园林景观工程施工图常见问题及解决方法初探.pdf

'RcsearchandPracticc研究与实践园林景观工程施工图常见问题及解决方法初探TheCommonProblems&SolutionsoftheLandscapeArchitectureConstructionDocuments撰文李佳毅何鉴邵花图片提供李佳毅何鉴翻译郑j弘Abstract摘要Therearemanytypicalandcommonproblemsduringtheprocess文章针对景观工程设计、图纸审校、施工现场配合和项目综合管理的过程oflandscapeengineeringdesign,drawingreview,constructionsite中，从总体到细部，从硬质景观到绿化种植设计，以及与景观相关的真他coordinationandprojectintegratedmanagement.Aimingatthese工神的协调与配合的各个方面，经常出现的一些真高典型特征的质量通problemsthatcoverallaspectssuchasthegeneralandthedetails,the病，探究真发生的原因，分析真可能会引起的连锁问题，并给出改进方案hardlandscapeandtheplantingdesign,coordinationwithothermajors或解决万;去。associatedwiththelandscapearchitectureprojects,theauthorsofthisarticletrytoexplorethereasons,analysethechainproblemsthatmay关键词ariseandfindthesolutionsandimprovements.规范化特殊性通用性自然规律工种协调KeywordsStandardization,Characteristic,Generality,Nature,Coordination引言1.1.2依据性规范在描述设计依据性规范条文时，不应采用"与本I员曰相关风景园林学是一门古老而年轻的学科。作为现代学科意的现行国家标准、设计规范及项目所属地地方法规、规程和规义上的风景园林学，官是用艺术的手段处理人、建筑与环境之定"如此笼统且毫无针对性的文字描述，而应当将设计中涉及间复杂关系的一门学料。园林景观工程作为建设工程的一个类到的规范、规程的具体名称罗列清楚。在罗列具体规范、规程型，主要研究的是如何在最大限度发挥园林综合功能的前提之时，应选用最新颁布执行的版本。旧版本已经在新版本颁布之下，通过园林造景技艺及工程施工，去解决园林工程中的建筑日起失效，不能再作为任何设计的参考和依据。不同性质的项物、构筑物和园林风景间矛盾统一的问题。目3应选用高针对性的规范、规程作为依据。园林景观工程在设计阶段，在对国家、行业和地方标准及国集的选用，以及设计艾件的深度方面的要求，都与真他类别1.2定位与尺寸标注的建设工程高类似之处，在此不作赘述。而本艾将选取作者多建筑工程主要通过轴线定位，而园林景观工程的定位则主年以来，在参与园林景观工程设计、图纸审核审校、施工现场要通过坐标系、相对尺寸标j王军日方格网，并且多数情况下，是配合相项目综合管理的过程中，所发现的一些真奇园林景观工三者共同作用，相亘之间配合使用。只育这样1才能较为完整程典型特征且经常发生的质量通病，探究真发生的原因，分析地将顶目中的道路、广场、建筑物、构筑物、园林设施小品、真可能会引起的连锁问题。最终?通过科学的虹别和解析，给绿化种植等设计元素清晰而准确地表达出来。出具有理论支撑末日实践经验基础的改进方案或解决方法。1.2.丁大地坐标是位大地坐标系是定位图中的最高层级走位，是惟一而永恒的。但设计中经常出现点位选取随意且无逻辑的问题，既未考虑施1总图的规范化表达工成本，也没体现施工组织的工艺特性。点位密密麻麻虽然看着热闹，但往往窑易造成对关键点位的忽略。以自然由线的道1.1设计i兑明路定位为例:在等宽路段3只须控制如下关键点位一一道路中园林景观项目的施工图设计总说明，是设计质量控制中最心线交叉点、各段弧线的起止端点、每隔10米的途中点、坡为薄弱的环节。道前后两端的变坡点，再配合路幅宽度的尺寸标洼，就足够表1.1.1针对性达清楚了。(见图1)每一个项目都有真自身的特殊性，在编制施工图、设计总1.2.2工程坐标定位说明时，应当高针对性I也就真特殊之处(包括特别设计、特色工程坐标系是为了便于施工，而根据具体工程项目的情况节点、特别工艺、特殊材料的运用等)，做出清晰的阐述，以自行设置的坐标系统。因此，工程坐标系的选择应与定位区域便指导施工。即使是套用，也应该筛辨剔除那些对与施工完全主要的线形方向一致3并在备注中说明;原点(AO，80)应不捆平的内容的描述。一个工程项目应该拥有一份完整的，与选取定位区域内用地红线的角点或标志物的中心点这类不易改方案初衷、造价控制、项目性质、注意事项等完全匹配且度身变或者对园林景观布局定位高决定性作用的点，并且必须说明·走制的阐述说明。相当于大地坐标系(X=xx.xxx，Y二xx.xxx)，8铀的正方向与014I景观设计 Y轴正方向重合或者成角度数。如此一来，十分高利于简化定位和减少尺寸标同的坡度，坡向就近安设雨水口或是雨水边沟。最后3真正完善的设计图纸，注的数量。应该把广场的各汇水面的分水线表达出来1并标j主最高点、最低点和排水坡向，1.2.3尺寸标注并在计算后注明排水坡度。真实这也是基层浇筑中标高位置的推算依据，十分尺寸标注最常见的问题是:层级不分、j支吾表达与关键点(如已经标注完重要且不可或缺。(见图2)成的定位点)或轴线间的策应关系，造成识图、i卖国的障碍。真实，尺寸标注才.3.4绿化种植区的标高可以根据图纸的实际比例以及被表达区域的特点灵活选痒，但至少应标明轴线绿化种植区域，通常会采用等高线的方式来表示地形起伏的变化和造型结尺寸和轮廓尺寸，并且尺寸标注应当与定位图中已经定位完成的点或轴线发生构的特征。在绘制图纸肘，必须根据地形的规模与尺度1选取合适统一的等高距。依托关系，使真形成一脉相承、清晰明了的数据体系。首由线间的间距，应在复核和推算过坡度之后进行绘制，如果出现坡度超过土01.2.4万恪网辅助定位壤安歇角(23.4)的情况1则必须考虑采取调整等高线分布或者局部设置挡士局部放大或者图形特别复杂的区域可以采用方恪网来配合定位，选择极细墙的方式，U，避免士体渭坡的危险。同时每个E起地形的liJ员最高处，直标上线来作为方恪网的线型3避免对图形形成干扰，或者因线型的不连续，导致方标高数据。恪网纵横线交叉点的缺失，不幸u于定位。以上所说的坐标系和尺寸标注是定位过程中的必备程序。在具体应用时，应当根据项目的规模、布局和图形特点合理搭配使用。抽丝剥茧、层层推进、2详图的通用性和特殊性表达细细梳理，出图时自然便可规避此类问题。在园林景观工程的设计过程中，常常会碰到一些设计要素的表达，既具通1.3竖向与标高用性1又奇特殊性。很多设计文件会采用通用i羊图与特殊大样分开表达的方式，竖向设计和标高标注是设计文件中需要特别重视的另一项内容。除了借助这是一种值得推荐的做法。因此，对于通用性节点的逻辑性归纳相对特殊性节剖面图、立面国来阐述高程关系以外，如何在平面图上1针对不同性质的区域(如点的准确拆分，是鉴定一套图纸是否优质的一项重要指标。道路、硬地广场、种植区等)，高效而准确地选取适合到位的表达方式，的确是2.1地面铺装一个系统性的问题。2.1.↑起铺线的调整才.3.1场地外国地面铺装的通用性画法是在平面图上1采用指定比例的网恪图例进行填充一个项目的红线边缘总会与场地外围产生交界，这些交接点位的数据获取划分。但在填充时3应充分考量起铺线的设定对最终效果的影响，以及对材料和数据本身的准确程度，是确定场地内竖向造型、景观风貌和排水走向的先决加工、人工铺砌成本的影响。