无损探伤通用技术规范(中英文)

'东方电机股份有限公司DONGFANGELECTRICALMACHINERYCO.,LTD.Rev:0东方电机股份有限公司DONGFANGELECTRICALMACHINERYCO.,LTD无损探伤通用技术规范NDTGENERALTECHNOLOGYPROCEDURE 东方电机股份有限公司DONGFANGELECTRICALMACHINERYCO.,LTD.Rev:0编制Issuedby刘文高、王麟校核Checkedby邓伟勇审定Approvedby吴天茂2003年9月18日 无损探伤通用技术规范NDTGENERALTECHNOLOGYPROCEDURERev:0目录INDEX1锻件超声波探伤规范……………………………………………………1UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForging……………………………12焊缝超声波探伤规范……………………………………………………5UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWelds……………………………53磁粉探伤规范……………………………………………………………15MagneticParticleInspectionProcedure…………………………………154液体渗透探伤规范………………………………………………………26LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedure…………………………………265射线探伤规范……………………………………………………………34RadiographicInspectionProcedure……………………………………34 锻件超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForgingPAGE:4of481.锻件超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForging1.1适用范围SCOPE本规范适用于JB4730-94《压力容器无损检测》标准第二篇或ASTMA388规定的钢锻件超声波探伤。ThisprocedurecoversultrasonicinspectionfortheironforgedproductsinaccordancewiththeJB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅡorASTMA388.1.2设备和人员APPARATUSANDPRESONNEL1.2.1设备APPARATUS超声波探伤仪采用A3884.1条规定的A型超声波探伤仪。探头晶片直径Φ14~Φ29mm，最大有效面积为635mm2，探头频率采用2~5MHz，必要时也可采用1或1.25MHz。AnultrasonicpulsedreflectiontypeAofinstrumentshallberequiredinaccordancewithpart4.1ofASTMA388.Theprobeshallhaveamaximumactiveareaof635mm2withthediameterof14~29mmmaxandtheprobefrequencyshallbe2to5MHz.Ifnecessary,afrequencyof1MHzor1.25MHzmaybeemployed,andtheareastobeinspectedshallbedefinedonthetestreport.1.2.2超声波探伤仪应根据ASTME317作垂直、水平和线性的校验，其周期应不超过一年。UltrasonicexaminationequipmentshallbecalibratedinaccordancewithASTME317forscreenheight,horizontalandamplitudelinearity.Thecalibrationsshallbeatafrequencynottoexceedoneyear.1.2.3人员PERSONNEL所有从事超声波探伤的人员都应按照GB9445-88《无损检测人员资格鉴定通则》或SNT-TC-1A推荐的方法进行培训和资格鉴定。AllpersonalperformingultrasonicexaminationshallbetrainedandqualificationaccordingtotheGB9445-88《RulesforQualificationandCertificationofNDTPersonnel》orSNT-TC-1Arecommendedmethod.1.3检测时机TESTINGSTAGE超声波检测应在锻件最终热处理之后，粗加工状态下进行。Theultrasonicexaminationforironforgedproductsshallbeperformedinfinalheattreatmentandroughmachinedcondition.1.4表面制备SURFACEPREPARATION1.4.1所有探伤表面应加工到Ra≤6.3μm，锻件被检表面应无任何污物。Theroughnessofallsurfacestobeexaminedshallnotexceed6.3micrometer.Thesurfaceoftheforgingtobetestedshallfreeandformextraneousdirt.1.5耦合剂COUPLANT 锻件超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForgingPAGE:4of48甘油、ULTRAGEL高温耦合剂、金属专用浆糊、机油、水或相当的物质可作为检查用耦合剂。校正与检验应使用相同的耦合剂。Glycerin,ULTRAGEL,metalpaste,oil,waterorequivalent,shallbeusedascouplantfortheseinspection.Thesamecouplantshallbeusedforcalibrationandtesting.1.6扫查技术SCANNINGTECHNIQUE1.6.1使超声波传入工件应涂刷适量的耦合剂。探头应紧贴探伤面移动。Sufficientpropercouplantshallbeusedtopermitforsoundwavetransmissionintothematerialbeingexamined.Thesearchunitshallbemovedinintimatecontactwithexaminationsurface.1.6.2扫查速度不超过150mm/s。相邻两次扫查之间应有一定的重叠，重叠宽度至少为探头晶片尺寸的15%。Theratesofscanningnotexceed150mm/s.Eachpassofthesearchunitshalloverlapthepreviouspassbyaminimumof15%ofthetransducerelementdimensionperpendiculartothedirectionofscanning.1.7仪器校准CALIBRATIONOFEQUIPMENT1.7.1纵波探伤采用底面反射法校准仪器，第一次底波调至屏高和屏宽的75%。Toperformthelongitudinaltechniqueexaminationultrasonicequipmentcalibrationonthebackreflection.Adjustthefirstresponseto75%offullscreenheight(FSH)andfullscreenwidth(FSW).1.7.2仪器在下列时间应重新根据校正标准。Equipmentshallbecalibratedcheckedagainstacalibrationstandardforproperfunctioningandgainsettingatthefollowingintervals：——每次检查的开始和结束；Atthebeginningandendofeachexamination.——每四个小时；Everyfourhours——探伤更换人员时；Whenexaminationpersonnelarechanged.——怀疑仪器出现故障时；Atanytimewhenanequipmentmalfunctionissuspected.——当断面厚度或直径有较大改变时；Whenthesectionthicknessordiameterarechanged.——探头、耦合剂、仪器调整或者扫查速度有变化时。Whenthesearchunit,couplant,settingofequipmentortherateofscanningarechanged.1.8验收ACCEPTANCE除非在产品图纸上另有说明，否则应按下述验收。Unlessotherwisenotedonaproductdrawing,thefollowingacceptancecriteriashall 锻件超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForgingPAGE:4of48apply.1.8.1用直探头检查Examinationwithnormalbundle存在任何下列情况的不连续将拒收：Thediscontinuitieswillberefusedinanyofthefollowingsituation:——任何类型的线性缺陷；Everykindofthelineardiscontinuities;——底波衰减超过95%；Lossofdepthechosuperiorto95%;——波幅超过Φ4mm当量的任何显示。（两个显示范围之间的距离小于一个单独缺陷的大小）；Anyindicationwithanamplitudehigherthantheobtainedofaborewith4mmofthediameter(ifthedistancebetweenthelimitsoftwoindicationswerelowerthanauniqueindication).——波幅超过80%参考线且引起底波衰减大于30%的密集缺陷。Accumulationoftheindicationswithamplitudessuperiorto80%ofthelevelofthereferenceandcausingareductionofthedepthechosuperiorto30%.密集缺陷的定义是在任意100cm2×2cm体积内缺陷的数量超过6个。Accumulationoftheindicationsisdefinedasanyareaofthe100cm2,thatshowsaquantitysuperiorto6indicationsineachdepthof2cm.波幅超过50%参考线的允许缺陷必须记录并提交DFEM认可。Theindicationspermissible,whichamplitudesweresuperiorto50%ofthereferencelevel,mustberegisteredandsubmittedtotheapprobationoftheDFEMLtd.1.8.2用斜探头检测Examinationwithanglebundle下列情况的缺陷将被拒收。Thediscontinuitieswillberefusedonthefollowingsituation:——波幅超过ASME标准第V卷第5章所限定直径的圆柱孔的任何显示。（孔径是锻件厚度的函数）AnyindicationwithanamplitudehigherthantheobtainedoftheonecylinderborewithdiameterdeterminedbythestandardASMEV.article5(infunctionofthethicknessoftheforged).——波幅超过50%参考线的容许缺陷，必须记录并提交DFEM批准。Theindicationspermissible,whichamplitudesweresuperiorto50%ofthereferencelevel,mustberegisteredandsubmittedtotheapprobationoftheDFEMLtd.1.9探伤报告REPORT探伤报告至少应包括下列内容：Areportoftheexaminationshallbepreparedcontainingthefollowinginformationasaminimum:工作号JobNo.图号Dwg.No.委托单位Applicant零件数量Quantity委托编号Dep.No.零件尺寸Size材料Material零件名称Partname 锻件超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforForgingPAGE:4of48炉号HeatNo.探伤标准Spec.No.材料状态Conditions探伤区域Exam.area探伤方法Method探头规格Probe灵敏度Sensitivity所用规程Procedureused.扫查面Surfacescanned.耦合剂Couplant使用的超声仪Ultrasonicequipmentused.校准试块编号Calibrationblocknumber.DAC曲线说明DescriptionofDACcurve.探头频率Probefrequency.探伤员姓名和资格证等级Inspector’snameandlevelofqualification.探伤日期Dateoftheinspection. 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of482焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWelds2.1适用范围SCOPE本规范适用于JB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第二篇或ASME第五章和第八章规定的焊缝超声波探伤。ThisprocedurecoversultrasonicinspectionofweldsinaccordancewiththeJB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅡortheASMECodeSectionsⅤ,andSectionⅧ.2.2参考标准APPLICABLEDOCUMENTSJB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第二篇JB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅡ;ASME标准第五章和第八章“锅炉和压力容器规程”；ASMEBoiler&PressureVesselCodeSectionsVandⅧ;ASTM标准中的E317；ASTME317;GB9445-88《无损检测人员技术资格鉴定通则》或ASNT，SNT-TC-1A标准中推荐的关于无损探伤人员资格的考核办法。GB9445-88《RulesforqualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel》orASNT,SNT-TC-1A.RecommendedPracticeforqualificationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel.2.3人员资格QUALIFICATIONS所有从事超声波探伤的人员都应按照GB9445-88《无损检测人员资格鉴定通则》或SNT-TC-1A推荐的方法进行培训和资格鉴定。AllpersonalperformingultrasonicexaminationshallbetrainedandqualificationaccordingtotheGB9445-88《RulesforQualificationandCertificationofNDTPersonnel》orSNT-TC-1Arecommendedmethod.2.4形状和尺寸SHAPEANDDIMENSIONS被检工件形状和尺寸符合工件表中制造图纸的说明。Shapeanddimensionsaccordingtomanufacturingdrawingsmentionedinthejobsheets.2.5探伤和扫查要求REQUIREMENTOFEXAMINATIONANDSCANNING2.5.1扫查Scanning为了检查整个被检件，采用接触法通过手工操作使探头在探伤面上移动来完成检测。Scanningshallbeperformedmanuallyviathecontractmethodbymovingthesearchunitovertheexaminationsurfacesoastoscantheentirevolumetobeexamined.相邻两次扫查之间应有一定的重叠，重叠宽度至少为探头晶片尺寸的15%。 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48Eachpassofthesearchunitshalloverlapthepreviouspassbyaminimumof15%ofthetransducerelementdimensionperpendiculartothedirectionofscanning.扫查速度不超过150mm/s。Theratesofscanningnotexceed150mm/s.2.5.2探伤Examination声波传播进入被检材料，应通过观察超声波的正常噪声或正常的背反射来进行校验。Soundtransmissionintothematerialbeingexaminedshallbeverifiedbyobservingnormalultrasonicnoiseand/ornormalbackreflection.用于产品检验的仪器的扫查增益量至少应是仪器校准增益量的2倍。但是当超声噪声超过校正水平的25%时，扫查增益量低于2倍校准增益量时的仪器也是可以使用的。扫查方向应垂直于焊缝方向。Theinstrumentgainforproductionscanningshallbeatleasttwicethecalibrationgainsetting;however,whenultrasonicnoiseexceeds25%ofthecalibrationlevel,againsettinglessthan2xmaybeused.Thedirectionofscanningshallbeperpendiculartothewelddirection.2.6表面条件SURFACECONDITONS焊缝的超声波探伤应在最终热处理后进行。Ultrasonicinspectionofweldsshallbeperformedthefinalheattreatmentcondition.探伤面和反射面应无妨碍探头移动与耦合的焊接飞溅、轨制鳞皮、凹凸不平或波浪度。通常，被检表面光洁度最小应是ISO1302的Ra12.5μm（N10）。当使用双晶探头时，表面光洁度应不大于Ra≤6.3μm。