住宅楼屋面工程技术交底

'Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand中国建筑项目管理表格分项工程技术交底卡表格编号CSCEC-PM-0803项目名称及编码第页共页楼栋号8#住宅楼分项工程名称屋面工程工程量分包公司负责人交底内容：一、准备工作(一)材料及工、器具：1.屋面瓦2.保温材料：膨胀珍珠岩、挤塑聚苯板、粘结砂浆3.机械设备：砂浆搅拌机,同时应做好机械设备砼基础及水电接引工作4.主要工具：主要工具：木抹子、铁抹子、钢皮抹子、阴阳角抹子、压子、托灰板、小推车、灰槽、铁铲、靠尺、木杠、长毛刷、钢丝刷、扫帚、胶皮水管、水桶、錾子、锤子、托线板等。(二)作业条件1.主体结构已通过质量监督部门验收合格。2.女儿墙砌筑完毕、构造柱浇筑完毕、模板拆除完毕、质量验收合格。3.过梁、连系梁和构造柱表面突出部分混凝土已剔凿完毕。4.风道、烟道、上下水管道等安装完毕。二、施工程序与施工方法混凝土楼板面基层处理→刷素水泥浆一遍→水泥膨胀珍珠岩找坡层→挤塑聚苯板保温层→水泥砂浆找平→基层处理剂→聚合物防水涂料施→铺设挤塑聚苯板→细石混凝土保护层浇筑→预拌水泥砂浆卧瓦层铺设→铺块瓦1.基层处理将屋面结构层上面的松散砂浆、混凝土、水泥浆及其他杂物清除干净，对凸出表面的混凝土用凿子凿去，扫净，用水冲洗干净；露筋部位用1：2水泥砂浆抹压，并浇水养护；女儿墙、烟道根部用1：2.5水泥砂浆粉刷压光，所有阴阳角做半径为5cm的圆弧；管道直径500mm范围内做高度不小于30mm的圆台；女儿墙水平留槽高度为500mm；水落口安装正确，不倒返水；出屋面管道套管高度不低于300mm。2.水泥膨胀珍珠岩找坡层施工工艺1）、操作规程要点 toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand基层必须清理干净；表面平整，排水坡度正确。 2）、施工工艺要求 (1)基层处理：将基层上的杂物、灰尘清理干净。 (2)弹线找坡：根据设计坡度及流水方向，找出屋面坡度走向及排水距离，确定找坡层的厚度范围，根据女儿墙上的标高水平线，往下量测出保温层面层标高并弹在女儿墙上。 (3)拌和水泥珍珠岩：将珍珠岩堆放在屋面上浇水润透，然后掺入水泥，水泥与珍珠岩的体积比为1：8，用人工将水泥与珍珠岩搅拌均匀颜色一致。 (4)抹灰饼和标筋：根据四周墙上弹的面层标高水平线，确定面层厚度，然后拉水平线开始抹灰饼，间距为0.8~1.0m，在灰饼上面安装木杆作为标筋，木杆上表面即为找坡层面层标高，将木杆拉线进行找平，保证找坡层面层平整度。 (5)铺找坡层：冲完标筋后，立即开始铺装水泥珍珠岩拌和料，铺在灰饼与木杆中间，用刮杠沿木杆刮平，压实。4）屋面排气施工要点①排气道的设置，排气道的间距一般为6m，在屋面上纵横贯通；在排气道中要保证空气流通，不得阻塞；在保温层的排气道中可以填入透气性好的材料，或埋设打孔的塑料管。②排气孔的设置，排气孔应设置在纵横排气道的交叉点上，并与排气道连通；排气孔一般每36㎡设置一个；排气孔可采用钢管、塑料管制作，上部应有防雨措施，下部在保温层内部分应打成花孔，以便使潮气进入排气孔中排出。③排气孔的安设要固定、牢靠、耐久，并要做好排气孔根部的防水处理，以防雨水由根部深入保温层内。④排气帽根部做法，屋面保护层为板块面层的，用板块镶贴，屋面没有保护层的用砂浆抹成圆台。上人屋面影响使用功能的排气帽暗设在女儿墙内。3.水泥砂浆找平层施工工艺1）材料要求找平层采用1:3水泥砂浆，砂浆采用施工现场搅拌。使用严格按施工用水规范要求施工。2）标高控制点间距为1.5m左右；控制点上口作成20*20方形，下口30*30方形，上口贴白色小瓷片，易于寻找；在雨水口处找出泛水，即可进行抹找平层。3）抹找平层砂浆的稠度应控制在7cm左右。根据标高控制点铺水泥砂浆，用铝合金刮尺刮平，木抹子搓揉、压实。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand砂浆铺抹稍干后，用铁抹子压实三遍成活。头遍提浆拉平，使砂浆均匀密实；当水泥砂浆开始凝结，人踩上去有脚印但不下陷时，用铁抹子压第二遍，将表面压平整、密实；注意不得漏压，并把死坑、死角、砂眼抹平；当水泥开始终凝时，进行第三遍压实，将抹纹压平、压实，略呈毛面，使砂浆找平层更加密实，切忌在水泥终凝后压光。4）养护因水泥砂浆在防水层上施工，极易失水，故应加强养护，防止起砂。