环境微生物复习大纲

《环境工程微生物学》复习大纲1.微生物的概念，特点和主要类群。1）Conceptatinyorganismsuchasavirus,protozoan,orbacteriumthatcanonlybeseenunderamicroscope;averysmalllivingthingthatyoucanseeonlywithamicroscope.2）Characteristic:minibody,varioustype,diversemetabolic(新陈代谢)typesstrongmetabolicactivity④widedistribution⑤hugenumbers⑥easytomutate3）majorgroups:16SrDNA的概念，为什么它能成为微生物分类的主要依据？1）16SrRNAisasubunitofprocaryoteribosomal16SrDNA,andthegenescodingforitarereferredtoas16srRNAgene.原因：16SrRNAisasubunit（亚基）ofprocaryoteribosomes.and18SrRNAisasubunitofeukaryonribosomes.3）itsmolecularweightismoderate,andithasahighcontent(含量)ofthecell,soitcanbeeasilyextracted 2）Inbacteriaofthe16SrDNAhavemultiplesections（区段）inaconservative(保守的）,andtherateofevolutionofthisregionofgeneisslow.Soitisusedinreconstructingphylogenies.4)itsphysiologic(生理的)isstableandnecessarytothegrowthanddevelopment.ThegenecodingtherRNAisverystable.1.什么是古菌(archaea)？和真细菌(eubacteria)、真核微生物之间的共同点和区别是什么？1)membersofoneoftwodistinctgroupsofthemostprimitivelivingsingle-celledorganisms,similarinsizetobacteriabutdifferentinmolecularorganization.cellwallcytomembranegeneticconstitutionarchaeaProteinorpseudopeptideStraightchainhydrocarbonandGlycerinetherCircularDNAmoleculesandplasmidseubacteriaPeptideorpolysaccharideProteins,fatandcarbohydratesCircularDNAmoleculesandplasmidseukaryoticPolysaccharideorchitinStraightchainfattyacidsandGlycerolmoleculeLinearDNAmolecules2.蓝细菌(cyanobacteria)的概念？isa phylum (门)of bacteria thatobtaintheirenergythrough photosynthesis(光合作用).Thename"cyanobacteria"comesfromthecolorofthebacteria.Normalgenus(常见):Microcystic(微囊蓝细菌)Oscillatroia(颤蓝细菌属)Anabaena(鱼腥藻蓝细菌属) 1.什么是病毒？其特点是？1)areagroupofbiologicalentities（实体）consistingofanucleic（核酸）acidencapsulated（包裹）withinaproteincoatknownastheapsidinvariousdifferentsizesandmorphologies.2)noncellular+obligateparasitism+microorganism(非细胞型+专性寄生+微生物)thediameterofvirusislessthan0.2micrometers,cangothroughthebacteriafilterwithoutcellularstructurecontainDNAorRNA④obligateparasitism⑤reproducebycopyparents⑥Specificresistance2.什么是噬菌体(phage)？溶源现象的概念？1)bacteriophage/phage:avirusthatinfectsbacteriacellsandmayintegrate(融合)intothegeneticmaterialofitshost（宿主细胞）cell.2)ItcanalsobeintegratedintothehostgenomechromosomeDNA,andexistsinthehostcellforalongtimeaftertheintegrationofthephagegenome(基因组)canbecopiedwiththehostDNA,whendividingbacteriaproduceprogenycells,theoffspringofchromosomeDNAwiththeintegrationofthephagegenome.6.什么是原核微生物?其特点是？1)prokaryote:akindofunicellularorganismwithoutnuclearmembraneorganellessuchasmitochondrion(线粒体），lysosome(溶酶体），endoplasmicergatoplasm（内质网）andsoon.Notruenucleusbuthaveribosomes（核糖体）andnakedringDNA.2)withoutnuclearmembraneorganellessuchasmitochondrion(线粒体），lysosome(溶酶体），endoplasmicergatoplasm（内质网）andsoon.Notruenucleusbuthaveribosomes（核糖体）andnakedringDNA.③theycannotmakeprocessinmitosis（有丝分裂）.theygrowinbinaryfission.(二分裂)3.什么是丝状菌？主要的代表种属是什么？论述其在环境工程中的意义。1)filamentousfungi:有铁细菌如：浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilusnatans）、泉发菌属即原铁细菌属（Crenothrix）及纤发菌属（Leptothrix ）。丝状硫细菌如：发硫菌属（Thiothrix）、贝日阿托氏菌属（Beggiatoia）、透明颤菌属（Vitreoscilla）、亮发菌属（Luecothrix）等多种丝状菌。