Thesurfaceshallbefreeofweldspatter,millscale,and/oranyroughnessorwavinessthatwillinterferewiththemovementorcouplingofthesearchunit.Theyshallbeblastedorground.IngeneralasurfacefinishcorrespondingtoreferenceaminimumfromRa12.5μm(N10)asperISO1302isacceptable.Incaseaseparatetransmitterreceiverprobeisused,thesurfacefinishshouldn’tbegreaterthanRa≤6.3μm.2.7耦合剂COUPLANT甘油、ULTRAGEL高温耦合剂、金属专用浆糊、机油、水或相当的物质可作检查用耦合剂。校正与检验应使用相同的耦合剂。Glycerin,Ultragel,Metalpaste,Oil,Water,orequivalent,shallbeusedascouplantfortheseinspection.Thesamecouplantshallbeusedforcalibrationandtesting.2.8距离和折射角校验DistanceCalibrationandCheckofAngleofRefraction2.8.1应根据ASTME317校验仪器的垂直、水平和波幅线性。校验周期不超过一年。EquipmentshallbecalibratedinaccordancewithASTME317forscreenheight,horizontalandamplitudelinearity.Thecalibrationsshallbeatafrequencynottoexceedone 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48year.2.8.2在以下的工作时间内应使用参考试块校验仪器和增益：Equipmentshallbecalibratedcheckedagainstacalibrationstandard(referenceblock)forproperfunctioningandgainsettingatthefollowingintervals:——每次检查的开始和结束；Atthebeginningandendofeachexamination.——每四个小时；Everyfourhours;——探伤更换人员时；Whenexaminationpersonnelarechanged;——怀疑仪器出现故障时。Atanytimewhenanequipmentmalfunctionissuspected.2.8.3校验时，若确定仪器发生故障，应重做全部检查。Ifduringanycheck,itisdeterminedthattheequipmentismalfunctioning,allthetestingthathasbeencompletedsincethelastvalidequipmentcheckshallberetested.2.9校正试块CALIBRATIONBLOCK校正试块应采用与被检材料相同的工艺、相同的声特性或等效的材料制成。ThecalibrationblockshallbemadeofamaterialthatisthesameproductformasthematerialbeingexaminedandthesameorequivalentP-Numbergroupingasthematerialsbeingexamined.校正试块表面光洁度应能代表被检件的表面光洁度。Thesurfacefinishonthecalibrationblocksshallberepresentativeofthesurfacefinishonthecomponentbeingexamined.常用的校正试块结构尺寸如图2-1所示。AtypicalcalibrationblockconfigurationisshowninFigure2-1.表2-1中规定了常用的探伤校正反射体（除另有规定）CalibrationreflectorstobeusedfortheinspectionarespecifiedinTable2-1below(unlessotherwisespecified): 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48图2-1角度探头校准试块FIG.2-1BasicCalibrationBlockforAngleBeamExaminationL=使用角度探头和V型扫查轨迹确定的试块长度；T=试块厚度（见表1）；D=横孔深度38mm；d=横孔直径（见表1）；t=材料标称厚度。L=lengthofblockdeterminedbytheangleofsearchunitandtheV-pathused.T=thicknessofbasiccalibrationblock(seeTable2-1)D=depthofside-drilledhole38mmd=diameterofside-drilledhole(seeTable2-1)t=nominalproductionmaterialthickness.表2-1角度声束检查用校正试块TABLE2-1DimensionsofCalibrationBlocksforangleBeamExamination焊缝厚度Weldthickness（t）（mm）校正试块厚度CalibrationBlockBlockThickness（mm）孔径HoleDiameter（mm）深度Depth（mm）≤2525or“t”2.44025250t（见注1）(SeeNote1)40注：1.焊缝厚度每增加50mm，孔径增加1.6mm。2.孔径公差±0.8mm。Note:1.Foreachincreaseinthicknessof50mmorfractionthereof,theholediametershallincrease1.6mm.2.Thetoleranceforholediametershallbe±0.8mm. 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of482.10探伤仪器的校正EXAMINATIONCALIBRATION为了全厚度探伤，一条距离波幅校正曲线（DAC）应当使用1/4T，1/2T，和3/4T不同距离的校准点加以核定，需要时，也可根据工件厚度校正（T为被检查材料厚度）。Fortheseexaminations,adistanceamplitudecorrectioncurve(DAC)shouldbeusedwith1/4T,1/2T,and3/4Tcalibrationpoints,asrequired,basedonthepartthickness(whereTequalsthethicknessofthematerialunderexamination).当材料厚度超过50mm时，最少用两个DAC校准点。AminimumoftwoDACpointsshouldbeusedformaterialthicknessover50mm.从校正孔获取最大的信号幅度，调节增益使波幅达到屏高的70%~80%。Thegainshallbeadjustedtoprovideanindication70%to80%offullscreenheight(FSH)fromthecalibrationholewhichprovidesthegreatestsignal.使用该增益设置，找出其它校正孔的最大反射波幅点，将其标在示波屏上，两个相邻校正点的最大波幅用直线连接，通过连接这些点制成DAC曲线。Usingthisgainsetting,themaximumindicationheightfortheothercalibrationholesshallbemarkedonthescreenandtheDACcurveshallbeformedbyconnectingthesepointswithastraightlinebetweenadjacentcalibrationpoints.把从最大声程距离校正孔上得到的回波至少调节到屏宽的75%处。Theresponsefromthecalibrationholeatthegreatestsoundpathdistanceshallbesetatleast75%offullscreenwidth(FSW).不应使用“抑制”。Rejectshallnotbeused.校正试块和被检查材料的声阻抗应相近。声阻抗应在±2dB内。被检查材料和校正试块之间的声阻抗差值应增加到扫查增益的调节上。Thecalibrationblockandmaterialshallbeexaminedforcompatibleacousticimpedance.Theacousticimpedanceshouldbewithin±2dB.Thedifferencebetweenthematerialtobeexaminedandthecalibrationblockshallbeaddedtothescanninggainsetting.DAC曲线校准----如果DAC曲线上的任意点幅值变化大于±20%，探伤应重新进行。DACCorrection----IfanypointontheDACcurvehaschangedinamplitudemorethan±20%,theinspectionshallberepeated.扫描范围校准----如果DAC曲线上的任意点在扫描线上水平移动量大于10%，则探伤应重新进行。SweepRangeCorrection----IfanypointontheDACcurvehasmovedonthesweeplinemorethan10%,theinspectionshallberepeated.2.11基体母材金属检查BASEMATERIALEXAMINATION实施横波检查前，横波通过母材的部分应进行纵波技术探伤。Beforeshearwaveexaminationperformed,thebasematerialthroughwhichthesoundwillpassshallbeinspectedbythelongitudinaltechnique. 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48实施纵波探伤采用底面反射校正。调节底波至屏高的80%Toperformthisexamination,calibrationonthebackreflection.Adjusttheresponseto80%ofFSH.任何引起底波降低50%（或更大）的区域应在探伤工件上打上标识记号并记录在试验报告上，任何引起底波下降100%衰减的区域应由DFEM的Ⅲ级无损探伤人员或其委派人员评判。Anyareasproducinga50%(orgreater)reductioninthebackreflectionshallbemarkedonthepartbeinginspectedandnotedonthetestreport.Anyareaproducinga100%lossofbackreflectionshallbeevaluatedbyDFEMLevelⅢordesignee.2.12探伤方法EXAMINATIONMETHOD所有焊缝应按表2-2检查（除非另有说明）。AllweldsshallbeexaminedbythemethodshowninTable2-2(Unlessotherwiseinstructed).表2-2Table2-2焊缝类型WeldType焊缝厚度WeldThroatthickness（mm）小于12Lessthan1212到3812to3838到6338to6363到12763to127127到203127to203首选Primary最大1/4Top1/4首选Primary最大1/4Top1/4首选Primary最大1/4Top1/4首选Primary最大1/4Top1/4首选Primary最大1/4Top1/4对接焊缝推荐角度ButtRecommendedAngel70°70°70°or60°45°or60°70°or60°or45°45°or60°60°or45°45°or60°60°or45°45°技术Technique2222222222T字焊缝面ATeeFaceARecommendedAngel70°70°or80°70°or60°or45°60°or45°45°技术Technique33333面BFaceB70°70°or60°70°or60°or45°60°or45°45°技术Technique33333面CFaceC0°,70°0°(70°or45°)0°,45°0°,45°0°,45°技术Technique33333 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48角焊缝面A推荐角度CornerFaceA70°70°or80°70°60°,45°60°or45°45°技术Technique44444面BFaceB70°70°or80°70°60°,45°60°or45°45°技术Technique44444面CFaceC0°0°0°0°0°技术Technique44444双角焊缝面A推荐角度DoubleFilletFaceBConnerWeldFaceA45°45°45°45°45°技术Technique55555面B推荐角度FaceB45°45°45°45°45°技术Technique55555区域1到焊缝平台的螺旋框面BZone1SpiralCasetoDeckWeldFaceB70°70°70°N/AN/A技术Technique666N/AN/A区域2推荐角度Zone27°,45°,0°7°,45°,0°7°,45°,0°N/AN/A技术Technique666N/AN/A区域3推荐角度Zone370°or60°70°or60°70°or60°N/AN/A技术Technique666N/AN/A 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48图2-2技术2图2-3技术3Figure2-2Technique2Figure2-3Technique3图2-4技术4图2-5技术5Figure2-4Technique4Figure2-5Technique5图2-6技术6Figure2-6Technique6 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of482.13评判EVALUATION反射波幅度超过20%DAC曲线的缺陷显示应对其可能的最大尺寸进行分析并用文本所述的验收标准加以评判。Anyimperfectionthatproducesanindicationinexcessof20%ofDACshallbeinvestigatedtothemaximumextentpossibleandevaluatedtotheacceptancestandardcontainedherein.反射波幅度超过100%DAC曲线的任何显示应按下述方法测定其大小：Imperfectionsthatproducesanindicationinexcessof100%ofDACshallbesizedasfollows:——调节最大的显示至屏高的80%；Maximizeindicationandsetat80%FullScreenHeight.——移动探头使缺陷信号从最高点降至屏高的40%；Moveoffmaximumpointuntilindicationsareat40%FSH.——标记下探头的中心。注：必须从所有方向测定其显示的大小。Markthecenteroftheprobe.Note:Indicationsmustbesizedinalldirections.2.14验收准则ACCEPTANCECRITERIA除非在产品图纸上另有说明，否则应按下述验收。Unlessotherwisenotedonaproductdrawing,thefollowingacceptancecriteriashallapply.所有焊缝均不允许存在超过下述规定的缺陷：Allweldsshallbefreeofdiscontinuitiesinexcessofthefollowing:——不容许任何裂纹、未焊透和未熔合，不论其长度如何，均不能接受；Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetrationunacceptableregardlessoflength.——超过DAC曲线且长度超过下列尺寸的缺陷：AnyotherindicationthatexceedtheDACcurveandhavealengthgreaterthan:6.4mm当t小于19mm时；6.4mmFortupto19mm;1/3t当t从19mm到57mm时；1/3tFortfrom19mmto57mm;19mm当t大于57mm时。19mmFortover57mm.这里t是不包括任何加强高的焊缝厚度。对于由不同厚度两部分组成的对接焊缝，t是两者中较薄一块的厚度。若是全焊透焊缝（包括角焊缝），t应包括角焊缝喉部厚度。where:t=Thethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyreinforcement.Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessattheweld,tisthethinnermembersthickness.Ifafullpenetrationwelds,includesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincludedinit.2.15记录RECORDS 焊缝超声波探伤规范UltrasonicInspectionProcedureforWeldsPAGE:14of48探伤报告至少应包括下列内容：Areportoftheexaminationshallbepreparedcontainingthefollowinginformationasaminimum:超过50%DAC曲线的所有指示的清单、指示的位置、回波高度、指示深度及其类型；Alistofallindicationthatexceed50%ofDAC,thereportshalllocateeacharea,givetheresponselevel,thedepthoftheindicationanditsclassification;工作号JobNo.图号Dwg.No.委托单位Applicant零件数量Quantity委托编号Dep.No.零件尺寸Size材料Material零件名称PartName材料状态Conditions探伤标准Spec.No.探伤方法Method探伤区域Exam.Area灵敏度Sensitivity探头规格Probe使用的规程Procedureused.使用的超声仪Ultrasonicequipmentused.扫查面Surfacescanned.探伤日期Dateoftheinspection.探伤员姓名和资格证等级Inspector’snameandlevelofqualification.耦合剂Couplant校准试块编号Calibrationblocknumber.DAC曲线说明DescriptionofDACcurve.探头频率Probefrequency.仪器校验有效期Equipmentcalibrationduedate. 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of483磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedure3.1适用范围SCOPE本规范适用于按照JB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第四篇或ASME标准第五和第八章的规定进行的对碳钢、低合金钢和400系列钢的焊接接头，以及铸锻件的磁粉探伤检查。