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关于园林绿化工程施工中应注意的事项及改进措施 毕业论文

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'关于园林绿化工程施工中应注意的事项及改进措施目录摘要·································································(3)关键词·······························································(3)1、施工前准备应注意的事项·············································(3)1.1掌握设计意图···················································(3)1.2设计图进行现场核对·············································(3)1.3种植材料应符合其产品标准的规定·································(3)1.4工程开工前应编制施工计划书,计划书······························(3)1.5城市建设综合工程中的绿化种植···································(3)2、种植材料和播种材料·················································(4)2.1对种植材料的要求···············································(4)2.2苗木挖掘、包装应符合的要求······································(4)2.3铺栽草坪用的草块及草卷的规格要求·······························(4)2.4对植物种子的要求··································10 ·············(4)3、种植前土壤处理·····················································(4)3.1种植穴、槽挖掘前应了解的东西····································(4)3.2种植穴、槽的定点放线应符合的规定································(4)3.3挖种植穴、槽的大小规格··········································(4)3.4种植前浸穴·····················································(4)3.5施入腐熟的有机肥···············································(4)4、种植穴、槽的挖掘···················································(5)4.1种植穴、槽挖掘前应了解的东西····································(5)4.2种植穴、槽的定点放线应符合的规定·······························(5)4.3挖种植穴、槽的大小规定··········································(5)4.4浸穴···························································(6)4.5施肥···························································(6)5、苗木运输和假植····················································(6)5.1苗木运输应注意的要点10 ···········································(6)5.2苗木的假植要点·················································(6)6、苗木种植前的修剪···················································(7)6.1种植前修剪部位·················································(7)6.2乔木类修剪应符合的规定·········································(7)6.3灌木修剪应符合的规定···········································(7)6.4苗木修剪质量应符合的规定·······································(7)7、树木种植···························································(8)7.1合理选择树种···················································(8)7.2种植的质量·····················································(8)7.3不良种植穴的处理···············································(8)7.4树木种植后浇水、支撑固定········································(8)8、大树移植···························································(8)8.1大树移植定义···················································(8)10 