砂浆找平层抹平压实后，常温时在24h后浇水养护，养护时间一般不少于7d。4.挤塑保温板施工1）材料要求保温板进场需同时提供材料质保书、出厂检验报告等。材料规格型号等必须与设计图纸或供货合同一致。材料的性能必须符合设计要求或施工规范的规定。材料进场后应按制定位置堆放，清点验收。验收合格后做好材料的保管，应堆放在乎整坚实场地上妥加保管、护盖，防止雨淋、受潮或破损、污染，并做好防火措施。2）施工工艺保温板材的铺设有干铺和粘贴等施工方法。板材的铺设方法应根据板材的生产厂家施工说明进行铺设；当施工说明无具体规定时，本工程按板材点粘法施工工艺进行铺设。屋面挤塑板应采用点粘法施工。点粘法：用抹子沿保温板的四周边涂敷一条平均宽50mm的胶粘剂，平均厚度视其平整度而定，并同时涂点状胶粘剂，点状胶粘剂的间距大约为300mm，厚5~10mm，直径为100mm，然后用力均匀向下挤压。考虑到风荷载、安全系数和现场施工的不确定性，保温板粘贴面积之比不小于40%。点粘法适用于平整度较差的屋面。檐沟处铺贴时，应注意排水坡度符合设计要求并且顺畅。挤塑板接缝不平处应用粗砂纸或其他找磨工具磨平，大风天气和雨雪天气不得施工。板与板间之间要挤紧，板间缝隙不得大于1cm。 铺设前应沿平行于屋脊方向提前弹线，线条顺直，间距按照挤塑板宽取值。铺设时应自上而下逐排依次排放。在泛水、檐沟、凸出物的根部以及屋面转角处应先排好尺寸，按所需尺寸裁剪保温板。粘结砂浆当天拌制当天使用完毕，不得使用过夜砂浆。5.弹性体改性沥青防水卷材SBS1）冷底子油的涂刷（1）、基层处理剂的涂刷要薄而均匀，不得有空白、麻点、气泡；toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand（2）、涂刷时间宜在铺贴油毡前1-2h进行，使油层干燥而不粘灰尘；基层处理剂涂刷后宜在当天铺完防水层，但也要根据具体情况灵活确定。如多雨季节、工期紧张的情况下，可先涂好全部基层处理剂后再铺贴卷材，这样可以防止雨水渗入找平层，而且基层处理剂干燥后的表面水分蒸发较快。（3）、一次涂的面积，根据基层处理剂干燥时间的长短和施工进度快慢确定。面积过大，来不急铺贴卷材，时间过长易被风沙尘土污染或露水打湿；面积过小，影响下道工序的施工，拖延工期。2）防水卷材铺贴（1）、卷材防水层施工的一般工艺流程：基层表面清理、修补→喷、涂基层处理剂→节点附加增强处理→定位、弹线、试铺→铺贴卷材→收头处理、节点密封→清理检查修整→保护层施工（2）、铺贴方向：卷材应平行于屋脊铺贴；（3）、施工顺序：防水层施工时，应先做好节点、附加层和屋面排水比较集中部位（如屋面与水落口连接处，檐口、天沟、檐沟、屋面转角处、板端缝等）的处理，然后由屋面最低标高处向上施工。铺贴天沟、檐口卷材时，宜顺天沟、檐口方向，减少搭接。（4）、搭接方法及宽度要求铺贴卷材应采用搭接法，上下层及相邻两副卷材的搭接缝应错开。平屋面卷材搭接缝应顺水流方向搭接：搭接缝应顺年最大频率风向搭接。叠层铺设的各卷材，在天沟与屋面的连接处应采用叉接法搭接，搭接缝应错开。接缝宜留在屋面或天沟侧面，不宜留在沟底。预留凹槽，卷材嵌凹槽并用压条固定密封。卷材搭接长度：长边≥100mm,短边≥150mm。（5）、屋面特殊部位的附加增强层和卷材铺贴要求。a、檐口将铺贴到檐口端头的卷材裁齐后压入凹槽内，然后将凹槽用密封材料嵌填密实。如用压条（20mm宽薄钢板等）或用带垫片钉子固定时，钉子应敲入凹槽内，钉帽及卷材端头用密封材料封严。b、天沟、檐沟、水落口及檐沟卷材铺设前，应先对水落口进行密封处理。在水落口杯埋设时，水落口杯与竖管承插口的连接处用密封材料嵌填密实，防止该部位在暴雨时产生倒水现象，水落口周围直径500mm范围内用密封材料涂封作为附加增强层，厚度不少于2mm，涂刷时应根据防水材料的种类采用不同的涂刷遍数来满足涂层的厚度要求。水落口杯与基层接触应留宽10mm、深10mm的凹槽，嵌填密封材料。由于天沟、檐沟部位水流量较大，防水层经常受雨水冲刷或浸泡，因此在天沟转角处应先用密封材料涂封，每边宽度不少于30mm，干燥后再增铺一层卷材或涂刷防水涂料作为附加增强层。天沟或檐沟铺贴卷材应从沟底开始，顺天沟从水落口向分水岭铺贴，边铺边用刮板从沟低中心向两侧刮压，赶出气泡使卷材铺贴平整，粘贴密实。如沟底过宽时，会有纵向搭接缝，搭接缝处必须用密封材料封口。铺至水落口的各层卷材和附加增强层，均应粘贴在杯口上，用雨水罩的底盘将其压紧，底盘与卷材间应满涂胶结材料以粘接，底盘周围用密封材料填封。