(见图3)条件和改造依据。真中那些关键点位的关键数据，必须得到有效梳理和充分消化。2.1.2边块的尺寸调整1.3.2道路的标高在采用标准模数进行铺装时，有时会碰到某些区域的净尺寸并不在模数之一般而言，景观项目中的道路标高不必采用市政道路设计中复杂的计算和内1这样高可能产生零碎边缘块面，从而影响美观程度。因此，建议设计时，标写方式3但是如下所罗列的仍是必备信息1必须在绘图中得以体现:纵坡和将边缘碎料和11自近的单块规格板材合二为一，单独加工一块放大根材进行收边横坡的坡度，单坡还是双坡的明确3道路中心线交叉点标言，坡道纵坡前后起处理。如此实施，将大大提升项目的细部晶质。止的变坡线的标高1坡度、路面排水至雨水口的坡向以及雨水口最低点的控制标高。2.2栏杆与扶手1.3.3广场的标高2.2.才栏杆广场的标高标注是问题多发的盲点区域。首先，需要明确的是任何一块室栏杆一般是指:安全防护性栏杆。在栏杆设计中存在高度上的误区。在E见外硬地广场都不应该是平的。换句话说，再小的广场由于高室外排水的需求，奇的国家规范中，对室外护栏的高度要求如下·广场范围内不会统一都是一个标高数据。真次7广场面积普遍较大，各角点均((i，成市绿地设计规范))GB50420-2007需与周边的竖向标高相衔接，所以广场一定会被划分成几个块面，甚至采用不6.1.6依山或傍水且对游人存在安全隐患的道路，应设置安全防护栏杆，栏x=4∞oy=.5.~O1.分JK脊线币*{<.ì主X:>.IH水门去达y=VAV----•.5.7.5.80x=y=.5.70:J.20i=2.0%x•.f.Mfl~}入l飞盯.Y4000X二y=~.frlrfl~IIJ.点。ZJh~JFOXx=x=y=y=)".J功轮!再.ìl1Y户y=-OET.Fa口MUnU国才道路走位示国国2广场t~~*坡度的准确表达LandscapeDesign1015 ResearchandPractice研究与实践杆高度必须大于1.05m。和地下管线的影响较大，很高可能由于空间上的位置冲突而需《公园设计规范))CJJ48-92要调整柱间距离。另外，为了美观，很多围墙每一榻的形制或7.1.2……凡游人正常活动范围边缘11自空高差大于才.0m造型是高变化的，因此，简约的、国文配合的表达形式，将有处，均设f户栏设施1真高度应大于1.05m。助于施工读固和效果控制。(见图5)由此可见，一般情况栏杆高度只需大于1.05m即可1没有必要使用过富的栏杆造成视觉上的压迫感。2.5水泥砂浆2.2.2扶手在室外景观工程的节点设计中，必然会碰到关于水泥砂浆扶手一般是设置在坡道和台阶两侧或中间位置的1它的高粘结的工艺处理问题。在涉及到具体选用哪种配比时，标写多度不必超过人体重心，不必像栏杆那样起到围挡作用，或使人显混乱。因此，本文依据现高的各类室外工程图集和多年的驻产生必要的安全感。换言之，扶手不是栏杆，宫的高度不应错场实践经验，对如何选用配比砂浆做了梳理。(见表2)参栏杆1宫的尺寸与高度应符合人体工程学中对手扶功能的需求。(见表丁)3种植设计2.3台阶在园林景观工程设计中，涉及最为广泛的当属台阶详图。一项完整的园林景观种植施工图设计7应包含三部分内容但是，越是看似简单的元素，就越是否易表达不清。种植设计说明、种植设计图纸及苗木表。2.3.才台阶与挡I啬3.1种植设计说明通常在设计台阶时1台阶左右两侧会采用低矮挡土墙进行通常种植设计说明中应再以下内容:对种植土的要求，如收边处理。随着台阶的梯段走势，两侧挡I啬往往也会再相应的现状情况、改良措施、土层厚度等;种植季节及施工要求，如变坡处理。但是，在绘制挡I亩变坡线的时候，需要特别注意变一般常绿、落叶植物适直种植的季节、施工注意事项等;种植坡线的实际位置，必须经过剖面国的绘制推导出来，真实挡土场地平整要求;苗木选择，无病虫害、生长健壮、有正常树龄墙的上下端两处变坡线与台阶线不存在等量平移的关系。(见分枝等;如果工程项目中青屋顶种植和墙面种植等非常规的种图4)植方式1则需要对此进行专项说明。与硬质景观的设计说明一2.3.2防j冒样，种中直说明不得照搬套用、千篇一律。由于各个地区土壤、在处理室外台阶的面层肘，应采用毛面肌理1以起到防渭气候、植物生长情况皆育所不同，这一点应该特别重视。的作用。在此基础之上，还可以考虑在踏面近檐口处，加设防;青槽丰口警示标贴1借此提升安全系数。3.2种植设计图纸2.4围墙包捂种植总平面图、平面分区图、上木种檀图和下木种植圄。这是在各类园林景观工程中经常会碰到的问题。围墙的特种植总平面图反映了项目所涉及植物的种类、种植位置、点是:分布区域广，通常围绕场地周边，呈线性布置;形式统各种植物国例以及官们和建筑、河流、士建小晶的关系。需要一，通常平面上表示柱点位置，配上一张立面国就解决了。但注意的是:同一种植物在整套图纸中应使用同一国例，图例大是这个看似简单的设计要素，真实真要细究起来，冥中变数很小应如实反映设计规格。简单的种植设计可以用一张图纸表述，多，情况也较为复杂。复杂的种植设计应采用上下木种植图分别表述7但是必须再图由于用地边界的边长各不相同，真单边长度不会与围墙单纸能够完整地表达上、下木之间的关系，帮助工程各方准确理元模数正好吻合，而且围I茵通常需要做基础，所以受地质情况解设计意图，组织施工。,:2400,,2400,、一-一、ccCC+N•N、、重新定义起铺点位的美观效果未经定义起铺点位的错位效果国3铺装填充时应重新准确定义起铺点位016I景观设计 3.3苗木表4.2与给排水专业茵木表是对工程设计所用苗木进行分类及数量统计的。目给排水专业与园林景观专业的关系最是密切3景观设计师前的园林景观工程设计和施工中经常会出现的问题是:出于对需要与给排水工程师协调各种水景的给排方式和效果控制3便给建成效果的考虑3业主往往会要求设计师在设计时加大片植小排水工程师通过扬程和流量的计算1选择适用管径和设备选型。灌木的种植密度，保证初成效果，可在建成之后的养护时，又同时双方还应讨论各功能区域的排水方式、控制汇水面积、确定未做科学抽稀，导致植苗没再充分的生长空间，影响长势，甚收水口的位置和形式，再据此确定场地区域的最低点位、排水坡至可能导致檀株枯亡。向和坡度，避免场地积水。特别是绿化种憧中的灌溉设计，目前事实上，园林景观的发展趋势已经开始从"~)人为本"走已经得到越来越普遍的应用，因而更需要跨工种的密切合作。向了"尊重自然"。希望通过种植植物来创造良好的生态环境，就应该尊重植物的生长特性。因此，原则上枝叶蓬松的小灌木4.3与暖通专业的种植密度就要放稀疏，保证光照与通风;枝叶密集的小灌木，对于暖遇专业，可能在一般概念里，王要是和建筑、室内可适当密植;片植小灌木设计应充分考虑与上木植株的协罔及装饰工程间关系更为密切7与绝大部分处于室外自然环境中的后续养f户的可操作性(修剪、间苗、补苗等)。同时，密檀小园林景观工程并无多大交集。事实上却不尽如此。除了像一些茵应注明进亩规格、11多剪规格及最终景观规格。备注中3要注通风管井、j世爆口的景观化处理以外，一些不希望被关注到的明乔木的分枝点、分枝级别、修剪保留分枝等，愈详细的参数设备外机也完全可以通过事先的沟通3调整位置和朝向3很好控制3愈有助于控制最终的施工支支票。在面积较小区域以及乔地将真"院、耀"起来。灌木密度较大区域3提倡用阴生地被憧物代替草坪。4.4与结构专业4工种闰协调园林景观工程中通常会涉及景观建筑、小吕工程和假山叠石工程。大量的荫蔽构筑吻(木结构工程、竹结构工程、钢木园林景观工程与真他建设工程一样，离不开真他工种的密组合等)、水景水池、挡土墙、景I吉、围墙、架空钱道平台等设施3切配合。除了地下管线的综合协调以外，园林景观专业还应该都需要景观与结向专业的并肩协作。结构专业所需的原始数据将所有的检修井位、暴露在地表的机电设备以及所有的园林小应由景观专业先行提供7而结构专业的最终出国7也应在景观品、城市家具、灯旦、配套设施，包捂墓础的范围，j=自台表示专业的相应节点i羊图中合并体现。