconcerns.Watervelocitiesinthespiralcasingasaruleofthumb,accordingtoBrown(1970),should,forlow-specific-speedturbines,beapproximately（1）andforhigh-specific-speedturbines,（2）wherev=watervelocityatcrosssectionsnormaltotheradiusandatentrancetospiralcase,ft/sec;h=designnethead,ft.水流速度和均匀度是设计的首要考量。根据Brown(1970)的经验，对于低比转速的水轮机，在螺旋型蜗壳内的水流速度应大致为：（1）且对高比转速水轮机：（2）其中v=垂直径向断面及螺旋型蜗壳进口处的水流速度，英尺/秒；h=净设计水头，英尺。Generally,thereshouldbenodecelerationofwaterasitflowsfromthepenstocktoandthroughthespiralcase.Specialrequirementsastoshape,dimensioning,andvelocityareneededfordifferentkindsofturbines.116 通常来说，当水流从压力管道流向并通过螺旋型蜗壳时，水流速度不应该减小。对于不同类型的水轮机来说，其所需的形状、尺寸和速度都有特殊需求。11.DraftTubes11.尾水管Drafttubesarethefinalcomponentsofthewaterpassagesofhydropowerplants.Adrafttubemayservethedoublepurposeof(1)allowingtheturbinetobesetabovetailwaterlevel,withoutlossofhead,tofacilitateinspectionandmaintenance,and(2)regaining,bydiffuseraction,themajorportionofthekineticenergydeliveredtoitfromthereaction-turbinerunner.尾水管是水电站水流通道的最后部分。尾水管可以起到双重目的（1）允许将水轮机设置在尾水位之上，不产生水头损失，以便于检修和维护，以及（2）通过扩散作用重新获得从反击式水轮机转轮传到其中的大部分动能。Drafttubesusuallyconsistsofsteelsectionswhichchangeshapefromcirculartorectangularincrosssection.Thesectionsexpandincross-sectionalareatodecreasethewatervelocitywithaminimumoccurrenceofvortexesandmaintainanearlyuniformvelocityatanysection.Thedrafttubeisusuallyformedinreinforcedconcrete.Theprincipalengineeringproblemsaredeterminingthewatervelocityattheexittothedrafttubeanddeterminingthecontrollingdimensionsofthedrafttube.尾水管通常包括钢结构，其横截面形状从圆形变为矩形。该面积在横截面扩大，以减小水流速度并将涡流发生降至最低，并在任意断面维持一个接近均匀的速度。尾水管通常用钢筋混凝土制成。主要的设计问题是确定出口进入尾水管处的水流速度，以及确认尾水管的控制尺寸。Asregardstheshapeofadrafttube,thebestperformancecouldbeobtainedwiththeconicaltube.Unfortunately,itslengthwouldbegreatintermsofthroatdiameter,andtherefore,forlargemachinesitwouldrequireaconsiderableamountofexcavation.Forthisreason,itisusedonlyrelativelysmallmachines,thedrafttubeforlargevertical-shaftturbinesbeingmostlyoftheelbowconstruction.Infact,theelbowtypeoftubeisnowusedwithmostturbineinstallations.Withthistype,theverticalportionbeginwithaconicalsectionwhichgraduallyflattensintheelbowsectionofelaborateshapeandthendischargeshorizontallythroughsubstantiallyrectangulardiffusersectiontothetailrace.Oneortwoverticalpiersareplacedinthehorizontalportionofthetubeforstructuralreasons.Thebasicdimensionofanydrafttubeistheheighth.Obviously,thegreatertheheightofthedrafttube,thebettertheturbineperformance.Ontheotherhand,higherdrafttubecallformoreconcrete,therebybuildingupthecostofthepowerhouse.Forthisreason,anoptimummustbefoundthatwouldbeeconomicalofmaterialsandstillensureanacceptableperformance,astoolowdrafttubeshaveprovedtobeverylittlehelp.至于尾水管的形状，直锥形尾水管可能获得最佳性能。不幸的是，由于其喉部直径，它的长度将较大，而且因此，对于大型机械，它可能会需要非常可观的开挖量。因此，它仅用相对较小的机械，对于大型垂直轴水轮机的尾水管，通常是弯肘建筑物。事实上，弯肘型尾水管目前最普遍地应用于水轮机安装中。对于这种类型，垂直段通常开始于直锥段，它在肘管段逐渐趋于复杂形状，随后水流通过大致呈矩形的扩散段水平地流向尾水。考虑结构因素，在尾水管的水平部分设置了一个或两个垂直支墩。任何尾水管的基本尺寸都是高度h。很明显，尾水管越高，其性能越好。另一方面，较高的尾水管需要更多的混凝土，由此增加了厂房的成本。基于此，必须在材料经济性和确保能接受的性能之间作出最佳选择，因为太低的尾水管已经被证明没有太多用处。EmpiricalrelationsandexperiencecurveshavebeendevelopedtomakepreliminarydeterminationsforFrancisturbinesdrafttubedesign.Theturbinedischargediameter,D3andspecificspeed,nsareusedasreferenceparametersfordevelopingtheappropriatecontrollingdimensionsaccordingtodeSiervoanddeLeva(1976).Theabsolutevelocityattheinlettothedrafttubeisgivenbythefollowingequation:116 wherewatervelocityatthedrafttubeinletsection,m/sec;turbinespecificspeed.对于弗朗西斯水轮机尾水管的设计，已经获得了初步确定的试验关系和经验去西安。根据西尔沃和德勒瓦，将水轮机泄流直径D3和比转速ns作为确定合适的控制尺寸的参考参数。尾水管进口处的绝对速度用下式表示：其中尾水管进口处的水流速度，米/秒；水轮机比转速。Asthespecificspeedincreases,thereisatendencyforcontrollingdimensionstobeincreasedbecausetheamountofkineticenergywithinthedrafttuberelativetothepotentialenergyislarger,butcounteringthatisthehighercostforthecivilworkstoaccommodatethelargerdimensions.Theexperiencecurvestendtoindicatethatthecivilworkscostlimitationscontroltherelativesizeathighervaluesofspecificspeed.当比转速增加，控制尺寸有增加的趋势，因为在尾水管内的动能相对于势能变大，但是容纳较大尺寸的土建工程的成本反而更高。经验公式趋于表明，土建工程成本的限制控制着更高比转速度值处的相对尺寸。12.SynchronousGenerators12.同步发电机Convertingwaterenergytoelectricenergyathydropowerplantsispossiblethroughtheoperationandfunctioningofelectricalgenerators.Thephenomenonofproducinganelectricalcurrentinaconductor,discoveredbyMichaelFaraday,involvesmovingacoppercoilthroughastationarymagneticfieldormovingamagnetthroughacoppercoil.Inthepracticalgenerator,aninducedvoltageiscausedbythemagneticfieldofarotorsweepingbythecoilsofthestator.Therotorofanelectricalgeneratorinthecaseofhydropowerdevelopmentsisdrivenbytherotationoftheturbine.Usually,theturbineandgeneratoraredirectlyconnectedonacommonshaft.Mostgeneratorsusedinhydropowerdevelopmentsarealternatingcurrent(AC)synchronousgenerators.Theserequireexcitationcurrentwhichisusuallyprovidedbyasmallauxiliarygeneratorthatsuppliesdirectcurrenttocreatethemagneticfieldoftherotor.在水电厂房中，通过发电机的操作和功能可以将水能转换成电能。由米歇尔·法拉第发现的在一个导体产生电流的现象，包括在恒定磁场中移动铜绕组或在铜绕组中移动一个磁铁。在实际的发电机中，由转子上的磁场切割定子上的绕组就产生了一个感应电势。在水电开发中，发电机的转子是由水轮机的转动而驱动的。通常，水轮机和发电机直接在一个普通的轴上直接连接。在水电开发中应用的大多数发电机是交流同步发电机。这些要求通常是由一个小的辅助发电机供给直流电流来创建所述转子的磁场提供励磁电流。Thebasiccomponentsofgeneratorsasusedwithhydraulicturbinesare(1)supportingframe,(2)shaftthattransmitstherotatingmotionoftheturbine,(3)exciter,(4)assemblyofthebuilt-uprotor,(5)rotorpoles,116 (6)statoranditscomponentcoils,(7)statorcoilsupports,(8)aircooler,(9)thrustbearingsforverticalshaftmachines,and(10)brake.用在水轮机上的发电机的基本组成部分是（1）支持框架，（2）传递水轮机转动运动的轴，（3）励磁器，（4）装配式转子支架，（5）转子磁极，（6）定子及其组件绕组，（7）定子绕组支架，（8）空气冷却器，（9）对垂直轴机械的推力轴承，以及（10）闸。Thestatorcontainsthearmatureinconventionalacgeneratorsandconsistsofwindingsofcoilspressedintoslotsinasymmetricalpattern.Thecoreofstatoriscomposedoflaminatedsteelsheetstoreducepowerlossesbyeddycurrents.常规发电机的定子包括有铁芯和一些列以对称布置方式压进铁芯槽中的绕组。定子的核心由压层钢板组成以减少由涡流造成的电力损失。Therotorcontainsthecoilsthatmakeuptheelectromagnetsorfieldwinding.Thewindingssurroundtheindividualpolesthataremountedonstructurethatmakesupawheelattachedtotherotaryshaft.Ifthewindingssurroundeachpoleinasymmetricalfashionandarewoundindividuallyaroundapolethatextendsoutfromacylindricalsurface,theyaretermedsalient-polefields.转子包括组成电磁体或磁场绕组的线圈。绕组围绕在安装于组成附着于转轴的轮毂的结构上。如果绕组对称地围绕着每个磁极，且分别缠绕于从圆柱体表面延伸出来的磁极上，那么它们被称为凸极磁场。Thenumberofcoils,thewiresizeandnumberofturnsinacoil,andthenumberofslotsinastatoraredesignconsiderationsbywhichsizeandcapacityofthegeneratorarevaried.Thesewindingsmaybeconnectedinseriesorparalleltoachievethedesiredvoltageorcurrentratings.Foractualfunctioningofthegenerator,itisthennecessarytohavetwicethenumberofcoilsperphaseperpairofpoles.线圈的数量、线径和线圈中的匝数，以及定子中的插槽数的设计考虑是根据发电机变化尺寸和容量而定。这些绕组可以是成串联或并联，以获得所需的额定电压或电流。对于发电机的实际功能，每对磁极的每相的绕组数都必须翻倍。Thefieldwindingmagneticcircuitandrotorconsistsofpolesthatareduplicatesofeachotherthattheyarearrangedalternatelynorthandsouthmagnetically.Afullcycleofalternatingcurrentisdevelopedforeachpairofmagneticpolessweptbythewinding,thatis,onecyclepertwopoles.Thefixednumberofpolesisprovidedinafullcircleandmustbeaneven-integernumberofpoles,becauseanorthpolemustexistforeachsouthpole.Thefollowingfundamentalformulamustbemet:wheref=frequency,Hz(=cycles/sec);=numberofpoles;n=speed,rpm.该励磁绕组磁路和转子由可互相代替的磁极组成，交替排列在南北磁性。每对磁极切割绕组产生的完整周期的交流电，即，每两个磁极一个循环。一个完整周期中提供固定数目的磁极，且该磁极数目必须为偶数，因为每个北极必须对应一个南极。