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegandc、泛水与卷材收头泛水是指屋面的转角与立墙部位。这些部位结构变形大，容易受太阳曝晒，因此为增强接头部位防水层的耐久性，一般要在这些部位加铺一层卷材或涂刷涂料作为附加增强层。泛水部位卷材铺贴前，应先进行试铺，将立面卷材长度留足，先铺贴平面卷材至转角处，然后从下向上铺贴立面卷材。如先铺立面卷材，由于卷材自重作用，立面卷材张拉过紧，使用过程宜产生翘边、空鼓、脱落等现象。卷材铺贴完成后，将端头塞齐。若采用预留凹槽收头，将端头全部压入凹槽内，用压条钉压平，再用密封材料密封，最后用水泥砂浆抹封凹槽。d、伸出屋面管道排气孔与屋面交角处卷材的铺贴方法和立墙与屋面转角处相似，所不同的是流水方向不应有逆槎，排气孔阴角处卷材应作附加增强层，上部剪口交叉贴实或者涂刷防水涂料增强。伸出屋面管道卷材铺贴与排气孔相似，但应加铺两层附加层。防水层铺贴后，上端用细铁丝扎紧，最后用密封材料封密，。附加层卷材裁剪方法参见水落口做法。e、阴阳角处的基层涂胶后要用密封材料封密，宽度为距转角每边100mm，再铺一层卷材附加层。（6）、节点处理a、天沟、檐沟天沟、檐沟必须按设计要求找坡，转角处应抹成规定的圆角。找坡（找平层）宜用水泥砂浆抹面。厚度超过20mm时，应采用细石混凝土，表面应抹平压光。如天沟、檐沟过长，则应该按设计规定留好分格缝或设后浇带，分格缝需填嵌密封材料。大面积防水层施工前，应按设计需要先铺附加增强层，屋面与天沟交角和天沟上部宜采取空铺法，沟底则采取满粘法铺贴。卷材附加增强层应顺沟铺贴，以减少卷材在沟内的搭接缝。b、穿过防水层的管道管道穿过防水层分直接穿过和套管穿过两种。直接穿过防水层的管道四周找平层应按设计要求放坡，与基层交接处必须预留10mm×10mm的槽，填嵌密封材料，再将管道四周除锈打光，然后加铺附加增强层。用套管穿过防水层时，套管与基层间的做法与直接穿管做法相同，穿管与套管之间填弹性材料如泡沫塑料，每端留深10mm以上凹槽嵌填密封的防水材料，然后再做保护层。c、分格缝分格缝的设置是为了使防水层有效地适应各种变形的影响，提高防水能力。但如果分格缝施工质量不好，则有可能成为漏源之一。分格缝应按设计要求填嵌密封材料。分格缝位置要准确。一般应先弹线后嵌分格木条或聚苯乙烯（或聚乙烯）泡沫条，待砂浆或砼终凝后立即取出木条。分格缝两侧应做到顺直、平整、密实，否则应及时修补，以保证嵌缝材料粘结牢固，交工前用油膏灌满。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegandd、阴阳角防水层阴阳角的基层应按设计要求作成半圆或倒角。由于交接处应力集中，往往先于大面积防水层提前破损，因此在这些部位应加做附加增强层，附加增强层可采用涂料加筋涂刷或采用卷材条加铺。阴角处常以全粘实铺为主，阳角处常采用空铺为主。附加层的宽度按设计规定，一般每边粘贴50mm为宜。也可采用密封材料涂刷2mm厚作为附加层。e、防水层收头防水层的檐口部位的收头，应距檐口边缘50～100mm，并留凹槽以便防水层端头压入凹槽，嵌填密封材料后不应产生阻水。防水层在泛水部位收头距屋面找平层最低高度应不小于250mm，待大面卷材铺贴后，再对泛水和收头做统一处理。铺贴卷材前，收头凹槽应抹聚合物水泥砂浆，使凹槽宽度和深度一致，并能顺直、平整。 f、将预留洞口湿润并清除洞口内残留杂物，充分浇水湿润，在补洞前洞壁四周先刷界面剂一道，厚2~3mm，再用1∶2防水砂浆填嵌入洞，补灰面应比墙面凹进10mm，此处周围堵嵌油膏。5)保护层施工：每个部位经防水试验24小时后，无渗漏、阴湿，应马上进行保护层施工。保护层的施工做法应符合设计要求。6.细石混凝土保护层保护层为40厚C20细石混凝土，配φ4@150X150钢筋网，平面内间距<6000设纵横分隔，缝宽20。1）埋分格缝条分格缝间距不大于6000*6000，除屋面大面要设置外，且要距女儿墙或天沟300处沿四周通长封闭设置，使细石混凝土保护层与女儿墙、电梯机房等立面墙体相断开，以利于收缩。按屋面坡度和灰饼高度预埋长木条，木条采用松木制作，表面刨光并涂刷废机油。木条作成上宽下窄的楔型，上部宽20，下部宽10，高度与砂浆层同高（40厚），方便以后木条取出；木条上口与灰饼高度一致，拉通线调直，两侧用水泥砂浆固定，固定用的砂浆要作成斜角。