8.2移植大树前期调查···············································(8)8.3移植大树前期措施···············································(8)8.4大树移植应符合的规定···········································(9)8.5大树移植后期养护···············································(9)结语··································································(9)参考文献······························································(9)致谢··································································(9)摘要;园林绿化工程是建设风景园林绿地的工程。园林绿化是为人们提供一个良好的休息、文化娱乐、亲近大自然、满足人们回归自然愿望的场所,是保护生态环境、改善城市生活环境的重要措施。园林城市绿地和风景名胜区中涵盖园林建筑工程在内的环境建设工程,它用工程技术来表现园林艺术,使地面上的工程构筑物和是应园林景观融为一体。阐述园林绿化的规范与特征,回顾其发展历史,指出园林绿化的不足之处;园林绿化研究的范围,园林规划与设计,园林施工,园林养护等。本课题为综合性的多功能的基础课题,并尝试着提出一些规范性的技术原则和要求。关键字:绿化工程种植土客土种植穴(槽)规则式种植1施工前准备应注意的事项1.1城市绿化工程必须按照批准的绿化工程设计及有关文件施工。施工人员应掌握设计意图,进行工程准备。1.2施工前,设计单位应向施工单位进行设计交底,施工人员应按设计图进行现场核对。当有不符之处时,应提交设计单位作变更设计。1.3根据绿化设计耍求,选定的种植材料应符合其产品标准的规定。1.4工程开工前应编制施工计划书。10 1.施工程序和进度计划;2.各工序的用工数量及总用工日;3.工程所需材料进度表;4.机械与运输车辆和工具的使用计划;5.施工技术和安全措施;6.施工预算;7.大型及重点绿化工程应编制施工组织设计。1.5城市建设综合工程中的绿化种植2、种植材料和播种材料2.1种植材料应根系发达,生长茁壮,无病虫害,规格及形态应符合设计要求。生长旺盛,姿态丰满,品种优良,苗源取近原则。2.2苗木挖掘、包装应符合现行行业标准:一般土球大小为胸径的8-10倍.包装时用草绳将根部土球包扎好,使土球不松散。2.3观叶植物,叶色应鲜艳,叶簇丰满。2.4铺栽草坪用的草块及草卷应规格一致,边缘平直,杂草不得超过5%。草块土层厚度宜为3~5cm,草卷土层厚度宜为1~3cm。2.5播种用的草坪、草花、地被植物种子均应注明品种、品系、产地、生产单位、重量、采收年份、纯净度及发芽率,不得有病虫害。自外地引进种子应有检疫合格证。发芽率达90%以上方可使用。3、种植前土壤处理3.1种植或播种前应对该地区的土壤理化性质进行化验分析,采取相应的消毒、施肥和客土等措施。3.2园林植物生长所必需的最低种植土层厚度应符合表5.2的规定。园林植种植必需的最低土层厚度表植被类型土层厚度(cm)草本花卉30草坪地被30小灌木45大灌木6010 浅根乔木90深根乔木1503.3种植地的土壤含有建筑废土及其他有害成分,以及强酸性土、强碱土、盐土、盐碱土、重粘土、沙土等,均应根据设计规定,采用客土或采取改良土壤的技术措施。3.4绿地应按设计要求构筑地形。对草坪种植地、花卉种植地、播种地应施足基肥,翻耕25~30cm,搂平耙细,去除杂物,平整度和坡度应符合设计要求。4、种植穴、槽的挖掘4.1种植穴、槽挖掘前,应向有关单位了解地下管线和隐蔽物埋设情况。4.2种植穴、槽的定点放线应符合下列规定:1.种植穴、槽定点放线应符合设计图纸要求,位置必须准确,标记明显。在树穴弄挖前施行种植放样定位,骨架大规格乔灌木可用插杆法标志点,群植小灌木及地被可用白粉划线标志确定种植面及林缘线。2.种植穴定点时应标明中心点位置。种植槽应标明边线,标线要直。3.定点标志应标明树种名称(或代号)、规格。4.行道树定点遇有障碍物影响株距时,应与设计单位取得联系,进行适当调整。4.3挖种植穴、槽的大小,应根据苗木根系、土球直径和土壤情况而定。穴、槽必须垂直下挖,上口下底相等,规格应符合表4.3-l~5的规定。常绿乔木类种植穴规格(cm)表树高150150-250250-400400以上土球直径40-5070-8080-100140以上种植深度50-6080-9090-110120以上种植直径80-90100-110120-130180以上注:另外,树穴的尺寸还需依各树种不同的生活习性区别对待。树穴形状为园柱要求壁直底平。挖掘时将表土,心土分开放置。10 落叶乔木类种植穴规格(cm)表胸径2-33-44-5种植穴深度30-4040-5050-60种植直径40-6060-7070-80胸径5-66-86-7种植深度60-7070-8080-90种植直径80-9090-100100-110绿篱类种植槽规格(cm)表苗高50-80100-120120-150种植方式(单行)40×4050×5060×60种植方式(双行)40×6050×7060×804.4在土层干燥地区应于种植前浸穴。即在种植前先向穴内浇灌水。4.5挖穴、槽后,应施入腐熟的有机肥作为基肥。肥料不要直接与根头接触,即在肥料上盖层土。5、苗木运输和假植5.1苗木运输应注意的要点苗木运输量应根据种植量确定。苗木运到现场后应及时栽植。