如此一来，既可以防止两专在总图中。这样做不仅是为了保证地下筐线的铺设满足规范要业图纸间的锚、漏、碰、缺，又便于施工方在施工过程中的i卖国、求，设备设施的基础E不影响，而且还能使地面铺装保持完整、识图。最后，还应该i青结构专业负责人在所涉及的景观详图上美观，绿化种檀的地下根系高足够的圭长空间，保证良好的景进行会签3确保两厢拍图无误。观效果。4.1与电气专业5结语虽然某些地区的园林景观设计艾件要求将灯具布点图列入电气专业图纸中3但是笔者认为1在目前仍高较多景观工程一部好的翻泽作昂追求的境界是叫言""达""吁牙雅佳尚未引入专业照明的情况下，对夜间景观效果的把控，更是需优质的园林景观工程施工图也应如此:"1信言"就是忠于设计的要景观专业和电气专业通力协作，并在外观造型、点位间距、意图，表达精;佳，不会引起歧义"这"就是原则清晰，逻辑照度计算、灯具选型、安全防护和安装方式等一系列问题的统性强，易于读图"稚"就是图面布局合理，详略得当，制图筹中，构建出一个既能切合实际、又能提升晶质的艺术化照明规范。这样才可以让施工方充分领会、毫无疑问地组织施工3场景。让最终建成的成果能如人所愿。表才各类扶手规范标高参照表表2水泥砂浆常用配比适用范围参照表序号使用位置高度数值备注编号7.)(;尼·在j、子(配比)适用范围室外踏步级数~3级，精细装饰勾挂(花岗岩、坡道、台阶的两侧或中间90CIlì45-50CIlì1:1水泥旬，、浆应设置扶手清水砖、i也砖装饰的墙地面)轮中奇通行坡道高技手85CIlì圆形扶手指直径;末面赶光(台阶或坡道完成面)235-45CIlì2才2水泥彤、浆(无障碍通道)低扶手65CIlì矩形拱手指面宽或装饰性勾结(浆砌块石料、石;当i啬)高扶手90CIlì块料灌缝(块石、卵石散7.)(明沟)3人行天桥、地道45-50CIlì同上31:2.57.)(;尼砂浆(民拱手70CIlì或j末面(m水明沟)勾缝(路缘石)活动范围边缘临空高差?对干高度>105cllì445-50CIlì应设栏杆式扶手41:3干硬性7.)(;尼砂浆i也坪i甫装为主(花岗石、地砖)大于1.0m;夫手90cmLandscapeDesignI0唱7 J{esearchandPractice研究与实践Introductiontheprojectsite"couldnotbeusedbecausethatistooambigu•ous.ThefullnamesofthestandardproceduresinvolvedintheLandscapearchitectureisabothancientandyoungsubjectdesignshouldbeclearlylisted.Moreover,thelatestversionofLandscapescienceasamoderndisciplinereferstotheartisticexecutionshouldbeusedratherthanuseoldversionwithinvalidmeansthatcanhandlecomplicatedrelationsbetweenhumaninformationasreference.Targetedstandardproceduresshouldnature,architecturesandenvironment.Beingatypeofconstruc•beappliedaccordingtodifferentprojectsofdifferentnaturestionwork,landscapeengineeringfocusesmainlyonissuesthathowtodealwiththecontradictoryunityofrelationsbetween1.2PositioningandDimensioningbuildings,structuresandgardenviewsonthepremiseofbringingConstructionalengineeringmainlydependsonaxestofixposi•landscapecomprehensivefunctionsintofullestplay.tion.ButlandscapeengineeringmainlydependsoncoordinateDuringthedesignphaseoflandscapeengineering,onthechoicesystem,relativedimensionandsquaregridtolocate.Inmostofnational,local,indust叩standardsandcollectivedrawings,orcases,allthreeareneeded.Onthebasisofthecombinedeffectsonthedemandsofthedepthofthedesigndocuments,ithasandinteractionamongthethree,designelementsinaprojectsimilarities,tosomeextent,withotherconstructionworkinsomesuchasroads,plazas,buildings,structures,externalfacilityorna•aspects.Theauthorshavebeenengagedindesign,correctionments,plantingareascanbeexpressedcompletely,clearlyandandreviewofdrawings,supportworkinconstructionfieldandaccuratelygeneralmanagementofprojectsconcerningwithlandscape1.2.1GeodeticcoordinatesystemengineeringformanyyearsandfoundsomequalitydefectsmayGeodeticcoordinatesystemisthehighestlevelinlocationmapoftenoccurandgowithtypicalcharacteristics.Throughexplor•anditspositioningisonlyandeternal.Butonequestionthatingthecausesandanalysingchainproblemsthatmayarise,thecomesupoftenindesignisthatthepointselectionsarerandomimprovementprojectsorsolutionswiththeoreticalsupportandandillogicalwithoutthinkingaboutconstructioncostandhowtopracticalexperiencecanbegivenbymeansofdiscriminatingandreflectprocessingpropertyofconstructionorganization.Itseemsanalysisscientificallythatpointlocationsarethicklydotted,butthekeypointsarene•glected.Takethelocationofroadwithnaturalcurveforexample,1TheNormativeExpressionofGeneralDrawingonanaequilateroadsection,iftheintersectionofroadcenter•line,thestart-stopendpointsofarcs,midpointseve叩other101.1DescriptionofDesignmeters,andgradechangepointsatbothendsoftherampcanThegeneralspecificationofconstructiondrawingdesigninthebecontrolled,alongwiththesizemarkingofroadwaywidth,thatlandscapeprojectistheweakestpartduringthequalitycontrolwillbealreadyclearenoughofdesign1.2.2Projectcoordinatesystem1.1.1PertinenceProjectCoordinate8ystemisself-setcoordinatesystemforeaseEachprojecthasitsownparticularity.Thegeneralspecifica•ofconstructionaccordingtothespecificcircumstancesofthetionofconstructiondrawingdesignshouldbewell-targetedatproject.Thechoiceofprojectcoordinatesystemshouldbeinthespecialtywithclarity(includingtheuseofspecialdesign,accordwiththemainlineardirectionofthepositionareaanditcharacteristicdetails,unusualtechnology,andspecialmaterials)mustbespecifiedinremarks.Theorigin(AOBO)shouldbetheinordertodirecttheconstruction.Evenifitisappliedmechani•angularpointofpropertylineorthecentralpointoflandmark,forcally,thecompletelyirrelevantpa时sshouldbeeliminated.Antheyareentrenchedordecisiveforlandscapelayout.Explanationengineeringprojectshouldhaveacompletespecificationwhichshouldbeaddedthatthisisequivalenttogeodeticcoordinateperfectlymatchestheplanpurpose,costcontrol,projectnature,system(X=xx.xxx,Y=xx.xxx);B-axispositivedirectionandY-axisandannouncements.positivedirectionareeitheroverlaporangular.80itisveryhelp•1.1.2Referencedprovisionfultosimplifypositioningandreducesizemarking.(seefigure1)Whendescribingthereferencedprovisionsofdesign,thetext1.2.38izemarkingdescriptionlike"thecurrentnationalstandard,designcriterionThemostcommonproblemsofsizemarkingarethattherearerelatedtothisprojectandthelocallaws,regulationsorrulesofnohierarchicalscales,noexplanationaboutcoordinatedrela-叫气川『γ-J1「2千二一、-寸‘E引1‘lL争斗』血，人吭hEr4!行FJY"huν、J、"íJ市交JJUUII行1;介f址ìR:川T--一-一-"J，u-川叫个f业41川十|川IÎjl"IZj干fj-Jj;斗:，t1W叶!f;汁lì")台1;介，:r;t，)!IJ!川、"íJ"，，"~国4台阶挡I亩变I皮线和台阶线的错误关系经过剖面绘制求证018I景观设计 tionsbetweenkeypoints(suchaslocatingpointsthathavebeensurfacedrainageandgutterinlet;andcontrolelevationoflowestmarked),oraxes.TheseproblemsgiverisetoreadingobstaclespointofgutterinletInfact,sizemarkingcanbechosenflexiblyaccordingtoactual1.3.3TheelevationofplazaproportionofdrawingandcharacteristicsofexpressedareasTheelevationofplazaisblindspotwithmoreproblems.Firstly,Butaxisdimensionsandoveralldimensionsshouldbemarkedatwhat"sneedtobedefinedisthatitshouldnotbeflatforanyleastandtheirsizemarkingshouldrelyontherelationsoflocat•outdoorhardplaza.Inotherwords,becauseoftheneedtodrainingpointsoraxisinthelocationmap,formingaclearandcor•offwater,itisimpossibleforeventhesmallestplazatohaverelativedatasystemonlyoneelevationdata.Secondly,theareaofplazaisgenerally1.2.4Gridauxiliarypositioni门glarge;eachangularpointshouldlinkupwiththeverticaleleva•Squaregridcanhelptomatchpositioninginpartialenlargedde•tionaround.Sotheplazahastobedividedintoseveralpartstailorareashavingquitecomplicatedfigures.Squaregridshouldandevenusedifferentgradients,gutterinletsorrainwatersideusecontinuoushairlinestoavoidinterferencewiththefiguresditchesnearbyslopeaspect.Finally,theimproveddesigndraw•anddeficiencyofintersectionofgrids.ingshouldpresentdividelinesofdifferentcatchmentsintheCoordinatesystemandsizemarkingmentionedabovearerequi•plazaandmarkthehighestpoint,lowestpoint,slopeaspectofsitepartsinthepositioningprocess.Inspecificapplication,theydrainageanddrainagegradientaftercalculation.Actually,theshouldbeusedbyrationalcombinationaccordingtothescale,calculationbasisforelevationpositionisquiteimportantandin•overallarrangement,graphicalfeaturesoftheproject.Throughadispensableinbasepouringandcasting.