必须满足以下基础公式：其中f=频率，赫兹（=圈/秒）；=磁极数；n=速度，转每分钟。Thereareonlyalimitednumberoffrequenciesusedforacpowerfrequencies.Theusualonesare25,50,60,and400Hz.ThemostcommonfrequencyusedwithhydropowergeneratorsinNorthAmericais60Hz.对于交流电流仅应用有限的频率。通常的频率是25、50、60和400赫兹。在北美水力发电机所应用的最普遍的频率是60赫兹。116 13.SpeedControlandGovernors（1）13.调速与调速器（1）Muchequipmentconnectedtoahydroelectricsystemissensitivetofrequencyvariation.Therefore,speedcontrolofthesystemisanecessity.Regulatingthequantityofwateradmittedtotheturbinerunneristheusualmeansofregulatingandmaintainingaconstantspeedtodrivethegeneratorandtoregulatethepoweroutput.Thisisdonebyoperatingwicketgatesorvalves.Suchactionrequiresamechanismtocontrolthewicketgates,whichisthegovernororgovernorsystem.Atdecreasingload,thespeedtendstorise,andthegovernorhastoclosethewicketgatestosuchanextentthatthetorquecreatedbytheturbineequalsthetorqueofferedbytheelectricalloadonthegeneratorandthespeedreturnstothedesiredsynchronousspeed.Asthewicketgatesopen,thespeedadjustmentisloweredandtheinherenttendencyoftheturbineunitistopickupadditionalloadinresponsetoadecreaseinsystemspeed.很多与水电系统相连的设备都对频率变化很敏感。因此，系统的调速是必需的。调节进入水轮机转轮的水量是调节和维持一个恒定速度以驱动发电机和调节电力输出的通常手段。这是通过操控导水叶或阀门而完成的。这个操作需要一个控制导水叶的机制，也就是调速器和调速器系统。在减少负荷时，速度趋于增加，且调速器不得不调整导水叶使得水轮机产生的扭矩与调速器上电力负荷提供的扭矩相同，并且其速度发过来达到所期望的同步速度。随着导水叶的开启，速度调节器随之降低且水轮机机组的固有趋势是拾起额外负荷以应对系统速度的降低。Thefunctionofthegovernoristodetectanyerrorinspeedbetweenactualanddesiredvaluesandtoeffectachangeintheturbineoutput.Thisisdonesothatthesystemloadisinequilibriumwiththegeneratingunitoutputatthedesiredspeed.调速器的功能是检测实际速度与期望值之间的任何错误，且影响水轮机输出的变化。这样做是为了使得系统负荷与机组输出在期望的速度下相平衡。Thegovernorsystemoftheturbineactsasanopening,closing,andgate-settingmechanismforstarting,stopping,andsynchronizingtheturbinewhichallowsformatchingoutputtothesystemloadtomaintainthesystemfrequencyandcreatesthenecessaryadjustmentonKaplanturbinebladeanglesforoptimumoperationatsynchronousspeed.水轮机调速系统的作用类似于一个开启、关闭和定位阀门的装置，使水轮机能够开机、关机和保持同步转速运行，维持水轮机负荷与系统负荷之间平衡，确保系统频率稳定。同时，该系统还能调节卡普兰水轮机的叶片转角，从而保证水轮机以同步转速在最优工况下运行。Governorsystemscanbeclassifiedaseithermechanical-hydraulicgovernorsorelectro-hydraulicgovernors.Thethreeelementsofoperationare(1)thespeed-responsivesystemfordetectingchangesinspeed,(2)thepowercomponentforoperatingthewicketgates,and(3)thestabilizingorcompensatingelementthatpreventsrunawayspeedintheturbineandholdstheservomotorinfixedpositionwhentheturbineoutputandthegeneratorloadareequalized.Theservomotoristheoilpressuresystemandpistonarrangementusedtooperatethewicketgates.调速器系统可以被划分为机械液压式调速器或电气液压式调速器。操作的三个要素是：（1）检测速度变化的速度响应系统；（2）操作导水叶的电力组件；（3）稳定或补偿元件，当水轮机输出趋于与发电机负荷相等时，防止水轮机中的飞逸转速并在固定位置稳住住接力器。接力器是用于操作导水叶的油压系统和活塞装置。Amechanical-hydraulicgovernorisaunitinwhichamechanicalcentrifugalpendulumactsasasensor.Theflyballsofthependulummoveoutwardwithincreasingspeedandinwardwithdecreasingspeed.Themovementoftheflyballsistransferredbymeansofarodandlinkstothepilotvalveofthegovernor,which116 inturnoperatestheservomechanismforchangingthepositionofthewicketgates.InaKaplanturbine,thepropellerbladesarecontrolledbyaseparateservomotorwithaseriesofcamsoramicroprocessortomaintainapositionrelativetotheheadandgateposition.Theflyballmechanismdoesnothavepoweroutputnecessarytomovethewicketgatesonahydraulicturbine.Thepowerformovingthewicketgatesisnormallysuppliedbyahydraulicsystemcontrolledbytheflyballaction.机械液压式调速器是一个机械离心飞摆作为传感器的单元。离心飞摆在向外运动时速度增加，在向内运动时速度降低。离心飞摆的运动通过杆的装置传送，且与调速器的引导阀相连。这反过来操作伺服机构以改变导水叶的位置。在卡普兰水轮机中，螺旋桨式叶片收到一个独立的伺服机构控制，其中一系列的凸轮或微处理器维持在相对于水头和闸门位置的位置。离心飞摆机制没有移动水轮机导叶的必需的电力输出。移动导水叶的电力通常由离心飞摆运动控制的液压系统提供。14.SpeedControlandGovernors（2）14.调速与调速器（2）Thepowercomponentoftheentiregovernorsystemandgateoperatingsystemconsistsof(1)theservomotor,afluid-pressure-operatedpistonorpistonstomovethewicketgates;(2)theoilpressuresupply,whichfurnishesthepowerfortheactionoftheservomotor;and(3)acontrolvalve,whichregulatesoilpressureandflowofoilintheservomotor.整个调速器系统和闸门操作系统的电力元件包括（1）伺服电动机，一个移动导水叶的流体压力操作的活塞或活塞；（2）油压供给，它为伺服电动机的运动提供电力；和（3）控制阀，它调整伺服电动机中的油压和油的流动。Thesequenceofgovernoroperationconsistsoftheactionofflyballs,whichrespondtothespeedchangeandtransmitmotionthroughthesystemoffloatingleverstothepilotvalve.Thepilotvalveequippedwithrelayvalvescausesoilpressuretobetransmittedtoonesideortheotheroftheservomotor.Theactionofthepistonoftheservomotorinturnopensorclosestheturbinewicketgatesandregulatestheflowofwatertochangethespeed.调速器操作序列包括离心飞摆的运动，它通过浮筒杆系统向先导阀响应速度变化和传递动作。配备配压阀的先导阀引起油压传递到伺服电动机的一边或另一边。伺服电动机活塞的运动反过来开启或关闭水轮机导叶并调节水流以改变速度。Thespeedofaturbinewilldeviatefromnormalsynchronousspeedforacertainpercentageofloadchange.Theamountofdeviationofspeedwilldependon(1)thetimerequiredtoaltertheflowofthehydraulicoilinthegovernorsystemtocorrespondwithactionnecessitatedbythechangeinload,(2)theamountofflywheeleffectoftheentirerotatingmassoftheturbineandgenerator,and(3)thetimerequiredforthewaterflowtorespondtoactioncausedbythechangeintheturbineoperatingpoint.水轮机的速度会由于一定百分比的负荷变化而偏离正常的同步速度。速度偏离量取决于（1）改变调速器系统中的液压油以响应负荷变化所必需的动作所需的时间，（2）整个水轮机和调速器旋转系统的飞轮影响的数量，以及（3）水流响应由水轮机工况点变化引起的动作所需的时间。Thesimplegovernorandcontrolsystemisanisochronousgovernor.Theisochronousgovernorisinherentlyunstable,andalthoughsomestabilizationresultsfromthecharacteristicsoftheturbineandconnectedload,thesearegenerallyinadequateandanadditionalmeansofstabilizationeffectoftheinertiaofthewaterflowinthepenstock.Thenecessarystabilityisprovidedbyfeedbackfromtheservomotor,which,bymeansofthedashpot,temporarilyrestoresthecontrolvalvetowardthenullposition,anddampenstheservomotormovements.Thedashpotfunctionswithaspring-loadedvalvethatismechanicallylinkedtotheservomotorandcontrolsfromthepilotvalveandtheflyballmechanism.116 简单的调速器和控制系统是一个同步的调速器。该同步调速器本质上并不稳定，且尽管水轮机特性和连接负载之间稳定的结果，这些通常是在压力钢管中水流惯性的稳定影响的不充足和附加方法。伺服电动机提供了稳定性必需的反馈，而这通过缓冲器方法，暂时恢复向空白位置的控制阀，并抑制了伺服电动机的运动。缓冲器的运行要有一个弹簧式阀门，它机械地连接到伺服电动机并控制先导阀和离心飞摆机制。Tocontroltheturbinespeed,thegovernormustsensethesystemspeedandcompareittoastandard.Inthecaseofamechanicalgovernor,theflyballmechanismisdrivenbyapermanentmagnetgenerator(PMG)attachedtothegeneratorshaft,orbyapotentialtransformer(PT)sothatanychangeinsystemspeedresultsinachangeintheflywheelmechanism’sposition.Inanelectronicgovernor,thefrequencymaybesenseddirectlyfromapotentialtransformerortheoutputfrequencyofaspeedsignalgenerator(SSG)attachedtothegenerator.Theoutputfrequencyiscomparedtoastandardandthedifferenceisprocessedelectronicallytodriveatransducer-operatorcontrolvalve.为了控制水轮机速度，控制器必须感应系统速度并将其与某个标准比较。对于一个机械式调速器，离心飞摆机制是通过与发电机轴永磁发电机所驱动，或者通过一个电压互感器，使得系统速度的任何变化都导致飞轮机构的位置的变化。在一个电子调速器中，可能直接通过压力互感器或者速度信号发生器的输出频率而直接感应频率。将输出频率与某个标准相对比，其差别用电子处理以驱动由转换器操作的控制阀。15.AuxiliaryEquipment15.辅助设备15.1Oil-handlingfacilities15.1供油设备Present-dayhydroelectricplantsrequireagooddealofinsulationoiltobepouredintotransformersandcircuitbreakersandturbineoiltobeusedasaworkingfluidinspeedregulationsystemsandasalubricantandacoolantforthrustandguidebearings.Basically,theoil-handlingsystemforeachgradeofoilincorporatesthreetanks(forfresh,pure,andusedoil),asystemofheaders,andcontrolequipment.Theheadersareconnectedtooil-purifyinginstallationswhichmakeitpossibletopurifytheoilbypumpingitfromtanktotankorbycirculationwithinthesametank.Forpurification,useiscommonlymadeofcentrifuges,filterpresses,zeolitesieves,ortheircombinations.