1)好氧或微好痒，以化能异养为主，常存在于被污染的河流、活性污泥以及有机物丰富的环境中，在自然界中起净化作用。Oftenfoundinpollutedrivers,activatedsludgeandorganicpollutants,candegradeorganicpollutants，astheroleofpurificationinthenature.Filamentousfungiarelinkwithactivatedsludgebulking.1.写出5种以上的细菌普通结构和特殊结构，并说明其功能。1）cellwall:isastructurallayersurroundingsometypesofcells,situatedoutsidethecellmembrane.Itprovidesthecellwithbothstructuralsupportandprotection;Actasafilteringmechanism(过滤机制);themajorfunctionistoactaspressurevessels,preventingover-expansionofcellwhenwaterenters.cellmembrane：isabiologicalmembranethatseparatestheinteriorofallcellsfromtheoutsideenvironment.Controlthetransportofnutrientsandmetabolitesinsideandoutsideofthecell;maintainnormalosmoticpressurewithinthecell;Aplaceforavarietyofbiochemicalreactions.mesosme(间体）：Thefunctionisequivalenttothemitochondriaofeukaryoticcells;Topromotetheformationofcellspacing;relatedtothereplicationandseparationofgeneticmaterial.④cytoplasm(细胞质)：Majorsitesofbacterialmetabolism⑤nuclearbody(核质体）：Materialbasisofbacterialgeneticinformation2)capsule(荚膜）Selfprotectionfunction;Canbeusedasanenergysource;Majorsurfaceantigenflegellum(鞭毛）Motororgansofbacteriafimbria（菌毛）Makethebacteriaattachedtothesurfaceoftheobject;Adsorbednutrient;Relatedtothegrowthandreproductionofbacteria2.什么是核糖体？其主要结构和功能是什么？ Ribosome：Theribosomeisacomplexmolecularmachine,foundwithinalllivingcells,thatservesasthesiteofbiologicalproteinsynthesis(translation).Function：Ribosomeslinkaminoacids(氨基酸)togetherintheorderspecified（表达）bymessengerRNA(mRNA)molecules.Ribosomesconsistoftwomajorcomponents:thesmallribosomalsubunit（30S）,whichreadstheRNA,andthelargesubunit（50S）,whichjoinsaminoacidstoformapolypeptidechain（多肽链）.EachsubunitiscomposedofoneormoreribosomalRNA(rRNA)moleculesandavarietyofribosomalproteins.Theribosomesandassociatedmoleculesarealsoknownasthetranslationalapparatus.1.什么是质粒？AplasmidisasmallDNAmolecule（分子）withinacellthatisphysicallyseparatedfromachromosomal（染色体）DNAandcanreplicate（复制）independently.Theyaremostcommonlyfoundinbacteriaassmallcircular,double-strandedDNAmolecules,plasmidsoftencarrygenesthatmaybenefitthesurvivaloftheorganism,forexampleantibioticresistance.Whilethechromosomesarebigandcontainalltheessentialgeneticinformationforlivingundernormalconditions,plasmidsusuallyareverysmallandcontainonlyadditionalgenesthatmaybeusefultotheorganismundercertainsituationsorparticularconditions.2.试选择一种细胞内含物（inclusionbody），论述其在环境中的作用和地位。Forfatsolublesubstances(脂溶性物质),insolubleinwater.ItiseasytobestainedwithfatsolubledyesinSultan（易被苏丹黑着染）,whichisclearlyvisibleundertheopticalmicroscope.Whenlackofnutrition,itisusedasacarbonsourceandasourceofphosphorus.（磷源）3.菌胶团的概念。Somebacteriaduetotheirgeneticcharacteristics,bacteriaarrangedinacertainwaysticksetinbetween,issurroundedbyacommoncapsularformcertainshapesofbacteriagroup,calledzoogloea.ItistheactivatedsludgeFlocandtricklingmucousmembranemaincomponents. 1.什么是芽孢？Sporesaresomespecialpopulationsofbacteria,BacillusmainlyarespecialproducedbybacteriaofthegenusClostridiumandhibernation,thereisverystrongresistance,heat,alkali,acid,highpermeabilityandradiationhaveahightolerance.OrdinaryPasteursterilizationcouldnotkillspores,Spore-killingmethodistypicallyusedforautoclaving.2.