景观规划设计方法外文文献翻译

'OpportunitiesfordesignapproachesinlandscapeplanningChristinavonHaaren,BartlettWarren-KretzschmarChristinaMilos,ChristianWerthmannAbstractInthedisciplineoflandscapearchitecture(LA)adivergenceofthe"planning"，andthe"design"5culturesisnotanewphenomenon.ThisdivergenceofplanninganddesignmaypotentiallyexpandtherangeofpossiblemethodologicalandethicalapproachesinLA.However,theoryislackingaboutthenatureoftheseapproachesandhowtoapplyandmergetheminplanningsituations・Thustheobjectiveofthisinvestigationwastobetterunderstandtheseculturesandthereasonsfordifferentapproachesinordertoidentifypossibilitiesforextendingthemethodologicalapproachoflandscapeplanning・Thefindingsarebasedonananalysisofthetheoreticalandmethodologicalliteratureofplanninganddesign.Thefindingsindicatethatthedistinctionbetweenthetermslandscapearchitecture,designandplanningareincreasinglyblurred.However,diflerentcontextsandtasksaswellasthedominanceofspecificcharacteristicsofvalues,methodsandprocessesinthetwoculturesareobvious・Differenttasksandapplicationcontextsapparentlyleadtodiflerentplanninganddesigncultures.Nevertheless,withintheplanningcontextwecanidentifydesignopportunitiesthathavethecharacteristicsofadesignsituation.Thesedesignsituationscouldbethestartingpointforusingdesignapproachesinplanningmoresystematically.Theexpectedaddedvalueofintegratingdesigncultureintoplanningmaybeimprovedcommunicationandunderstandingofthefundamentalplanningobjectives.Whethertheseexpectationswillbefulfilledmustbepursuedinfutureresearch.Keywords:Landscapeplanning;Landscapedesign;Landscapearchitecture;Theory;Values;Approaches1・IntroductionAsfacultyinLandscapeArchitectureandEnvironmentalPlanning,weareoftenconfrontedwithquestionsfromstudentsaboutthedivideofplanninganddesignwithinthe discipline,whichtheyperceiveduringtheireducation.Theircommentsechothelongstandingdebateabouthowplanninganddesignarerelatedandquestionthetendencytogravitateorspecializeinoneareaortheother.Inthisdiscussion,planningusuallyrepresentsthemorescientific,environmentally-focusedandpolicy-basedapproachesintheircourseworkanddesignstandsfortheartistic,creativeexperience(e.g.HOfbi;2002andOgrim2010:63).RichardStiles(1994)statedthat"landscapedesignandlandscapeplanningare,atleastsuperficially,verydiftcrcntinnature,dealingnotjustwithdifferentscalesoflandscapeanddifferenttypesofintervention,butoftenwithdifferenttypesofclientwithdifferentmotivationsandevenapparentlystressingdifferentmethodologicalapproaches^・Thisdivergenceisalsoreflectedinmanyuniversities(Mani§iC2002)wheretwoseparateprogrammesfortheBachelorareoffered.Thediscussionofthisdichotomyisnotnew,regardlessofthetermsusedtodescribethetwosides(Gobstcr&Xiang,2012:290).EvenifthisdiscussionmayhavefocusedontheEuropeansituation(Drozdov,2007,H6仙，2002,2002,Ogrin,1994,Ogrin,2010andStiles,1994).itremainsrelevanttostudentsandtothedisciplinealsoinotherpartsoftheworld・Furthermore,thediscussionhingesonthetheoryandtheconceptualbaseofthelandscapedesignandplanningprofession・EvenincountriesliketheUS,wherethetermdesignisusedinamuchbroadersense(Gobstcr&Xiang,2012)anddesignapproachesappeartobepresentinplanning(Nassauer&Opdam、2008),thereislittletheoryaboutthenatureandrelationshipoflandscapedesignandplanningapproachesandwhenandhowtheycanbeintegrated.Infoctsomeauthors,suchasSteinitz(2012).arcmergingplanninganddesigntechniques.Alsoinpracticeadistinctionoftwoapproachesmaynotbediscernable,andmanylandscapearchitectsmayintuitivelyusedifferentapproaches.However,amethodorsystematicframeworkfordecidingwhenandhowdifferentapproachesareappropriateinaplanningcontextismissing.Aframeworkforidentifyingsuchsituationscouldexpandthemethodologicalapproachesoftheplanningprocess.Thepurposeforlandscapeplanningwouldbetoreduceastatedimplementationdeficitinplanning(Ltitzand