2）钢筋网铺设：按设计要求绑扎φ4＠150双向钢筋网，钢筋网应注意放在保护层的上部，用垫块垫好，以达到控制收缩裂缝的作用；钢筋网应在分格缝处断开。钢筋网要求横平竖直，间距均匀。3）细石混凝土施工：按实验室配合比拌和好细石混凝土(或商品混凝土)，按先远后近、先低后高的原则逐格进行施工；浇筑时按分格板高度摊开刮平，用木抹子将表面抹平压实，在混凝土初凝以前，再进行第二次压浆抹光；在女儿墙的根部、以及高出细石混凝土的根部均做成圆弧或钝角；toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand混凝土初凝后，及时取出分格缝隔板，用铁抹子抹光，并及时修补分格缝缺损部分，做到平直整齐，待混凝土终凝前进行第三次压光；混凝土终凝后立即进行浇水养护，养护时间一般不少于7天；细石混凝土表面平整度不得大于5mm。4）天沟及泛水根据水落口位置做好坡度线，用细石砼做成圆弧，略低于保护层约40~50mm，并坡向水落口，注意在做天沟时，应预先用30mm的木条与保护层隔开，以后用密封材料嵌密实；水落口周围应作成略低的凹槽，范围为水落口周围500范围，与水落口接茬平顺，坡度不得低于5%，以利于泄水。墙面立面上的卷材泛水收头应卷入女儿墙压顶部位，屋面女儿墙保温抹灰时将防水抹入其中。5）灌分格缝混凝土浇水养护完毕后，用水将分格缝冲洗干净并达到干燥，所有分格缝相互贯通，清理干净，缺边损角处修补好后打扫干净；在分格缝上均匀涂刷冷底子油后，向其内灌嵌硅酮密封膏，应满灌缝内，并应一次性灌满。7.屋面瓦1）瓦屋面的施工工艺：清理基层→铺砂浆→铺瓦→检查验收→淋水试验。平瓦屋面的施工要求：⑴屋面，檐口瓦：挂瓦次序从檐口由下到上，自东向西方向进行，檐口瓦要挑出檐口50~70mm，与附近瓦落槽密合，随时注意瓦面、瓦楞垂直，不符合质量要求的瓦不能铺挂。为保证瓦的平整顺直，应从屋脊拉一斜线到檐口，即斜线对准屋脊第一张瓦的右下脚，顺次与第二排的第二张瓦，第三排的第三张瓦，直到檐口瓦的右下角，都在一直线上，然后由下到上依次逐张铺挂，可以达到瓦沟顺直，整齐美观。瓦的搭接应顺主导风向，以防漏水。檐口瓦应铺成一条直线，天沟处的瓦要根据宽度及斜度弹线锯料。整坡瓦要平整，排列横平竖直，无翘角和张口现象。⑵斜脊，斜沟瓦：先将整瓦（或选择可用的缺边瓦）挂上，沟边要求搭盖宽度不小于150mm，弹出墨线，编好号码，然后按号码次序挂上，斜脊处的平瓦边按上述方法挂上，保证脊瓦搭接平瓦每边不小于40mm。斜脊、斜沟处地平瓦要保证使用部分的瓦面器具。⑶脊瓦：挂平脊、斜脊脊瓦时，应拉通长线，铺平挂直，扣脊瓦时用水泥砂浆铺座平实，脊瓦接口和脊瓦与平瓦间的缝隙处，要用抗裂纤维的灰浆嵌严刮平，脊瓦与平瓦的搭接每边不少于40mm；平瓦的接头口要顺主导风向；斜脊的接头口向下，即由下向上铺设，平瓦与斜脊的交界处要用麻刀灰封严。铺好的平脊和斜脊平直，无起伏现象。2）瓦屋面质量要求(1)平屋面的瓦不的有缺角（边、瓦抓），砂眼、裂纹、和翘曲张口等缺陷。铺设后的屋面不得渗透水（可在雨天后检查）。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand(2)挂瓦应平整，搭接紧密，横平竖直，考屋脊一排瓦应挂上整瓦，檐口瓦出檐尺寸一致，檐口平直整齐。(3)屋檐要平直，脊瓦搭口和脊瓦与平瓦的缝隙、斜沟瓦与排水沟的空隙，均应用麻刀灰浆填实抹平，封固严密。三、质量保证措施1.混凝土工程（1）本工程采用商品砼，由检测中心经试验确定最佳配合比，现场应严格把好计量关，依据气候及现场的实际情况，严格控制砼坍落度。（2）严格执行材料进场验收制度，要有计划地提前做好复检试验工作，杜绝不经复检试验而先使用的现象。（3）砼浇捣必须连续进行，就餐时，操作者、管理人员均轮流交替用餐。（4）严格把好原材料质量关，水泥、碎石、砂及外掺剂等既要达到国家规范规定的标准，又要满足设计及业主提出的质量标准，各种质量检验报告需报公司质量监督部门审核存档。（5）为保证砼工程质量，必须严格执行操作要求，在砼浇捣过程中，由技术、技监人员全面负责。另配监理人员监督振捣质量。（6）作业面设技术人员和专职质检员进行质量跟踪，对振捣密实度、下料方法、高低差留置、平整度、墙柱钢筋进行监督检查，对不符合施工工艺标准的行使质量否决权，有权下令停工修复，直至符合工艺标准才能继续施工。2.钢筋工程（1）钢筋由钢筋翻样按设计图提出配料清单。