(seeFigure2)painstakingandmeticulouswaystepbystep,manyproblemsin1.3.4TheelevationofplantingregionthedrawingscanbeavoidedTheplantingregionusuallyusescontourlinestoshowhypsogra•phyandmodelingstructure.Duringthedrawingprocess,unified1.3VerticalDesignandElevationandsuitablecontourlinemustbeselectedaccordingtothesizeVerticaldesignandelevationisanotherpartshouldbeputmuchandscaleoftheterrain.Thespacingofintermediatecontouremphasisinthedesigndocuments.Inadditiontousecutawayshouldbedrawnafterrecheckingandcalculatingthegradient.Ifviewandverticalviewtogiveanaccountoftherelationshipbe•thegradientexceedssoilangleofrepose(23.4degree),contourtweenheights,itisindeedasystematicproblemofhowtouselinesshouldbeadjustedorsetretainingwallinsomepartsinor•appropriatemeansofexpressionsefficientlyandaccuratelyondertoavoidthedangerofsoillandslide.Atthesametime,ithadtheareaswithdifferentfeatures(suchasroad,plaza,architec•bettermarktheelevationofthehighestpointofeachknapture,structureandplantarea)oftheplan.1.3.1Peripheryofthesite2GeneralityandParticularityofDetailDrawingThepropertylineofaprojectalwayshasacommonboundarywithperipheryofthesite.ThedataacquisitionofjointpointsandDuringthedesignprocessoflandscapeengineering,itiscom•degreeofaccuracyofthedataitselfareprerequisiteandbasismontomeetwithsomedesignconsiderationshavingbothgen•forremouldingtoconfirmtheverticalmodeling,landscapestyleeralityandparticularity.Alotofdesigndocumentswillusebothandwayofdrainageofthesite.Thekeydataofkeypointsmuststandarddetailandspecialdetaildrawingbutseparately,whichbecombedeffectivelyandfullydigestedisrecommendable.Thelogicalconclusionofgeneraldetailsand1.3.2TheelevationofroadaccurateresolutionofspecialdetailsareimportantindicatorstoGenerallyspeaking,theelevationofroadsinlandscapeprojecttestwhetherasetofdrawingsareofhighqualityornot.doesnothavetousecomplexcalculationandwayoflabelingap•2.1FloorDecorationpliedinmunicipalroaddesign,butthefollowinginformationare2.1.1Adjustmentofforminglinesessentialandmustbereflectedindrawing:theslopegradientThegeneralpresentationdrawingoffloordecorationusesgrid•oflongitudinalslopèandtransverseslope;makesurewhetheritlinesthathaveassignedproportiontofillanddivideontheplanisonewaygradientordoublewaygradient;theelevationoftheWhenfillingwiththelines,thesettingoftheforminglinesshouldintersectionofroadaxis;theelevationandgradientofvariablebewellconsideredforfinaleffectandcontrolonthecostofma•slopelineatbothendsoflongitudinalslope;theslopeaspectofterialprocessingandpavingbymanualwork.