Bastian,2002andRichardsctaL_2008)byanimprovedcommunicationoftheobjectives・Whethersuchexpectedeffectsofdesignfeaturesinplanningwilloccur,cannotbeansweredinthispaperbutremainsanissueoffurtherresearch・Tothisendthearticlestartswithadescriptionofthemethod,followedbyasectioninwhichweexplorehow"landscapedesign^(LD)and"landscapeplanning^(LP)canbecharacterisedanddifferentiatedbasedonareviewofliteratureaboutlandscapeplanninganddesign.Afteridentifyingtypicaltasksandsituation-relatedcharacteristicsofLDandLP,wepresentaframeworkforidentifyingsituationsinLPthatcouldbenefitfromadesignapproachandgiveexamplesofsuchsituations.2.MethodMethodologically,thepaperdrawsonaliteraturereviewoflandscapedesignandplanningtheory.Theliteratureanalysiswasstructuredbythefollowingquestion:whichcharacteristicsofLPandLDarementionedintheliteraturewithrespectto:context(task,application,andimplementation)andculture(underlyingvaluesandprocesses)?(proposedbyLcvin-Kcitcl&Sondcrmanru2014)TheanalysisidentifiedcharacteristicpropertiesthatwerefoundpredominantlyineitherLDorLPbutnotinboth.Thepurposewastoidentifyapproachesthatwereabsentineachcultureandtounderstandthecontextinwhichtheyareused・InordertorecognisedesignapproachesthatcanenrichLRwcmustunderstandtheseapproachesintheirbasicform(seeKantcitedinThumhcm2004:35;Knight,1948).Furthermore,weneedtorecognisethekindofapplicationsituationtheyhaveemergedfromandwhetherthesesituationsaredifferentthanonesfoundinatypicalplanningcontext.ThedifferencesbetweenLPandLDinpracticearenotthefocusoftheanalysisinthispapcr.Ratherwcconsiderthetermslandscapedesignandlandscapeplanningtorepresenttwoendsofthespectrumofprofessionalactivitiesinlandscapearchitecturethatinpracticemayincludeawiderangeofcasesandprofessionalattitudes-3.Context:tasksandapplicationEFLA(2011)describesthespcctmmofprofessionaltasksoflandscapearchitectureonitswebsiteasreachingfrom"…masterplanningOlympicsitestoplanningandmanaginglandscapes...todesigningthepublicsquaresandparksthatwealluse 3・1.TasksandapplicationcontextoflandscapedesignThetaskoflandscapedesignasa"creative,culturalaction”(Stokman&v,Haarg2011)istocreatesomethingnewthat"searchesforformsthatsatisfyaprogram^(Lynch&Hack、2002:57)inthecontextofoutdooropenspaces(EFLA,2011),evenexpressedas"builtintervention"5(Calkins,2005:30)orphysicalorlogicalartefacts(Desouza&Flanery、2013:98).Landscapedesignersachievethisbyintentionallyenvisioning,shapingandfosteringlandscapeexperiences.Thisarticle"sdefinitionoflandscapedesign,proposedbyH6仙(2002:9).emphasisesaestheticconsiderationsand"Gestaltung"asaprimarydifferencefromlandscapeplanning・Morespecifically,thedesigntaskisdescribedasthe"creationofimages,ideasandconcepts"andof44...placesthathavemeaningandthatmirrortheinterestsofresidents"(Spec*2011:9).Prominski(2010:56)seesautopianpotentialincreatingaestheticscenicviewsthatmayserveascounterpartstocoldtechnicalmodernity(Prominsk]201():58).Inshort,LDattemptstocreateaspecialplaceorparadise(Eggert・Heeniegen&LouafL2011:40;Speer,2011:9).Thisrequiresdesignerstofind"...anaestheticallysatisfyingsolutiontoaneconomic(inthesenseofurbanagricultureorurbanforestry)oratcchnical-scicntifictask..."(Louafi。2011:21).Trcib(2001:119)discusseshowlandscapeaesthetics,ordesignandformwithinalandscape,areinfactricherwhentheyrevealdeepermeaningsuchasecologicalorsocialprocesses.Thus,formandaestheticscanalsocommunicatecontent一makingtechnicalorabstractconceptsmanifestinthelandscape.TraditionallyLDfocussedonsitescaleprojectssuchas"designingthepublicsquaresandparksthatwealluse(Drozdov,2007:265;EFLA,2011;Stiles,1994).However,recentdesignactivitiesincludetheregionalscale(Prominski、2004)、althoughthisofteninvolvesdesigningobjectsinthelandscape(Bell,1993)