Thisprocedurecoversmagneticparticleinspectionsofcarbon,lowalloyand400seriessteelwelds,castingsandforgingsinaccordancewithJB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅣorASMECode,SectionVandSectionⅧ.3.2安全要求SAFETY如对待任何电气操作一样，在进行磁粉探伤的准备和操作过程中，必须注意安全。当使用干粉法探伤时，建议操作人员配戴面罩。涉及安全使用探伤设备的所有问题应当由专业人员负责处理。Aswithanyproceduredealingwithelectricity,careshouldbeexercisedduringset-upandoperation.Whenusingdrypowder,theuseofamaskisrecommended.AnyquestionsconcerningthesafeuseoftheequipmentshouldbedirectedtoyourSupervisor.3.3参考文件APPLICABLEDOCUMENTSJB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第四篇；JB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅣ;ASME标准第五章和第八章“锅炉和压力容器规程”；ASMEBoiler&PressureVesselCodeSectionsVandⅧ;ASTM标准中的E-125，E-709；ASTM;E-125,E-709;GB9445-88《无损检测人员技术资格鉴定通则》或ASNT，SNT-TC-1A标准中推荐的关于无损探伤人员资格的考核办法。GB9445-88《RulesforqualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel》orASNT,SNT-TC-1A.RecommendedPracticeforqualificationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel.3.4资格鉴定QUALIFICATIONS所有从事磁粉探伤的人员都应按照GB9445-88《无损检测人员资格鉴定通则》或SNT-TC-1A推荐的方法进行培训和资格鉴定。AllpersonalperformingmagneticparticleexaminationshallbetrainedandqualificationaccordingtotheGB9445-88《RulesforQualificationandCertificationofNDTPersonnel》orSNT-TC-1Arecommendedmethod.3.5探伤设备EQUIPMENT 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of483.5.1磁粉探伤应当使用下列设备，也可使用相当的装置TheMagneticParticleTestingEquipmentshallbeasfollowsoranequivalentunit.CDG-4000A型磁粉探伤机MagnafluxModelCDG-4000ACJE-1型磁粉探伤机MagnafluxModelCJE-1CDX-Ⅲ型磁粉探伤机MagnafluxModelCDX-ⅢCXE-1型磁粉探伤机MagnafluxModelCXE-1CJX-1000型磁粉探伤机MagnafluxModelCJX-10003.5.2干磁粉应当是下述或与之等效产品DryPowdershallbeasfollowsoranequivalent.JPM-1型黑色、白色磁粉JPM-1BlackandWhitePowder3.5.3湿磁粉应选用下述或与之类同的产品WetPowdershallbeasfollowsoranequivalent.HD-BO、HD-RO型黑油、红油磁悬液（或相当的对比色）MagneticSuspensionLiquidofHD-BOType(Black),HD-ROType(Red)(orequivalentcolorcontrasting)荧光法-14A或208型粉剂Fluorescent-14Aor20BPowder3.6探伤方法METHODOFEXAMINATION磁粉探伤应当使用连续法进行，即在施加试验介质和清除多余试验介质的同时，始终保持磁化电流不中断。Examinationshallbedonebythecontinuousmethod;thatis,themagnetizingcurrentremainsonwhiletheexaminationmediumisbeingappliedandwhileexcessoftheexaminationmediumisbeingremoved.3.7探伤方法和材料TECHNIQUESANDMATERIALS3.7.1用作试验介质的铁磁性粉粒应当采用干态或者湿态，也可以采用荧光或非荧光粉剂。Theferromagneticparticlesusedasanexaminationmediumshallbeeitherwetordry,andmaybeeitherfluorescentornonfluorescent.3.7.2下述五种磁化方法中必须选择一种或两种以上。Oneormoreofthefollowingfive-magnetizationtechniquesshallbeused:3.7.2.1双头通电磁化法Prodtechnique3.7.2.1.1磁化通过手提式锥形电触头紧压受检部位的表面来完成。Magnetizationisaccomplishedbyportableprodtypeelectricalcontactspressedagainstthesurfaceintheareatobeexamined.对HY80，HY100和CA6NM材料用该磁化法进行探伤时，必须使用软性电触头。WhenperformingprodtypeinspectiononHY80,HY100andCA6NMmaterial,softprodsmustbeused.3.7.2.1.2 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48操作中应当使用直流或是经整流的磁化电流。电流的大小与触头的间距及受检部位的厚度有关。对厚度等于或大于19mm（3/4英寸）的部位，每25mm（1英寸）间距的电流应当在100A和125A之间，对厚度小于19mm（3/4英寸）的部位，每25mm（1英寸）间距的电流为90A至110A。Directorrectifiedmagnetizingcurrentshallbeused.Thecurrentshallbe100(minimum)amp/25mm(1in.)to125(maximum)amp/25mm(1in.)ofprodspacingforsections19mm(3/4in.)thickorgreater.Forsectionslessthan19mm(3/4in.)thick,thecurrentshallbe90amp/25mm(1in.)to110amp/in.ofprodspacing.3.7.2.1.3触头的间距不得超过200mm（8英寸）。当受检部位的几何形状有局限性或需要增加灵敏度时，也可以采用较短的间距。但是，触头间距一般不应小于76mm（3英寸），这是因为磁粉在这种情况下易聚集在触头周围。触头的尖端必须保持清洁和平整。Prodspacingshallnotexceed200mm(8in.)Shorterspacingmaybeusedtoaccommodatethegeometriclimitationsoftheareabeingexaminedortoincreasethesensitivity,butprodspacingoflessthan76mm(3in.)areusuallynottobeusedduetobandingoftheparticlesaroundtheprods.Theprodtipsshallbekeptcleananddressed.3.7.2.1.4检验按下述规定进行。Inspectionshallbeasdefinedbelow.3.7.2.1.4.1焊缝检验见图3-1——标准网格图。SeeFigure3-1forGridPatternforweldinspection.3.7.2.1.4.2铸件，钢板或其它工件的表面检验见图3-2。SeeFigure3-2forsurfaceinspectionforcastings,plateorothersurfaceinspection.3.7.2.2纵向磁化法Longitudinalmagnetizationtechnique3.7.2.2.1磁化是在缠绕于受试工件部位上的多匝线圈（或电缆）中通以电流来完成的。这种方法可以在平行于线圈轴线方向产生一纵向磁场。如果使用一固定的预先做好的线圈，则工件必须放置在靠近线圈壁的地方进行检验。如果线圈内孔比工件截面积大10倍以上，这一点尤为重要。Magnetizationisaccomplishedbypassingcurrentthroughamulti-turnfixedcoil(orcable)thatiswrappedaroundthepartorsectionoftheparttobeexamined.Thisproducesalongitudinalmagneticfieldparalleltotheaxisofthecoil.Ifafixed,prewoundcoilisusedthepartshallbeplacednearthesideofthecoilduringinspection.Thisisofspecialimportancewhenthecoilopeningismorethan10timesthecross-sectionalareaofthepart.3.7.2.2.2按这种方法对受检工件进行磁化应当使用直流电或经整流的电流。所需的磁场强度可以按照以下3.7.2.2.2.1，3.7.2.2.2.2或3.7.2.2.2.3节中规定由工件的长度L和直径D计算得出。长的工件应当以不超过457mm（18英寸）为一段，分段进行检验，而457mm（18英寸）就被用来作为工件的长度L计算所需的磁场强度。对于非圆柱形的工件，按3.7.2.2.2.4应当选取最大截面对角线。Directorrectifiedcurrentshallbeusedtomagnetizepartsexaminedbythistechnique.TherequiredfieldstrengthcanbecalculatedbaseonthelengthLandthediameterDofthepartinaccordancewith3.7.2.2.2.1,3.7.2.2.2.2,orasestablishedin3.7.2.2.2.3,below.Longpartsshallbeexaminedinsectionsnottoexceed457mm(18in.),and457mm(18in.)shallbeusedforthepartLincalculatingtherequiredfieldstrength.Fornon-cylindricalparts, 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of483.7.2.2.2.4shallbethemaximumcross-sectionaldiagonal.3.7.2.2.2.1L/D等于或大于4的工件，磁场强度应在按下式计算所得安匝数的+10%之内选取。安匝数Ampere-turns=PartswithL/Dratiosequaltoorgreaterthan4.Themagnetizingcurrentshallbewithin+10%oftheampere-turns’valuedeterminedasfollows:35000（L/D）+23.7.2.2.2.2L/D小于4而大于2的工件，磁场强度应在由下式得出的安匝数+10%范围内选取。PartswithL/Dratioslessthan4butnotlessthan2.Themagnetizingcurrentshallbewithin+10%oftheampere-turns’valuedeterminedasfollows:安匝数Ampere-turns=45000（L/D）3.7.2.2.2.3如果被磁化的部位在线圈的任一侧均超出150mm（6英寸），则应使用磁场显示器来验证所需的磁场强度合适与否。Iftheareatobemagnetizedextendsbeyond150mm(6in.)oneithersideofthecoils,fieldadequacyshallbedemonstratedusingthemagneticfieldindicator.3.7.2.2.2.4大型工件由于尺寸和形状的关系，磁场强度应在1200到4500安匝的范围内选取。所需的磁场强度是否合适也要用磁场显示器进行验证。Forlargepartsduetosizeandshape,themagnetizingcurrentshallbe1200ampere-turnsto4500ampere-turns.Thefieldadequacyshallbedemonstratedusingthemagneticfieldindicator.3.7.2.2.2.5如果按3.7.2.2.2要求得出的磁场强度不合适，仍需使用磁场显示器来验证。Ifthecurrentlevelsrequiredfor3.7.2.2.2cannotbeused,theadequacyofthemagneticfieldwillbedemonstratedwiththeuseofthemagneticfieldindicator.3.7.2.3环形磁化法Circularmagnetizationtechnique3.7.2.3.1受检工件的磁化是在其中通以电流来完成的。工件通电后，就产生一个与电流方向垂直的环形磁场。Magnetizationisaccomplishedbypassingcurrentthroughtheparttobeexamined.Thisproducesacircularmagneticfieldthatisapproximatelyperpendiculartothedirectionofcurrentflowinthepart.3.7.2.3.2直流电或经整流的磁化电流的大小可根据以下范围确定：Directorrectifiedmagnetizingcurrentcanbedeterminedusingthefollowingguidelines:3.7.2.3.2.1对外径小于或等于127mm（5英寸）的工件，按直径尺寸计算，采用每25mm（1英寸）700~900A。Forpartswithouterdiametersupto127mm(5in.)-700amp/25mm(1in.)to900amp/25mm(1in.)ofdiametershallbeused.3.7.2.3.2.2对外径大于127mm（5英寸），小于或等于254mm（10英寸）的部件，每25mm（1英寸）直径的电流应在500~700A范围内选用。 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48Forpartswithouterdiametersover127mm(5in.)upto254mm(10in.)-500amp/25mm(1in.)to700amp/25mm(1in.)ofdiametershallbeused.3.7.2.3.2.3对外径大于254mm（10英寸），小于或等于381mm（15英寸）的工件，每25mm（1英寸）直径的电流值为300~500A。Forpartswithouterdiametersover254mm(10in.)upto381mm(15in.)-300amp/25mm(1in.)to500amp/25mm(1in.)ofdiametershallbeused.3.7.2.3.2.4对外径大于381mm（15英寸）的工件，每25m（1英寸）直径的电流值为100~330A。Forpartswithouterdiametersover381mm(15in.)-100amp/25mm(1in.)to330amp/25mm(1in.)ofouterdiametershallbeused.3.7.2.3.2.5对非圆柱形的工件，可按垂直于电流方向横截面的最大对角线尺寸类比上述外径大小确定电流值。Forpartswithgeometricshapesotherthanround,thegreatestcross-sectionaldiagonalinaplaneatrightanglestothecurrentflowshalldeterminetheinchestobeusedintheabovecomputations.3.7.2.3.2.6如果按以上3.7.2.3.2.3和3.7.2.3.2.4的范围选用的电流值不能满足磁化要求，则应当取所能达到的最大电流值，并且用磁场显示器验证其磁场强度是否合适。对于非圆柱形工件以及在使用夹紧触头检查大型部件的厚壁部位时，磁场强度是否适当也要用磁场显示器进行验证。Ifthecurrentlevelsrequiredfor3.7.2.3.2.3and3.7.2.3.2.4abovecannotbeobtained,themaximumcurrentobtainableshallbeusedandthefieldadequacyshallbedemonstratedbyusingthemagneticexamininglargepartsbyclampingcontactstothewallthickness,fieldadequacyshallbedemonstratedbyusingthemagneticparticlefieldindicator.3.7.2.4多向磁化法Multidirectionalmagnetizationtechnique3.7.2.4.1这种方法是用大电流电源同时连续对多达三条激磁电路通电来进行磁化。这种迅速交变的磁化电流就会使整个工件产生一多向的磁场。利用3.7.2.1和3.7.2.2中提供的各种磁化方法的任何组合，均可得到环形式纵向的磁场。Magnetizationisaccomplishedbyhighamperagepowerpacksoperatingasmanyasthreecircuitsthatareenergizedoneatatimeinrapidsuccession.Theeffectoftheserapidlyalternatingmagnetizingcurrentsistoproduceanoverallmagnetizationofthepartinmultipledirections.Circularorlongitudinalmagneticfieldsmaybegeneratedinanycombinationusingthevarioustechniquesdescribedin3.7.2.1and3.7.2.23.7.2.4.2用这种方法磁化工件，只能使用经整流的三相全波电流。磁场强度要用磁场显示器来判定合适与否。必须在两个近于垂直的方向产生磁场。