今天水电站需要大量的绝缘油用于倒入变压器和断路器，以及透平油用于速度调节系统中的工作流体，以及作为推力和导向轴承的润滑和冷却剂。基本上，供油系统对每个等级的油都采用三个箱子（新鲜、纯净和使用过的油）、一个集油管系统和控制设备。集油管与油净化设备相连接，这让它可能通过从一个箱子向另一个箱子的泵送或通过在相同箱子之间的循环而净化。对于净化，通常使用离心机、压滤机、费西滤网或其组合。Theoil-handlingfacilitiesmaybelocatedwithinthepowerhouse(generally,undertheerectionsite)orinanisolatedbuilding.Sometimes,thetanksmaybeplacedoutdoors.Theconveytheoiltotheturbo-generatorsandtransformers,oilconduitsarelaidalongthepowerhouse.供油设备可能位于厂房之内（通常在安装位置以下）或在一个独立的建筑物中。有时，箱子也可能放置在户外。将油输向涡轮发电机和变压器的油管为沿着厂房铺设。15.2Air-supplyequipment15.2供气设备116 Hydroelectricplantsrequiremuchcompressedairtobesuppliedundervariouspressuresforquitenumberofpurposes.Forinstance,theoil-pressuresystemsoftheturbo-generatorsandair-blastcircuitbreakerscallforcompressedairtobedeliveredunder2to6.3MPapressure.Also,theair-operatedbrakes,de-icingfacilities,andair-operatedtoolsneedcompressedairunder0.8MPapressure.水电站由于很多原因须要提供大量的不同压力下的压缩空气。比如，涡轮发电机的油压系统和空气断路器需要提供在2到6MPa压力之下的压缩空气。同事，风动闸、除冰设施以及风动工具需要在0.8MPa压力以下的压缩空气。Thereisatypicalairsupplysystem.Here,thesourcesofhighpressurearecompressorswhichprovideanamplesupplyofairunder7MPapressureinairreceivers.Theworkingpressure(4MPafortheoil-pressuresystems,2MPafortheair-blastcircuitbreakers,and0.8MPaforthebrakesandotherconsumers)isproducedbypressurereductionastheairispassedthroughelectromagneticreliefvalvesactuatedbyelectriccontactpressuregaugeswhenthepressurefallsdownto4and0.8MPaintheairreceiversanddownto2MPaintheair-supplyline.Inthecourseofpressurereduction,theairisdried,whickisimportantforthetrouble-freeoperationoftheequipment.有一个典型的供气系统。此处，高压的来源是压缩机，它能够提供储气罐中7MPa压力以下的广泛的空气供应。工作压力（油压系统为4MPa、空气断路器为2MPa，制动器和其它使用方为0.8MPa）是通过空气的降压过程产生的，因为当储气罐中的压力降至4~0.8兆帕和供气管道压力降至2兆帕时，由电接点压力计控制驱动的电磁卸载阀才会动作并输送压缩空气。在压力减小的过程中，空气变干燥，这对于设备的无故障运行很重要。Insomedesigns,high-andlow-pressurecircuitsareisolatedfromeachotherandhavecompressorsoftheirown.在一些设计中，高压和低压环路是彼此独立的，且有各自的压缩机。Anisolatedair-supplysystemisgenerallyusedtodrivethewateroutoftherunnerenvelopewhenaturbo-generatoristoworkasasynchronouscompensator.Tothisend,aircompressedinanairreceiverisrapidlydischargedintotheenvelopeoftherunnerwhichrotatesatno-loadwiththewicketgatesshut.Theaircushionthuscreatedcausesthewaterleveltofall,therebyeliminatingthelossesduetofrictionbetweentherunnerandthewater.一个独立的供气系统通常用于在涡轮发电机要作为同步补偿器工作时，驱动转轮室中的水。为此，储气罐中的压缩空气被迅速地排到转轮的转轮室中，此时转轮在无负荷及导水叶关闭的情况下运转。空气垫因此产生引起水位下降，因此消除了由于转轮和水流之间摩擦而产生的损失。Sometimes,itmaypaytoarrangeairreceiversinmetal-linedcavitiesleftintheconcretestructureofthepowerhouse,oruseforthispurposelongpipes1.5to3.0mindiameter.有时，可能要花费于厂房混凝土结构中金属内衬腔内设置储气罐，或者以此目的使用直径为1.5到3米的长管。15.3Processwatersupply15.3自流供水系统Atmajorhydropowerplants,thetotaldischargeofwaterforcoolinggenerators,transformers,turbinebearinglubrication,etc.mayrunintoseveralcubicmeterspersecond.Fornormaloperation,thewaterpressureshouldbewithin0.3to0.5MPa,soitisnotalwayspossibletouseaprocesswatersupplysysteminwhichthewaterflowsbygravity,especiallywherewaterissuppliedunderhead.Atalowhead,thepressureofwaterisraisedbypumps.Wheretheheadexceeds200to250m,pumpsareusedtotakewaterfromthelowerpool.Ataheadof50to250m,useisgenerallymadeofwater-jetejectors.Withthelast-mentionedapproach,watersuppliedundertheexistingheadispassedthroughanejectorwhosediffusercreatesavacuum.Owingtothevacuum,anadditionalamountofwaterisdrawninfromthelowerpool.Thewaterpressureattheejectoroutletissomewhatlowerthanattheinlet.116 在主要的水电厂房中，用于冷却发电机、变压器、水轮机轴承润滑等的水量可以达到几立方米每秒。对于正常的操作，水压应该在0.3到0.5兆帕之间，所以，用水靠重力流动甚至在水头下供水的自流供水系统通常不可行。在低水头下，水压通过水泵提升。在水头超过200到250米时，用水泵从下游取水。在50到250米的水头下，通常用到喷水的喷射器。通过最后提到的方法，在已存在水头下提供的水通过一个喷射泵，其扩散器引起了真空。由于该真空，要从下游引入一定附加量的水。喷射器出口处的水压在某种程度上低于进口处。Thebasicprocesswatersupplyequipmentconsistsofwaterintakestructures(builtinthepiers,abutments,orspiral-casewalls),filters,pumps(orejectors),andpipelinesconveyingthewatertothecircularheadersoftheturbo-generatorsandotherconsumers.Wasteheatedwaterisdischargedintothelowerpool.Processwatersupplysystemsdifferinlayoutfromplanttoplant.Sometimes,asinglepumpmaybeusedtodeliverwaterviatrunkpipelinestoconsumersthroughouttheplant.Inalternativedesigns,andindividualturbo-generatorsmayhaveawatersupplysystemofitsownwithisolatedwaterintakesandpumps.基础的自流供水系统设备包括取水建筑物（修建在桥墩、坝肩或螺旋蜗壳壁内）、滤水器、水泵（或喷射泵）以及向水轮发电机和其它用水的供水环管输送水的管道。废弃的热水排入下游。不同的厂房的自流供水系统布置各不相同。有时，单独的水泵可能被用于在整个厂房中通过干管向耗水部分输送水。在备选设计以及单独的水轮发电机中，可能有其独立取水和水泵的供水系统。15.4Unwateringsystem15.4排水系统Formaintenanceandrepair,thewaterpassagewaythroughaturbine,whichisisolatedfromtheupperandlowerpoolbybulkheadgates,mustbeappropriatelyunwatered.Forthispurpose,hydroelectricplantsareequippedwithsuitablepumpswhichcanunwaterthepassagewaythroughaturbineinamerefourhours.TheamountofwaterVtinthepassagewaymayapproximatelybefoundusingexperiencecurves.Therequiredpumpcapacity(inm3s-1)isgivenby为了维护和修缮，通过检修闸与上下游隔离的水轮机水流通道必须经过适当的排水。基于此，水电站配备能够在4小时内排出流道内水流的合适的水泵。在流道内的水量Vt可以用经验公式大致求出。所需的水泵容量（单位为立方米每秒）见下式：WhereVtisthevolumeofthewaterpassagewaythroughtheturbine(m3),Tisestimatedtimeofpumping-out(h),andqistheinflowdischargeduetoseepagethroughthegateadoptedas0.2*10-3to0.5*10-3s-1permeterrunofthegateseal.其中Vt是通过水轮机水流通道水的体积（立方米），T是估计的抽出时间（小时），且q是由于闸门渗流而流入的流量，采用闸门密封处0.2*10-3to0.5*10-3s-1每米。Multiunithydropowerplantserectedonaspreadfoundationusuallyhaveanunwatergalleryrunningthroughtheentirepowerhouse.Thegalleryisconnectedbypipelinestoallthedrafttubesintowhichwaterisdischargedfromthespiralcases.Thepipelinesareclosedbyhydraulicallyoperatedvalvesorgatesplacedinadrygallery.Whenaturbineneedstobeunwatered,thevalvesareopenedandthewaterisdischargedintothegallery.Asaresult,thewaterlevelinthepassagewayrapidlyfalls,whichfacilitatesthesealingofthegates.Whentheunwateringgalleryisfilledfull,pumpsinstalledinthepower-houseabutmentsareactuated,andthewaterisdischargedintothelowerpool.116 修建在一个分散基础上的多机组水电站通常有一个贯穿这个厂房的排水廊道。该廊道通过管线与所有的尾水管相连，蜗壳的水排放到尾水管中。水管通过液压操作阀或防止在干燥廊道的闸门来关闭。当需要在水轮机中排水时，打开阀门水即可排入廊道。结果是通道中的水位迅速下降，这有利于闸门的封闭。当排水廊道被排满时，安装在厂房机台的水泵启动，将水排放到下游。Asthewaterleavestheturbine,thepassagewayisfilledwithaircominginthroughaerationpipesprovidedintheunwateringgallery.Theaerationpipesarebroughtoutabovetheupperorlowerpoollevelandaredesignedtohandleamaximumairspeedof40to50ms-1.随着水轮机的水的排出，通道通过排水廊道中提供的通风管进气。通风管位于上游或下游水位以上，并被设计为控制40to50ms-1的最大空气速度。Whenthepower-housestructureistooshallowtoaccommodateanunwateringgallery,awayoutistouseapipeheaderortoinstallpumpsinthepitsbetweentheturbo-generatorstotakecareofseveralunitsatthesametime.当厂房结构太浅而不能容纳一个排水廊道时，一个解决方法是使用管环或在水轮发电机之间的坑槽内安装水泵以同时考虑几台机组。水轮发电机基本常识☆水轮发电机组的用途。水轮发电机组是将具有一定高度的水头(head)和流量(discharge)的水的动能(kineticenergy)和势能(potentialenergy)转换为机械能(mechanicalenergy)并最终转换成电能(electricenergy)的装置。水轮发电机设备是一种集合了多种学科和技术的工业产品，其中包括流体力学、工程力学、材料力学等多学科和机械、冶金、电子、计算机、自动控制等多门技术产物。水力发电站及其主要的设备——水轮发电机组是现代工业和现代生活的一项重要设备。发电机在工农业生产，国防，科技及日常生活中有广泛的用途。☆水力发电站水力发电是大自然赐给人类的一种清洁能源，就像风能、太阳能一样，是可以再生、取之不尽，用之不绝，无污染的能源。水力发电站运行费用低，便于电力调峰。至于运行成本，水电明显优于火电：水力发电的成本只有火力发电的约1/4.火力发电用燃料的购买和运输费用就占去运行50％一70％。而水力发电是不用燃料的。除了上述经济效益，开发水电还具有防洪、航运、供水、灌溉、旅游等综合效益。☆水力发电站的种类水力发电厂是把水的势能和动能转变成电能。根据水力枢纽布置不同,主要可分为堤坝式、引水式、抽水蓄能水电厂等。1、堤坝式水电厂（Hydropowerdamtype）:在河床上游修建拦河坝,将水积蓄起来,抬高上游水位,形成发电水头的方式称为堤坝式,堤坝式水电厂又可分为坝后式、河床式及混合式水电厂等。①坝后式水电厂,这种水电厂的厂房建筑在坝的后面,全部水头由坝体承受,水库的水由压力水管引入厂房,转动水轮发电机组发电。坝后式水电厂适合于高、中水头的情况。2、河床式水电厂（Riverhydropowerplanttype）：这种水电厂的厂房和挡水坝联成一体,厂房也起挡水作用,因修建在河床中,故名河床式。河床式水电厂水头一般在20～30M以下。