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地沟油制造生物柴油的技术可行性报告

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Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF地沟油制造生物柴油的技术可行性报告一、背景   我国不仅是世界上餐饮业最发达的国家之一,而且中国料理也是用油最多的料理之一,餐饮业每天都会产生大量的含有动植物油脂的废水。为了使进入城市污水管道的油脂减量,各地环保部门对餐饮业的油脂排放做出了各种规定,这些规定的共同之处是所有的厨房排水口必须安装油脂截流装置,使用最为普遍的就是油水分离槽,大部分的油脂便被截留在该槽中,这种废油脂被称为“地沟油”。仅上海这样的废油脂年产量约1.5—3万吨。从这些油脂是一种可再利用的资源被人们认识以后,它便成了抢手货,一支捞油回收队伍便应运而生。仅在上海无证捞油人员达1000人之多,无固定场所、无营业执照、无管理的“三无”废油脂处理加工点上百个,这其中有相当一部分加工点把这些废油经简单处理后,作为精制食用油又重新回到了市场,对居民健康构成了潜在的严重威胁。这种现象已经发展成全国性的问题,中央电视台及各省市媒体对这种现象都作了跟踪报道,引起了各地政府的高度重视。近年来,我国部分城市相继出台了“禁止地沟油非法加工”等相关管理条例。因此地沟油的再利用技术也成为一个新的研究项目,引起了科研工作者的极大关注。目前国内对“地沟油”的处置再利用途径比较单一,主要是通过初加工或简单的深加工,制成的产品有:⑴ 硬脂酸原料;⑵ 饲料添加剂,替代进口三级牛油;⑶ 肥皂原料;⑷ 机械加工用油;⑸ 脱模油;Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF所有的这些方法都存在着技术落后,设备简陋,污染严重,卫生状况恶劣等相同的问题。研究发现以植物油为主的“地沟油”一般由14-18个碳链组成,而柴油分子是由15个左右的碳链组成,因此将“地沟油”再生为生物柴油的研发便成了国内外专家的主攻方向。 二、生物柴油研发状况   生物柴油最早诞生于1988年,由德国聂尔公司发明,当时它是以菜籽油为原料,提炼而成的洁净燃油。由于生物柴油具有突出的环保性和可再生性,引起了世界发达国家,尤其是资源贫乏国家的高度重视。西方国家的研究结果已证明生物柴油的原料不仅仅局限于菜籽油,它可以是大豆等油料作物、油棕和黄连木等油料林木果实、工程微藻等油料水生植物以及动物油脂,甚至于“地沟油”等。   我国生物柴油的研究与开发虽起步较晚,但发展速度很快。我国著名学者闵泽恩院士在《绿色化学与化工》一书中首先明确提出发展清洁燃料生物柴油的课题。原机械工业部和原中国石化总公司在上世纪80年代就拨出专款立项,由上海内燃机研究所和贵州山地农机所承担课题,联合研究长达10年之久,并邀请中国石化科学院的专家詹永厚做了大量基础试验探索;中国农业工程研究设计院的施德路先生也曾于1985年进行了生物柴油的试验工作;辽宁省能源研究所承担的中国——欧共体合作研究项目也涉及到生物柴油;中国科技大学、河南科学陆军化学所等单位也都对生物柴油作了不同程度的研究。   系统研究始于中国科学院的“八五”重点科研项目:“燃料油植物的研究与应用技术”,完成了金沙江流域燃料油植物资源的调查及栽培技术研究,建立了30公顷的小桐子栽培示范片。自20世纪90年代初开始,“八五”期间完成了光皮树油制取甲脂燃料油的工艺及其燃烧特性的研究;“九五”期间完成了国家重点科研攻关项目“植物油能源利用技术”。   1999-2002年,湖南省林业科学院承担并主持了国家林业局引进国外先进林业技术(948项目)——《能源树种绿王树及其利用技术的引进》,从南非、美国和巴西引进了能源树种绿玉树(EuphorbiaSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahFtim-calli)优良无性系;研制完成了绿玉树乳汁榨取设备;进行了绿玉树乳汁成份和燃料特性的研究:绿玉树乳汁催化裂解研究有阶段性成果。在这些研究当中,也有以“地沟油”为原料再生生物柴油的,比如专利号:03114294.X 02138523.8 200310111696.7但是,与国外相比,我国在发展生物柴油方面还有相当大的差距,长期徘徊在初级研究阶段,未能形成生物柴油的实用化产业化。