桩板式挡土墙施工作业指导书(挖孔桩施工)

'桩板式挡土墙施工作业指导书1、桩板式挡土墙施工工艺流程图：施工准备施工测量土体开挖墙后回填施工桩施工挡土板施工检查验收2、桩板式挡土墙桩的施工工艺流程:放线定桩位及高程→开挖桩孔土石方→支护壁模板放附加钢筋→浇筑护壁砼（高出地面300mm）→检查桩位（中心）轴线→架设垂直运输架→安装卷扬机→安装吊桶、照明、活动盖板、水泵、通风机等→逐层往下循环作业→开挖扩底部分→检查验收→绑扎钢筋→放砼串筒（导管）→浇筑桩（柱）身砼（随浇随振）。3、挖孔桩施工方法：3.1、施工准备：档土墙施工前，silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 首先测定桩位、平整场地；安装井架；修筑出碴道路`；应做好截、排水及防渗设施。3.2、挖孔桩孔口部分处理：根据桩孔孔口段土质情况将井口挖至1.0m深时，即采用与桩身同级的钢筋砼浇注成锁口。用来防止下节井壁开挖时井口沉陷。锁口顶面平整，并略高出原地面300mm。3.3、桩孔开挖：3.3.1、充分做好施工准备工作。开挖采取边挖边护的方法。每节挖深1m后，浇筑砼护壁，护壁厚根据地质情况具体确定。遇到特殊地质时开挖深度视地质情况确定，如石质风化易破碎或有地下水出露地段，井壁容易发生坍方，每节开挖深度相应缩短，整体岩层直接开挖，不护壁。3.3.2、开挖中为减轻开挖时对井壁的震动，土质地段采用人工从上到下逐段用镐、锹进行，坚硬土层用锤、钎或风镐破碎，挖土次序先中间后周边,挖孔软岩地段采用人工配合风镐进行，桩基嵌岩深度范围不得采用爆破施工。开挖过程中遇到地质破碎的地带采用钢箍或木头加强支护，同时加紧护壁的施工，使护壁尽快达到固壁作用。施工中随时检查孔径、中线及标高，每次开挖后都作好井身地质的观察和记录，描绘地质柱状图，地质与设计不符时报请监理工程师，并采取相应的处理措施。3.3..3、为保证桩的浇筑支模的需要，桩的开挖尺寸应按设计和施工规范的要求进行施工。3.3.4、桩模板应采用定型木模，支撑采用钢管支撑。3.4、桩孔开挖出碴：根据现场实际施工场地，桩内出碴采用孔内人工装碴,卷扬机垂直提升，井外人工配合手推车运输的施工方法出渣。3.5、一般土层护壁施工：挖孔桩护壁采用C20砼，250mm厚，配分布筋φsilkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 8间距200，主筋φ10间距150，以保护挖孔桩周围土体，大样详图。3.5.1、模板施工：在立模前，先清除岩壁上的浮土和松动石块，使护壁砼紧贴围岩，护壁模板由2块活动钢模板组合而成。护壁支模由中心线控制，将控制桩轴线、高程引到第一节砼护壁上，每节采用以十字线对中，吊垂球控制中心点位置，用尺杆找四边净距，然后由基准点测量孔深。为便于拆模及浇筑，上口与下口的角度做成一定的倾角，上口孔径与设计相同，地质条件差时，每节护壁间用钢筋进行连接，加强上下节护壁的整体性。3.5.2、护壁砼灌注：护壁砼灌注采用提升设备运送砼，小型插入式振捣器捣固。灌注砼时，使两节护壁形成交错搭接状。护壁灌注后，桩井净断面尺寸不得小于桩身设计断面尺寸，每浇完三节护壁后，silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 进行一次桩中心位置的校核工作，并对桩的直径和垂直度进行检查，发现偏差，及时采取措施纠正。为使护壁尽快达到固壁作用，砼搅拌时掺入早强剂，提高砼早期强度。3.6、挖孔桩内通风与排水：为保证孔内有新鲜的空气，在孔口设置通风机，用软胶管向孔下通风，保证施工期间孔下空气质量。每次孔内爆破后先通风排烟，并经检查无有害气体后，施工人员再下到桩孔内作业。桩孔挖至有水地段时，孔内应设集水坑，渗水量大时采用离心泵或多级泵抽水。3.7、挖孔桩作业人员上下井的设施：利用φ20钢筋加工的软梯或设有安全卡的吊笼解决施工人员上下井的问题。3.8、钢筋笼的制作和安装：由于抗滑桩桩身钢筋较多，一般不采用井外作业，每节钢筋笼按设计尺寸及配筋加工制作完毕，在井内进行绑扎和焊接。为保证施工安全和施工正常进行，拟在井内采用φ48×3.5钢管搭设钢筋制安绑扎脚手架（样式、尺寸见下图），并按要求铺设操作木脚手板（该脚手架在钢筋笼绑扎好后无法拆除）。2000150020003.9、挖孔桩（柱）砼浇注：3.9.1、施工准备1、桩身混凝土所用的水泥、砂、石、水、外掺剂及混合材料的质量和规格必须符合有关规范的要求，按规定的配合比施工。silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 2、挖孔达到设计深度后，应及时进行孔底处理，成孔后必须清孔，测量孔径、孔深、孔位和沉淀层厚度，必须做到无松渣、淤泥等松动体，确认满足设计或施工技术规范要求后，方可灌注混凝土，若孔底排水达不到规范或设计要求，必须按水下混凝土要求进行灌注。孔底情况必须满足设计要求。3、浇筑部位钢筋、预埋件等全部安装完毕，验收合格并已办理隐、预检手续。浇筑砼的操作平台已辅设完毕，辅助运输的塔吊运行正常。4、已填报砼浇灌许可证，并经监理签字同意浇灌。3.9.2、桩的砼浇注：1、施工程序：检查钢筋数量、规格及位置和搭接作法→办好隐蔽签证手续→清理井内杂物→用同标号的水泥砂浆垫→浇砼→养护2、施工方法：3、砼浇筑前，底部应填以5～10cm厚与砼配合比相同，石子减半的砼。4、浇筑砼时采用分层振捣，分层厚度为500mm为宜，振捣砼时，振动棒应插入一层5～10cm左右，消除冷缝，严禁触碰钢筋。5、砼养护，采用洒水养护，养护时间不得小于7d。砼的养护均安排专人进行，确保砼质量。4、桩板挡墙施工4.1、桩完成后，人工破除桩与挡板相连部位C20护壁砼。4.2、1.5m为一个单元格从下到上采取逐单元进行挡板土体开挖和挡板施工。4.3、挡板钢筋与桩预留钢筋直径大于等于16mm以上钢筋采用机械连接，上下挡板之间的竖向钢筋＜16mmsilkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 采用绑扎连接；当箍筋为二级时，如钢筋定尺长度不够时按规范要求采用搭接。4.4、为保证砼外观质量,挡板模板的具体支撑体系应严格按规范要求实施。4.5、严格按照规范和设计的要求进行设置盲管和泄水管。4.6、砼养护必须及时，且养护时间不得小于7天。5、墙背后回填5.1基本要求：5.1.1、墙背填土应采用透水性材料或设计规定的填料，严格采用膨胀土、高液限粘土、腐殖盐渍土、淤泥和冻土块等不良填料。填料中不应含有机物、冰块、草皮、树根等杂物或生活垃圾。5.1.2、墙背填土必须注意有效搭接，纵向接缝必须设台阶。5.1.3、必须分层填筑压实，没层表面平整。5.1.4、墙身强度达到设计强度75%以上方可开始填土。5.2、墙背后的回填5.2.1、填筑前按设计要求安好道路土工布，作好碎石反滤层，然后进行墙后回填，用于回填的全部材料，必须符合技术规范和设计要求，填料既要能被充分压实，具备良好的透水性，填料中不应含有机物、草皮、树根、冻土块等杂物或生活垃圾。回填石灰土应按要求拌合。5.2.2、墙背回填应分层填筑，根据压实机型，一般控制在每层填厚不大于10-15厘米，分层填筑应尽量保证摊铺厚度均匀、平顺。在雨季回填时，填筑面应做成3%-4%的坡度，以利于排水。墙背填土必须和挖方、填方区域有效搭接，纵向接缝必须设台阶。5.2.3、silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 回填应在排干积水的情况下作业，回填工作应得到监理工程师的同意。靠路基的坡度应当挖成台阶，以便于保证回填质量。5.2.4、回填前，先在断面上划分回填层次，确定检测频率，填写检测记录。5.2.5、填筑时要设专人负责，每一构造物谁负责回填要明确。5.2.6、不同土质分层填筑，不准混合用。回填土要经过选择，含水量要接近最佳含水量。5.2.7、墙身强度达到设计强度75%以上时方可开始填土。每层回填都要做压实度检验，压实度检验记录必须和填筑高度相等，并保证符合技术规范要求。6、桩板挡土墙施工要点：6.1、混凝土应连续灌注，严禁有夹层和断桩。6.2、嵌入承台的锚固钢筋长度不得低于设计规范规定的最小锚固长度要求。6.3、应选择有代表性的桩用无破损法进行检测，重要工程或重要部位的桩应逐根进行检测。设计有规定或对桩的质量有怀疑时，应采取钻取芯样法对桩进行检测。6.4、凿除桩头预留混凝土后，桩顶应无残余的松散混凝土。7、质量控制关键点7.1、桩身混凝土应达到设计强度后方可安装挡土板，挡土板安装时，应边安装边回填，并做好施工板后排水设施。7.2、当桩间为土钉墙或喷锚支护时，桩间土体应分层开挖、分层加固；当锚固桩上部设有多排锚索（杆）时，应待上一排锚索（杆）施工完成后，才可开挖下一层的桩前土体。7.3、锚索（杆）桩板式路堤挡土墙，应严格控制墙背填土的压实度，压实时不得直接碾压锚索（杆）。silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 8、桩板挡墙施工质量标准要求8.1桩板挡墙施工实测项目：8.1.1、挖孔桩实测项目：挖孔桩实测项目表1序号检查项目规定值或允许偏差检查方法和频率1混凝土强度（MPa）在合格标准内2孔深（m）不小于设计值测绳量：每桩测量3孔经（mm）不小于设计值探孔器：每桩测量4桩位（mm）群桩100全站仪或经纬仪：每桩检查排桩允许50极值1005孔的倾斜度（mm）0.5%桩长，且不大于200垂线法：每桩检查6钢筋骨架底面高程（mm）±50水准仪测骨架顶面高程后反算：每桩检查8.1.2外观鉴定：（1）墙面直顺，线形顺适，板缝均匀，伸缩缝贯通垂直。（2）桩顶面应平整，桩梁连接处应平顺且无局部修补，不符合要求时应进行处理。8.1.3、面板预制实测项目：面板预制实测项目表2项次检查项目规定值或允许偏差检查方法和频率1混凝土强度（MPa）在合格标准内2边长（mm）±5或0.5%边长尺量：长宽各量1次，每批抽查10%3两对角线（mm）10或0.7%最大对角线长尺量：每批抽查10%4厚度（mm）±5或-3尺量：检查2处，每批检查10%5表面平整度（mm）4或0.3%边长2m直尺：长宽方向各测1次，每批检查10%6预制件位置（mm）5尺量：检查每件，每批抽查10%8.1.4、面板安装实测项目：silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9 面板安装实测项目表3项次检查项目规定值或允许偏差检查方法和频率1每层面板顶高程（mm）±10水准仪：每20m抽查3组板2轴线偏位（mm）10挂线、尺量：每20m量3处3面板竖直度或坡度（mm）+0，-0.5%吊垂线或坡度板：每20m量3处4相邻面板错台（mm）5尺量：每20m量3处注：面板安装以同层项邻两板为一组silkdeficiencybuckleduetosetssilkShipullteethintoknifevolumetoobig,andpullteethofteethedgednotsharp,andteethedgedhasdamaged,andcutXiaofironslagaccumulated,reasonsdueto,toguaranteethreadquality,setssilktimesusedautomaticallysetssilkmachine,setssilkprocessingtimesfor1~4timesranging,DN15~DN32sets2times,DN40~DN50sets3times,DN70abovesets4times,Screenwhenyouarefinishedusingthestandardgaugestested.Drainagepipeslopeisnotuniform,tape,wireandothertoolstocheckthatpipeslopesmeetacceptancerequirement.2valveinstallationinstallationwithoutstrengthandtightnesstestwiththebrands,models,withthespecificationsofannexsamplingvalve10%andnotlessthan1,strengthandtightnesstest,mainshutoffvalveonthepipeshouldbeindividuallyforstrengthandtightnesstest.FlangeinstallationShiflangeendssurfaceparalleldegreesenough,tightsolidmethodnotmeetrequirementstwomethodblueendsurfaceeachotherparallel,itsdeviationnotisgreaterthanmethodblueODof1.5‰;twisttightboltShitosymmetriccrossfor3healthapparatusinstallationandwareconnectionoftodrainroadinterfaceseepagecheckseepageparts,againreplacedandwareconnectionofwateraccessoriesordrainagetied;checkseepageparts,againreplaceddamagedpipelineannex.Healthapparatusinstalledlooseorhorizontal,verticaldeviation.Wareinstalledposition,9'