116 3、混合式水电厂（Hybridhydropowerstation）：引水与大坝混合使用获得落差发电;4、引水式水电厂（Watertypehydropowerstation）:水电厂建筑在山区水流湍急的河道上或河床坡度较陡的地方,由引水渠道造成水头,一般不需修坝或只修低堰。土耳其可能大多数属于这种类型5、抽水蓄能水电厂(Thepumped-storagehydropowerstation)：具有上池(上部蓄水库)和下池(下部蓄水库),在低谷负荷时水轮发电机组可变为水泵工况运行,将下池水抽到上池储蓄起来,在高峰负荷时水轮发电机组可变为发电工况运行,利用上池的蓄水发电。水力发电站规模分类：按照中国水利部部颁标准分为：1、大型水力发电站(Large-scalehydro-electricpower)：容量大于250MW为大型水力发电站。2、中型水力发电站(Mediumsizedhydropowerstations)：装机容量50～250MW的为中型水力发电站。3、小型水力发电站（Smallhydropowerstations）:装机容量小于50000kW的为小型水力发电站。4、微型水利发电站（Miniaturehydroelectricpowerplant）：装机容量100KW以下的为微型水力发电站☆水轮发电机的工作原理水轮机是把水流的能量转换为旋转机械能的动力机械，它属于流体机械中的透平机械。早在公元前100年前后，中国就出现了水轮机的雏形——水轮，用于提灌和驱动粮食加工器械。现代水轮机则大多数安装在水电站内，用来驱动发电机发电。在水电站中，上游水库中的水经引水管引向水轮机，推动水轮机转轮旋转，带动发电机发电。作完功的水则通过尾水管道排向下游。水头越高、流量越大，水轮机的输出功率也就越大。水轮机按工作原理可分为冲击式水轮机（impulesturbine）和反击式水轮机(reactionwaterturbine)两大类。冲击式水轮机的转轮受到水流的冲击而旋转，工作过程中水流的压力不变，主要是动能的转换；反击式水轮机的转轮在水中受到水流的反作用力而旋转，工作过程中水流的压力能和动能均有改变，但主要是压力能的转换。冲击式水轮机按水流的流向可分为切击式(又称水斗式Pelton)和斜击式两类。斜击式水轮机的结构与水斗式水轮机基本相同，只是射流方向有一个倾角，只用于小型机组。反击式水轮机可分为混流式(francis)、轴流式(axialflow)、斜流式(diagonal)和贯流式(tubular)。在混流式水轮机中，水流径向进入导水机构，轴向流出转轮；在轴流式水轮机中，水流径向进入导叶，轴向进入和流出转轮；在斜流式水轮机中，水流径向进入导叶而以倾斜于主轴某一角度的方向流进转轮，或以倾斜于主轴的方向流进导叶和转轮；在贯流式水轮机中，水流沿轴向流进导叶和转轮。轴流式、贯流式和斜流式水轮机按其结构还可分为定桨式(fixedblad)和转桨式(adjustableblad)。定桨式的转轮叶片是固定的；转桨式的转轮叶片可以在运行中绕叶片轴转动，以适应水头和负荷的变化。各种类型的反击式水轮机都设有进水装置，大、中型立轴反击式水轮机的进水装置一般由蜗壳、固定导叶和活动导叶（Guidevane）116 组成。蜗壳的作用是把水流均匀分布到转轮周围。常采用拼焊或整铸的金属蜗壳。在反击式水轮机中，水流充满整个转轮流道，全部叶片同时受到水流的作用，所以在同样的水头下，转轮直径小于冲击式水轮机。它们的最高效率也高于冲击式水轮机，但当负荷变化时，水轮机的效率受到不同程度的影响。反击式水轮机都设有尾水管，其作用是：回收转轮出口处水流的动能；把水流排向下游；当转轮的安装位置高于下游水位时，将此位能转化为压力能予以回收。对于低水头大流量的水轮机，转轮的出口动能相对较大，尾水管的回收性能对水轮机的效率有显著影响。轴流式水轮机适用于较低水头的电站。在相同水头下，其比转数较混流式水轮机为高。轴流定桨式水轮机的叶片固定在转轮体上，叶片安放角不能在运行中改变，效率曲线较陡，适用于负荷变化小或可以用调整机组运行台数来适应负荷变化的电站。轴流转桨式水轮机是奥地利工程师卡普兰在1920年发明的，故又称卡普兰(Kaplan)水轮机。其转轮叶片一般由装在转轮体内的油压接力器操作，可按水头和负荷变化作相应转动，以保持活动导叶转角和叶片转角间的最优配合，从而提高平均效率，这类水轮机的最高效率有的已超过94％。80年代，世界上尺寸最大的转桨式水轮机是中国东方电机厂制造的，装在中国长江中游的葛洲坝电站，其单机功率为170兆瓦，水头为18.6米，转速为54.6转／分，转轮直径为11.3米，于1981年投入运行。世界上水头最高的转桨式水轮机装在意大利的那姆比亚电站，其水头为88.4米，单机功率为13.5兆瓦，转速为375转／分，于1959年投入运行。贯流式水轮机(tubularturbine)的导叶和转轮间的水流基本上无变向流动，加上采用直锥形尾水管，排流不必在尾水管中转弯，所以效率高，过流能力大，比转数高，特别适用于水头为3～20米的低水头电站。这种水轮机装在潮汐电站内还可以实现双向发电。这种水轮机有多种结构，使用最多的是灯泡式水轮机(bulbturbine)。灯泡式(bulb)机组的发电机装在水密的灯泡体内。其转轮既可以设计成定桨式，也可以设计成转桨式。世界上最大的灯泡式水轮机(转桨式)装在美国的罗克岛第二电站，水头12.1米，转速为85.7转/分，转轮直径为7.4米，单机功率为54兆瓦，于1978年投入运行。混流式水轮机(Francisturbine)是世界上使用最广泛的一种水轮机，由美国工程师弗朗西斯(Francis)于1849年发明，故又称弗朗西斯水轮机。与轴流转桨式相比，其结构较简单，最高效率也比轴流式的高，但在水头和负荷变化大时，平均效率比轴流转桨式的低，这类水轮机的最高效率有的已超过95％。混流式水轮机适用的水头范围很宽，为5～700米，但采用最多的是40～300米。混流式的转轮(Runner)一般用低碳钢或低合金钢铸件，或者采用铸焊结构。为提高抗汽蚀和抗泥沙磨损性能，可在易气蚀部位堆焊不锈钢，或采用不锈钢叶片，有时也可整个转轮采用不锈钢(stainlesssteel)。采用铸焊结构能降低成本，并使流道尺寸更精确，流道表面更光滑，有利于提高水轮机的效率，还可以分别用不同材料制造叶片、上冠和下环。世界上水头最高的混流式水轮机装于奥地利的罗斯亥克电站，其水头为672米，单机功率为58.4兆瓦，于1967年投入运行。功率和尺寸最大的混流式水轮机装于美国的大古力第三电站，其单机功率为700兆瓦，转轮直径约9.75米，水头为87米，转速为85.7转／分，于1978年投入运行。斜流式水轮机(diagonalturbine)116 是瑞士工程师德里亚于1956年发明，故又称德里亚水轮机。其叶片倾斜的装在转轮体上，随着水头和负荷的变化，转轮体内的油压接力器操作叶片绕其轴线相应转动。它的最高效率稍低于混流式水轮机，但平均效率大大高于混流式水轮机；与轴流转桨水轮机相比，抗气蚀性能较好，飞逸转速较低，适用于40～120米水头。由于斜流式水轮机结构复杂、造价高，一般只在不宜使用混流式或轴流式水轮机，或不够理想时才采用。这种水轮机还可用作可逆式水泵水轮机。当它在水泵工况启动时，转轮叶片可关闭成近于封闭的圆锥因而能减小电动机的启动负荷。世界上容量最大的斜流式水轮机装于苏联的洁雅电站，单机功率为215兆瓦，水头为78.5米。水泵水轮机(pumpturbine)主要用于抽水蓄能电站。在电力系统负荷低于基本负荷时，它可用作水泵，利用多余发电能力，从下游水库抽水到上游水库，以位能形式蓄存能量；在系统负荷高于基本负荷时，可用作水轮机，发出电力以调节高峰负荷。因此，纯抽水蓄能电站并不能增加电力系统的电量，但可以改善火力发电机组的运行经济性，提高电力系统的总效率。50年代以来，抽水蓄能机组在世界各国受到普遍重视并获得迅速发展。早期发展的或水头很高的抽水蓄能机组大多采用三机式，即由发电电动机、水轮机和水泵串联组成。它的优点是水轮机和水泵分别设计，可各自具有较高效率，而且发电和抽水时机组的旋转方向相同，可以迅速从发电转换为抽水，或从抽水转换为发电。同时，可以利用水轮机来启动机组。它的缺点是造价高，电站投资大。斜流式水泵水轮机转轮的叶片可以转动(adjustable)，在水头和负荷变化时仍有良好的运行性能，但受水力特性和材料强度的限制，到80年代初，它的最高水头只用到136.2米(日本的高根第一电站)。对于更高的水头，需要采用混流式水泵水轮机。世界上最大的混流式水泵水轮机装于联邦德国的不来梅蓄能电站。其水轮机水头237.5米，发电机功率660兆瓦，转速125转/分；水泵扬程247.3米，电动机功率700兆瓦，转速125转/分。抽水蓄能电站设有上、下两个水库。在蓄存相同能量的条件下，提高扬程可以缩小库容、提高机组转速、降低工程造价。因此，300米以上的高水头蓄能电站发展很快。世界上水头最高的混流式水泵水轮机装于南斯拉夫的巴伊纳巴什塔电站，其单机功率为315兆瓦，水轮机水头为600.3米；水泵扬程为623.1米，转速为428.6转/分，于1977年投入运行。20世纪以来，水电机组一直向高参数、大容量方向发展。随着电力系统中火电容量的增加和核电的发展，为解决合理调峰问题，世界各国除在主要水系大力开发或扩建大型电站外，正在积极兴建抽水蓄能电站，水泵水轮机因而得到迅速发展。为了充分利用各种水力资源，潮汐、落差很低的平原河流甚至波浪等也引起普遍重视，从而使贯流式水轮机和其他小型机组迅速发展。水轮机不论何种类型的水轮机均系利用水流的能量给叶片的反力推动转轮作功，以达到能量转换的目的。　　反击式水轮机利用水流的压能（位能）和动能，水流经过转轮叶片时受叶片的作用而改变压力与流速的大小和方向，而对转轮叶片产生反作用，形成转轮的旋转力矩使水轮机工作。冲击式水轮机利用水流的动能，通过喷嘴(nozzle)把高压水流全部转化为动能以高速射向转轮叶片而使转轮旋转。☆水轮机的种类、构造和特点1、混流式水轮机116 混流式：水流径向流入转轮，轴向流出。适用范围：H=30~700m,单机容量：几万kW~几十万kW优点：适用范围广，结构简单，运行稳定，效率高，1、轴流式水轮机轴流式：水流沿转轮轴向流入，轴向流出，水流方向始终平行于主轴。(a)、轴流定浆式：叶片不能随工况的变化而转动。改变叶片转角时需要停机进行。结构简单，效率低。适用H、Q变化不大的情况（工况较稳定），H：3~50m。 (b)、轴流转浆式：叶片能随工况的变化而转动，进行双重调节（导叶开度、叶片角度）。适用水头流量的变化，高效率区宽，大中型电站多采用。适用水头（Head）：3~80m。2、贯流式水轮机贯流式：水轮机的主轴装置成水平或倾斜。不设蜗壳，水流直贯转轮。水流由管道进口到尾水管出口都是轴向的。H<20m,小型河床电站。全贯流式：发电机转子安装在转轮外缘。优点：水力损失小，过流量大，结构紧凑。半贯流式：轴伸式、竖井式、灯炮式。116 1、冲击式水轮机(Impulseturbine)特征：由喷管和转轮组成。水流以自由水流的形式(P=Pa)冲击转轮，利用水流动能(V方向、大小改变)产生旋转力矩使转轮转动。在同一时刻内，水流只冲击着转轮的一部分，而不是全部。类型：(1)、水斗式：特点是由喷泉嘴出来的射流沿圆周切线方向冲击转轮上的水斗作功。 适用H：100~2000m；使用最广泛（高水头，小流量）。(2)、斜击式：H：25~300m。   斜击、双击水轮机构造简单，效率低，(3)、双击式：H：5~80m。     多用于小型电站。  水轮机转轮☆发电机工作原理及构造。1.概述电能是现代社会最主要的能源之一。发电机是将其他形式的能源转换成电能的机械设备，它由水轮机、汽轮机、柴油机或其他动力机械驱动，将水流，气流，燃料燃烧或原子核裂变产生的能量转化为机械能传给发电机，再由发电机转换为电能。发电机在工农业生产，国防，科技及日常生活中有广泛的用途。发电机的形式很多，但其工作原理都基于电磁感应定律和电磁力定律。因此，其构造的一般原则是：用适当的导磁和导电材料构成互相进行电磁感应的磁路和电路，以产生电磁功率，达到能量转换的目的。发电机的分类可归纳如下：发电机:直流发电机(directcurrentgenerator)、交流发电机alternatingcurrent(AC)generator,同步发电机(synchronousgenerator)、异步发电机(asynchronousgenerator)(很少采用)交流发电机还可分为单相发电机与三相发电机。水轮发电机，除微型水轮发电机（100KW以下）为单项220V以外，其他都是三项400V,6300V,10600V等电压等级的发电机。2.结构及工作原理116 发电机通常由定子（stator）、转子(rotor)、端盖(endclosure)及轴承(bearing)等部件构成。定子由定子铁芯、线包绕组、机座以及固定这些部分的其他结构件组成。转子由转子铁芯(或磁极、磁扼)绕组、护环、中心环、滑环、风扇及转轴等部件组成。由轴承及端盖将发电机的定子，转子连接组装起来，使转子能在定子中旋转，做切割磁力线的运动，从而产生感应电势，通过接线端子引出，接在回路中，便产生了电流。水轮发电机由水轮机驱动的发电机。由于水电站自然条件的不同，水轮发电机组的容量和转速的变化范围很大。通常小型水轮发电机和冲击式水轮机驱动的高速水轮发电机多采用卧式(horizontal)结构，而大、中型水轮发电机多采用立式(vertical)结构(见图)。由于水电站多数处在远离城市的地方，通常需要经过较长输电线路向负载供电，因此，电力系统对水轮发电机的运行稳定性提出了较高的要求：电机参数需要仔细选择；对转子的转动惯量要求较大。所以，水轮发电机的外型与汽轮发电机不同，它的转子直径大而长度短。水轮发电机组起动、并网所需时间较短，运行调度灵活，它除了一般发电以外，特别适宜于作为调峰机组和事故备用机组。水轮发电机组的最大容量已达70万千瓦。发电机已实施出口产品质量许可制度，未取得出口质量许可证的产品不准出口。在水力发电站中，主要采用的都是三项交流同步发电机。其他种类的发电机几乎不采用。☆水轮发电机组的附属设备1、控制及保护系统（contralandprotectingsystem）：水轮发电机组的控制和保护系统是水机组的重要组成部分。保护和控制系统由电子计算机(PC)，可编程序控制器(PLC)，各种断路器(breaker)、接触器(contactor)、功能模块(module)、各种电子元件（electroniccomponent）、仪器（instrument）和指示仪表(directionmeter)以及一套控制软件(controlsoftware)组成。控制和保护系统一般是安装在一个或者几个控制柜(cabinet)（控制屏）内。通过电力电缆和控制电缆与水轮发电机组相连。是水轮发电机组的核心。通常由我们公司提供，也有由用户自己配套的。2、调速系统（governor）什么是水轮机调速器？水轮机调速器的作用是什么？水轮机调节是通过水轮机调节系统根据机组转速的变化,不断地改变水轮机过流量来实现的。水轮机调节系统是由调节控制器、液压随动系统和调节对象组成的闭环控制系统(closedloopcontrolsystem)。通常把调节控制器和液压随动系统统称为水轮机调速器。水轮机调速器作用是保证水轮发电机的频率稳定、维持电力系统负荷平衡，并根据操作控制命令完成各种自动化操作，是水电站的重要基础控制设备。该系统由我们提供。3、励磁系统(excitationsystem)励磁系统是同步发电机的重要组成部分，它是供给同步发电机励磁电源的一套系统。励磁系统一般由两部分组成：一部分用于向发电机的磁场绕组提供直流电流，以建立直流磁场，通常称作励磁功率输出部分（或称励磁功率单元）。另一部分用于在正常运行或发生故障时调节励磁电流，以满足安全运行的需要，通常称作励磁控制部分（或称励磁控制单元或励磁调节器）。在电力系统的运行中，同步发电机的励磁控制系统起着重要的作用，它不仅控制发电机的端电压，而且还控制发电机无功功率、功率因数和电流等参数。在电力系统正常运行的情况下，维持发电机或系统的电压水平；合理分配发电机间的无功负荷；提高电力系统的静态稳定性和动态稳定性，所以对励磁系统必须满足以下要求：1、常规运行时，能按负荷电流和电压的变化调节（自动或手动）励磁电流，以维持电压在稳定值水平，并能稳定地分配机组间的无功负荷。　　2、应有足够的功率输出，在电力系统发生故障，电压降低时，能迅速地将发电机的励磁电流加大至最大值（即顶值），以实现发动机安全、稳定运行。　　116 3、励磁装置本身应无失灵区，以利于提高系统静态稳定，并且动作应迅速，工作要可靠，调节过程要稳定。该系统由我们公司提供。1、阀门（valve）水轮机进水阀是为了保护机组的安全、减轻导叶间隙磨蚀破坏、缩短引水钢管的充水时间而设置。蝶阀（butterflyvalve）：用于水头在200m以下的水电站。球阀(Sphericvalve)：用于水头在200m以上的水电站闸阀(gatevalve)：用于小管径(D<1m)、高水头的水电站。