(seeFigure2)约过怡点儿坡约h-H，-h一阶7『一际一大川一系飞川台阶挡I啬变坡线和台阶线的正确关系LandscapeDeslgnI019 Reseal"chandPractice研究与实践2.1.2Dimensionadjustingofedgesnotequivalentortranslationaltosteplines(seeFigure4).Whenapplyingstandardmoduleformworkpaving,sometimes2.3.28kidresistancethenetsizeofsomeareasisnotwithinthemodule,whichmayThesurfaceprocessingofoutdoorstepsmustuseroughtextureproducefragmentaryedgesandaffecttheaestheticmeasure.forfunctionofskidproof.Onthebasisofthis,antiskidslotsand80itissuggestedtocombinefragmentaryedgeswithadjacentwarninglabelscanbeaddedtopromotethesafetycoefficient.boardsandprocessanextraamplifiedboardtoedge.Throughthisway,thedetailqualityoftheprojectwillbesignificantlyim-2.4Wallproved.Thisisacommonprobleminallkindsoflandscapeengineer-ing.Thecharacteristicsofwallincludewidedistribution:usually2.2RailingsandHandrailsaroundthesiteandintheformoflineararrangement;andunified2.2.1Railingstyle:usuallyshowpositionpointsontheplanaccompaniedwithRailingsgenerallyrefertosafetybarriers.Thereismisunderstand-averticalplan.Butifwedigintotheseeminglysimpledesignele-ingoftheheightinrailingdesign.Inthelatestnationalstandard,ment,wemayfindthatitbringsonmanychangesandthecondi-demandsontheheightsofoutdoorrailingsareasfollows:tionsarerelativelycomplex.CodeforthedesignofurbangreenspaceGB50420-20078incethesidelengthsofsiteboundaryaredifferent,theunilat-6.1.6Roadsneighboringmountainsorriversthatmayhavehid-erallengthwillnotbepreciselyinlinewiththeunitmoduleofdendangersforvisitorsshouldbesetsafetybarrierswhosewall.Moreover,itisusualtomakebasicsforwall.Consideringheightsmustbeover1.05m.thattheeffectofgeologicalconditionandundergroundpipelines,CodeforthedesignofparkCJJ48-92itisverypossibletoadjustthedistancebetweenpositionpoints7.1.2...Withinallnormalactivityrangesopenforvisitors,ifthebecauseofpositionalconflict.Inaddition,forthesakeofelegantelevationdifferenceofedgeisgreaterthan1.0m,itwillbenec-appearance,thereexistdifferencesinshape,structureormouldessa叩tosetrailingswhoseheightshouldbeover1.05m.amongsingleunitsofwall.TheconcisewayofexpressionthatThusitcanbeseenthattheheightofrailingsjusthastobeconsistsofbothtextandgraphicsishelpfulforcheckingdraw-greaterthan1.05m.Thereisnoneedtouseexcessivelyhighingsandeffectcontrol.(seeFigure5)railingstocreateoppressivesenseonthevision.2.2.2Handrail2.5CementmortarHandrailisusuallysetontheramp,sidesorthemiddleoftheInthedetaildesignoflandscapeengineering,thetechnologysteps.Theheightofhandraildoesnotneedtobehigherthanprocessingproblemofusingcementmortartocoherewillcer-gravitycenterofhumanbodybecauseitisnotnecessaryfortainlyhappen.Thedescriptionsofmixpropo时ionchoicesarehandrailtohaveaneffectofbarriers.Inotherwords,thehand-easytocauseconfusion.Accordingtothecurrentoutdoorengi-railsarenotrailings.Theheightofhandrailshouldnottakethatneeringdrawingcollectionandyearsofpracticalexperienceatofrailingasreference.Itssizeandheightshouldaccordwithsites,thefollowingtableismade.(seeTablet2)handrailfunctionalneedsinergonomics.(seeTablet1)3PlantingDesign2.3StepsInlandscapeengineeringdesign,thedetaildrawingsofstepsareAcompleteconstructionblueprintoflandscapeplantingshouldwidelyused.Theseeminglysimpleelementiseasytocausecon•includethreeparts:plantingdesignspecification,plantingdesignfusionbecauseofunclearexpression.drawingandnurserystocktable.2.3.18tepsandretainingwall3.1PlantingDesignSpecificationInthedesignofsteps,lowretainingwallsarecommonlyusedasUsually,plantingdesignspecificationshouldincludedemandsedgesatthesidesofsteps.Theretainingwallsonthetwosidesonsoil(suchascurrentsituation,improvingmeasures,soilthick•changeingradientalongwiththesteplevels.8pecialcareneed•nessandsoon),plantingseasonandconstructionrequirementsedwhendrawingvariableslopelinebecausetheactualposition(suchasplantingtimesuitableforgeneralevergreenanddecidu•oftheslopelinemustbededucedaftermakingcutawayview.Inousplants,mattersneedingattentioninconstructionandsoon),fact,thevariableslopelinesupanddownoftheretainingwallareplantingsiteformation,choicesofnurserystockswithoutplant国墙丘柱cctGC)tN-N设计说明非标准段围墙立面按以下原则处理1.