固体培养基和半固体培养基的概念。Undernormaltemperaturesolidstatemediasaidthesolidmedium.Joinedthe2%aroundintheliquidmediumofagar,heatedto100cdissolution,coolsandsolidifiesunder40c,makingitasolidformasasolidculturemedium.Ifthecoagulantisaddedtoasmallamountofliquidmedium,semi-solidagarwasprepared.Inagar,forexample,betweenitsusagein0.2~1%.Sometimesthismediumcanbeusedtoobservethedynamicsofmicroorganisms,issometimesusedtopreservespecies.3.什么是菌落。Coloniesconsistofasinglebacteria(orothermicro-organisms)cellsoracollectionofthesamecellintheappropriatesolidmediumsurfaceorinternalgrowthtoacertainextent,formingcoloniesvisibletothenakedeyecells.Colonymorphologyincludsthecolonysize,shape,edge,gloss,texture,color,andtransparency.culturedfromasinglecell.4.什么是极端微生物？ExtremophilesaremicrobesinextremeenvironmentsforlifeinGeneral.Halophiles:(嗜盐古细菌)areorganismsthatthriveinhighsaltconcentrationsThermophilicbacteria：（极端嗜热菌）thatthrivesatrelativelyhightemperaturesManythermophilesarearchaea.Thermophiliceubacteriaaresuggestedtohavebeenamongtheearliestbacteria. 1.放线菌的概念，其三种菌丝，及其形态结构和功能。ActinomycetesisagroupofprokaryotesareagroupofGram-positivehigh(g+c)contentofMOL%(>55%)bacteria,issonamedbecauseinradialgrowthonsolidmedia.Mostdevelopedbranchesofhyphae.Hyphaeslender,widthclosetorod-shapedbacteria,about0.5~1microns.1.SubstratemyceliumStreptomycessporesinasuitablesolidsubstratesurfacesabsorbwaterundersuitableconditions,Sporeswellingandgerminationandsprouting,furthertothesurfaceandinternalmatrixaroundtheextension,substratemyceliumformed,alsoknownastheprimaryhyphaeorvegetativehypha,between0.2~0.8micrometersindiameter,pale,themainfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsandexcretionofmetabolites.2.Aerialhyphaeisthesubstratemyceliumlongstretchoutofthemediumandmyceliumofspace,alsoknownassecondaryhyphae.Whenviewedunderamicroscope,aerialhyphaegenerallydarker,thickerthansubstratemycelium,and1.0~1.4μmindiameter,andvaryinlength,straightorcurved,pigment,lipid-solublepigment.3.Sporeiswhentheaerialhyphaedeveloptoacertainlevel,whichcanformsporesandhyphaedifferentiateatthetop,calledspores,andhyphaealsoknownasreproduction.Sporesmature,canescapefromthesporesflying.2.真核细胞藻类的概念。Cyanobacteriaareprokaryotes,alsoknownasblue-greenalgaecyanobacteria;Mostofthecyanobacterialcellwalloutofaglialcoat,alsocalledstickyalgae.Inallalgae,blue-greenalgaearethesimplestandmostprimitivekind.Blue-greenalgaeareunicellularorganismswithoutnuclei,butcentralcellscontainingnuclearmaterial,usuallygranularorreticulate,chromatinandthepigmentevenlydistributedinthecytoplasm.Thenuclearsubstancedoesnothaveanuclearmembraneandnucleolus,buthasnuclearcapabilities,isreferredtoastheoriginalnucleus(orproposednuclear). ThereisalsoacircularDNA--plasmidintheblue-greenalgae,servedascarrierroleingeneticengineering.Andbacteria,blue-greenalgaebelongto"prokaryotes".1.真核微生物概念？