一般由我们公司提供。2、压力管道（Penstock）：压力管道是用于将电站上游的水流引于到水轮机的装置。特别是高水头的电站，由于水流的压力很大，要求压力管道能承受较高的压力，除了要求压力管道采用一定厚度和材质的钢板之外，对压力管道的焊接工艺也有很高的要求。压力管道除了采用钢材制造外，也可以采用水泥管道制造。通常由用户自己提供。3、增速器(increaser):由于某些水轮机的转速很低，特别是超低水头的灌流是水轮机，转速仅有几十转或100多转，无法达到发电机所需要的同步转速，这是，需要在水轮机和发电机之间加装一台齿轮增速器。并不是所有的水轮发电机组都需要安装增速器。大多数有我们提供，高品质的增速器价格较贵。4、油、气、水系统(oil,air,watersystem)油系统：（Oilsystem）1．透平油与绝缘油的功用及其用户透平油（Turbineoil）：供给机组轴承的润滑油和操作用的压力油，称为透平油。其作用是润滑、散热及传递能量。绝缘油（Insulationoil）：供给变压器、油开关等电气设备的绝缘油，其作用是绝缘、散热及灭弧。两种油的性质不同，应有两套独立的油系统。2．油系统的作用接收新油、储备净油、给设备充油、向运行设备添加油、从设备中排出污油、油的监督、维护和取样化验、油的净化处理、废油的收集及处理。3．油系统的组成油系统由：油罐、油处理设备、油化验设备、油吸附设备、管网、测量及控制元件。气系统(Airsystem)1．压气系统的用途116 压缩空气分为低压压缩空气和高压压缩空气。(1)低压压缩空气系统。机组制动；调相运行压水；蝶阀关闭时，将压缩空气通入阀上的空气围带，使其膨胀而减少漏水；检修时清扫设备，供风动工具使用；通向拦污栅，防冻清污。额定气压为0.5~0.8MPa。(2)高压压缩空气系统。厂房中所有调速器油压装置的压力油箱充气，调速器压力油箱中约有2/3的体积为压缩空气，以保证调速器用油时无过大的压力波动，额定气压为2.5MPa及4MPa。配电装置如空气断路器的灭弧和操作的用气，以及开关和少油断路器的操作用气，额定气压为2~5MPa。2．压缩空气系统主要设备有：空压机、过滤器、储气罐、油水分离器、冷却器水系统：(Watersystem)大多数由用户自己提供。1．供水系统水电站厂房内的供水系统包括技术供水、生活供水、消防供水。技术供水包括冷却及润滑用水，如发电机的空气冷却器、机组导轴承和推力轴承的油冷却器、水润滑导轴承、空气压缩机气缸冷却器、变压器的冷却设备等。注意不同用户对水压、水温、水质的要求。特别是水冷变压器对水压的要求，空气冷却器对水温的要求，水润滑轴承对水质的要求。2．水电厂的供水系统由水源、供水设备、水处理设备、管网和测量控制元件组成。3种供水水源：上游水库、下游尾水与地下水。5种供水方式：自流供水、水泵供水、混和供水、射流泵供水和循环供水。3种供水设备配置方式：集中供水、单元供水与分组供水。（注意不要把供水方式与供水设备配置方式混淆。）1、自动化元件(automationcomponent)：为保证水轮发电机组的安全运行，发电机组的控制和保护系统需要实时监控水轮机和发电机的运行状态，例如水轮发电机组的转速、温度、震动、电压、电流、频率等等参数，这些参数，是由安装在水轮机和发电机中的各种自动化原件来实现的。这些自动化原件包括温度传感器、转速传感器等等。是水轮发电机组正常运行的重要保证。由我们提供。通常情况下，由我们提供的水轮发电成套设备有5种，称为“5大件”，即：水轮机，发电机，调速器，阀门，励磁系统。除“5大件”以外，我们也按照用户的要求，为用户提供其他的部件和设备，行车、变压器、专用设备和专用工具等等。☆中国的水轮机制造技术和制造能力中国小水电综合实力世界第一中国小水电可开发量约为1．28亿千瓦，居世界第一位，资源十分丰富。中国政府大力发展农村小水电116 ，特别是从20世纪80年代开展的三批农村水电初级电气化县建设，在农村主要靠结合江河治理，开发农村水电，解决照明和生活生产用电问题，取得了巨大成就，建成653个农村水电初级电气化县，累计解决了5亿多无电人口的用电问题，并有力地拉动了经济社会的发展。目前，全国1600多个拥有小水电资源的县中，有1500多个开发了小水电，800多个县主要靠农村水电供电；中国共建设成农村小水电站4．8万座，农村水电总装机达到3120万千瓦，2003年发电量达到1100亿千瓦时，均占全国水电总装机和年发电量的40％；2003年中国农村水电增加值482亿元，实现税利总额84亿元，其中税收42亿元。无论在开发程度、建设规模、投资力度方面，还是在设备的科技含量、发供电过程控制的现代化管理水平方面，中国小水电的综合实力都是名副其实的世界第一。鉴于中国在开发和利用小水电所取得的成绩以及技术的先进性、巨大的加工制造能力，联合国将国际小水电中心（SHP）设在中国的杭州市，每年举行一次年会，有几十个发展中国家的代表和专家参加会议。Thesmallhydropowercenter(international)locatedinChina"sSHPhangzhou,heldannuallyconference,therearedozensofdevelopingcountriesrepresentandexpertsattendingthemeeting.1、混流式氺轮发电机组：额定功率（Ratedpower）:100KW—50MW设计流量（Designdischarge）：0.2099m3/s—300m3/s设计水头（Designhead）：10m—400m转轮直径（Runnerdiameter）：35—400cm输出电压（Outputvoltage）：400V—13.8KV2、贯流式氺轮发电机组：额定功率（Ratedpower）：100KW—30.9MW设计流量（Designdischarge）：0.2099m3/s—300m3/s设计水头（Designhead）：2m—25mm转轮直径（Runnerdiameter）：80—600cm输出电压（Outputvoltage）：400V—13.8KV3、轴流式氺轮发电机组：额定功率（Ratedpower）：100KW—30MW设计流量（Designdischarge）:1.14m3/s—166.2m3/s设计水头（Designhead）：3m—45m转轮直径（Runnerdiameter）：60—600cm输出电压（Outputvoltage）：400V—13.8KV4、冲击式氺轮发电机组额定功率（Ratedpower）：100KW—50MW设计流量（Designdischarge）：0.105m3/s—12.75m3/s设计水头（Designhead）：80m—1000m转轮直径（Runnerdiameter）：40cm—230cm输出电压（Outputvoltage）：400v—13.8kv水轮发电机安装说明书Installationinstructionsforhydro-generator116 编号Number编制Formation校核Revising审查Checking立式水轮发电机安装说明书Installationinstructionsforverticalhydro-generatorcontents1.总则116 1.Generalprinciples2.发电机主要技术数据2.Maintechnicaldataforthegenerator3.发电机结构简介3.Briefintroductionofthegeneratorstructure4.验收、储存与开箱4.Acceptanceinspection,storageandunpacking5.安装前准备工作5.Preassemblypreparation6.发电机主要部件安装顺序6.Assemblysequenceforthegeneratormaincomponents7．发电机各部件安装7.Assemblyofeachgeneratorcomponents8.发电机的干燥8.Generatordrying9.发电机的试运行9.pilotrunforthegenerator10.发电机的现场试验10.fieldtestforthegenerator116 1总则1generalprinciples本说明书适用于立式水轮发电机。Thisinstructionisappliedtotypeverticalhydro-generator.凡本说明书未规定事项均应符合GB755-2000《旋转电机定额与性能》、GB/T7894-2001《水轮发电机基本技术条件》、GB/T8564-2003《水轮发电机组安装技术规范》等有关规定。AlltherulesinthisinstructionshallobeytheregulationsinGB755-2000Rotatingelectricalmachines--Ratingandperformance ,GB/T7894-2001Fundamentaltechnicalrequirementsforhydraulicturbinegenerators,andGB/T8564-2003Specificationinstallationofhydraulicturbinegeneratorunits.发电机能否长期安全有效地运行，除设计和制造外，在很大程度上决定于安装质量和维护。因此安装人员应熟悉发电机图纸和有关技术文件。Apartfromthedesignandmanufacture,thesustainableandeffectiveoperationofthegeneratordependslargelyonitsinstallationqualityandmaintenance.Therefore,theinstallationpersonnelshallgraspasolidunderstandingofthedrawingsandotherassociatedtechnicaldocuments.2发电机主要技术数据2maintechnicaldataofthegenerator结构型式：立轴悬式水轮发电机Structure：verticalsuspendedhydro-generator型号：type：通风型式：密闭自循环空气冷却ventilating：closed-aircirculationcooling额定转速：nN=300r/minratedrevolution：nN=300r/min额定容量：Ps=17500kVARatedcapacity：Ps=17500Kva额定功率：PN=14000kWRatedpower：PN=14000kW额定电压：UN=11000VRatedvoltage：UN=11000V116 额定频率：fN=50HzRatedfrequency：fN=50Hz功率因数：cosΦ=0.8（滞后）Powerfactor：cosΦ=0.8（lagging）额定电流：IN=918.5ARatedcurrent：IN=918.5A3发电机结构简介3.Briefintroductionforthegeneratorstructure本机组为立轴悬式水轮发电机。与水轮机轴采用刚性连接。推力轴承在上机架本体内，具有上、下导轴承。通风形式为密闭双路径向通风。Thisunitisaverticalsuspendedhydro-generator,connectingtotheturbinemainshaftwitharigidcoupling.Thethrustbearingisinstalledintheupperbracketwithanupperguidebearingandalowerguidebearing.Andtheventilatingsystemappliesaradialdirectionclosed-doubleloopmode.3.1定子3.1stator发电机定子机座为整圆，外径φ5000mm。定子铁心外径φ4250mm，内径φ3710mm，铁心长780mm，冲片采用低损耗优质硅钢片50W310，槽数为240，线圈采用F级绝缘的圈式叠绕组形式。定子在厂内叠片、下线及试验。主引出线和中性点引出线各三根。主引出线方向为+Y偏-X15°，中性引出线方向为+X偏-Y15°，相序为俯视逆时针方向U、Ｖ、Ｗ排列。Thestatorframeofthegeneratorisanentirecirclewithanouterdiameterofφ5000mm.Whiletheouterandinnerdiametersofthestatorcoreareφ4250mmandφ3710mmrespectively,andthecorelengthis780mm.Asforthestatorsheet,itappliesalow-lossandhigh-qualitysilicon-steelplate50W310.Theslotnumberis240，andthecoiliswithclassFinsulation’slapwinding.Thewholeprocessoflamination,winding,andtestofthestatorwillbefinishedintheworkshop.Formainterminalandneutralpointterminal,eachofthemhasthreeleads.主引出线方向为+Y偏-X15°，中性引出线方向为+X偏-Y15°，andthephasesequenceisoverlook-counterclockwisearrangedasU,V,w.3.2转子3.2rotor116 发电机转子由主轴、转子支架、磁轭、磁极等零部件组成。转子外径φ3680mm，转子支架与主轴在厂内热套，磁轭由3mm厚的Q345钢板叠成，磁轭轴向长1000mm，并在厂内完成叠装工作。磁轭下部装有5块制动环。磁极铁心采用1.5mm厚的Q345钢板叠成，用双＂Ｔ＂尾与磁轭连接，磁极线圈采用4×40矩形铜母线焊接而成，采用Ｆ级绝缘。磁极上装有纵横阻尼绕组，磁极挂装、磁极线圈连接以及阻尼环连接均在工地进行。Thegeneratorconsistsofgeneratorshaft,statorframe,rim,poleandsomeothercomponents.Theshrinkagefittingprocessoftherotorspideranditsmainshaftshallbefinishedintheworkshopandtheouterdiameteroftherotorisφ3680mm.Thebuilding-upoftherimshallalsobeaccomplishedintheworkshop.Itismadeof3mmQ345steelplateswithaverticalshaftlengthof1000mm.Inthelowerpartoftherim,therearefivebrakerings.Thepolecoreisbuiltupof1.5mmQ345steelplatesconnectingwiththerimbythedouble“T”ends.Therotorcoilisweldedof4×40rectangularcopperbusbarwithinsulationratedclassF.Andthepoleisequippedwithverticalandhorizontaldamperwinding.Theassemblyofpoles,theconnectionofcoilsanddamperringsshallaccomplishedatthesite.3.3轴承3.3bearing发电机设有推力轴承和上、下两个导轴承。推力轴承和上导轴承共用一个油冷却器。推力轴承采用支柱螺钉加托盘的刚性支撑结构，推力瓦为弹性金属塑料瓦，共8块。上导瓦8块、下导瓦8块，均为分块可调结构，每块瓦都装有Pt100铂热电阻检温计。Thegeneratorisequippedwiththrustbearing,upperguidebearingandlowerguidebearing.Andtheyshareonesingleoilcooler.Byusingpillarscrewsandtray,thethrustbearingisrigidsupportstructured.Thereare8elasticmetal-plasticpadsusedinthethrustbearing.Allofthe8upperthrustsectorsandthe8lowerthrustsectorsareadjustablestructuredwithPt100platinumresistancethermometeroneachofthem.3.4机架3.4bracket发电机上机架有四条支臂，呈放射状，外径φ5000mm。