Onlythreephases,fullwaverectifiedcurrentshallbeusedtomagnetizethepart.Theadequacyofthemagneticfieldshallbeestablishedusingthemagneticparticlefieldindicator.Amagneticfieldwithtwonearlyperpendiculardirectionsshallbeobtained.3.7.2.5极间磁化法DCyoketechnique3.7.2.5.1凡使用极间法检验的部位必须按照磁粉探伤图加以确定。 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48AnyareasexaminedusedtheDCyokemethodshallbeidentifiedonamagneticparticleexaminationmap.3.7.2.5.2每一直流电或永久磁轭必须在采用最大极距的情况下，具有至少18Kg（40磅）的提升力。Eachdirectcurrentorpermanentmagneticyokeshallhavealiftingpowerofaleast18Kg(40lb).Atthemaximumpolespacingthatwillbeused.3.8表面处理SURFACEPREPARATION3.8.1当工件表面为经过焊接、轧制、铸造或锻压处理后的状态时，通常检验结果令人满意。但是，如果表面的不规则状态可能掩盖受检工件存在的缺陷，或可能影响到对检验结果的分析，那就有必要用打磨或加工的方法对工件表面进行处理。Satisfactoryresultsareusuallyobtainedwhenthesurfacesareintheaswelded,asrolled,as-cast,oras-forgedcondition.However,surfacepreparationbygrindingormachiningmaybenecessarywheresurfaceirregularitiescouldmaskindicationsorinterfereswithinterpretationoftheexamination.3.8.2在对工件作磁粉探伤前，受检表面及其毗邻的25mm（1英寸）之内的区域必须干燥，并且无任何影响检验的尘污、油脂、锈皮、焊药、焊疤、油迹、纤维和其它杂物。Priortomagneticparticleexamination,thesurfacetobeexaminedandadjacentareaswithin25mm(1in).shallbedryandfreeofalldirt,grease,scale,weldingfluxandspatter,oil,lintandothermaterialsthatinterferewiththeexamination.3.8.3进行表面清理可以使用洗涤剂、有机溶剂、防锈液、去漆剂、蒸汽除油、喷砂或超声波清洗等多种方法。Cleaningmaybeaccomplishedusingdetergent,organicsolvents,descalingsolutions,paintremovers,vapordegreasing,sandorgritblasting,orultrasoniccleaningmethods.3.8.4如果工件的受检表面有涂层覆盖，则必须经试验证明，透过最厚的涂层仍能检查到工件的缺陷。Ifcoatingsareleftonthepartintheareabeingexamined,itmustbedemonstratedthatindicationscanbedetectedthroughthemaximumcoatingthicknessapplied.3.9试验介质EXAMINATIONMEDIUM3.9.1用于探伤的细碎铁磁性粉末必须满足下述要求。Thefinelydividedferromagneticparticlesusedfortheexaminationshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.3.9.1.1干粉。如使用干粉，则其颜色与受检表面应有足够的对比度。对表面温度超过316℃（华氏600度）的工件，不得进行磁粉探伤。DryParticles.Ifdryparticlesareused,thecoloroftheparticles(drypower)shallprovideadequatecontrastwiththesurfacebeingexamined.Magneticparticleexaminationshallnotbeperformedofthesurfacetemperatureofthepartexceeds316℃(600°F).3.9.1.2 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48湿粉。如使用湿粉，其颜色与受检表面也应有足够的对比度。湿粉乳浊液和工件表面的温度必须不超过57℃（华氏135度）。WetParticles.Ifwetparticlesareused,thecoloroftheparticlesshallprovideadequatecontrastwiththesurfacebeingexamined.Thetemperatureofthewetparticlesuspensionandthesurfaceofthepartshallnotexceed57℃(135°F).3.9.1.3荧光粉。进行荧光磁粉探伤时，要使用紫外线灯（黑光灯）。探伤应按下述要求进行。FluorescentParticles.Withfluorescentparticlestheexaminationisperformedusinganultravioletlight(blacklight).Theexaminationshallbeperformedasfollows.3.9.1.3.1探伤必须在黑暗环境中进行。Itshallbeperformedinadarkenedarea.3.9.1.3.2进行探伤之前，操作人员应当先在暗处至少呆5分钟，以便眼睛能适应。如果操作人员戴眼镜或其它光学镜片，则镜片必须是对光线不敏感的。Theexaminershallbeinthedarkenedareaforatleast5min.priortoperformingtheexaminationtoenablehiseyestoadapttodarkviewing.Iftheexaminerwearsglassesorlenses,theyshallnotbephotosensitive.3.9.1.3.3在使用和测量所发生的紫外线强度前，其光源应当先预热至少5分钟。Theblacklightshallbeallowedtowarmupforaminimumof5min.priortouseormeasurementoftheintensityoftheultravioletlightemitted.3.9.1.3.4测量紫外线强度使用不可见光照度计。受检部件表面的照度要求不低于800μw/cm2。紫外线强度应当每隔8小时至少测量一次，并且只要工件地点一改变也要测量。Theblacklightintensityshallbemeasuredwithablacklightmeter.Aminimumof800μw/cm2onthesurfaceofthepartbeingexaminedshallberequired.Theblacklightintensityshallbemeasuredatleastonceevery8hr.,andwhenevertheworkstationischanged.3.9.2所推荐的湿磁粉乳浊液浓度见表3-1。RecommendedConcentrationofWetMagneticParticleSuspensionsareshowninTable3-1.3.9.3磁粉乳浊液浓度检测法Techniqueforcheckingbathconcentration3.9.3.1将磁粉与水混合后搅拌数分钟。Agitatethemixtureofparticlesandwaterforseveralminutes.3.9.3.2使混合液流经喷射软管片刻便对其清洗。Flowthebathmixturethroughthesprayhoseforafewmomentstoclearthehose.3.9.3.3在分离管中装入100cc混合液。FillCentrifugeTubetothe100ccline.3.9.3.4再把分离管放到固定于无振动位置的支架上。PlaceCentrifugeTubeinthestandinanareafreefromvibration.3.9.3.5让分离管竖立放置30分钟，使磁粉沉淀。LetTubestandfor30minutesforparticlestosettleout.3.9.3.6参照表3-1中推荐的数据校正沉淀磁粉读数。 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48RefertoTable3-1forcorrectsettlesparticlereading.说明：如果读数偏高，在管中加入水，如读数偏低，则加入磁粉。不要将沉淀的其它粉尘计入读数。Note:Ifreadingishigher,addwater,oriflower,andpowder.DonotincludedirtparticlesinCentrifugeTubereadings.表3-1湿磁粉乳浊液推荐浓度Table3-1RecommendedParticleConcentrations荧光磁粉FluorescentParticles显露磁粉VisibleParticles磁粉型号ParticleType14A20A9C盎司/加仑Ounces/gallon1/61/211/4沉淀体积SettlingVolume0.15~0.25ml0.2~0.4ml1.2~1.9ml3.10磁场的强度与方向MAGNETIZINGFIELDADEQUACYANDDIRECTION3.10.1为校验磁场强度和磁场方向，应当使用磁场指示器。使用时，将磁场指示器安放在受检部件的表面。Toverifytheadequacyordirectionofthemagnetizingfield,themagneticfieldindicatorshallbeusedbypositioningtheindicatoronthesurfacetobeexamined.3.10.2用法是，在撒放磁粉的同时，施加磁化力，如果磁粉形成一条越过磁场指示器铜面的轮廓清晰的显示，则磁场强度表明是合适的。Whenusingthisindicator,asuitablefluxorfieldstrengthisindicatedwhenaclearlydefinedlineofmagneticparticlesformsacrossthecopperfaceoftheindicatorwhenthemagneticparticlesareappliedsimultaneouslywiththemagnetizingforce.3.10.3如果磁粉不能形成一条轮廓清晰的显示，或是形成的显示不在所需的方向，则必须改变或调整磁化方法。Whenaclearlydefinedlineofparticlesisnotformed,orisnotformedinthedesireddirection,themagnetizingtechniqueshallbechangedoradjusted.3.11工件的消磁DEMAGNETIZATION3.11.1如果残留在工件上的剩磁会影响其后序的加工或今后的使用，则应当在完成磁粉探伤后，对该工件进行消磁。Whenresidualmagnetisminthepartcouldinterferewithsubsequentprocessingorusage,thepartshallbedemagnetizedanytimeaftercompletionoftheexamination.3.12缺陷的判定EVALUATIONOFINDICATIONS3.12.1磁粉在受检表面的附着显示呈现出工件可能存在缺陷的征兆。然而此类显示未必都是缺陷。这是因为，工件表面过分粗糙，磁导率的变化（如在热影响区的边缘）等因素均可造成相似的显示。 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48Indicationswillberevealedbyretentionofmagneticparticles.Allsuchindicationsarenotnecessarilyimperfections,however,sinceexcessivesurfaceroughness,magneticpermeabilityvariations(suchasattheedgeofheataffectedzones),etc.mayproducesimilarindications.3.12.2磁粉的附着显示往往是工件存在机械缺陷的迹象。不过只有尺寸大于1.6mm（1/16英寸）的显示，才可以认为与机械缺陷相关。Anindicationistheevidenceofamechanicalimperfection.Onlyindicationswhichhaveanydimensiongreaterthan1.6mm(1/16in).shallbeconsideredrelevant.长宽比大于三的显示称为线性显示。Alinerindicationisonehavingalengthgreaterthanthreetimesthewidth.长宽比小于等于三的显示，呈圆形或椭圆形的显示，称为圆形显示。Aroundedindicationisoneofcircularorellipticalshapewithalengthequaltoorlessthanthreetimesitswidth.对任何显示有问题或可疑的显示，都必须重新进行探伤，以便确定是否存在缺陷。Anyquestionableordoubtfulindicationsshallbereexaminedtodeterminewhetherornottheyarerelevant.3.13验收标准ACCEPTANCESTANDARDS3.13.1一般应当采用下述验收标准，在施工图上另有说明的除外。Unlessotherwisenotedonaproductdrawing,thefollowingacceptancecriteriashallapply.3.13.2受检的所有表面均不得有以下磁粉附着显示：Allsurfacestobeexaminedshallbefreeof:——与缺陷相关的线性显示。Relevantlinearindications;——与缺陷相关的大于4.8mm（3/16英寸）的圆形显示。Relevantroundedindicationsgreaterthan4.8mm(3/15in.);——四个或四个以上成一行排列的与缺陷相关的圆形显示，这些显示相互独立，相邻间距等于或小于1.6mm（1/16英寸）。Fourormorerelevantroundedindicationsinalineseparatedby1.6mm(1/16in.)orless,edgetoedge.3.13.3缺陷的磁粉显示可能比造成显示的缺陷本身尺寸大。不过，显示的尺寸仍作为验收评定的依据。Anindicationofanimperfectionmaybelargerthantheimperfectionthatcausesit;however,thesizeoftheindicationisthebasisforacceptanceevaluation.3.14检验报告DOCUMENTATION3.14.1编写的磁粉探伤报告至少应包括以下内容：Areportoftheexaminationshallbepreparedcontainingthefollowinginformationasa 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48minimum.工作号JobNo.图号Dwg.No.委托单位Applicant试件数量Quantity委托编号Dep.No.规格尺寸Size炉号HeatNo.试件名称PartName材料号MaterialNo.探伤方法MethodofMT材料状态Conditions探伤设备EquipmentUsed探伤区域Exam.Area灵敏度Sensitivity探伤设备检定日期EquipmentCalibrationDate操作人员姓名及资格等级Inspector’sNameandLevelofQualification检验日期DateofInspection验收标准AcceptanceStandard检验结果ExaminationResults3.14.2只有用作图法才能更明确表示不合格的缺陷的具体位置时，就应当在提供检验报告时附上该缺陷位置的示意图。Rejectableindicationsshallbemappedwhenevermappingwillprovideadditionalinformationinidentifyingrejectablelocations.图3-1——标准网格图Figure3-1TYPICALGRIDPATTERN1垂直于焊缝方向的检验，其有效范围应当限制在两触头之间中心线的任何一侧，最大表面距离为触头间距的1/4。Theeffectiveareacoveredfortheperpendicularinspectionshallbelimitedtoamaximumsurfacedistanceof1/4theprodspacingoneithersideofthecenterlinebetweenthetwoprods.2对于与焊缝方向平行的检验，在使用触头进行两次连续操作时，其间距应当有至少25mm（1英寸）的重合。Forparallelinspection,thereshallbeaminimumof25mm(1in.)overlapbetweensuccessiveprodapplications.3图中A-A，B-B，C-C等表示对焊缝截面方向检验时触头的位置。 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48PositionsA-A,B-B,C-C,etc.showlocationsofprodsforinspectiontransversetotheweldingdirection.4图中E-E，F-F等表示作平行于焊缝方向检验时触头的位置。如果焊缝的宽度大于1/2X，则必须在焊缝的平行方向通电作补充磁化，以保证整个有效范围均得到检验。PositionsE-E,F-F,etc.showlocationsofprodsforinspectionparalleltotheweldingdirection.Whereweldiswiderthan1/2X,additionalparallelmagnetizationshotswillberequiredtoassurecompletecoverage.5检验时按触头间距每25mm（1英寸）的电流值采用100~125A。触头间距X的尺寸最小为50mm（2英寸），最大为190mm（7.5英寸），其它尺寸可根据选定的触头间距得到。例如，当触头间距选用150mm（6英寸），则1/4X=38mm（1.5英寸）。