苗木在装卸车时应轻吊轻放,不得损伤苗木和造成散球。吊时在树身上绕草绳或其他保护材料。起吊带土球(台)小型苗木时应用绳网兜土球吊起,不得用绳索缚捆根颈起吊。重量超过1t的大型土台应在土台外部套钢丝缆起吊。土球苗木装车时,应按车辆行驶方向,将土球向前,树冠向后码放整齐。裸根乔木长途运输时,应覆盖并保持根系湿润。装车时应顺序码放整齐;装车后应将树干捆牢,并应加垫层防止磨损树干。如长时间运输每超过12小时在根部洒水一遍,最好用湿布盖根部。花灌木运输时可直立装车。装时要整齐,带土球的把土包扎好。装运竹类时,不得损伤竹竿与竹鞭之间的着生点和鞭芽。棵根苗木必须当天种植。裸树苗木自起苗开始暴露时间不宜超过8h。当天不能种植的苗木应进行假植。带土球小型花灌木运至施工现场后,应紧密排码整齐,当日不能种植时,应喷水保持土球湿润。10 5.2苗木的假植要点。珍贵树种和非种植季节所需苗木,应在合适的季节起苗并用容器假植。种植后一定要浇透水。6、苗木种植前的修剪6.1种植前应进行苗木根系修剪,宜将劈裂根、病虫根、过长根剪除,并对树冠进行修剪,保待地上地下平衡。6.2乔木类修剪应符合下列规定:1.具有明显主干的高大落叶乔木应保持原有树形,适当疏枝,对保留的主侧枝应在健壮芽上短截,可剪去枝条1/5~1/3。2.无明显主干、枝条茂密的落叶乔木,对干径10cm以上树木,可疏枝保待原树形;对干径为5~10cm的苗木,可选留主干上的几个侧枝,保持原有树形进行短截。3.枝条茂密具圆头型树冠的常绿乔木可适量疏枝。枝叶集生树干顶部的苗木可不修剪。具轮生侧枝的常绿乔木用作行道树时,可剪除基部2~3层轮生侧枝。4.常绿针叶树,不宜修剪,只剪除病虫枝、枯死枝、生长衰弱枝、过密的轮生枝和下垂枝。5.用作行道树的乔木,定干高度宜大于3m,第一分枝点以下枝条应全部剪除,分枝点以上枝条酌情疏剪或短截,并应保持树冠原型。6.珍贵树种的树冠宜作少量疏剪。6.3灌木修剪应符合下列规定:l.带土球或湿润地区带宿土裸根苗木及上年花芽分化的开花灌木不宜作修剪,当有枯枝、病虫枝时应予剪除。剪下来的枝条应及时处理掉。2.枝条茂密的大灌木,可适量疏枝。3.对嫁接灌木,应将接口以下砧木萌生枝条剪除。4.分枝明显、新枝着生花芽的小灌木,应顺其树势适当强剪,促生新枝,更新老枝。5.用作绿篱的乔灌木,可在种植后按设计要求整形修剪。苗圃培育成型的绿篱,种植后应加以整修。6.4苗木修剪质量应符合下列规定:l.剪口应平滑,不得劈裂。2.枝条短截时应留外芽,剪口应距留芽位置以上1cm3.修剪直径2cm以上大枝及粗根时,截口必须削平并涂防腐剂或漆油漆将截口包裹住。7、树木种植10 7.1应根据树木的习性和当地的气候条件,选择最适宜的种植时期进行种植。7.2种植的质量应符合下列规定:l.种植应按设计图纸要求核对苗木品种、规格及种植位置。2.规则式种植应保持对称平衡,行道树或行列种植树木应在一条线上,相邻植株规格应合理搭配,高度、干径、树形近似,种植的树木应保持直立,不得倾斜,应注意观赏面的合理朝向,种植密度适宜。3.种植绿篱的株行距应均匀。树形丰满的一面应向外,按苗木高度、树干大小搭配均匀。在苗圃修剪成型的绿篱,种植时应按造型拼栽,深浅一致。4.种植带土球树木时,不易腐烂的包装物必须拆除。5.珍贵树种应采取树冠喷雾、树干保湿和树根喷布生根激素等措施。7.3对排水不良的种植穴,可在穴底铺l0~15cm砂砾或铺设渗水管、盲沟,以利排水。7.4树木种植后浇水、支撑固定应符合下列规定:1.种植后应在略大于种植穴直径的周围,筑成高10~15cm的灌水土堰,堰应筑实不得漏水。坡地可采用鱼鳞穴式种植。2.新植树木应在当日浇透第一遍水,以后应根据当地情况及时补水。北方地区种植后浇水不少于三遍。3.粘性土壤,宜适量浇水,根系不发达树种,浇水量宜较多;肉质根系树种,浇水量宜少。4.干旱地区或遇干旱天气时,应增加浇水次数。干热风季节,应对新发芽放叶的树冠喷雾,宜在上午l0时前和下午15时后进行。5.浇水时应防止因水流过急冲刷裸露根系或冲毁围堰,造成跑漏水。浇水后出现土壤沉陷,致使树木倾斜时,应及时扶正、培土。6.浇水渗下后,应及时用围堰土封树穴。再筑堰时,不得损伤根系。8、大树移植8.1移植胸径在20cm以上的落叶乔木和胸径在15cm以上的常绿乔木,应属大树移植。8.2大树移植前应对移植的大树生长情况、立地条件、周围环境、交通状况等进行调查研究,制定移植的技术方案。有条件的地区,可采用机械移植作业。8.3当要移植大树时,移植时间宜一年前确定,移植前应分期断根,修剪,做好移植准备。8.4大树移植应符合下列规定:1.移植时对树木应标明主要观赏面和树木阴、阳面。10 2.一般地区大树移植时,必须按树木胸径的6~8倍挖掘土球或方形土台装箱。3.吊装和运输大树的机具必须具备承载能力。移植大树在装运过程中,应将树冠捆拢,并应固定树干,防止损伤树皮,不得损坏土球(土台)。操作中应注意安全。4.大树移植卸车时,应将主要观赏面安排适当,土球(或箱)应直接吊放种植穴内,拆除包装,分层填土夯实。5.大树移植后,必须设立支撑,防止树身摇动。8.5大树移植后,两年内应配备专职技术人员做好修剪、剥芽、喷雾、叶面施肥、浇水、排水、设置风障、荫棚、包裹树干、防寒和病虫害防治等一系列养护管理工作,在确认大树成活后,方可进入正常养护管理。结语  人们对居住环境的要求不再限于一个简单的栽花栽草的美化,而是需要置身于一个融汇着自然、文化、艺术的高品质生活环境。因此协调好人与自然的和谐融洽应放在首位,通过对景观植物的科学设计,满足人们对绿化的生理和心理上需求,不断推陈出新、精益求精、营造出一个美好的居住环境。参考文献:1苏雪痕《植物造景》M北京:中国园林出版社,19942丁苛《中国园林》M北京:中国风景园林学会主办,20043李迪华《风景园林论坛》H北京:中国园林出版社,19964王泽民《中国园林》J波罗的海沿岸绿化,20045孟兆祯《园林工程》中国林业出版社出版的10'