《景观规划设计原理》（principles of landscape planning and design）

'《景观规划设计原理》（Principlesoflandscapeplanninganddesign）Introductiontothefirstlecture1,thesocialneedsandpracticeofLandscapeArchitectureSpecialty:whatislandscapearchitectureprofessionalwork?1.1landscapeconceptTheconceptofprofessional1)theconceptofmass2)theconceptofadjacentMajors3)theconceptoftheprofession1.2understandingthelandscapefromtheoriginandevolutionoflandscape7typesoflandscapeLandscape1:Wildernessforest--humanancienthomeland?Landscapeorigin/sourcelandscapeLandscape2:humanoriginallivingenvironmentlandscape--waterbody:thesourceofhumanlifeLandscape3:man"soriginallivingenvironmentlandscape--Forest:ashelterforhumanbeingstoliveandmultiply 4:theoriginalhumanlandscapeenvironmentlandscapeofGrassland:thefoundationofhumanhaveamplefoodandclothingWater?Forest?GrasslandlandscapehaslaidtheoriginalnaturalbeautyofthelandscapeformankindNaturallandscapelaidthefoundationofChineselandscapearchitectureLandscape5:humanfarmingenvironmentlandscape--ruralfield,ruraltownLandscape6:humanmodernlivingenvironmentlandscape--touristresortlandscapeLandscape7:humanmodernlivingenvironmentlandscape--urbanresidentiallandscape1,thethreemeaningsoflandscape1)morphology-theearthsurface2)environment-livingspace3)activity-behaviorpsychology2.Human"snaturaldemandforlandscape1)humannatureisessential-naturallivingenvironment 2)theneedforhumandevelopment--abetterplacetolive3)thespiritualyearningofhumanbeings--awonderfullifecourse3,"landscape"andrelatedprofessionalterminologydifferences1)landscapeandlandscape2)landscapeandgarden3)landscapeandenvironmentLandscapein4.humansettlementenvironment1)settlementconstruction2)communityactivities3)habitationbackground1.1landscapearchitectureprofessionalpracticeoverview1.2society"sdemandforlandscapearchitectsinthreemajorareas(1)planninganddesign(2)environmentalandresourceprotection (3)constructionandmanagementThepracticalfieldof1.2.1landscapescience1parkgreenspace-nationalparks,metropolitanparks,urbanparks,urbansquares,neighborhoodparks,children"splaygrounds,etc..2recreationalandtouristareasScenicspots,forestrecreationareas,leisurefarms,sightseeingorchards,recreationalfisheries,hotspringsandsoon.3largescalecomprehensiveparkScience/TechnologyPark,educationpark,campus,themepark,animalandplantpark,etc..4roadlandscapeplanninganddesignRoadlandscape,streetlandscape,Avenue,trailandbicyclelane.5waterfrontwaterscapeplanninganddesign-Riverlevee/berm,RiversidePark,coastallandscape,hydrophilicspaceetc..6greeningandbeautifyingprojectandurbangreenspacesystem planning-openspace,publicconstruction,environmentalart,etc..7ecologicalenvironmentandprotectionanddevelopmentofresourcesLandscapeconservation,rehabilitation,landscaperestoration,visuallandscapeassessment,etc..8urbanandruralfeaturesCommunitybuilding,regionalenvironmentalimprovement,communityplanninganddesign,etc..1.2.2landscapesciencepracticefieldoverviewThreebasicareas:1)protectionandutilizationoflandscaperesources-resources-protectionofthenaturalenvironment,urbanandruralenvironment,historicalandcultural2)landscapeplanningandDesign:planning,design,imagespace,environmentecology,functionuse3)landscapeconstructionandmanagement--constructionmanagement,construction,maintenancemanagement,activityorganization1.2.3China"stoppriorityinlandscapeDemand1:resourcesandenvironmentalprotection (environmentalprotectionandEcology)Demand2:UrbanizationDemand3:RecreationandTourism1)life:growthandchange2)temporality:formationandcycleofchange3)local:naturalandhumaneThelivingproblem:1,theurbanecologicalenvironmentproblemshavebecomeincreasinglyprominent2,theprocessofurbanizationcontinuestoaccelerate*peopletogether:people-oriented,creatingproblemsofmankindgatheringenvironment,meettheneedsofentertainmentLandscapeenvironmentcreatesproblems(scale,ecology,style...)Problems.Naturalandculturalheritageprotection,meetpeople"stourismdemand*nonrenewableandrenewablenaturalresources2Introductiontolandscapescienceanddiscipline:howto