100to125ampsper25mm(1in.)ofprodspacingwillbeused.Theprodspacing“X”willbebetween50mm(2in.)minimumand150mm(7.5in.)maximum.Otherdimensionswillbedeterminedfromtheprodspacingvaluechosen.Example:whereaprodspacingof150mm(6in.)isused,1/4Xwillequal38mm(1.5in.).图3-2表面检查网格图FIGURE3-2SURFACEGRIDPATTERNS1如图所示，对垂直于焊缝方向检验的有效范围，应当限制在两触头之间中心线的任何一侧，其最大表面距离为触头间距的1/4。Theeffectiveareacoveredfortheperpendicularinspectionshallbelimitedtoamaximumsurfacedistanceof1/4theprodspacingoneithersideofthecenterlinebetweenthetwoprods.(AsshowninFigure2)2A-A，B-B，C-C和D-D表示对工件表面作100%探伤时触头在0°和90°方向上摆放的位置。PositionsA-A,B-B,C-CandD-Dshowthelocationand0and90degreepositioningofprodsfor100%inspectionofsurfacearea.3E-E和F-F表示对工件表面作200%探伤时增加的触头摆放位置与方向。PositionsE-E,F-Fshowtheadditionallocationandorientationofprodstoachieve200%inspectionofsurfacearea.4每25mm（1英寸）间距电流值的大小要由受检工件的厚度确定。触头间距在76mm（3英寸）至203mm（8英寸）范围内选取。Ampsper25mm(1in.)ofprodspacingwillbedeterminedbethethicknessofthe 磁粉探伤规范MagneticParticleInspectionProcedurePAGE:26of48materialbeingexamined.Theprodspacingwillbebetween76mm(3in.)minimumand203mm(8in.)maximum. 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of484液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedure4.1范围SCOPE4.1.1本规范适用于按照JB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第四篇或ASME标准第五章、第八章对焊缝、铸件、锻件的液体渗透探伤。Thisprocedurecoversliquidpenetrantinspectionsofwelds,castings,andforgingsinaccordancewiththeJB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅣortheASME,sectionⅤ,sectionⅧ.4.2安全SAFETY4.2.1如需要使用化学药品的任何工艺一样，在操作时必须小心，建议使用面罩。任何与设备使用有关的问题都应直接向管理人员汇报。Aswithanyprocedurerequiringtheuseofchemicals,careshouldbeexercisedduringtheoperation.Theuseofamaskisrecommended.Amyquestionconcerningthesafeuseoftheequipmentshouldbedirectedtoyoursupervisor.4.3适用文件APPLICABLEDOCUMENTSJB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第四篇；JB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅣ;ASME标准锅炉压力容器第五章、第八章；ASMEBoiler&PressureVesselCodeSectionsⅤandⅧ;ASTM标准中E-165；ASTME-165;GB9445-88《无损检测人员技术资格鉴定通则》或ASNT，SNT-TC-1A标准中推荐的关于无损探伤人员资格的考核办法。GB9445-88《RulesforqualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel》orASNT,SNT-TC-1A.RecommendedPracticeforqualificationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel.4.4人员资格QUALIFICATIONS所有从事渗透探伤的人员都应按照GB9445-88《无损检测人员资格鉴定通则》或SNT-TC-1A推荐的方法进行培训和资格鉴定。AllpersonalperformingpenetrantexaminationshallbetrainedandqualificationaccordingtotheGB9445-88《RulesforQualificationandCertificationofNDTPersonnel》orSNT-TC-1Arecommendedmethod.4.5设备EQUIPMENT4.5.1 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48不同系列的渗透材料不可混杂使用。由制造厂推荐的一套液体渗透材料应包括适用的渗透剂、清洗剂和显象剂。Intermixingofpenetrantmaterialsfromdifferentfamiliesisnotpermitted.Afamilyofliquidpenerant,solventremover,anddeveloperasrecommendedbythemanufacturer,4.6检验条件ECAMINATIONMEDIUM4.6.1液体渗透检验应采用水洗型、后乳化型或溶剂去除型等方法。Liquidpenetrantexaminationshallbeperformedusingthewater-washable,post-emulsifiableorsolvent-removablemethod.4.6.1.1使用的液体渗透探伤方法分类列于表4-1Table4-1providestheclassificationofliquidpenetrantinspectionmethodsandtypestobeused:表4-1Table4-1方法A——荧光液体渗透检验MethodA——florescent,liquidpenetrantinspection类型1Type1水洗型Water-washable工艺A-1ProcedureA-1类型2Type2后乳化型Post-emulsifiable工艺A-2ProcedureA-2类型3Type3溶剂去除型Solvent-removable工艺A-3ProcedureA-3方法B——目视渗透检验MethodB——visible,liquidpenetrantinspection类型1Type1水洗型Water-washable工艺B-1ProcedureB-1类型2Type2后乳化型Post-emulsifiable工艺B-2ProcedureB-2类型3Type3溶剂去除型Solvent-removable工艺B-3ProcedureB-34.6.2注意：不得跟随荧光渗透检验进行目视渗透检验CAUTIION:Fluorescentpenetrantinspectionshallnotfollowavisualpenetrantinspection.4.7检验方法METHODOFEXAMINATION4.7.1渗透材料和进行渗透检验的工件表面温度应在16℃~52℃。在不适用于这一温度限制的地方，应进行适用温度下的工艺评定。Thetemperatureofthepenetrantmaterialsandthesurfaceoftheparttobeprocessedshouldbebetween600Fand1250F(16℃and52℃).Whereitisnotpracticaltocomplywiththesetemperaturelimitations,qualificationoftheprocedureatthetemperatureofintendedusewillbeperformed.4.7.2渗透检验前的表面条件——当工件表面为焊接、轧制、铸造或锻造时，通常可以得到满意的结果。当凹凸不平的表面可能产生伪显示或干扰对检测结果的解释时，有必要采用打磨、机加工或其他方法对表面进行处理。Surfaceconditioningpriortopenetrantinspection––ingeneral,satisfactoryresultsmay 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48beobtainedwhenthesurfaceofthepartisinthebygrinding,machining,orothermethodsmaybenecessarywheresurfaceirregularitiescouldmaskindicationsorinterferewithinterpretationoftheexamination.CAUTION:conditioningofsurfacespriortoexaminationcanaffecttheresults.4.7.3预清洗——整个液体渗透检验前，受检表面及其周围至少25.4毫米范围内应当干燥，并清除可能遮掩表面开口缺陷的污物、油脂、棉纤维、锈皮、焊剂、焊接飞溅、机油及其他外来物，否则检验将受到影响。Pre-cleaning––priortoallliquidpenetrantexanimations,thesurfacetobeexaminedandalladjacentareaswithinatleast25.4mmshallbedryandfreeofalldirt,grease,lint,scale,weldingflux,weldspatter,oil,otherwiseinterferewiththeexamination.4.7.3.1通常可以使用的清洗剂、有机溶剂、除锈液和油漆去除剂，也可以采用表面除油以及超声波清洗方法。Typicalcleaningagentswhichmaybeusedaredetergents,organicsolvents,descalingsolution,andpaintremovers.Degreasingandultrasoniccleaningmethodsmayalsobeused.4.7.3.2清洗溶剂应符合污物控制的要求。Cleaningsolventsshallmeettherequirementsforcontrolofcontaminants.4.7.3.3最终的预清洗操作是在施加渗透剂之前，应当用清洗剂喷射或擦拭所有受试表面，用清洁的干布或吸水纸去除多余的清洗剂，让工件表面充分干燥，表面干燥需五分钟。Asafinalpre-cleaningoperation,priortoapplicationofpenetrant,allsurfacestobetestedshallbesprayedorbrushedwithremover.Thesurfacesshallbethoroughlydriedbyremovingtheexcesscleanerwithaclean,dryfor5minutes.4.7.4清洗后干燥——可以采用在干燥炉内加热工件，红外线灯泡，压力热空气或暴露在环境温度下等方法进行。Dryingaftercleaning––dryingmaybeaccomplishedbywarmingthepartsinfryingovens,withinfraredlamps,forcedhotair,orexposuretoambienttemperature.4.7.5施加渗透剂——渗透剂应喷射到受检表面，完全覆盖整个受检工件或区域。Penetrantapplication––penetrantshallbeappliedtothesurfacetobeinspectedsothattheentirepartorareaunderinspectioniscompletelycovered.4.7.5.1可以采用浸渍、淹没、涂刷或喷射等方法施加渗透剂。Thepenetrantmaybeappliedbydipping,flooding,brushingorspraying.4.7.5.1.1采用喷射法施加渗透剂时，重要的是给予适当的通风。Withsprayapplications,itisimportantthattherebeproperventilation.4.7.5.1.2允许多余的渗透剂自工件上流走。Excesspenetrantshallbeallowedtodrainfromthepart.4.7.6停留时间——15~20分钟。DWELLTime––dwelltinewellbe15to20minutes.4.7.7清除多余的渗透剂——在达到要求的渗透时间后，清除多余的渗透剂。 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48Removalofexcesspenetrant––aftertherequiredpenetrationtime,removetheexcesspenetrant.4.7.7.1水洗型——直接用水清除工件上多余的渗透剂，不要求乳化步骤。使用人工的、半自动的、自动的喷洗或浸没装置清洗。清洗的角度与速度应由水压、水温及冲洗时间等工作参数决定。所用渗透剂本身的特性以及工件的表面状况也将影响清洗的角度和速度。水洗操作的控制是重要的。Waterwashable––removeexcesspenetrantdirectlyfromthepartwithwaterwashing.Noemulsificationstepisrequired.Usemanual,semi-automatic,automaticwaterspray,orimmersionequipment.Thedegreeandspeedpfremovalwilldependonsuchprocessingparametersaswaterpressure,watertemperature,anddurationofrinsecycle.Theinherentremovalcharacteristicsofthepenetrantemployed,aswellasthesurfaceconditionofthepart,willalsoaffectthespeedanddegreeofremoval.Itisimportantthatthewater-rinsingoperationbecontrolled.4.7.7.1.1水压必须稳定，其压力不应超过0.53Kpa/mm2或50磅/每平方英寸（345Kpa）平均压力值一般为8.1Kpa/mm2或30磅/每英寸（205Kpa）。Waterpressureshouldbeconstantandshouldmotexceed0.53Kpa/mm2or50psi(354kpa),(8.1Kpa/mm2or30psi(205kpa)isanaveragevalue).4.7.7.1.2保持相对稳定的水温。可对渗透剂进行有效清洗的水洗温度在600F~1100F之内（即16℃~43℃）。Rinsingoftheemulsifiedpenetrantfromthesurfaceofthepartwillbeaccomplishedusingmanualwatersprayequipment.4.7.7.1.3清洗取决于渗透剂本身的清洗特性、工件表面状况以及所使用的喷水压力和水温。特殊应用时，清洗时间由试验决定。很明显，最佳的清洗时间是受检面上不存在干扰显示的背景物。Thedurationoftherinsecyclewilldependontheinherentremovalcharacteristicsofthepenetant,thesurfaceconditionofthepart,andthewaterspraypressureandtemperatureemployed;determineitexperimentallyfortheparticularapplication.Theoptimumtimewillbeevidentwhennointerferingbackgroundremains.4.7.7.1.4要谨防过清洗。过清洗可能把渗入缺陷中的渗透剂去除。用表4-1方法A进行清洗，在工件表面渗透剂完全被去除时，借助黑光可以判定过清洗。Avoidoverwashing;excessivewashingcancausepenetranttobewashedoutofdiscontinuities,performtherinsingoperationformethodA,Table4-1,underblacklightsothatitcanbedeterminedwhenthesurfacepenetranthasbeenadequatelyremoved.4.7.7.1.5在某些应用场合，即用水清洗不适用的地方，可以用干净的吸水材料沾上水来擦工件表面，直到表面多余的渗透剂被去除掉。Inspecialapplications,wherewaterrinsefacilitiesarenotavailable,penetrantremovalmaybeperformedbywipingthesurfacewithaclean,absorbentmaterialdampenedwith 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48wateruntiltheexcesssurfacepeneterantisremoved.4.7.7.2后乳化型——在达到所要求的渗透时间后，采用浸渍、淹没、或喷射的方法施加所要求的乳化剂，使工件上残余的渗透剂乳化。施加乳化剂时应避免乳化剂集聚在工件上。Post-emulsifiable–aftertherequiredpenetrationtime,emulsifytheexcesspenetrantonthepartbydipping,flooding,orsprayingthepartwiththerequiredemulsifier.Afterapplicationoftheemulsifier,drainthepartsinamannerthatpreventstheemulsifierfrompoolingonthepart.4.7.7.2.1乳化时间从施加完乳化剂后就开始，最长乳化时间为2分钟。Emulsificationdwelltimebeginsassoonastheemulsifierhasbeenapplied.Maximumemulsifyingtimeis2minutes.4.7.7.2.2使用人工水喷洗设备对其表面上已经乳化的渗透剂进行冲洗。