（2）所用钢筋采用国家大型企业的产品，应具有出厂质量证明，对各钢厂的材料应进行抽样检查，并附有抽样报告，不得未经试验盲目使用。（3）绑扎钢筋应由钢筋翻样向班组进行交底，内容包括绑扎顺序、规格、间距、位置、保护层、搭接长度与接头错开的位置，以及弯钩型式等要求。四、安全文明施工及环保措施1.混凝土施工面设置连续封闭的安全护栏，防止人员坠落。2.建立安全保证体系，设立安全管理机构，工程项目设立安全小组、班组设安全员，形成一个健全的安全保证体系，工地的安全管理机构负责工地日常的安全工作，定期组织安全检查，对不符合要求的要及时发出整改通知，对违章作业者进行批评教育和处罚。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand3.优化安全技术组织措施，包括以改善施工劳动条件，防止伤亡事故和职业病为目的的一切技术措施，如积极改进施工工艺和操作方法，改善劳动条件，减轻劳动强度，消除危险因素，机械设备应设有安全装置。4.机械操作人员必须持证上岗，各种作业人员应配带相应的安全防护用具及劳保用品，严禁操作人员违章作业，管理人员违章指挥。5.施工中所有机械、电器设备必须达到国家安全防护标准，自制设备、设施应通过安全检验，一切设备应经过工前性能检验合格后方可使用，并由专人负责，严格执行交接班制度，并按规定定期检查保养。6.凡进入现场的一切人员，均要戴安全帽，正确使用“三宝”。严格执行各项安全操作规程，施工前要进行安全交底，定期进行安全教育，加强工人的安全意识教育。7.加强安全教育和监督，坚持经常性的安全交底制度，提高施工人员的安全生产意识，及时消除事故隐患。8.多机作业用电必须分闸，严禁一闸多机和一闸多用，施工现场电缆、电线必须按规定架设，严禁拖地和乱拉乱搭。9.各种机械要有专人负责维修、保养，并经常对机械运行的关键部位进行检查。10.为避免施工现场的混乱现象，现场文明施工划区域派专人负责，落实岗位责任制，搞好环境卫生工作。11.施工现场必须按施工平面图进行布置，不能随意改变。12.现场材料进场道路保持畅通无阻，排水畅通，无积水，场地整洁、材料堆放整齐，无施工垃圾。toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis Manipulatorisnowusedasaindustrialrobotsinuse,thecontrolobjectivesoftenappearofteninindustrialautomation.Industrialautomationtechnologyhasgraduallymatured,asmatureatechnologylinehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinindustrialautomationasaseparatesubject.Manipulatorapplicationbegantofilterintowelding,logistics,mechanicalprocessing,andotherindustries.Especiallyathighorverylowtemperatures,fullofpoisonousgases,highradiationcase,robotinsimilarcircumstancesshowedgreatusealsobringsgreatconveniencetothestaff.Preciselybecauseofthisrobottogetpeople"sattentionbegantobeahighdegreeofdevelopment.Laborrates,workingconditions,laborintensiveaspectsofpromotingdevelopment.BothathomeandabroadtodevelopthePLC(programmablelogiccontroller)isinvariousspecialcircumstancesandunderspecialconditionssetformechanicaldevices.Nowturnedonthedevelopmentofthemicroelectronicsautomaticcontroltechnologyandtherapiddevelopmentofthetrains,thesuccessofPLChardwaresoftwareandsimulationcontrolwinbigandsuccessfuldevelopment,nowcontinuestodevelopasafactoryautomationstandards.Becauserobotsaregooddevelopmentofthetechnologymakesagoodoptimizationofproductivecapital,androbotshowsthisuniqueadvantages,suchas:hasgoodcompatibility,wideavailability,hardwareiscomplete,andprogrammingthatcanbemasteredinashorttime,sointhecontextofindustrialPLCapplicationsbecameubiquitous.Manipulatorinmanydevelopedcountryagricultureandindustryhasbeenapplied,suchastheuseofmechanicalharvestinglargeareasoffarmland,repeatedoperationsonthehigh-speedlinethatusesaroboticarm,andsoon.Today,thehighlevelofautomationcombinedwithrestrictionsonthemanipulatordevelopmentlevelisslightlylowerthantheinternational.ThedesignismainlyarmweldingmachinebyPLCAutomationcontrol.Thisofdesignletdesignersoninschoolbylearnofhasamustofconsolidation,understandhassomeusuallydidn"topportunitiesawarenessinworldrangewithinsomeleadinglevelofknowledgehashasmustawareness,hopedesignerscaninyihouofdesigninthecansuccessofusinginthisdesignintheproceedsofexperience1.2manipulatorinbothathomeandabroadofresearchprofileautomationmechanicalarmresearchbeganYu20thcenturymedium-term,afteryearswithwithcomputerandautomationtechnologyofdevelopment,MakesmechanicalarmontheGrandstageofindustrialautomationandshine,graduallybecameanindustrialevaluationstandards,anditsimportancecanbeseen.Noworiginalroboticarmspentmostofmassproductionanduseontheproductionline,whichisprogrammedroboticarm.Asthefirstgenerationofmanipulatorpositioncontrolsystemsmainfeatures,althoughnotbackseveralgenerationsthatcandetecttheexternalenvironment,butcanstillsuccessfullycompletelikewelding,painting,deliveryaswellasformaterialssimplemovements.Secondgenerationmechanicalarmsareequippedwithsensorsandmanipulatorshavetheenvironmentthereisacertainamountof"sense",whenthemechanicalarmistousetheprogramasabasis.Differenceisthattherobotbegand会签栏质量安全环保时间时间时间编制审核签发时间时间时间toproducewhitesmoke,sotwice,cold.Coldsolutionmovesintothe50mLor100mLinthebottle,washednitrogenbottlewashsolutionintothevolumetricflask,cool,suchaswatertothescale,andmix.Sizing10mL1gasolutionofthespecimen,sulfate1mL.Getanddigestthesamplesthesameamountofnitricacidamixtureofperchloratewithsulfuricacid,bythesamemethodofreagentblank.12.1.2vegetable,fruit,weighing2500gor50.00gwashinahomogenatesamplesplacedina250mL~500mLnitrogenbottles,addingseedglassbeads,10mL~15mL,nitricacidamixtureofperchlorate,accordingto12.1.1"placeforamoment......"actionaccordingtolaw,butaconstantvolumeofsolutionaftereach10mL5Gsample,sulfate...12.1.4containingalcoholsexbeverageorcontainingcarbondioxidebeverage:draw10.00mLor20.00mLsample,placed250mL~500mLsetnitrogenbottleinthe,Addendgrainglassbeads,firstwithfireheatingremovedethanolorcarbondioxide,againadded5mL~1OmLnitricacid-perchloratemixedliquid,mixeduniformHou,followingby12.1.1since"placedmoments......"uplawoperation,butsetcapacityHouofsolutioneach10mLequivalentto2mLsample.12.1.5foodshighinsugarcontent:weighing5.00gor10.0gspecimensplacedinthe250mL~500mLnitrogenbottle,addalittlewatertowet,theaugendseedglassbeads,5mL~10mL,nitric-perchloricacidaftermixing,shakewell.Slowlyadd5mLor10mLsulfate,aftertreatingtheeasestopsfoaming,lowheat,slowlyheating(sugareasycharring),continuealongthewalladdednitric-perchloricacidmanipulatorcontrolmodeandprogrammablecontrollersintroduction2.1Selectdiscussionwithmanipulatorcontrol2.1.1classificationofcontrolrelaysanddiscreteelectroniccircuitcancontrololdindustrialequipment,butalsomorecommon.Mainlythesetworelativelycheapandyoucanmeettheold-fashioned,simple(orsimple)industrialequipment.Sohecanseethemnow,howeverthesetwocontrolmodes(relayanddiscreteelectroniccircuits)arethesefatalflaws:(1)cannotadapttothecomplexlogiccontrol,(2)onlyforthecurrentproject,thelackofcompatibilityand(3)notreformingthesystemwithequipmentimprovements.SpringforthedevelopmentofChina"smodernindustrialautomationtechnologythesubstantialincreaseinthelevelofindustrialautomation,completedtheperfectrelayofthecomputertoomuch.Intermsofcontrollingthecomputershowedhistwogreatadvantages:(1)eachofthehardwarecanbeinstalledononeormoremicroprocessors;(2)theofficialdesignerofthesoftwarewritingcontentcontrolisallabout.Nowinseveralwaysinthecontextofindustrialautomationcanoftenbeseeninthreeways:(1)ProgrammableLogicalController(referredtoasIPC);(2)DistributedControlSystem(DCSforshort),and(3)theProgrammableLogicalController(PLCforshort).2.1.2PLCandtheIPCandDCScontrastcontrast1,eachofthethreetechnologiesoforiginsanddevelopmentrequirementsforfastdataprocessingmakesitinventedthecomputer.Themenbroughtintermsofhardwarethere,usingahighlevelofstandardization,canusemorecompatibilitytools,isarichsoftwareresources,especiallytheneedforimmediacyinoperationalsystems.Sothecomputercaneffectivelycontrolisusedtocontrolandmeetitsspeed,onthevirtualmodel,real-timeandincomputationalrequirements.Distributedsystemstartedwithacontrolsystemforindustrialautomaticinstrumentusedtocontrol,whereasnowitissuccessfullydevelopedintoindustrialcontrolcomputerusedasacentralcollectionanddistributionsystemandtransitionofdistributedcontrolsysteminanaloguehandling,loopcontrol,hasbeguntoreflecttheuseofahugeadvantage.Thoughdistributedsystemhasgreatadvantagesinloopregulation,butonlyasameansofcontinuousprocesscontrol.OptimizationofPLCisthecorrespondingrelayneedswasborn,itsmainuseintheworkordercontrol,earlyprimaryisreplacedrelaythishulkingsystem,focusedontheswitchcontrollingtherunningorderoffunctions.Markedbythemicroprocessorintheearly1970ofthe20thcenturyemerged,micro-electronicstechnologyhasdevelopedrapidly,peoplesoonmicroelectronicsprocessingtechnologywillbeusedintheProgrammableLogicalController(thatis'