也正因为没有完善的产业技术,政府也尚未针对生物柴油提出一套扶植、优惠和鼓励的政策办法,更没有制定生物柴油统一的标准和实施产业化发展战略。因此,我国进入了WTO之后,在如何面对经济高速发展和环境保护和双重压力这种背景下,加快高效清洁的生物柴油产业化进程就显得更为迫切了。  三、生物柴油前景       与石油柴油相比,生物柴油具有可再生性、环保清洁性和安全性三大优势。可再性:生物柴油可以经过多种途径再生制造,因此供应量永不枯竭;环保性:生物柴油中不含有对环境造成污染的芳香族烷烃和含量极低的硫化物,因此大大减少了有害物质的排放(见表一)       表一:生物柴油与石油柴油相比较的尾气排放量有害物质生物柴油一氧化碳-43.2%碳氮化合物-56.3%浮游粒子-55.4%空气毒物-60%—-90%二氧化碳-78.3%Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF安全性:由于生物柴油的闪点明显高于石油柴油,它不属于危险品,因此,在运输、       储存、使用等方面显得更为安全。   除上述三大优势之外,生物柴油的更好润滑性能和良好的燃料性能等优点也附于了它的实际使用价值。   为了便于推广使用,美、德、意等国家都制定了生物柴油的技术标准。如美国权威机构ASTM相继在1996年和2000年发布了标准,完善了生物柴油的产业化条件。   西方国家生物柴油产业发展迅速。近年来,西方国家加大生物柴油商业化投资力度,使生物柴油的投资规模增大,开工项目增多。美国、加拿大、巴西、日本、澳大利亚、印度等国都在积极发展这项产业。目前,美国有4家生物柴油生产厂,总能力为30万吨/年。欧盟国家主要以油菜为原料,2001年生物柴油产量已超过100万吨。2000年德国的生物柴油已达45万吨,德国还于2001年11月在海德地区投资5000万马克,兴建年产10万吨的生物柴油装置。法国有7家生物柴油生产厂,总能力为40万吨/年,使用标准是在普通柴油中掺加5%生物柴油,对生物柴油的税率为零。意大利有9个生物柴油生产厂,总能力为33万吨/年,对生物柴油的税率为零。奥地利有3个生物柴油生产厂,总能力5.5万吨/年,税率为石油柴油的4.6%。比利时有2个生物柴油生产厂,总能力24万吨/年。日本生物柴油生产能力也达到40万吨/年。   在政策上,目前许多国家如美国、德国、法国、丹麦、意大利、爱尔兰和西班牙等对生物柴油采取了相应的扶持政策。为了进一步鼓励使用生物柴油,美国农业部决Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF定今后两年每年拿出1.5亿美元补贴生物柴油等生物燃料的使用,目前美国至少有5个州正在考虑制订税收鼓励政策。目前在欧洲生产生物柴油可享受到政府的税收政策优惠,其零售价低于普通柴油(如在德国加油站生物柴油的零售价格目前为约1.45马克/L,而柴油为1.60马克/L)。据Frost&Sullivan企业咨询公司最新发表的“欧盟生物柴油市场”报告,为实现“京都协议”规定的目标(在2008—2012年,欧盟将减少二氧化碳排放量8%),欧盟即将出台鼓励开发和使用生物柴油的新规定,如对生物柴油免征增值税,规定机动车使用生物动力燃料占动力燃料营业总额的最低份额。新规定的出台不仅有助于欧盟生物柴油市场的稳定,而且生物柴油营业额将从2000年的5.035亿美元猛增至24亿美元,平均年增25%。   可见,被视为“绿色能源”的生物柴油正以一种新的能源受到了各国的高度重视,它的推广已经开始在全世界启动。   我国是一个石油净进口国,石油储量又很有限,大量进口石油对我国的能源安全造成威胁。因此,研发各种石油替代产品对中国来说就更有现实意义。专家认为,生物柴油对我国结构调整、能源安全和生态环境综合治理有十分重大的战略意义。目前,汽车柴油化已成为汽车工业的一个发展方向,据专家预测,到2010年,世界柴油需求量将从38%增加到45%,而柴油的供应量严重不足,这都为制造生物柴油提供了广阔的发展空间。   柴油的供需平衡问题也将是我国未来较长时间石油市场发展的焦点问题。业内人Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF事指出,到2005年,随着我国原油加工量的上升,汽油和煤油拥有一定数量的出口余地,而柴油的供应缺口仍然很大。