下机架有四条支臂，呈放射状，至对边3300mm116 ，下机架与基础相连接。上、下机架内均设有油冷却器，下机架支臂上还装有4个φ220mm的制动器。Theupperbracketofthegeneratorisradialarrangedwith4spiderswithanouterdiameterofφ5000mm.Meanwhile,thelowerbracketwhichisfixedwiththebaseplateisalsoinradialpatternwith4spiders,reaching3300mmtotheoppositeside.Eachofthebrackethasitsownoilcoolerandthelowerbracketspiderisadditionallywith4φ220mmbrakes.3.5空气冷却器及其它3.5aircoolerandotherauxiliaries发电机定子机座壁上装设4个空气冷却器，定子线圈上、下两端各装有一根灭火用环管，共设52只水喷雾头（上端、下端各26只），同时还在机坑内设有感温感烟火警探测装置。为保证停机时发电机内部的空气干燥，在机坑内还设置有防潮电加热器。此外，在机组内部各个不同部位埋置有测温元件和其它自动化元件，以供监视和保护机组用。Thestatorframeisfixedwith4aircoolersandoneachendofthestatorcoilthereisafire-extinguishingpipewith26waternozzlesrespectively.Andatthesametime,thepitisequippedwithasmoke&temperaturedetector.Toensureaconstantdryairinsideduringthepoweroffperiod,thepitiswithamoisture-proofelectricheater.Besides,therearetemperaturesensorsandautomaticelementsembeddedevenlyintheunitformonitoringandprotection.４验收、储存与开箱４acceptanceinspection,storageandunpacking4.1运输包装及开箱验收4.1transportpackageandacceptanceunpacking发电机及其附属设备中所有零部件由卖方按照其尺寸、结构形状、重量以及保护特性等要求进行包装发运。在运输过程中均应按有关规定进行装卸。Thesellershallpackthegeneratoranditsauxiliarycomponentsaccordingtotheirsize,shape,weightandprotectionfeatures,andshallalsoobeyrelevantregulationsforloadingandunloadingduringthetransportationperiod.货物运达工地后，由买卖双方代表一起开箱检查，开箱时应注意不得损伤零部件。拆箱后对照发货明细表逐一清点并分类放置在架子或垫木上，有关产品图号标签应醒目，排列有序，以便查找。开箱时应检查是否有在运输中遗失或损坏的情况，如发现有运输中损坏或遗失应立即报告运输承包方和卖方，并列出清单或出具损伤报告，以便进行必要的调查、分析和处理。116 Oncethegoodsaresenttothesite,representativesfrombothcontractingpartiesshallwitnesstheopen-caseinspectiontogether.Dobecarefulwhenunpackingandtrytoavoiddamagingthecomponents.Aftercheckingthecomponentsonthepackinglistonebyone,pleasesortthemontheframesorskids.Anylabelsormarksoftheproductshallbedistinctandorganizedforconvenientlook-up.Inthemeantime,pleasecheckifthere’sanyloseordamageduringthetransportation.Onceithappenspleasereportthedetailedlistorthedamagereporttothetransportationcontractorandthesellerimmediatelyfornecessaryinvestigation,analysisandtreatment.4.2储存4.2storage在收到货物后，买方应立即将所收到货物存放到有遮盖的库房内。库房应干燥、清洁，并应防止动物咬噬。库房温度不得低于+5oC。Thebuyershallstorethegoodsinashieledstoreroomwhereitisdry,cleanandanti-animalbitesrightaftertheacceptance.Theroomtemperatureshallbeabove5oC.在储存期间，对定子线圈、磁极应采取防潮措施并作定期检查和测量绝缘电阻，记录并保存数据备查。Duringthestorageperiod,pleasetakemoisture-proofmeasuresforthestatorcoilandpoleandmakeperiodicinspectionandmeasuresfortheinsulationresistance.Pleaserecordandsavethesedateforfuturereference.对于重要零部件如主轴等应有适当垫块加以支撑以免产生变形。大件的支撑应使其重量均布，以免产生永久变形。所有零部件均应小心存放，防止损伤。对零部件表面应经常检查，并采取适当的防锈措施。但对重要表面，如推力头、大轴、镜板等粗糙度和形位公差要求很高的表面处理应先与卖方商议，对于油漆及绝缘材料等特殊材料应按其相关规定保管存放。Cushionsareaddedtopreventdeformationofthemaincomponentslikemainshaftandtheirweightshallbeequispacedtoavoidpermanentdeformation.Allthecomponentsshallbestoredcarefullyandcheckedregularlyandatthesametimetakesomeanti-corrosivesteps.Asforthesurfacetreatment,particularlyforsomeimportantsurfacesuchasthrustcollar,mainshaft,thrustrunnerandsoon,therequirementforroughnessandtheformandpositiontoleranceareveryhigh.Sonegotiationwiththesellerbeforethesurface116 treatmentisessential.Forsomespecialmaterialslikepaintandinsulationmaterial,theirstorageshallobeytherelevantregulations.5安装前准备工作5.preassemblypreparation5.1安装前应熟悉发电机产品图纸和有关技术文件，并应遵守有关安装规程、安装标准和技术要求的规定。5.1beforetheassemblyprocess,thepersonnelshallbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandrelatedtechnicaldocuments.Theassemblyprocessshallcomplywiththerelevantrulesintheinstallationregulation,theinstallationstandardandthetechnicalrequirement.5.2安装之前应仔细核对和检查所需零部件是否齐全、有无损坏锈蚀等情况，发现问题及时报告并处理。对于重要部件主要尺寸及配合公差应进行校核，并作好记录。多台产品同时安装时特别应注意同一产品配合标记，切忌混装。5.2beforetheassembly,pleaseexamineandrecordifallthecomponentsarecompleteordamaged,andtakecorrespondingstepsrespectively.Meanwhile,pleaserecordthedimensionandfittoleranceofthemaincomponents.toavoidmixedassembly,pleasepayattentiontothematchmarksofthefitteddevicesduringthemultipleassembly.5.3根据设计图纸要求对发电机基础的各处高程、水平，定子引线、油水管路和辅助接线等方位进行校核。5.3asforthegeneratorfoundation,pleasecheckeachelevation,level,statorprimaryterminal,oil-waterpipelineandanyotherassistingwires.5.4安装前尚须对起吊工具、钢丝绳等安装工具进行检查，看是否齐全，是否符合起吊要求。发电机安装工具详见安装工具交货明细表。5.4checkallthehoistingtools,wireropeandotherinstallationtoolsandmakesureallofthemreachtheliftingrequirements.Asfortheinstallationtoolspleaserefertoitspackinglist.立式水轮发电机组安装工艺Verticalhydro-generatinginstallationprocess导水机构安装Distributorinstallation116 浇二期砼Placestage2ndconcrete准备工作Preparations机坑里衬、接力器里衬安装Pitliner,servomotorlinerinstallation浇二期砼Placestage2ndconcrete尾水管里衬安装Drafttubelinerinstallation浇二期砼Placestage2ndconcrete座环安装Stayringinstallation定子基础板及定子安装Statorfoundationplateandstatorinstallation蜗壳安装Spiralcasinginstallation浇二期砼Placestage2ndconcrete上机架安装定位、盖板安装Upperbracketinstallationlocalization,coverplateinstallation吊开上机架及盖板Liftawayupperbracketandcoverplate空气冷却器安装Aircoolerinstallation下机架埋件及下机架的安装Lowerbracketembedmentandlowerbracketinstallation启动试运行Startcommissioning水轮机转轮整体吊入Turbinerunnerintegrallyliftedin主轴转轮的联接Theconnectionofthemainshaftrunner充水试验、参数整定Fillingwatertest,parameteradjusting转子整体吊入Rotorliftedinintegrally上机架吊装、复位Upperbracketlifting,reset转轮检查Runnerinspection清扫、加油Clean,oilfilling导轴承、推力轴承安装Guidebearing,thrustbearinginstallation导轴瓦间隙调整及油槽装配Guidebearingpadgapadjustmentandoilslotassembly发电机轴线找正Generatoraxiallinecentering正机组复装Unitfitback推力瓦受力调整Thrustpadloadingadjustment机组轴线找正Unitaxiallinecentering联轴Coupling1水轮机安装工艺措施Turbineinstallationtechnologicalmeasure1.1尾水管安装Drafttubeinstallation116 尾水管里衬是水轮机最下部的埋设部件。尾水管预埋件的安装工作，要密切配合土建施工进度进行安装。安装前应先检查预留基坑底部高程，一般要求与设计值误差不超过+5～-15mm。同时检查尾水管里衬的几何尺寸，并进行校正，然后根据上管口的圆度来确定里衬的中心位置。同时按图纸要求，在里衬上管口标定X、Y轴线的位置，然后将尾水管里衬按X、Y标志吊入机坑，进行调整。其管口直径，上管口中心及方位、高程达到设计要求后，进行加固工作，最后交土建浇砼。Drafttubelineristheembeddedcomponentatthelowestpartoftheturbine.Theinstallationofthedrafttubeembeddedpartshouldcloselyaccordwithcivilconstructionschedule.Beforeinstallation,checktheheightofthereservedfoundationpitbottom,andthedesignvalueerrorshouldbenotmorethan+5～-15mm.Checkthephysicaldimensionofthedrafttubeliner,adjustatthesametime.Thendeterminethecenterpositionofthelineraccordingtotheupperpipeorificeroundness.Astherequirementofthedrawing,signtheX,Yaxiallinepositiononthelinerupperpipeorifice,thenliftthedrafttubelinerintothepitasX,Ysign,adjustasneed.Reinforceafterpipeorificediameter,upperpipeorificecenterandposition,heightmeetthedesignrequirement.Thencivilengineeringplacestheconcrete.1.1座环、蜗壳安装Theinstallationofthestayringandspiralcasing蜗壳为分瓣结构，在工地现场完成各节的拼装与焊接。先进行座环安装，后进行蜗壳挂装、焊接。Thespiralcasingissplitstructure,assembleandweldonsite.Installthestayringfirst,thenhangandweldthespiralcasing.座环、蜗壳安装前应进行清扫检查，各部分尺寸均应符合设计及规范要求，特别是过流面，不应有错牙。在座环支墩垫板上较均布的放上三对楔子板或千斤顶，其高程应使座环放上后，座环上法兰平面的高程基本与设计值相符。Cleanandcheckthestayringandspiralcasingbeforeinstallation.Alldimensionsshouldfollowthedesignandspecificationrequirement,especiallytheflowsurface,unevennessshouldnotexist.Uniformlydistribute3pairsof116 wedgeplatesorjacksonstayringbuttressbaseplate,andtheheightofthestayringupperflangeplaneshouldaccordwiththedesignvalueafterputonthestayring.安装时，如现场起吊设备能满足座环一次吊装就位的则可将座环直接吊到预先放在混凝土支墩上的楔子板或千斤顶上，拉好控制座环中心、标高的测量基准线，根据基准中心线，按环形部件的特点，进行中心调整、水平以及圆度的测定调整。Duringinstallation,ifthesiteliftingdeviceisabletoliftthestayringintopositioninonetime,liftthestayringonthewedgeplateorjackpreparedontheconcretebuttress,tiewellthecontrolstayringcenter,heightmeasurementdatumline,asthedatumcenterlineandringpartfeaturestoadjustthecenter,levelandroundness.座环是整台水轮发电机组的基准，对座环的中心、高程、水平的安装质量要求高，误差小，尤其是座环的水平误差，务必严格控制。全面调整座环，各控制尺寸经质检部门和监理工程师检查符合设计及规范要求并签证后立即加固，电焊固定时应对称进行，以防变形和位移，调整工具也要点焊加固，在加固过程中，用框架水平仪和千分表配合进行监视。安装基础环与尾水管里衬上管口之间的凑合节，该凑合节暂不与尾水管焊接，接缝修好焊接破口后在其外面点焊一圈宽50mm左右的薄钢板围带。Stayringisthebenchmarkofthewholehydro-generator,sotheinstallationqualityrequirementofthestayringcenter,heightandlevelshouldbehigh,especiallythestayringlevelerrorshouldbestrictlycontrolled.Adjustthestayring,thecontrolsizeshouldbecheckedbytheQualityControlDepartmentandsupervisingengineer.Aftercertificating,reinforceatonce.Symmetricallyfixitbyelectricweldingtopreventthedeformationandmovement.Adjustmenttoolshouldbealsospot-weldingtoreinforce,duringthereinforcement,monitorwiththeframetypelevelanddialindicator.Theexpansionjointbetweentheinstallationfoundationringanddrafttubelinerupperpipeopeningdoesnotweldwiththedrafttubetemporarily.Afterrepairingthejointandweldingthecleavage,spotweldaroundasheetsteelshroudringabout50mm.116 座环安装固定后，按设计图纸及工艺要求进行蜗壳挂装并进行焊接，首先吊装蜗壳进口段定位节，调整其中心、高程以及与座环上下环板的位置，最远点半径等应合格，并焊接固定。然后依次吊装其它各节，其断面中心高程及各部分间隙应合格。最后吊装凑合节，调整间隙合格后固定。然后对蜗壳进行总体检查应符合有关的技术文件要求，并符合《水轮发电机组安装技术规范》GB8564的规定。Afterthefixationofthestayringinstallation,carryoutthespiralcasinghangingandweldingasthedrawingandprocessrequirement.Hangspiralcasinginletorientationsection,adjustthecenter,heightandthepositionofthestayringupperandlowerringplate,thefurthestpointradiusshouldbequalified,andweldtofix.Thenhangthesectionsinturn,thesectioncenterheightandgapsinallpartsshouldbequalified.Atlast,hangexpansionjoint,adjustthegapandfix.Checkthespiralcasing,whichshouldfollowrelatedtechnicaldocumentrequirement,andtherequirementofGB8564inTurbineandgeneratorinstallationtechnicalspecifications.蜗壳与座环的焊接严格按制造厂家有关“焊接工艺”要求进行，首先焊接蜗壳组合环缝，然后再进行蜗壳上下环板的焊接。蜗壳与座环环板焊接时应上下同时对称分段退步焊接，并在水准仪的监视下测量座环的水平，如有超出，应调整焊接的顺序，使座环在焊接过程中始终处于受控状态。焊接完经超声波探伤合格后由质检人员和监理工程师检查签证后交土建单位回填二期砼和浇座环支墩砼。Theweldofthespiralcasingandstayringshouldfollowthemanufacturerweldingtechnology.Weldthespiralcasingjointfirst,thenweldthespiralcasingupperandlowerringplate.Duringweldingthespiralcasingandstayringringplate,adoptthesymmetricalsegmentationsetbackweldingwithupperandlowerpartsweldedatthesametime.Measurethelevelofthestayringwiththemonitoroftheleveldevice,ifnecessary,adjustthesequenceofthewelding,tocontrolthewholestayringweldingprocess.Afterweldingandpassingtheultrasonicflawdetection,checkedandcertificatedbyqualityinspectionpersonnelandsupervisionengineer,civilengineeringwouldstartthestage2concreteandstayringpierconcreteplacing.待浇筑座环砼养护好之后焊接凑合节与尾水管之间的接缝。116 Aftermaintenanceofthestayringconcrete,weldthejointlinebetweentheexpansionjointanddrafttube.土建在浇座环蜗壳二期砼时，要求土建单位严格按施工措施规定控制砼浇捣速度，做到对称均匀下料，分层进行浇捣。Duringcivilengineerplacingstayringstage2concrete,controltheplacingspeedasconstructionmeasures,uniformlyplacingandpouringbylayers.1.1水轮机机坑里村的安装Theinstallationoftheturbinepitliner安装时，在机坑外先调整好里衬的椭圆度，符合规范要求后，在里衬内部进行加固，然后吊入机坑，按座环上管口至里衬法兰的距离，来调整其中心位置，符合要求后，将机坑里衬焊接固定在座环上。Duringtheinstallation,adjusttheovalityofthelineroutsidethepit,aftermeetingtherequirement,reinforceinsideoftheliner,thenliftintothepit.Asthedistancefromstayringupperpipeopeningtolinerflangetoadjustthecenterposition,aftermeetingtherequirement,weldandfixthepitlineronthestayring.1.2机坑检查交接，座环的中心、水平精密测定记录Pitcheckandhandover,makemeasurementrecordofthestayringcenter,levelaccuracy水轮机部件在安装前与土建施工单位进行机坑检查交接：土建工程临时设施是否全部撤出；安装工作面是否整洁。检查已埋部件是否符合规定要求，基础混凝土浇捣是否产生变形。对不符合要求的经处理合格后，开始机组的安装。Pitcheckandhandoverwithcivilengineeringconstructiondepartmentbeforetheinstallationoftheturbineparts:whetherallthecivilengineeringtemporaryserviceshavebeenmoved,whethertheinstallationworksurfaceisclean.Checkwhetherembeddedpartsfollowtherequirerequirement,andwhetherfoundationconcretepouringhasbedeformed.Starttheunitinstallationafterrepairedtheunqualifiedones.为了保证水轮发电机组安装基准正确，进行座环的中心、水平精密的测定、记录。Inordertoensuretheaccuracyofthehydro-generatorinstallationbenchmark,preciselymeasureandmakerecordforthestayringcenterandlevel.116 1.1导水机构的预装Thepre-assemblyofthedistributor导水机构要进行预装，导叶预装数量应在总数50%以上。预装前对座环上平面高程、水平镗口圆度复测：并通过调整顶盖和底环的中心，使导叶上、下各轴瓦同心，预装导叶端部、立面的间隙要符合规范和设计要求且导叶转动灵活。顶盖吊出前及时作好标记。Pre-assemblethedistributor.Theguidevanepre-assemblyquantityshouldbemornthan50%ofthetotalqty.Beforethepreassembly,recheckthestayringupperplaneheight,horizontalboringroundness.Adjustthecenteroftheheadcapandthebottomringtoachievetheconcentricityoftheguidevaneupperandlowerbearingpads.Thepreassemblyoftheguidevaneend,verticalgapshouldfollowtherequirementofthespecificationanddesign,andtherotationoftheguidevanesshouldbeflexible.Makemarkbeforeliftingtheheadcap.1.6接力器里衬安装Servomotorlinerinstallation接力器安装前应分解、清洗、检查，装配后活塞移动应平稳、灵活，各配合间隙、活塞行程应符合设计要求。接力器安装应做严密性耐压试验，试验压力为6MP，时间为30分钟无渗透漏现象，根据设计高程与角度安装接力器。安装接力器水平偏差不大于0.1mm/m，接力器压紧行程值应符合设计和规范要求的规定，两个活塞实际行程的相互偏差不应大于1mm。Disassemble,cleanandcheckservomotorbeforeinstalling.Afterassembly,thepistonmovementshouldbestableandflexible.Thegapandpistonstrokeshouldmeetthedesignrequirement.Precisepressurewithstandingtestshouldbecarriedoutfortheservomotorinstallation,thetestpressureis6MP，lastingfor30minwithnoleak.Accordingtothedesignheightandangletoinstalltheservomotor.Installationservomotorhorizontalerrorshouldbenotmorethan0.1mm/m，servomotorpressurestrokevalueshouldfollowtherequirementofthedesignandspecification.Themutualdeviationoftwopistonsrealtravelshouldbenotmorethan1mm.1.7主轴与转轮的连接及安装Theconnectionandinstallationofthemainshaftandrunner116 在主轴与转轮连接前，先对主轴、转轮、连接螺栓、螺母进行彻底清扫干净。连接螺栓与螺母的丝扣部分，用细油石、什锦挫进行修磨，并涂以二硫化钼进行预装配。Beforetheconnectionofthemainshaftandrunner,cleanthemainshaft,runner,connectionbolt,nut.Thethreadpartoftheconnectionboltandnutshouldbegrindedbyfineoilstone,needledfile,thenpre-assemblebycoatingmolybdeniumdisulfide.先将转轮吊入在稳固的平台上，并调好水平，在对称方向穿上两只销钉螺栓作为导向。然后将主轴平稳吊起并调好水平，用细白布、酒精等彻底清扫主轴和转轮的法兰面，按螺孔编号的对应方向，主轴徐徐落在转轮上。按编号穿入所有的连接螺栓。按设计要求打紧螺栓并测量其伸长值。Lifttherunneronthestablestand,andadjusttobehorizontal,threadtwopitblotsonthesymmetricaldirectionasguide.Thenstablyliftthemainshaftandadjustthelevel,usethecanequim、alcoholtocleanthemainshaftandrunnerflangesurface.Slowlyfalldownthemainshaftontherunnerascorrespondingdirectionofthescrewhole.Threadintoalltheconnectionboltsasnumber.Asdesignrequirement,hittightlytheboltsandmeasuretheelongation.在主轴转轮吊入前，在底下按十字方向放上四组楔子板。各楔子板的高程应一致，且使水轮机的轴头高程比设计值低，大约2～6mm。Beforeliftingthemainshaftrunner,put4groupsofwedgeboardsascrossdirectionatthebottom.Theheightofthewedgeboardsshouldbethesame,andtheturbineshaftheadheightshouldbelowerthanthedesignvalue,about2～6mm.主轴转轮起吊后，作2～3次升降试验。然后调整水轮机轴头的水平在0.5mm以内，慢慢吊入机坑。Aftertheliftingofthemainshaftrunner,do2-3timesupand-downtest.Andadjusttheturbineshaftheadlevelintherangeof0.5mm,thenliftintothepitslowly.1.8水轮机总装程序Turbinegeneralassemblyprogram116 经过预装、试验合格的水轮机各部件，按总装程序底环、导水机构、转轮、顶盖等部件逐一吊入机坑，都应按照设计图纸要求，进行仔细的检测、调整、固定。安装每一工序环节均应详尽的记录。Theturbinepartsthroughpre-assemblyandteatqualifiedshouldbeliftedintopitbythegeneralassemblysequence:bottomring,distributor,runner,headcap.Asthedesigndrawnrequirementtocheck,adjustandfixcarefully.Eachprocesspartintheinstallationshouldbemaderecord.1.9水轮机其它部件的安装Theinstallationoftheturbineotherparts调速控制环的位置确定是按导叶全关的位置进行。