Microbialmembranes,organellesandthenucleusaccordingtomitosis,andwithorwithout,canbedividedintotwolargecategoriesofprokaryoticandeukaryoticmicroorganismsmicroorganisms.Nucleuswithnuclearmembranes,mitosis,cytoplasmicorganellessuchasmitochondriaorchloroplastsexistsimultaneouslyexistintinycreatures,arereferredtoaseukaryoticorganisms.2.原生动物的概念。Protozoaareprotistsclosetotheanimalcategory,referredtoasprotozoans.Formedbyunicellular,heterotrophic,sports.Butbetweenthesomespeciesofplantsandanimals,suchasEuglena,becausetheycancarryoutphotosynthesis;Theycanexercise,andeatlikearealanimal.3.微生物的碳源种类和能源种类有哪些？根据这些碳源和能源的不同，可将细菌分为哪四类?Commoncarbonsourcesofcarbohydrates,fats,organicacidandorganicacidesterandlowmolecularweightalcohols.Energyincludechemicalenergyandluminousenergy.Photoautotrophs;photoheterophs;chemoautotrophs;chemoheterophs.4.选择性培养、鉴定培养基，基础培养基的概念。Selectivemediumisdefinedaccordingtocertainmicroorganismsofspecialnutritionalrequirementsoritsresistancetochemicalandphysicalfactorsanddesignmedium.Itsfunctionistoenabletheinferiorstrainsbecomedominantinmixedsamples,soastoimprovetheefficiencyofthebacteriafilter.Abletogenerateaspecificidentificationwithouttheneedforfurtherconfirmationexperimentofculturemedium. Mediumiscompoundedbyartificialmethods,specificallyformicrobialgrowthmixednutritionalproducts.1.微生物相互之间的作用关系有哪些？分别描述其含义。一共七种关系：种间共处、互生、共生、拮抗、竞争、寄生和捕食。种间共处：两种微生物相互无影响的生活在一起，不表现出明显的有利或有害关系。如乳杆菌和链球菌。互生：微生物间比较松散的联合，在联合中一方或双方都有利。如氨化菌和硝化菌。共生：两种微生物紧密结合在一起形成一种特殊的共生体，在组织和形态上产生了新的结构，在生理上有一定的分工。共生分为互惠共生和偏利共生。如藻类与真菌共生形成的地衣。拮抗：两种微生物生活在一起时，一种微生物产生某种特殊的代谢产物或改变环境条件，从而抑制甚至杀死另一种微生物的现象。竞争：生活在一起的微生物，为了生长争夺有限的营养或空间，结果使两种微生物的生长均受到抑制。竞争在自然界普遍存在，是推动微生物发展和进化的动力。寄生：一种生物生活在另一种生物体表或体内，从后者的细胞、组织或体液中取得营养，前者称为寄生物，后者称为寄主，寄生物一般对寄主是有害的。如噬菌体与细菌。捕食：一种微生物直接吞食另一种微生物。如原生动物对细菌的捕食，捕食关系在控制种群密度，组成生态系食物链中，具有重要意义。Sevenkindsofrelationships:interspecificcoexistence,alternate,symbiosis,antagonism,competition,parasitismandpredation.Neutralism:thetwomicrobesarelivingtogetherwithnoeffects,nosignificantbeneficialorharmfulrelationship.SuchasLactobacillusbulgaricusandStreptococcusthermophilus.Alternate:Microbeloosejoint,oneorbothinthejoint.Asammonificationandnitrificationbacteria.Symbiosis:twomicroorganismscombinetogethertoformaspecialtypeofsymbiosis,theorganizationcreatesnewstructuresandforms, PhysicallyacertainDivisionoflabour.Coexistenceconsistsofmutualismandcommensalism.Asasymbiosisbetweenalgaeandfungitoformlichens.Antagonists:whentwoorganismslivetogether,aMicrobethatproducesaspecificmetabolitesorchangingenvironmentalconditions,therebyinhibitingorevenkillanotherkindofmicro-organisms.Competition:livewithmicro-organisms,inordertocompetefornutrientsorwithlimitedspace,withtheresultthatinhibitedthegrowthofbothmicroorganisms.Competitionintheubiquitous,ispromotingthedevelopmentandevolutionofmicrobialdynamics.Parasite:anorganismlivinginanotherorganismorbody,cells,tissues,andbodyfluidsfromthelattergainingadegree,formerknownasparasites,thelatterknownashosts,parasitesareharmfultothehost.Suchasphagesandbacteria.Predator:amicroorganismisdirectlyswallowedanotherkindofmicro-organisms.Protozoaforbacterialpredator,predator-preyrelationshipsinthecontrolofpopulationdensity,compositionofecosystemfoodchain,isofgreatsignificance.