预计到2010年柴油的需求量将突破1亿吨,与2005年相比将增长24%;至2015年市场需求量将会达到1.3亿吨左右。四、“地沟油”制生物柴油工艺简介   将“地沟油”再生为生物柴油,在这个领域中日本大器株式会社的技术达到了世界领先水平。在日本松山已成功运行的平均日处量20吨废油的工厂,就是一个见证。更为可取的是,该公司看好中国市场,在自己的原有技术上,以中国“地沟油”作为原料进行了研究改进,可以这样说目前世界上也只有该公司的技术能直接将中国“地沟油”直接加工成生物柴油。    工艺流程原理如下:工艺流程原理废油  ↓ 前处理分去水和不纯固体杂质预酯化反应 25-120℃ ↓  甲醇→将废油脂中游离脂肪酸转化成脂肪酸甲酯酸催化剂→      酯交换反应 Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF50-120℃ ↓   甲醇→利用碱催化剂将中性油脂即脂肪酸甘油酯转氢氧化钾→     化成脂肪酸甲酯↓ 蒸馏分离→①甲醇酯交换反应后得到一个粗产品过量甲醇和副                 →②甘油产物甘油的混合物,蒸馏方法将甲醇和甘油↓从产品中分离出去精制  处理剂→        →残渣在特殊的处理剂作用下,可将残留在产品中的 催化剂、游离甘油、脂肪酸肥皂、有色物质等 杂质转化成不溶或难溶于产品的残渣,从而可↓非常容易地从产品中分离出去,中和碱催化剂 分解脂肪酸肥皂,破坏乳化、脱色、凝絮沉淀调和  防寒剂→ 调和  上述工序得到的精制产品,其流动点通常在 -3℃—-5℃左右,比石油柴油的流动点高。↓为了保证在低温下不至于发生燃料系统的堵精密过滤塞,而添加降凝剂以降低流动点    ↓ 产品    Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF        在整个生产过程中有废水、废渣和过量原料及副产物产生,处理方法简述如下:●废水 废水→ 沉降 →  过滤  → 脱色、絮凝、中和 →  过滤                                                                              ↓↓                    废渣 (另外处理)                                                        排放 ← 生化处理← 爆气 ●废渣Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF  废渣 → 发酵  →  混合  →  有机复合肥 ●副产品  反应混合物 →  分离  →  副产物  →  蒸馏、分离                    ↓                         ↓                生物柴油                      甲醇                                           (回收再利用) 再分离粗甲酯(重油替代品)←                   粗甘油(纯度90%) ←              ←                   硫酸钾             ← 五、生物柴油质量    采用日本大器公司的酸、碱催化的两段工艺技术,以“地沟油”为原料,制得的生物柴油,产品质量远远优于石油柴油,并达到了国际生物柴油标准。   表二:生物柴油各参数与国际标准的比较Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF 石油柴油欧洲联盟德国美国D.OIL标准编号EN590:1999EN14214:2003DINV51606ASTM675103 密度15℃G/cm30.82-0.8450.86-0.900.875-0.90 0.86~0.89动力粘度40℃Mm2/s2.0-4.53.5-5.03.5-5.01.9-6.0<4.2闪点℃>55>120>110>130>110硫含量Mg/kg<350<10<10<15<0.001100%残炭%mass  <0.05<0.05<0.05硫酸盐灰分%mass/<0.02<0.03<0.02<0.01氧化物灰分%mass<0.01///<0.01水分Mg/kg<200<500<300<500<500十六烷值 >45>51>49>47>46酸价MgKOH/g/<0.5<0.5<0.8<0.4甲醇含量%mass/<0.2<0.3/<0.2脂肪酸甲酯含量%mass/>96.5// 游离甘油含量%mass/<0.02<0.02<0.02<0.02总甘油含量%mass/<0.25<0.25<0.24<0.01磷含量Mg/kg/<10<10<10<10碱金属含量(Na,K)Mg/kg/<5//<4碱土金属含量(Ca,Mg)Mg/kg/<5//<5    使用柴油发动机卡车,我们对使用100%的生物柴油和0号柴油在尾气排放、转矩数和马力等性能参数方面进行了比较,结果如下图所示:  Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF   使用生物柴油其尾气黑烟排放浓度只是石油柴油的1/3左右,转矩数和马力与石油柴油相比虽然略有下降,但是丝毫没有影响正常使用。在对28家使用本产品的运输公司进行的追踪调查,没有一个驾驶员在驾驶上能够感到同石油柴油有什么区别。  六、原材料及物料平衡 以地沟油为原料,采用酸、碱催化两段式反应工艺生产生物柴油时所涉及到的原材料为常用化工原料(表三)表三:所需原材料表原材料规格地沟油国内收集甲醇>99%(国产)氢氧化钾>95%(国产)硫酸70%和95%(国产)处理剂日本公司提供配方(国产)降温剂日本公司指定(国产货) 以日处理40吨地沟油(含水及杂质率38.43%)为计算点,列出的进出物料平衡情况见表四:表四:物料平衡表进 料出 料名 称重量(吨)名 称重量(吨)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF废油40产品24.1甲醇12.06粗甘油2.45硫酸(70%)0.14粗甲酯3硫酸(70%)0.24过量甲醇9.71氢氧化钾0.48硫酸钾废液0.28防寒剂0.022废水10.65处理剂0.52废固体物4.72洗涤水1.45  总 计54.912总 计54.912   该物料衡算是以质量最差的地沟油(酸价100mg-KOH/g)为计算依据,质量越差生产原料成本就越高。  七、经济效益估算以日处理地沟油40吨,产品得量24.1吨作为基准,生产成本测算如下表五(每吨生物柴油的生产成本): 表五:生产成本预测值费用科目计算式(单价×每天所需量)吨成本(元)备注1.原材料费用   地沟油900元×40吨=36000元1493.8 Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF甲醇2500元/吨×(12.06-9.71)吨=5875元243.8 氢氧化钾5000元/吨×0.48吨=2400元99.58 95%硫酸300元/吨×0.24吨=72元2.98 70%硫酸250元/吨×0.14吨=35元1.45 处理剂1500元/吨×0.52吨=780元32.36 防寒剂11800元/吨×0.022吨=259.6元10.77 2.水电煤费   蒸汽产生用水2.38元/吨×36吨=85.68元3.55 洗涤用水2.38元/吨×1.45吨=3.451元0.14 电0.75元/度×120度=90元3.73 锅炉重油燃料2300元/吨×0.208吨=478.4元19.85 3.人件费   车间工人工资20000元/年×7人÷300天=466.7元19.36 4.租金及设备   工厂租金0.4元/天M2×6000M2=2400元99.58 设备折旧费10年2000万元÷10年÷300天=6666元276.6 固定资产税年率1.4%2000万元×1.4%÷300天=933元38.71 合 计 2346.26  生物柴油年产量:   7230吨年收入:           2530万元(7230吨*3500元/吨)年生产成本:       1696万元(7230吨*2346.26元/吨)年毛利:           834万元投资回报期:       2.5年Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF以下附件为赠品,祝你事业有成!高效能人士的50个习惯l在行动前设定目标有目标未必能够成功,但没有目标的肯定不能成功。著名的效率提升大师博思.崔西説:“成功就是目标的达成,其他都是这句话的注释。”现实中那些顶尖的成功人士不是成功了才设定目标,而是设定了目标才成功。l一次做好一件事著名的效率提升大师博思.