立柱轴线间距在4000-5400范围内:可调整铸铁栏杆数量(调整后立杆间净距不大于110mm，以下同〉。}J』，2.立柱轴线问距在3200-4000范围内:可取消铸铁网片部分，再调整中部位铸铁栏杆的数量。「nυ()「nnhJ,Juu,|叫悄悄柑3.立柱轴线间距在1800-3200范围内:可取消铸铁网片部分，将铸铁花式居中放置，两侧均分，以铸铁栏杆补位。-+SOO4.立柱轴线问距在900-1800范围内:仅保留铸铁栏杆部分，增减数量以满足要求。围墙(标准段)立面图1:以图5围墙标准段立面及真通用性说明。20I景观设计 diseasesorinsectpests,growwellandhavenormalbranchessomeregionslistdistributionmapoflampsintoelectricalengi•withage.Ifthereareunconventíonalplantingpatternslíkeroofneeringdrawings,theauthorssuggestthatconsideringthatstillaplantíngorwallplantíngíntheengíneeríngproject,specíalín•lotoflandscapeworksarenotintroducedwithprofessionallight•structionshavetobegíven.Thesameasdesígndescriptionsofing,controlsonlandscapeeffectatnightneedconcertedeffortshardlandscape,plantingdescriptionsarenotsupposedtoindis•betweenlandscapeengineeringandelectricalengineering,tryingcriminatelyimitateorcopyallinthesamekey.Becausethesoil,tobuildanartisticlightingscenethatcanbothgeartoactualclimate,growthofplantsarequitedifferentindiverseregionscircumstancesandpromotequalityintheoverallconsiderationofappearancemolding,spacebetweenpointpositions,illumination3.2PlantingDesignDrawingcalculation,typeselectionsoflamps,safetyprotection,installa•Plantingsite-plan,zoningplans,treeplantingdrawings,bushandtion,andotherissues.groundcoverplantingdrawingsareincluded.Plantingsite-planshowsthespecies,locations,graphics,andthe4.2WaterSupplyandDrainagerelationsbetweenplantsandarchitectures,riversorornaments.Forwatersupplyanddrainage,itsrelationwithlandscapeisWhatcallsforattentionisthatthesamegraphicshouldbeusedmostrelevant.Landscapedesignersanddrainageengineersforthesameplantsinthedrawingsandthesizeofgraphicsneedtoworktogetherforwatersupplyanddrainageaswellasef•shouldtruthfuliyreflectdesignspecification.Simpleplantingfectcontrolsofdifferentwaterscapes.Throughcalculationsofheaddesigncanuseonedrawingtoexplain,butcomplicatedonesandflow,drainageengineercanchooseapplicablepipediametershouldapplyseparateexplanationsbythemeansoftreeplantingandequipmentselection.Bothsidesalsohavetodiscussaboutdrawingsandgroundcoverplantingdrawings.Andtherelationsdrainagemethodsindifferentfunctionalareas,controllingcatch•oftreesandgroundcoverbushesshouldalsobeexplainedbymentareasandconfirmingthelocationsandformsofwatergaps.drawinginordertohelpparticipantsintheprojectsunderstandOnthebasisofwhathasbeenmentionedabove,thelowestpointthedesignideawellandorganizeconstructionposition,drainageslopeandaspectofthesitecanbecertaininordertoavoidwateraccumulationinthefield.Closecooperation3.3NurseryStockTablebetweentypesofworkareneededandwillbecomemoreandmoreThefunctionofnurse叩stocktableistoclarifythespeciesandcommon,especiallyinirrigationdesignofgreenplantingamountofnurserystocks.Thecurrentfrequentprobleminland•scapeengineeringdesignandconstructionisthatproprietors4.3HeatingandVentilatingoftenrequiredesignerstoincreaseplantingdensityofshrubsonInthegeneralconcept,heatingandventilatingmainlyhascloseralargescaleinordertomakeinitialeffectsbetter,butitisnotrelationwítharchitecturesandinteriordecorationratherthangoodformaintenancelateron.Becausewithoutscientificthin•landscapeengíneeringthatismostlyinnaturalenvironmentout•ning,thereisnosufficientgrowingspaceforstockstogrowwelldoors.Apartfromsomelandscapingtreatmentlikeventilationandperhapscauseplantstodie.tubeandexplosionventing,someotherequipmentthatdoesn"tInfact,thedevelopmenttendencyoflandscapesciencehaswanttobeseencanadjustpositionororientationto"hide"wellchangedfrom"peopleoriented"to"respectfornature".Ifthroughcommunicationinadvance.wehopetocreateagoodenvironmentthroughplantings,weshouldrespectthegrowthcharacteristicsofplants.Therefore,4.4StructuralEngineeringtheplantingdensityofshrubswithuncrowdedbranchesshouldLandscapearchitectures,ornamentengineeringandrockeryberelativelysparsetomakesureilluminationandventilationengineeringarecommonlyinvolvedinlandscapeengineering.AShrubswithdensebranchescanbeplantedcloselyinaproperlotofshadingstructures(timberwork,bamboostructure,steelway.Sufficientconsiderationshouldbegiventoshrubdesignandwoodcombination)andwaterscapes,pools,retainingwalls,foritsrelationswithtreesandoperabilityofmaintenancelateronlandscapewalls,boundingwalls,boardwalks,platformsandoth•(suchaspruning,thinning,fillinggapsandsoon).Atthesameerfacilitiesallneedcooperationbetweenlandscapeandstruc•time,closely-plantedseedlingsshouldprovidetheirpurchasingturalengineering.Theoriginaldatathatstructuralengineeringspecifications,pruningspecíficationsandultimateeffectspeci•needsshouldbeprovidedinadvancebylandscapeengineering;fications.Inremarks,thebranchingpoints,branchinglevelsandthefinaldrawingofstructuralengineeringshouldbereflectedinretainedbranchesoftreesshouldbeclarified.Theclearertherelativedetaileddrawingoflandscapeengineeringaswell.Asaparametercontrolis,thebetterfinalconstructioneffectcanberesult,problemslikemistake,omission,interferenceanddefi•controlled.Insmallregionsorregionswithlargeplantingdensity,ciencycanbepreventedinbothdrawingsandthisisalsohelpfulshadegroundcoversareadvocatedtouseinsteadoflawnforreadingduringtheconstructionprocess.Finally,thedirectorofstructuralengineeringshouldbeinvitedtocountersignonthe4CoordinationamongTypesofWorkrelativedetaileddrawingoflandscapeengineeringtomakesurecorrectnessThesameasotherconstructionprojects,landscapeengineer•ingcouldnotworkwithoutclosecooperationofothertypesof5Conclusionwork.Apartfromcomprehensivecoordinationofundergroundpipelines,allthelocationsofmanholes,electronicandmechani•Anidealtranslationisinpursuitforfaithfulness,expressive•caldevicesaboveground,landscapeornaments,urbanfurniture,nessandelegance,soisanidealsetofconstructiondrawingslampsandlanterns,supportingfacilitiesshouldbeexpressedforlandscapeengineering.Faithfulnessistobefaithfultotheinthegeneraldrawing.Thisisnotonlyformakingsurelayingintentionofthedesign,tobeaccurateinexpressionwithoutrequirementsofundergroundpipelinesandnon-interferenceambiguity;expressivenessistobeclearinprinciple,stronginoffacilities,butalsoforthecompletenessandappearanceoflogic,andeasyinreading;eleganceistobesoundinlayout,floordecoration,andsufficientgrowingspaceforrootsystemofreasonablydetailed,andnormativeindrafting.Onlyinthisplantsway,theconstructionsidecanfuliyunderstandthedesignand4.1ElectricalEngineeringorganizeconstructionwithoutdoubtandfinaliymakeresultsasAlthoughsomelandscapedesigndocumentrequirementsinpeoplewish.回LandscapeDesignI021'