为避免单向承受荷载过大而产生烧瓦，水导轴承的间隙的调整将考虑到盘车时的水轮机轴线摆度。主轴密封应按有规范关要求进行安装、试验。Thepositionofthespeedregulationcontrolringisdeterminedbytheguidevaneallcloseposition.Inordertopreventpadburningduetosinglesidesupportingtoomuchloading,turbineaxiallinerunoutduringturningshouldbeconsideredwhenadjustingwaterguidebearinggap.Installandtestthemainshaftsealasrelatedspecification.2水轮发电机安装工艺措施Hydro-generatorinstallationprocess2.1发电机预埋件安装Generatorembeddedpartsinstallation根据发电机的实际结构尺寸，以座环面作为高程基准面，对下风罩的基础件、下机架及定子基础垫板等进行预埋，要控制预埋件的水平、高程、中心满足规范要求。Accordingtothegeneratorrealstructuresize,andconsiderthestayringsurfaceaselevationdatumplane,embedthefancoverfoundationalpiece,lowerbracketandstatorfoundationbaseplate,andthelevel,heightandcenteroftheembeddedpartsshouldbecontrolledtomeettherequirement.2.2转子装配及安装Rotorassemblyandinstallation磁极挂装：挂装磁极前，测量磁轭圆度。各半径与平均半径之差不应大于0.36mm116 ，检查磁轭平直度并作适当的修磨。磁极开箱后，进行全面的清扫。逐个检查磁极的绝缘电阻，其值不应低于5MΩ，否则应予以处理。对每一个磁极进行交流耐压试验和交流阻抗测试，试验通过后方可挂装磁极。按照制造厂编号挂装磁极。根据第1#与第20#磁极挂装位置要与转于引线的位置相对应。在磁极挂装时，应合理选择调整垫片，一方面可使磁极线圈与磁轭接触良好，另一方面可调整转子圆度。以转子中心体下法兰面的实际高程并参考定子铁芯的实际高程定出磁极铁芯高度。应保证机组总装后转子磁极铁芯中心平均高程比定子铁芯中心线平均高程低1.5—3mm；同时，各磁极中心线挂装高程与平均高程之差不应大于±lmm。插入磁极键并用大锤打紧。按图纸要求焊好鸽尾挡块。检查转子圆度，各半径与平均半径之差不应大于0.36mm。测量单个磁极线圈的交流阻抗值，其相互间不应有显著差别。试验所加电压不应大于额定励磁电压。Magneticpolehanging:beforehangingthemagneticpile,measuretherimroundness.Thedifferencebetweeneachradiusandtheaverageradiusshouldbenotmorethan0.36mm.Scrapetherimflatnessifnecessary.Afteropeningtherimbox,cleancompletely.Checktheinsulationresistanceofthemagneticpoleonebyone,thevalueshouldbenotlowerthan5MΩ.DotheACwithstandvoltagetestandACimpedancetestforeachmagneticpole,afterqualified,starthangingthemagneticpole.Asthemanufacturer"sserialnumbertohangthemagneticpole.Thehangingpositionofthe1#andthe20#magneticpoleshouldbecorrespondingwiththerotorleadwire.Duringmagneticpolehanging,reasonablychooseandadjustthespacer,inordertomakethemagneticpolecoilcontactwellwiththerim,andalsoitwouldadjusttherotorroundness.Determinethemagneticpoleironcoreheightbyreferringtotherotorcenterbodylowerflangefacerealheightandtherealheightofthestatorironcore.Afterthegeneralassembly,theaverageheightofthemagneticpoleironcoreshouldbelower1.5—3mmthanthatofthestatorironcorecenterlineaverageheight.Atthesametime,thedifferencebetweenthemagneticpolecenterlinehangingheightandaverageheightshouldbenotmorethan±lmm.Insertthemagneticpilekeyandhittotightenwithhammer.Weldwellthedovetailbaffleplate.Checktherotorroundness,thedifferencebetweeneachradiusandtheaverageradiusshouldbenotmorethan116 0.36m.checkthealternatingcurrentimpedanceofsinglemagneticpolecoil,markeddifferenceshouldnotoccur.Thetestvoltageshouldbenotmorethanthatofratedexcitationvoltage.按图纸要求连接极间连线、阻尼环连接片和转子引线相应之径向方向的两磁极的连接件均先不相联。所有螺栓螺母均应固定牢靠。极间连接片接头螺栓把合处以0.05mm塞尺检查，塞入深度不应超过5mm。测量转子绕组绝缘电阻，其值不应超过0.5MΩ，否则应进行干燥处理。Connecttheinter-polarwire,twomagneticpolesjointpiecesintheradialdirectionofthedampingringjointpieceandrotorleadwireshouldbenotconnected.Allboltsandnutsshouldbefixedtightly.Checkconnectionplaceoftheinter-polarjointpiecetrackboltwith0.05mmfeelergauge,theinsertingdepthshouldbenotmorethan5mm.Measuretherotorwindinginsulationresistance,thevalueshouldbenotthan0.5MΩ，ordrytreatment.转子绕组通电干燥前，应彻底清扫转子磁极及转子。在转子绕组中通电流，以不超过额定励磁电流的直流电流为准，在对转子绕组进行干燥时，线圈表面温度不应超过85℃，温度上升率不超过5℃/h。当线圈温度稳定6h左右后，即可降温停止干燥。当转子绕组温度降至40℃以下时，对绕组进行交流耐压试验。测量转子绕组直流电阻值，以便今后作比较。电气试验通过后，按图纸要求搭焊磁极键并将多余部分割去。Beforerotorwindingenergizingdry,cleantherotormagneticpoleandrotor.Passthecurrentontherotorwinding,andthedirectcurrentvalueshouldbenotmorethanthatofratedexcitationcurrent.Whendryingtherotorwinding,thecoilsurfacetemperatureshouldbenotmorethan85℃，temperatureriserateshouldbenotmorethan5℃/h.Afterthecoiltemperatureisstableforabout6h,decreasethetemperatureandstopdrying.Whenthewindingtemperaturedecreasesbelow40℃,carryouttheACwithstandvoltagetestforwinding,measuretherotorwindingdirectcurrentresistancevalue,forcomparisoninfuture.Afterthequalifiedoftheelectricaltest,lapweldthemagneticpoleasdrawnandgetridofftherestpart.（2）转子安装：转子吊装是机组安装的重要环节，转子吊装应制订安全技术措施，成立专门机构，负责统一指挥。本电站转子吊装是由厂内50/10t桥式起重机完成的。Rotorinstallation:rotorliftingistheimportantpartintheunitinstallation.Duringrotorlifting,116 preparesafetytechnicalmeasures,setupspecialagencyforunifiedcommand.Therotorliftinginthispowerstationisdoneby50/10tbridgecrane.在安装间进行试吊，当转子起吊到离地约l00~200时，先升降一至两次，检查桥式起重机构运行情况是否良好，然后起升至一定高度，使转子处于垂直状态，检查转子垂直度，合格后，转子吊至机坑上空，先与定子初步对正，徐徐落下，当转子将要进入定子时，再仔细找正，为避免转子和定子相碰，需用8根木板条(约30—40mm宽，比磁极稍长，厚度为空气间隙的一半)均匀分布在定子、转子间隙内，每根木板条由一人提着，靠近磁极中部上下活动。在转子下落过程中发现木条卡住，说明在该方向间隙过小，立即告诉现场指挥，向相反方向移动转子。中心调控几次后，转子即可顺利下降，待其即将落在千斤项上时，要特别注意防止大轴相碰。Trialhoistinginerectionbay.Whentherotorisliftedabovegroundl00~200,risingandfallingoneortwotimes,checktheoperationsituationofthebridgecranemechanism,whentherotorisrosetocertainheight,checktherotorverticality,afterqualified,lifttherotortotheaboveofthepit,preliminarilycenterwiththerotor,fallslowly,whentherotorisgoingtobeinthestator,checkcarefully,inordertoavoidthecollisionbetweentherotorandstator,8woodenlathsshouldbeuniformlydistributedinthegapsbetweenthestatorandrotor.Eachwoodenlathshouldbecarriedbyoneman,andmoveupanddownclosethemagneticpolecenter.Ifwoodenlathjammingoccurs,telltheonscenecommanderassoonaspossible,movetherotortotheoppositedirection.Adjustsometimesuntiltherotorfallsdownsuccessfully.Whentherotorfallsonthejack,payattentionnottocollidewiththelargeshaft.2.3发电机各部件预装定位Pre-assemblypositionofthegeneratorparts下机架安装定位以机组座环的中心、高程作为依据；上机架与定子组合后两部件一起进行中心找正预装，经预装的上、下机架即钻饺销钉孔，配装销钉定位。预装过程需对机架内结构进行检查，抗重螺栓的灵活度应侧重检查。Thelowerbracketinstallationpositionshouldbebasedonthecenterandheightoftheunitstayring.Afterthecombinationoftheupperbracketandstator,centerandpre-installthetwoparts,thendrillthepinholeontheupperandlowerbracketwhichhavebeenpre-assembled,andpreparepinstoposition.Checkthestructureinthebracketduring116 pre-assemblyprocess,andpayattentiontotheflexibilityoftheloadingresistancebolts.2.4发电机总装程序Generatorfinalassemblyprogram当水轮机总装完结束即组织发电机的总装，其总装程序为：下风罩吊装；下导轴承油盆、冷却器吊装；接下去是经预装过的下机架、定子吊装。下机架、定子的吊装过程应首先校核各部件实测尺寸，并按水轮机主轴法兰校核各部件安装高程。Afterthefinalassemblyoftheturbine,startthegeneratorfinalassembly.Andtheassemblyschedule:lowerfancoverlifting,lowerguidebearingoilbasin,coolerlifting,thenthelowerbracketbeenpre-assembled,statorlifting.Theliftingofthelowerbracketandstatorshouldchecktherealpartsdemission,thencheckallpartsassemblyheightasturbinemainshaftflange.当上述吊装工序结束即可组织吊装转子。吊入的转子可座落在预先调好的下机架的风闸板上。接下去是进行上机架、推力头等部件的安装。Afterfinishingtheaboveliftingschedule,starttoliftrotor.Therotorshouldbeplacedontheairdamperplateofthelowerbracket.Thenstarttheassemblyoftheupperbracket,thrustcollar.2.5机组轴线检查，推力轴承受力调整Checktheunitaxialline,adjustthethrustbearingloading水轮发电机大轴联轴经连接后，推力轴承即承受转动部分的总量。机组的轴线达不到要求时，可通过研刮镜板和推力瓦之间的绝缘垫进行调整，接着进行调整推力瓦的受力状况。调整好转轮间隙的同时测定转子间的空气间隙，使其满足规范和设计要求。Aftertheconnectionofthehydraulicgeneratorbigshaftcoupling,thethrustbearingsupportsthetotalweightoftherotationpart.Iftheunitaxiallinedosenotmeettherequirement,scrapetheinsulationpadbetweenthethrustrunnerandthrustpadforadjustment,thenadjusttheloadingsituationofthethrustpad.Adjusttherunnergapandmeasuretheairgapbetweentherotors,tocheckwhethertheyfollowthespecificationanddesignrequirement.116'