崔西有一个著名的论断:“一次做好一件事的人比同时涉猎多个领域的人要好得多。”富兰克林将自己一生的成就归功于对“在一定时期内不遗余力地做一件事”这一信条的实践。l培养重点思维从重点问题突破,是高效能人士思考的一项重要习惯。如果一个人没有重点地思考,就等于无主要目标,做事的效率必然会十分低下。相反,如果他抓住了主要矛盾,解决问题就变得容易多了。Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahFl发现问题关键在许多领导者看来,高效能人士应当具备的最重要的能力就是发现问题关键能力,因为这是通向问题解决的必经之路。正如微软总裁兼首席软件设计师比尔。盖茨所説:“通向最高管理层的最迅捷的途径,是主动承担别人都不愿意接手的工作,并在其中展示你出众的创造力和解决问题的能力。”l把问题想透彻把问题想透彻,是一种很好的思维品质。只要把问题想透彻了,才能找到问题到底是什么,才能找到解决问题最有效的手段。l不找借口美国成功学家格兰特纳说过这样的话:“如果你有为自己系鞋带的能力,你就有上天摘星星的机会!”一个人对待生活和工作是否负责是决定他能否成功的关键。一名高效能人士不会到处为自己找借口,开脱责任;相反,无伦出现什么情况,他都会自觉主动地将自己的任务执行到底。l要事第一创设遍及全美的事务公司的亨瑞。杜哈提说,不论他出多小钱的薪水,都不可能找到一个具有两种能力的人。这两种能力是:第一,能思想;第二,能按事情的重要程度来做事。因此,在工作中,如果我们不能选择正确的事情去做,那么唯一正确的事情就是停止手头上的事情,直到发现正确的事情为止。l运用20/80法则二八法则向人们揭示了这样一个真理,即投入与产出、努力与收获、原因和结果之间,普遍存在着不平衡关系。小部分的努力,可以获得大的收获;起关键作用的小部分,通常就能主宰整个组织的产出、盈亏和成败。l合理利用零碎时间Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF所谓零碎时间,是指不构成连续的时间或一个事务与另一事务衔接时的空余时间。这样的时间往往被人们毫不在乎地忽略过去,零碎时间虽短,但倘若一日、一月、一年地不断积累起来,其总和将是相当可观的。凡事在事业上有所成就的人,几乎都是能有效地利用零碎时间的人。l习惯10、废除拖延对于一名高效能人士来説,拖延是最具破坏性的,它是一种最危险的恶习,它使人丧失进取心。一旦开始遇事推托,就很容易再次拖延,直到变成一种根深崹蒂固的习惯。l习惯11、向竞争对手学习一位知名的企业家曾经说过,“对手是一面镜子,可以照见自己的缺陷。如果没有了对手,缺陷也不会自动消失。对手,可以让你时刻提醒自己:没有最好的,只有更好。”l习惯12、善于借助他人力量年轻人要成就一番事业,养成良好的合作习惯是不可少的,尤其是在现代职场中,靠个人单打独斗的时代已经过去了,只有同别人展开良好的合作,才会使你的事业更加顺风顺水。如果你要成为一名高效能的职场人士,就应当养成善于借助他人力量的好习惯。l习惯13、换位思考在人际的相处和沟通里,“换位思考”扮演着相当重要的角色。用“换位思考”指导人的交往,就是让我们能够站在他人的立场上,设身处地理解他人的情绪,感同身受地明白及体会身边人的处境及感受,并且尽可能地回应其需要。l树立团队精神Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF一个真正的高效能人士,是不会依仗自己业务能力比别人更优秀而傲慢地拒绝合作,或者合作时不积极,倾向于一个人孤军奋战。他明白在一个企业中,只有团队成功,个人才能成功。l善于休息休息可以使一个人的大脑恢复活力,提高一个人的工作效能。身处激烈的竞争之中,每一个人如上紧发条的钟表.因此,一名高效能人士应当注意工作中的调节与休息,这不但于自己健康有益,对事业也是大有好处的。l及时改正错误一名高效能人士要善于从批评中找到进步的动力.批评通常分为两类,有价值的评价或是无理的责难.不管怎样,坦然面对批评,并且从中找寻有价值、可参考的成分,进而学习、改进、你将获得意想不到的成功。l责任重于一切著名管理大师德鲁克认为,责任是一名高效能工作者的工作宣言.在这份工作宣言里,你首先表明的是你的工作态度:你要以高度的责任感对待你的工作,不懈怠你的工作、对于工作中出现的问题能敢于承担.这是保证你的任务能够有效完成的基本条件。l不断学习一个人,如果每天都能提高1%,就没有什么能阻挡他抵达成功.