treatandunderstandlandscapearchitecturecorrectly?2.1theaccumulationandprofessionaldevelopmentofLandscapeScienceintheearlyperiodofthecenturyTheaccumulationof2.1.1landscapescienceinthefirstcentury1)in1839,Chicagoheldaworldexposition,whicharousedpeople"syearningandawarenessofenvironmentaltransformation2)in1899,theUnitedStatesestablishedtheAmericanLandscapeArchitectsAssociation(ASLA)3)in1901,OlmstedandVauxjointlyparticipatedintheplanningoftheUnitedStates,andbegantopayattentiontothelayoutoflarge-scaleopenspaceandtheaxisofthestreet,aswellasthelayoutofimportantlandscapeandpond4)in1903,theEnglishmanHowardopenedthedoorinthebookoftomorrow"sgardencitytopromotetherelationshipbetweenmanandurbanspace5)in1903,thefirstgardencityconceptwasbuiltbyWengWen(R.unwin)andParke(B.Parker)56kilometersnorthofLondon-RaicheVoss(Letchworth).Thedevelopmentof2.1.2landscapescience1)1899-1924:ASLAwasfoundedin1899,andLAmajorwas foundedin1901.TheEnlightenmentperiodoflandscapesciencefocusesontheintegrationofAppliedScience,plantecologyandart,andinitiatesthecultivationofpublicwelfareconcernandprofessionalresponsibility.2)from1925to1945:withtheestablishmentofLandscapeDepartment,landscapeeducationalsodevelopedthecategoryandabilityofprofessionaltrainingsystematically,andregardedspecialtyasakindofpublicservice.3)from1945to1965:thebiggestturningpointandchallengeperiodoflandscapearchitecture,topromotethedevelopmentandutilizationofthelargerscalelandscape,landscapeconstructionandenvironment,andenhancetheenvironmentalintegrationquality.4)1966-1974:thediversifieddevelopmentofprofessionallandscape,tofurtherexploretheprotectionandrestorationofnaturallandscape,howtoimprovetheurbancoreareaofhighdensityuptakeandchallengesofparticipatorycommunityplanningandsocialissues.5)from1975to1981:manysmallfirmswerebornatthistime,andvariousthemeparks,botanicalgardens,WaterfrontRenewalandunusedindustrialparksweredeveloped......Andsoon,moreaccuratedesignimage6)from1982to1989:landscapeprofessionalfirmsbegantohaveaccuratemarketsegmentationinscale,system,formandprofessionalcategory,andgraduallypresentedintheformofteamwork 7)1990-today:environmentalplanning,sustainabledevelopment,andsloweconomicdevelopmenthavepromotedprofessionals"reintegrationandrecognitionoftraditionalvaluesandnewtechnologiesTheecologicalcrisishasledtotheecologicalrestoration,ecologicalpreservationandculturallandscaperestorationandrestorationofthemoreprofoundresponsibilityThedevelopmentoflandscapeecologyalsopromotestheintegrationofprofessionaleducationandpracticeinlarge-scalelandscapeproblemsThemovementofGreenWaycombinedwithenvironmentaleducation,uptake,redevelopmentandlandscaperestorationistheresultofthespecificlandscapenetworkconcatenationinthepasttenyearsAnothertrendofartisticconceptionandecologydrivenbythetrendofsubtractiondesign(suchasJamesCorner,binYi1999)ThelandscapeindustryinEurope,since80s,fromtheperspectiveofecologicalconservationandrehabilitation,createdmoreregionalthinking,regionalconstructionmethodsandtheirregional,self-evidentlocaldevelopmentmodeofoperationStudyonlandscapeecologyinEasternEurope,theEUandthecooperationoflandscapeclassification,butalsocreatearegionalcooperation(Regionalism)thenewvision,regional planning(RegionalPlanning)wasagainseriously2.2specialtyanddisciplinecomposition(1)fromthecircle:theelementsoflandscapescience(2)fromthecircleedge(boundary)see:landscapecloseneighborrelationship-landscapescienceandrelateddisciplines(3)fromtheintersectionofcirclesandcircles(thecharacteristicsoftoday"sworld:diversification,interdisciplinary):thedevelopmenttrendoflandscapescience(4)the4characteristicsoflandscapescienceatpresent:Expansion,diversification,intersectionandspecialization3thebasicconceptoflandscapesciencediscipline:whatisthecorrectviewoflandscapediscipline?Three1景观学--景观学（景观学）指研究景观的形成演变和特性、并且以此为依据保护创造与管理生存环境的学科。 ——景观学内涵：是由景观规划设计学科扩展而来，涉及多学科领域，是一门建立在广泛的自然科学和人文艺术学科基础上的应用性学科，核心是协调人与自然的关系，是人居环境科学的三大支柱之一，也是21世纪人居环境建设的引领性学科总目标是通过景观策划、规划、设计、养护、管理、保护与利用自然与人文景观资源，创造优美宜人的户外为主的人类聚居环境。——景观学科三个基本分支：学科方向或支撑专业（1）景观环境生态及其包含的资源环境-生态）----环境科学与生态学（2）景观的规划设计及其对应的三元形态-美学）----风景园林与环境艺术（3）景观的行为与文化行为-文化）----游憩学与旅游学——三大核心理论：景观资源学与生态学风景园林美学与景观美学景观游憩学与旅游学三大核心理论的基础理论：景观分析评价3.2景观●景观源自于对自然的尊重；对生态的了解及对土地伦理的坚持。●景观专有名词代表了人与自然合而为一所呈现的美好环境。3.3景观规划设计●牛津字典：一个人的工作是规划和设计环境，尤其是使公路、建筑等结合在一个有吸引力的方式景观。 ●ASLA：园林包括分析、规划、设计、管理、自然和建筑环境的管理。3.4景观学学科专业的三大核心（1）景观环境空间形态（形态）（2）景观环境生态资源（背景）（3）游憩与环境行为感受（活动）景观的三元之一：（1）景观环境空间形态层面：基于空间与视觉形态的所有自然与人工景观形态的规划设计，即狭义景观规划设计－－－－重点在人－神关系。景观的三元之二：（2）景观环境、生态、资源层面：包括空间、土地、地形、水体、动植物、气候、光照等人文与自然资源在内的调查、分析、评估、规划、保护，即大地景观规划---重点在人－地关系；景观的三元之三：（3）游憩与环境行为感受层面：人类行为感受以及与之相关的文化习俗，涉及潜在于环境中的历史文化、风土民情、风俗习惯等与人们精神生活世界息息相关的文明，即行为与精神环境规划设计－－－重点在人－人关系。3.5景观学学科理论3.6景观规划设计三元论 （1）三元构成的景观环境：（2）景观规划设计应用的三元：（3）现代景观规划设计理论核心的三元：（4）现代景观规划设计学科组成的三元：4景观学专业的学习方法途径－－如何学好景观学专业？4.1景观学专业学习的三元，简图：4.2实践：各类景观规划设计（工程实践框架）4.3理论：来龙去脉、前因后果（理论研究框架）4.4学习：掌握实践技能；了解（理解）理论知识；培养专业感觉（直觉、主张）（学习框架：教学计划表）4.5新疆四地州旅游发展战略规划4.6theconceptofChineseXinjiangOytagGlacierPark.5courseslearnhowtolearnthecoursewell?5.1learnthroughthecourse,understandthebasicconcepts,familiarwithpracticalmethods,setupabasicprofessionalworldoutlook.5.2theprofessionalmissionoflandscapearchitectLandscapeplanningdesignersareprofessionalsengagedinthe planninganddesignofthreeaspects,includingenvironmentalvisualformart,environmentalecologicalgreening,andhumanenvironmentalbehavior.Landscapeplanninganddesigninvolveslandscaperesourceprotectionandenvironmentconstruction,outdooractivities,managementandotherfields,including:land,region,country,cityandaseriesofpublicityandprivacyofhumansettlements,landscape,landscape.Theprofessionalandcoreknowledgeoflandscapearchitectsistheplanninganddesignoflandscapeandlandscapearchitecture.Therelatedprofessionalandknowledgeincludesarchitecture,urbanplanning,interiordesignandenvironmentalart.Theroleandobjectivesoflandscapearchitectsareusinglandscapeplanning,planning,designandotherprofessionalknowledgeandskills,naturalandculturallandscaperesourcesprotectionandutilization;tocreatebeautifuloutdoororientedlivingenvironment;arrangegoodrecreationenvironment.6ConclusionIn1950,TongjiUniversitylaunchedthelandscapearchitecturespecialtyinurbanplanningmajor,emphasizingtheplanninganddesignoflandscapeenvironmentIn1979,TongjiUniversitystartedtheundergraduatecourseofLandscapeArchitecture In1996,TongjiUniversitylandscapearchitecturemergedintourbanplanningspecialtyFrom1996to1999,theideaofthreemajorfieldsoflandscapesciencehasbeenformedIn2000,theTongjiUniversityproposedforthefirsttimeaclearthreeasone2005-2006animportantturningpointinthedevelopmentofLandscapeScienceinChina2004.12NationalUniversitylandscapeTeachingSteeringCommittee(Fund)established2005.420universitiesjointlystudyandcompilethecoreteachingmaterialsofLandscapeScienceinTongjiUniversity2005.10.heldthefirstInternationalConferenceonLandscapeEducationinTongjiUniversity(99institutions)2005.11independentlandscapeplanninganddesignmasteranddoctorpointshavebeenapprovedbytheStateCouncilDegreeoffice,openedinTongji2006.4landscapearchitectureundergraduate(Engineering)hasbeenapprovedbytheMinistryofeducation,TongjiUniversity,HunanUniversityadmissions2006.3.17Shanghailandscapesocietyestablished '