Rinsingoftheemulsifiedpenetrantfromthesurfaceofthepartwillbeaccomplishedusingmanualwatersprayequipment.4.7.7.2.3水压应稳定在压力不超过0.53Kpa/mm2或50磅/每平方英寸（345Kpa）平均压力值一般为8.1Kpa/mm2或30磅/每英寸（205Kpa）。要使用大喷头。Waterpressurewillbeconstantandshouldmotexceed50PSI(354kpa),[8.1Kpa/mm2or30psi(205Kpa)isanaveragevalue].Acoarsespraywillbeused.4.7.7.2.4保持相对稳定的水温，所使用水的温度范围在600F~1100F之间（即16℃~43℃）。Maintainarelativelyconstantwatertemperature.Watertemperaturesintherangefrom600to1100F(160to430C)willbeused.4.7.7.3溶剂去除型——在达到要求的渗透时间后，用干净的不起毛的材料反复擦拭直到去除大多数渗透剂痕迹。然后用溶剂稍微润湿不起毛的材料擦拭表面，直到残余渗透剂的所有残留痕迹被清除掉。Solvent-removable––aftertherequireddwelltimeremovetheexcesspenetrantbyusingwipesofclean,lint-freematerial,repeatingtheoperationuntilmosttracesofpenetranthavebeenremoved.Thenlightlymoistenwithsolventalint-freematerialandwipethesurfaceuntilallremainingtracesofexcessprnetranthavebeenremoved.4.7.8显像显示——悬浮在含水或不含水溶剂中的显像剂被脱水干燥，在检验前形成的薄薄的一层粒子薄膜。Developingindications––developerswillbesuspendedinanaqueousornonaqueoussolventthatisevaporatedtodrynessbeforeinspectiontoformaparticulatefilm.4.7.8.1在去除工件上残余渗透剂且干燥前立即给工件施加含水或不含水的显象剂。显象剂可以采用喷涂的、流动的、浸渍的方法施加到工件上，将工件上凹处和集聚处残留的全部显象剂吸干，消除显象剂聚集的趋向，显象剂的堆积可能掩盖缺陷。Applyaqueousonnon-aqueousdeveloperstothepartimmediatelyaftertheexcess 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48penetranthasbeenremovedfromthepartandpriortodrying.Developerscanbeappliedbyspraying,flowing,orimmersingthepart.Drainallexcessdeveloperfromrecessesandtrappedsectionstoeliminatetendenciesofpoolingofdeveloper,whichcanobscurediscontinuities.4.7.9检验——在适当的显像时间之后，对工件进行检验，让渗透剂渗出7~30分钟后应对显示作最后解释。Inspection-performinspectionofpartsaftertheapplicabledevelopmenttime.Finalinterpretationshallbemadeafterallowingthepenetranttobleed-outfor7to30minutes.4.7.9.1使用有颜色对比度的渗透剂，显象剂将形成适当的、均匀的白色涂层，通过渗出的渗透剂（深红色）使显象剂着色，表面缺陷将被显示出来。淡粉红色的显示可以表明过清洗。清洗不够可能留下较深的背景，使得解释较为困难，为获得足够的灵敏度，在检验和评定时要求有适当的照明。Withacolorcontrastpenetrant,thedeveloperformsareasonablyuniformwhitecoating.Surfacediscontinuitiesareindicatedbybleed-outofthepenetrant(adeepredcolor)thatstainsthedeveloper.Indicationswithalightpinkcolormayindicateexcessivecleaning.Inadequatecleaningmayleaveanexcessivebackgroundmakinginterpretationdifficult.Adequateilluminationisrequiredtoensureadequatesensitivityduringtheexanimationandevaluationofindications.4.7.9.2用荧光渗透剂，除在检验时使用紫外线光（又叫黑光）和不使用显象剂外，其余操作过程基本上与4.6.9.1节相同，荧光渗透检验按以下要求进行。Withfluorescentpenetrants,theprocessisessentiallythesameasin4.6.9.1,withtheexceptionthattheexaminationisperformedusinganultravioletlightcalledlacklightandadeveloperdoesnothavetobeused.Theexaminationshallbeperformedasfollows.4.7.9.2.1荧光渗透检验需在黑暗处进行。Itshallbeperformedinadarkenedarea.4.7.9.2.2荧光渗透检验时，检验人员观察前要有五分钟以上的时间适应暗室，如果检验人员带了眼镜或放大镜，他们不应是光敏者。Theexaminershallbeinthedarkenedareaforatleast5min.priortoperformingtheexaminationtoenablehiseyestoadapttodarkviewing.Iftheexaminerwearsglassedorlenses,theyshallmotbephotosensitive.4.7.9.2.3使用黑光灯或测量发射的紫外光强度时，应至少提前五分钟预热黑光灯。Theblacklightshallbeallowedtowarmupforaminimumof5min.priortouseormeasurementoftheintensityoftheultravioletlightemitted.4.7.9.2.4黑光的强度必须用黑光计测量，到达工件备检表面上的最低光强度要求为800μw/cm，黑光强度每8小时至少测量一次，同时在工作场地改变时也必须测量黑光强度。Theblacklightintensityshallbemeasuredwithablacklightmeter.Aminimumof800uw/cmonthesurfaceofthepartbeingexaminedshallberequired.Theblacklight 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48intensityshallbemeasuredatleastonceevery8hr.,andwhenevertheworkstationischanged.4.8.显示的评定EVALLUTATIONOFINDICATIONS4.8.1显示是机械缺陷的证据，只有那些主要尺寸大于1.6mm（1/16英寸）的显示才考虑是相关显示。Anindicationistenevidenceofamechanicalimperfection.Onlyindicationswithmajordimensionsgreaterthan1.6mm（1/16in.）shallbeconsideredrelevant.4.8.1.1线性显示是指长宽比大于三的显示。Alinearindicationisonehavingalengthgreaterthanthreetimesthewidth.4.8.1.2圆性显示是指长宽比小于等于三的圆形或椭圆形的显示。Aroundedindicationisoneofcircularorellipticalshapewiththelengthequaltoorlessthanthreetimesthewidth.4.8.1.3任何有问题或有疑问的显示，必须重新检验以确定它们是否是缺陷显示。Anyquestionableordoubtfulindicationsshallbereexaminedtodeterminewhetherormottheyarerelevant.4.9验收标准ACCEPTANCESTANDARDS4.9.1除非在DFEM公司的设计图纸中另有标准规定外，都应采用以下验收标准。Theseacceptancestandardsshallapply,unlessotherstandardsarespecifiedonDFEM,drawings.4.9.2所有受检表面不允许存在：Allsurfacestobeexaminedshallbefreeof:——相关的线性显示；Relevantlinearindications;——相关的圆形显示；Relevantroundedindications;——四个或四个以上的呈直线排列的相关圆形显示，其间隔等于小于1.6mm（1/16英寸）。Fourormorerelevantroundedindicationsinlineseparatedby1.6mm（1/16in.）orless(edgetoedge)4.9.3缺陷显示的尺寸可能大于缺陷实际尺寸，但是缺陷显示的尺寸仍是作为缺陷验收评定的依据。Anindicationofanimperfectionmaybelargerthantheimperfectionthatcausesit.However,thesizeoftheindicationisthebasisforacceptanceevaluation.4.10后清洗POSTCLEANING4.10.1在显示痕迹解释完并对拒收显示作出标记后，应去除工件上的显象剂。Partswillhavedeveloperremovedafterinterpretationiscompleteandanyrejectable 液体渗透探伤规范LiquidPenetrantInspectionProcedurePAGE:34of48indicationsareidentified.4.11提供文件DOCUMENTAION4.11.1验收完毕后应书写液体渗透检验报告并提交给质量保证部门供审查。Uponcompletionfortheexamination,arecordoftheliquidpenetrantexaminationshallbecompletedandsubmittedtoqualityassuranceforreview.4.11.2报告至少包括下述内容：Thereportshallcontainasaminimumthefollowing:工作号JobNo.图号Dwg.No.委托单位Applicant试件数量Quantity委托编号Dep.No.规格尺寸Size炉号HeatNo.试件名称PartName材料号MaterialNo.探伤方法MethodofPT材料状态Conditions灵敏度Sensitivity探伤区域Exam.Area检验日期DateofInspection操作人员姓名及资格等级Inspector’sNameandLevelofQualification验收标准AcceptanceStandard检验结果ExaminationResults4.11.3只有用作图法才能更明确表示不合格的缺陷的具体位置时，就应当在提供检验报告时附上该缺陷位置的示意图。Rejectableindicationsshallbemappedwhenevermappingwillprovideadditionalinformationinidentifyingrejectablelocations. 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of485射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedure5.1适用范围SCOPE5.1.1本规范适用于按照JB4730-94《压力容器无损检测》第一篇或ASME标准第八章和第五章的规定进行的对焊缝、铸锻件的射线探伤检验，受检件的厚度范围限于3~250mm（0.125~10.0英寸）。Thisprocedurecoversradiographicinspectionofwelds,castingsandforgingsinaccordancewiththeJB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅠortheASMECodeSectionsⅤandsectionⅧ.Thethicknessrangecoveredbythisprocedureis3~250mm（0.125~10.0in.）.5.2安全要求SAFETY5.2.1如同涉及射线作业一样，在安装和操作时，必须注意安全，有关射线探伤设备安全使用的任何问题都应当在射线专业安全人员的指导下解决。Aswithanyproceduredealingwithradiation,careshouldbeexercisedduringset-upandoperation.Anyquestionsconcerningthesafeuseofradiationrelatedtotheradiationsafetyofficers.5.3参考文件APPLICABLEDOCUMENTSJB4730-94标准《压力容器无损检测》第一篇；JB4730-94《NondestructivetestingofPressureVessels》SectionⅠ;ASME标准锅炉压力容器第五章、第八章；ASMEBoiler&PressureVesselCodeSectionsⅤandⅧ;GB5618-85标准《线型象质计》；GB5618-85《WireIQIdesignation》;ASTM标准中的E-747和E-1025；ASTME-747,andE-1025;GB9445-88《无损检测人员技术资格鉴定通则》或ASNT，SNT-TC-1A标准中推荐的关于无损探伤人员资格的考核办法。GB9445-88《RulesforqualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel》orASNT,SNT-TC-1A.RecommendedPracticeforqualificationofNondestructiveTestingPersonnel.5.4资格鉴定QUALIFICATIONS所有从事射线探伤的人员都应按照GB9445-88《无损检测人员资格鉴定通则》或SNT-TC-1A推荐的方法进行培训和资格鉴定。AllpersonalperformingradiographicexaminationshallbetrainedandqualificationaccordingtotheGB9445-88《RulesforQualificationandCertificationofNDTPersonnel》 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48orSNT-TC-1Arecommendedmethod.5.5探伤设备EQUIPMENT5.5.1射线探伤必须采用下列设备或等效的装置，或等效的放射源。Theradiographicequipmentusedtoperformtheseinspectionsshallbeasfollowsaequivalentequipmentoraequivalentsourceofradiation.5.5.1.1塞弗特（Seifert）牌420KV的X光机。Seifert,420KVX-RayMachine5.5.1.2飞利浦（Philiphs）牌MG-451X光机。Philiphs,MG-451x-RayMachine5.5.1.3带有Amersham曝光装置的铱-192（Ir-192）放射源。Ir-192,SourcewithAmershamexposureequipment5.5.1.4带有Amersham曝光装置的钴-60（Co-60）放射源。Co-60,SourcewithAmershamexposureequipment5.6射线探伤技术RADIOGRAPHICTECHNIQUE5.6.1通常应当采用单壁（或单侧）曝光技术。Asingle-wallexposuretechniqueshallbeusedwheneverpractical.5.6.1.1所谓单壁曝光技术，即射线仅穿透受试工件的一壁（或一侧），通过拍摄射线照片进行检验。Inasingle-walltechnique,theradiationpassesthroughonlyonewallofthematerial,whichisviewedforacceptanceoftheradiograph.5.6.2当不能进行单壁曝光时，应采用双壁（或双侧）曝光技术。双壁曝光必须按下述方法进行。Whenitisnotpracticaltouseasingle-walltechnique,adoublewalltechniqueshallbeused.Thefollowingtechniquesshallbeusedtoperformdoublewallradiography.5.6.2.1双壁单影。Single-wallviewing.当射线穿过受试工件的两个侧壁时，在射线底片上只能显示出一个侧壁的状态。如果要求对环行焊缝作100%探伤，则必须在互成1200的位置上，至少进行三次曝光。Whereradiationpassesthroughtwowallsofthematerialbeinginspected,andonlyonewallonthefilmsideisviewedforacceptance.Whencompletecoverageofcircumferentialweldsisrequiredaminimumofthreeexposuresmustbetaken120degreestoeachother.5.6.2.2双壁双影。Double-wallviewing.对于标准外径不超过89mm（31/2英寸）的工件，可以采用这种技术，即射线穿过受试工件的两个侧壁时， 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48在一张射线照片上，同时显示出这两个侧壁的状态。作双壁拍照检验时，仅允许使用放射源侧的透度计。Formaterials89mm(31/2”)orlessinnominaloutsidediameter,atechniquemaybeusedinwhichtheradiationpassesthroughtwowallsandthebothwallsareviewedforacceptanceonthepenetrametershallbeused.5.6.2.2.1双壁拍照可以利用偏移射线角度的方法进行，偏移角的大小要能足以将射线底片上显示的被照焊缝的不同影象分开（需要进行100%探伤的焊缝，每隔900位置至少应曝光两次），还可利用另一种替代方法，即对受试工件进行两个侧壁叠加曝光来拍照焊缝的射线照片（需作100%探伤的焊缝，至少在00、600、1200处曝光三次）。Double-walltechniquemaybeperformedbyoffsettingtheradiationbeamatananglesufficienttoseparatetheimagesoftheweldareasbeingradiographed(aminimumoftwoexposures90degreesapartmustbetakenwhenfullweldcoverageisrequired).Asanalternative,theweldnayberadiographedwithbothwallssuperimposed(aminimumofthreeexposurestakenat0,60and120degreesshallbetakenwhenfullweldcoverageisrequired).5.6.2.3如果按以上规定的最少曝光次数，不能拍照到需探伤的整个范围的射线照片的话，则必须增加曝光次数。Additionalexposuresshallbemadeiftherequiredradiographiccoveragecannotbeobtainedusingtheminimumnumberofexposuresindicatedabove.5.7表面处理SURFACEPREPARATION5.7.1一般要求General5.7.1.1所有受检表面不允许有任何不规则状态。表面不规则状态在射线照片上显示的反差可能掩盖焊缝存在的缺陷，也可能将其与显示的缺陷影象相混淆。Allsurfacestobeinspectedshallbefreeofanysurfaceirregularitiessuchthattheresultingradiographiccontrastfromtheconditioncouldmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuity.5.7.2焊缝Welds5.7.2.1如果受试工件的内外表面的焊接波痕或不规则状态在射线照片上显示的反差有可能掩盖存在的缺陷，或有可能与显示的缺陷影象相混淆，则应对工件表面的焊接波痕或不规则状态进行清除，内表面只要能够得着的地方，也应清理。Theweldripplesorweldsurfaceirregularitiesonbothsides,theinside(whereaccessible)andoutside,shallberemovedbyasuitableprocessiftheresultingradiographiccontrastfromtheconditioncouldmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuity.5.7.3加强高REINFORCEMENT5.7.3.1所有对接焊缝已修整的表面可以与母材平齐，也可以有相当均匀的增厚层，其每个面的加强高不得超过表5-1中规定的数值。Thefinishedsurfaceofallbutt-weldedjointsmaybeflushwiththebasematerialormayhavereasonablyuniformcrowns,withreinforcement(oneachface)nottoexceedthat 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48specifiedinTable5-1.5.7.4咬边UNDERCUT5.7.4.1只要满足下列各项条件，由于焊接而造成的材料厚度减薄是可以允许的。Areductioninthethicknessduetoweldingisacceptableprovidedallthefollowingconditionsaremet.表5-1Table5-1材料厚度T（mm）MaterialThickness最大加强高（mm）MaximumReinforcement管形环焊缝CircumferentialJointinPipe其他焊缝OtherWelds　T≤2.42.40.792.41257.97.95.7.4.1.1相接表面母材壁厚在任何一处不得减小到低于所要求的最大尺寸。Thereductioninwallthicknessshallnotreducethematerialoftheadjoiningsurfacesbelowtheminimumrequiredthicknessatanypoint.5.7.4.1.2厚度的减小量不得超过所规定的尺寸，即0.79mm（1/32英寸）或相接母材标称厚度的10%，以二者尺寸较小的为限。Thereductioninthicknessshallnotexceed0.79mm（1/32”）or10%ofthenominalthicknessoftheadjoiningsurface,whicheverisless.5.7.4.2凹状面CONCAVITY当焊缝的最终厚度至少等于两个相焊工件中较薄的母材厚度时，单面焊环形对接焊缝的根部一侧允许焊后有凹状面存在。Concavityduetotheweldingprocessontherootsideofasingleweldedcircumferentialbuttweldispermittedwhentheresultingthicknessoftheweldisatleastequaltothethicknessofthethinnerofthetwosectionsbeingweldedtogether.5.8透度计PENETRAMETERS5.8.1透度计（象质计）应符合GB5618-85标准或ASTM-E-142标准的要求（E-747线型或E-1025孔型），孔径和线径分别在表5-2和表5-3中列出。 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48Penetrameters(IQI)shallbeinaccordancewithGB5618-85orASTM-E-142(E-747forWireTypeorE-1025forHoleType),withholeandwirediametersasspecifiedinTables5-2and5-3respectively.表5-2孔型透度计标号、厚度和孔径（mm）Table5-2HoleTypeIQIDesignation,ThicknessandHoleDiameter（mm）牌号PenetrameterDesignation厚度Thickness1T型孔径1THolediameter2T型孔径2THolediameter4T型孔径4THolediameter50.1270.2540.5081.01670.17780.2540.5081.016100.2540.2540.5081.016120.30480.30480.6351.270150.3810.3810.7621.524170.43180.43180.8891.778200.5080.5081.0162.032250.6350.6351.2702.540300.7620.7621.5243.048350.8890.8891.7783.556401.0161.0162.0324.064451.1431.1432.2864.572501.2701.2702.5405.080601.5241.5243.0486.096802.0322.0324.0648.1281002.5402.5405.08010.160表5-3线型透度计系列及线径（mm）Table5-3WireIQIDesignationandWireDiameters（mm）ASTM系列ASTMSet线径WirediameterGB5618-85R10系列GB5618-85R10Set线径WirediameterA0.081280.10160.1270.160020.20320.254161514131211100.1000.1250.1600.2000.2500.3200.400B0.2540.33020.40640.5080.6350.812812111098760.2500.3200.4000.5000.6300.8001.000C0.81281.0161.271.60022.0322.54765430.8001.0001.2501.6002.000 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48212.5003.200D2.543.20044.0645.086.358.1285.8.2透度计所用材料应当在射线照相技术上与受检工件材料相类似，或者其材料密度比受检材料小。Penetrametersshallbeofradiographicallysimilarorradiographicallylessdensematerialthanthematerialonwhichtheyareused.5.8.3透度计应当按照表5-4列出的型号与规格选用。孔型标号和线型系列透度计可以任选一种。两种透度计的类同见表5-5。只要保持相同的透度计灵敏度，并满足其它对射线照相的各项要求，那么，对于表5-4中列出的任一截面厚度的工件，小孔径厚型透度计可以与大孔径薄型透度计相互替代。PenetrametersshallbeselectedinaccordancewithTable5-4.Eitherholetypedesignationorwirediameterpenetrametersmaybeused.ApproximateequivalencebetweenholeandwirepenetrametersisshowninTable5-5.AsmallerholeinthickerpenetrameteroralargerholeinathinnerpenetrametermaybesubstitutedforanysectionthicknesslistedinTable5-4,providedequivalentpenetrametersensitivityismaintainedandallotherrequirementsforradiographyaremet.表5-4透度计选型表Table5-4IQISelection标称单壁材料厚度范围（mm）NominalSingle-WallMaterialThicknessRange透度计Penetrameter射线源侧SourceSideX光片侧FilmSide孔型牌号HoleTypeDesignation基础孔EssentialHole线径（mm）WireDiameter孔型牌号HoleTypeDesignation基础孔EssentialHole线径（mm）WireDiameter≤6.35122T0.2032102T0.1524＞6.35~9.525152T0.254122T0.2032＞9.525~12.7172T0.3302152T0.254＞12.7~19.05202T0.4064172T0.3302＞19.05~25.4252T0.635202T0.58＞25.4~38.1302T0.635252T0.58＞38.1~50.8352T0.8128302T0.635＞50.8~63.5402T1.016352T0.8128＞63.5~101.6502T1.27402T1.016＞101.6~152.4602T1.6002502T1.27＞152.4~203.2802T2.54602T1.6002＞203.2~2541002T3.2004802T2.54 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48表5-5与孔型相对应的线型透度计线径Table5-5DiameterofwireIQIcorrespondingtoholetype孔型透度计HoleIQI与孔型灵敏度相应的线径（mm）DiameterofwireIQIcorrespondingtoholetype标号No.1T2T4T5//0.15246/0.1016/80.081280.1270.2032100.10160.15240.254120.1270.20320.3302150.15240.2540.4064170.20320.33020.508200.2540.40640.635250.33020.5080.8128300.40640.6351.016350.5080.81281.27400.6351.0161.6002500.81281.272.032601.0161.60022.54701.272.0323.2004801.60022.544.0641002.0323.20045.081202.544.0646.351403.20045.088.1281604.0646.35/2005.088.128/2406.35//2808.128//5.8.4透度计的放置PENNTRAMETERPLACEMENT5.8.4.1透度计应当摆放在受检工件的射线源侧，5.8.4.2中所述情况除外。Thepenetrametershallbeplacedonthesourcesideofthepartbeingexamined,exceptfortheconditiondescribedin5.8.4.2.5.8.4.2如果手难以接近，而无法将透度计放到受试工件的射线源侧，则可将其摆放在工件接触的胶片一侧，再将一个至少与透度计标记等高的铅字“F”靠近透度计放置或放到透度计上，但是，如果使用孔型透度计，则铅字的摆放位置不能挡住基础孔。Whereinaccessibilitypreventshandplacingthepenetrameteronthesourcesideoftheobjectbeingexamined,itshallbeplacedonthefilmsideincontactwiththepartbeingexamined.Aleadletter“F”,atleastashighasthepenetramertermarkingshallbeplacedadjacenttooronthepenetrameter,butshallnotbeplacedinapositionthatcouldmasktheessentialholewhereholepenetrametersareused.5.8.4.3检验焊缝时孔型透度计的安放位置PENETRAMETERLOCATIONFORWELDS-HOLETYPE 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of485.8.4.3.1透度计可以靠近焊缝安放或置于焊缝上。如果使用胶片侧透度计，铅字“F”不得放在被检验的部位。Thepenetrametermaybeplacedadjacenttoorontheweld.Ifafilmsidepenetrameterisused,the“F”shallnotbeplacedintheareaofinterest.5.8.4.4检验焊缝时线型透度计的安放位置PENETRAMTERLVACTIONFORWELDS-WIRETYPE5.8.4.4.1透度计必须放置在焊缝上，以使钢丝与焊缝的长度方向垂直。如果在胶片侧使用透度计，铅字“F”不得放在被检验的部位。Thepenetrametershallbeplacedontheweldsothatthewiresareperpendiculartothelengthoftheweld.Ifafilmsidepenetramterisused,the”F”shallnotbeplacedintheareaofinterest.5.8.4.5检验除焊缝以外的工件时透度计的位置PENETRAMETERLOCATIONFORMATERIALSOTHERTHANWELDS5.8.4.5.1如果需要，透度计和字母“F”应当一同被放置在受检部位。Thepenetrametershallbeplacedintheareaofinterestincludingthe“F”ifrequired.5.8.4.6安放透度计的替代位置ALTERNATEPENETRAMETERLOCATION5.8.4.6.1如果因受检工件形状和尺寸的限制，不能直接在工件上放置透度计，则可将透度计安放到一个单独的试块上。Ifthesizeorconfigurationofthepartbeingradiographedpreventsplacingthepenetrameteronthepartitmaybeplacedonaseparateblock5.8.5透度计数量NUMBEROFPENETRAMETERS5.8.5.1对受检工件采用单胶片曝光时，在每张射线照片上，应当至少显示一个透度计的影象。下述情况除外。Forcomponentswhereonefilmholderidusedforanexposure,atleastonepenetrameterimageshallappearoneachradiographexceptasoutlinedbelow.5.8.5.1.1若使用一个透度计不能达到以下5.14.2和5.14.3节中规定的胶片黑度要求，则必须使用两个透度计，一个显示受检部位的最亮位置，另一个显示其最暗位置。两种位置黑度的平均值可以作为其验收黑度。Ifthefilmdensityrequirementsofparagraph5.14.2and5.14.3arenotmetbyusingonepenetrameter,oneshallrepresentthelightestareaofinterestandanotherthedarkestareaofinterest.Theinterveningdensitiesoftheareaofinterestshallbeconsideredashavinganacceptabledensity.5.8.5.2对圆柱面焊缝，如射线源被置与受检工件的轴心位置（全景曝光法），并使用一个或几个暗盒一次性拍照全部焊缝，则必须至少利用三个透度计，各间隔约1200放置。Forcylindricalweldswherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobject(panoramicexposure)andoneormorefilmholderisusedforasingleexposureofacompletecircumference,atleastthreepenetrametersshallbeused.Theyshallbespacedapproximately 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48120degreesapart.5.8.5.2.1当同时检验彼此相接的纵向焊缝和环缝时，必须增加透度计的个数，每条纵缝离环缝最远的末端各放一个。Wheresectionsofadjoininglongitudinalweldsarebeingradiographedsimultaneouslywiththecircumferentialweld,anadditionalpenetrametershallbeplacedoneachlongitudinalweldattheendofeachsection,mostremotefromthejunctionwiththecircumferentialweldbeingradiographed.5.8.5.3对于圆柱面工件上的环缝，若放射源置于工件的轴线上，并使用四个或四个以上暗盒对一段环缝进行一次性照相时，至少应当用三个透度计，该段环缝的近似中心放置放一个，两端各放一个。Forcylindricalweldswherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobjectandfourormorefilmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofasectionofacircumferentialshallbeintheapproximatecenterofthesectionbeingradiographedandoneateachend.5.8.5.3.1当受检部位大于2400时，可按5.8.5.2节的规定选用和安放透度计。Whenmorethan240degreesisinspected,therulesinparagraph5.8.5.2apply.5.8.6孔型透度计的垫片SHIMSUNDERHOLEPENETRAMETERS5.8.6.1如果需要的话，应当在受检工件和透度计之间加垫片，垫片的材料与工件的材料在射线照相性能上要相似。其目的是，使得穿过受检部位的胶片黑度与通过透度计的胶片黑度相比，不超过-15%。Ashimofmaterialthatisradiographysimilartotheweldbeinginspectedshallbeplacedbetweenthepartandthepenetrmeter,ifneededsothattheradiographicfilmdensitythroughouttheareaofinterestisnomorethantheminus15%from(lighterthan)theradiographicfilmdensitythroughthepenetrameter.5.8.6.1.1垫片的尺寸要大于透度计的尺寸，这样，透度计至少有三个侧面的轮廓可以在射线照片上成像。Theshimdimensionsshallexceedthepenetrameterdimensionssuchthattheoutlineofatleastthreesidesofthepenetrameterimageisvisibleontheradiograph.5.9位置标记LOCATIONMARKERS5.9.1必须将位置标记安放在射线源侧，每个胶片暗盒末端靠近受检部位（焊缝）的地方。指示器之间的最大距离不得超过360mm(141/5英寸)。Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthesourceside,adjacenttothearea(weld)beingradiographedattheextremityofeachcassette.Themaximumintervalshallnotexceed360mm(141/5inches).5.9.2如果有可能，应当在受检工件表面打上位置标记安放地点的永久标记，或者在工件图上标出。用这种方法，可以准确地找到工件受检部位的具体位置。Positionofthelocationmarkersshallbepermanentlymarkedonthesurfaceofthepart 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48whenpermitted,oronamapofthepartbeinginspected,inamannersuchthattheareaofinterestcanbeaccuratelytracedtoitsactuallocationonthepart.5.10增感屏SCREENS5.10.1探伤时，必须使用前后增感屏，其厚度不得小于0.127mm(0.005英寸)，并且与胶片保持紧密接触。Frontandbackleadintensifyingscreensshallbeused.Theminimumthicknessshallbe0.127mm(0.005inches)andtheyshallbemaintainedinclosecontactwiththefilms.5.10.2也可以采用荧光增感屏。通过使所需的透度计灵敏度成像方法来验证是否有足够的射线照相感光度。Fluorescentorfluorometallicscreensmaybeused.Adequateradiographicsensitivitywillbedemonstratedbyimagingtherequiredpenetrametersensitivity.5.11散射控制SCATTERCONTROL5.11.1在曝光过程中，每张胶片的背后必须放置一个高12.7mm(1/2英寸)，厚1.6mm(1/16英寸)（最小尺寸）的铅字“B”。Thereshallbealeadletter“B”withminimumdimensions12.7mm(1/2inch)highand1.6mm(1/16inch)thickpositionedbehindeachfilmholderduringtheexposure.5.11.2如果“B”字出现在照片深色背景上，避免反向散射的保护措施则不够充分，射线照片不合格。Iftheimageofthe“B”appearsonadarkerbackgroundoftheradiograph,theprotectionfrombackscatterisinsufficientandtheradiographshallbeconsideredunacceptable.5.11.3如照片的浅色背景上显示出黑色字母“B”，则不能作为拒绝验收的理由。Adarkimageofthe“B”onalighterbackgroundisnotcauseforrejection.5.12辐射能量的选择SELECTIONOFRADIATIONENERGY5.12.1X射线X-RADIATION5.12.1.1除5.12.3节中规定的以外，在射线探伤中所使用的最高电压不允许超过图5-1中所示的电压值。Exceptasprovidedinparagraph5.12.3themaximumvoltageusedintheexaminationshallnotexceedthevalueshowninFigure5-1. 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48图5-1用于钢制品的最大电压Figure5-1Maximumvoltageforsteel最小厚度（英寸）Minimumthickness(inches)5.12.2γ射线GAMMARADIATION5.12.2.1除5.12.3节已有规定外，可以使用放射性同位素的材料的最小推荐厚度列于表5-6。Exceptasprovidedinparagraph5.12.3,therecommendedminimumthicknessforwhicharadioactiveisotopemaybeusedisshowninTable5-6.表5-6Table5-6材料Material最小厚度（mm）minimumthickness铱-192（Ir-192）钴-80（Co-80）钢板Steel19385.12.3特殊情况SPECIALCONDITIONS5.12.3.1当在某些特殊情况下，按照上述各节规定进行射线照相不可行时，应当通过在受试工件最小厚度处实际显示透度计的清晰度来证明规定的方法是适用的。Whenspecialconditionsdonotmakeitpracticaltoperformradiographywithinthelimitationsoftheabovesections,theprocedureshallbeprovensatisfactorybyactualdemonstrationofpenetrameterresolutionontheminimumthicknessbeingradiographed.5.13胶片FILMS5.13.1在每个暗盒里，通常有两张或两张以上细粒胶片（ASTM-E-94标准1型或2型）被曝光。这些胶片可以单独拍摄，也可以重叠拍摄。Twoormorefinegrainfilms(ASTM-E-94Type1or2)willnormallybeexposedineachcassette.Thefilmsmaybeviewedsinglyorsuperimposed. 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of485.14评定EVALUATION5.14.1射线照片的质量QUALITYOFRADIOGRAPHS5.14.1.1所有射线照片均必须无机械、化学或其它方式造成的斑痕和污点，其程度以不遮盖和不混淆所拍摄部位任何缺陷的影象为限。Allradiographsshallbefreefrommechanical,chemical,orotherblemishestotheextentthattheydonotmaskandarenotconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuityintheareaofinterestofthepartbeingradiographed.5.14.1.1.1上述斑痕和污点包括（但不限于）：雾斑；胶片处理过程的缺陷，如条痕、水迹或化学药品造成的污斑；利痕、指纹、皱褶、污物、静电印迹、斑点或裂损；因增感屏有损环（划伤）而引起的假性缺陷显影。Suchblemishesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:fogging;processingdefectssuchasstreaks,watermarksorchemicalstains;scratches,fingermarks,crimps,dirtiness,staticmarks,smudgesortears;falseindicationsduetodefective(scratched)screens.5.14.2射线照相的黑度RADIOFRAPHICDENSITY5.14.2.1穿过适当的孔型透度计本体的射线照片，或沿着指定的线型透度计钢丝和受检部位侧壁透射的胶片黑度，对于采用X射线源进行单片拍摄得到的照片，其最小值为1.8；对使用γ射线源得到的照片，其最小值为2.0。Thetransmittedfilmdensitythroughtheradiographicimageofthebodyoftheappropriateholepenetrameteroralongsidethedesignatedwireofawirepenetrameterandtheareaofinterestshallbe1.8minimumforsinglefilmviewingforradiographsmadewithanX-raysourceand2.0minimumforradiographsmadewithanGammaRaysource.5.14.2.2进行双片或多片拍摄时，每张胶片的黑度应不小于1.3。Fordoublefilmormultiplefilmsviewing,eachfilmshallnothaveafilmdensitylessthan1.3.5.14.2.3对采用单片或组合片拍照时，最大胶片黑度为4.0。Themaximumfilmdensityshallbe4.0forsingleorcompositefilmviewing.5.14.3黑度偏差DENSITYVARIATION5.14.3.1在5.14.2节规定的胶片最大或最小允许黑度值范围内，如果穿过受检部位各处的照片黑度与穿过孔型透度计本体或靠线型透度计钢丝侧壁的黑度不同，偏差值大于-15%~30%范围，那么，对于这种特殊现象出现的每一部位，都必须各增加一个透度计并重新拍照。Ifthedensityofaradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethan–15%or+30%fromthedensitythroughthebodyoftheholepenetrameteroralongsidethedesignatedwireofthewirepeneterameter,withintheminimum/maximumallowablefilmdensityrangespecifiedinparagraph5.14.2,thenanadditionalpenetrametershallbeusedforeachexceptionalareaandtheradiographretaken.5.14.3.2使用垫片时，如果能显示所需要的透度计灵敏度，又可以满足5. 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of4814.2节的黑度值范围，则5.14.3.1节限定的+30%黑度偏差值允许超过。Whenshimsareused,the+30%densityrestrictionof5.14.3.1maybeexceeded,providedtherequiredpenetrametersensitivityisdisplayedandthedensitylimitationsof5.14.2aremet.5.14.4透度计灵敏度PENETRAMETERSENSITIVITY5.14.4.1射线照相是利用充分显示孔型透度计及指定孔或线型透度计的标志线的灵敏度这一技术进行的。射线照片也要显示透度计的编号和字符。Radiographyshallbeperformedwithatechniqueofsufficientsensitivitytodisplaytheholepenetrameterimageandthatspecifiedhole,ordesignatedwireofawirepenetrameter.Radiographsshallalsodisplaytheidentifyingnumbersandlettersofthepentrameter.5.14.4.2假如所需要的孔型透度计及指定孔，或线型透度计的标志线未出现采用多片拍照时得到的任何一张胶片上，而是出现在采用组合片拍照所得到得胶片上，那么，就只能用将这些胶片叠加的办法来对检验结果进行分析。Iftherequiredholepenetrameterimageandspecifiedholeordesignatedwire,domotshowonanyfilminamultiplefilmtechnique,butdoshowonthecompositefilmviewing,interpretationshallbeperformedonlywiththefilmssuperimposed.5.15检验报告DOCUMENTATION5.15.1每张胶片都应当有以下标记：Eachfilmshallbeidentifiedwiththefollowing:DFEM公司名称车间生产序号文件号/零件号焊缝或工件识别标记检验日期DFEMShopordernumberFile/itemnumberSeamorpartidentificationDateofinspection5.15.2检验报告应填写以下内容：Readersheetsshallbeidentifiedwiththefollowing:公司名称车间生产序号文件号/零件号机组编号（如有要求）焊缝或工件识别标记检验日期曝光次数有效焦点尺寸材料厚度使用的同位素或电压（KV）胶片的型号、编号及商标辐射的几何形状。DFEMShopordernumberFile/itemnumberSerialorUnitnumber,ifrequiredSeamorpartidentificationDateofinspectionNumberofexposuresEffectivefocalspotsizeMaterialthicknessIsotopeorKVusedType,NumberandBrandofFilmExposureGeometry 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of485.16验收标准ACCEPTANCESTANDARDS5.16.1一般应采用下述验收标准，除非施工图上另有规定。Unlessotherwisenotedonaproductdrawingthefollowingacceptancecriteriashallapply.5.16.2所有焊缝不得有超过下述范围的任何缺陷:Allweldsshallbefreeofdiscontinuitiesinexcessofthefollowing:——显示有裂纹或有未焊透的区域；Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration;——在射线照片上发现有狭长的缺陷，其长度大于：Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:6.4mm当t小于19mm时；6.4mmFortupto19mm;1/3t当t从19mm到57mm时；1/3tFortfrom19mmto57mm;19mm当t大于57mm时。19mmFortover57mm.其中，t为不含加强高在内的焊缝厚度。Where,tisthethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyreinforcement.对于厚度不同的两焊接件对接焊缝，t指较薄的一种母材厚度，如果一条完全熔透焊缝包含一条角焊缝，则t的尺寸中应加上角焊缝的喉部厚度。Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessattheweld,tisthethinnermember’sthickness.Ifafullpenetrationweldincludesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincludedint.——一组在长度为12t的区段内累计总长大于的成直线排列的缺陷。当两个相邻缺陷的距离超过6L时不在此列（L表示这组缺陷中最长缺陷的长度）。Anygroupofalignedindicationsthathaveanaggregatelengthgreaterthantinalengthof12t,exceptwhenthedistancebetweenthesuccessiveimperfectionsexceeds6LwhereListhelengthofthelongestimperfectionsinthegroup;——凡是超过ASME标准第八章附录4中提供的验收标准规定范围的圆形缺陷。AllroundedindicationinexcessofthatspecifiedbytheacceptancestandardsgiveninASMECodeSectionVIII,Appendix4.5.17补焊部位的射线探伤REAIOGRAPHYOFREPAIREDAREAS5.17.1需对补焊部位进行射线探伤时，所用的胶片长度必须和原拍照时的胶片长度相同。Whenradiographyofarepairedareaisrequired,thelengthofthefilmusedshallbethe 射线探伤规范RadiographicInspectionProcedurePAGE:49of48sameastheoriginalexposure.5.17.1.1射线照片作R1，R2，等标记，用以表示补焊后到拍照的次数。TheradiographwillbemarkedwithR1,R2etc.todesignatethenumberoftherepairshots.'