成功与失败的距离其实并不遥远,很多时候,它们之间的区别就在于你是否每天都在提高你自己;如果你不坚持每天进步1%的话,你就不可能成为一名高效能人士.l让工作变得简单简单一些,不是要你把事情推给别人或是逃避责任,而是当你焦点集中很清楚自己该做那些事情时,自然就能花更小的力气,得到更好的结果.Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahFl重在执行执行力是决定一个企业成败的关键,同时也是衡量一个人做事是否高效的重要标准.l只做适合自己的事找到合适自己的事,并积极地发挥专长,成为行业的能手,是高效能人士应当努力追求的一个目标.l把握关键细节精细化管理时代已经到来,一个人要成为一名高效能人士,必须养成重视细节的习惯.做好小事情既是一种认真的工作态度,也是一种科学的工作精神.一个连小事都做不好的人,绝不可能成为一名高效能人士.l不为小事困扰我们通常都能够面对生活中出现的危机,但却常常被一些小事搞得垂头丧气,整天心情不快,精神忧闷紧张。一名高效能人士应当及时摆脱小事困扰,积极地面对工作和生活。l专注目标美国明尼苏达矿业制造公司(3M)的口号是:写出两个以上的目标就等于没有目标.这句话不仅适用于公司经营,对个人工作也有指导作用。l有效沟通人与人之间的交往需要沟通,在公司,无论是员工于员工员工于上司员工与客户之间都需要沟通.良好的沟通能力是工作中不可缺小的,一个高效能人士绝不会是一个性格孤僻的人,相反他应当是一个能设身处地为别人着想充分理解对方能够与他人进行桌有成效的沟通的人。l及时化解人际关系矛盾Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF与人际交往是一种艺术,如果你曾为办公室人际关系的难题而苦恼,无法忍受主管的反复无常,看不惯主管的假公济私,那么你要尝试学习如何与不同的人相处,提高自己化解人际矛盾的能力。l积极倾听西方有句谚语说:“上帝给我们两只耳朵,却只给了一张嘴巴。”其用意也是要我们小説多听。善于倾听,是一个高效能人士的一项最基本的素质。l保持身体健康充沛的体力和精力是成就伟大事业的先决条件。保持身体健康,远离亚健康是每一名高效能人士必须遵守的铁律。l杜绝坏的生活习惯习惯有好有坏。好的习惯是你的朋友,他会帮助你成功。一位哲人曾经説过:“好习惯是一个人在社交场合中所能穿着最佳服饰。”而坏习惯则是你的敌人,他只会让你难堪、丢丑、添麻烦、损坏健康或事业失败。l释放自己的忧虑孤独和忧虑是现代人的通病。在纷繁复杂的现代社会,只有保持内心平静的人,才能保证身体健康和高效能的工作。l合理应对压力身体是革命的本钱,状态是成功的基础。健康,尤其是心理健康,已成为职场人士和企业持续发展的必备保障。学会正确地应对压力就成了高效能人士必备的一项习惯。l掌握工作与生活的平衡Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF真正的高效能人士都不是工作狂,他们善于掌握工作与生活平衡。工作压力会给我们的工作带来种种不良的影响,形成工作狂或者完美主义等错误的工作习惯,这会大大地降低一个人的工作绩效。l及时和同事及上下级交流工作正确处理自己与上下级各类同事的关系,及时和同事、上下级交流工作,是高效能人士的一项重要习惯。做到上下逢源,正确处理“对上沟通”,与同事保持良好的互动交流是我们提高工作效能的一个关键。l注重准备工作一个善于做准备的人,是距离成功最近的人。一个缺乏准备的员工一定是一个差错不断的人,纵然有超强的能力,千载难逢的机会,也不能保证获得成功。l守时如果你想成为一名真正的高效能人士,就必须认清时间的价值,认真计划,准时做每一件事。这是每一个人只要肯做就能做到的,也是一个人走向成功的必由之路。l高效地搜集并消化信息当今世界是一个以大量资讯作为基础来开展工作的社会。在商业竞争中,对市场信息尤其是市场关键信息把握的及时性与准确性,对竞争的成败有着特殊的意义。一个高效能人士应当对事物保持敏感,这样才能在工作中赢得主动。l注重完善自己的人际关系网人际能力在一个人的成功中扮演着重要的角色。成功学专家拿破仑.希尔曾对一些成功人士做过专门的调查。结果发现,大家认同的杰出人物,其核心能力并不是他的专业优势,相反,出色的人际策略却是他们成功的关键。l历练说话技巧Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF有人说:“眼睛可以容纳一个美丽的世界,而嘴巴则能描绘一个精彩的世界。”法国大作家雨果也说:“语言就是力量。”的确,精妙、高超的语言艺术魅力非凡,世界上欧美等发达国家把“舌头、金钱、电脑”并列为三大法宝,口才披公认为现代职场人士必备素质之一。一名高效能人士的好口才加上礼仪礼节,往往可以为自己的工作锦上添花,如果我们能够巧妙运用语言艺术,对协调人际关系、提高工作效能都将大有裨益。l善于集思广益、博采众议一件事物往往存在着多个方面,要想全面、客观地了解一个事物,必须兼听各方面的意见,只有集思广益,博采众长,才能了解一件事情的本来面目,才能采取最佳的处理方法。因此,一名高效能人士要时常以“兼听则明,偏听则暗”的谏言提醒自己,多方地听取他人的意见,以确保自己能够做出正确的决定。l善于授权善于授权,举重若轻才是管理者正确的工作方式:举轻若重,事必躬亲只会让自己越陷越深,把自己的时间和精力浪费于许多毫无价值的决定上面。l制订却实可行的计划许多成功人士的成功经验告诉我们,认真的做一份计划不但不会约束我们,还可以让我们的工作做得更好。当然,同许多其他重要的事情一样,执行计划并不是一件简单容易的事。如果你约束自我,实现了自己制定的计划,你就一定会成为一个卓有成效的高效能人士。l经常和成功人士在一起心理学研究表明,环境可以让一个人产生特定的思维习惯,甚至是行为习惯。环境能够改变我们的思维与行为习惯,直接影响到我们的工作效能与生活。和成功人士在一起,有助于我们在身边形成一个“成功”Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF的氛围,在这个氛围中我们可以向身边的成功的人士学习正确的思维方法,感受他们的热情,了解并掌握他们处理问题的方法。l有效决策一个好的决策思想,不是限期完成的,而是在反复思考、不断推敲的过程中,在相关事物或其他活动中受启发顿悟而产生和迸发出来的。一个高效的决策者的价值在于“做正确的事”,同时帮助各管理层的主管“把事情做正确”,把决策落实。l遇到困难找方法一个高效能人士,是最重视找方法的人。他们相信凡事都会有方法解决,而且是总有更好的方法。l不被琐务缠身高效能人士不会被太多的琐务缠身。其含义主要是说高效能人士要充分重视时间的价值,不浪费时间会做那些不值得去做的事情。l及时走出失败高效能人士不会让自己永远徘徊在失败的阴影之下。相反他们总是把所有的“失败”都看作“尚未成功”在遭遇一次次失败的时候,他们会始终以一种积极的心态来面对。不论多么困难,他们都要鼓励自己再试一次。l保持一颗平常心无伦做事还是做人,除了要善于抓住时机,懂得运用必要的技巧之外,还需要保持一颗平常人的心态。这种平常心,对于一名高效能人士来讲,是十分重要的。l给人留下好的第一印象外表漂亮的人更受人欢迎,更容易获得他人的青睐,这就是“光环效应”Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF的作用。一个人的某一品质被认为是好的,他就被一种积极的光环所笼罩,从而也被赋予其他好的品质;如果一个人的某一品质被认为是坏的,他就被一种消极的光环所笼罩,并被赋予其他不好的品质。l拥有双赢思维对于职场人士来讲,这种双赢的本质是有感染力的。如果你在工作中是一个人心胸开阔、乐于帮助别人成功和愿意与他人分享荣誉的人的话,那么你就不愁没有朋友。如果你的周围充满了对你的成功感兴趣而又希望你成功的人,你在工作中就会充满与别人合作的热情。这对你工作绩效的提高很有帮助。l追求绰约,超越自我追求完美不仅是一种重要的工作态度,也是一种重要的生活标准,是我们工作效能和生活质量的重要保证。一个满足于现状、不思进取的人永远也无法成为一名高效能人士。Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagrapSelection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPointselection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoction.ParagraphFormat.LineSpacingLinesToPoints(2)Selection.ParagraphFaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahF