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'ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—324Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCEResearchonRelationshipsbetweenaDriver’sTrafficSafetyConsciousnessesandOccurrenceofTrafficAccidentsinRuralAreasofChina11234Li-zengMAO,YuMENG,LirenDUAN,EnrongMAO,JiangangGAO1.CivilandEnvironmentEngineeringSchoolUniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,Beijing,China;PH13661384597;email:maolizeng@163.com2.SchoolofInformation,Chang’anUniversity,Xi’an,China;PH13901002260;email:duanliren@263.net.cn3.CollegeofEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing,China;PH13501288688;email:gxy15@cau.edu.cn4.ResearchInstituteofHighwayMinistryofCommunications,Beijing,China;PH15711113241;email:jg.gao@rioh.cnABSTRACTInthisstudy,500ruralvehicledriversinChinawillbeclustersampledandsurveyedbasedonconsciousnessofdriversandtheoccurrenceoftrafficaccidents.Basedontheresearchinthisarticle,thestatisticalmethodologiesofthet-testandANOVAwillbeappliedtodeterminethedemographicfactorsanddrivingskillrelatedfactorsthatcontributestoadriver’strafficsafetyconsciousness.Thepurposeofthisarticleistoacquiretheassociationbetweenadriver’strafficbehaviorandoccurrencerateofatrafficaccident.Theanalysisofrelativityondrivingexperience（F=0.538，P=0.044）,educationallevel（F=5.257，P=0.010）anddrivingskillacquisitionapproach（F=12.329，P≈0.000）showsthattherearesignificantdifferencesamongsamplegroups(P<0.05).WiththeriseofTrafficSafetyConsciousness(TSC),thesafetylevelofthetrafficbehaviorincreasesgradually,meaninglessoccurrencerateoftrafficaccidents.Theconclusionshowsthattheconsciousnessaffectsadriver’strafficbehaviorindirectly,whilethetrafficbehaviorresultsinthetrafficaccidentdirectly.Acombinationofeducationandimprovementinroadtrafficsafetyfacilitiescanhelpguideandstandardizedrivingbehaviorforcomprehensivemanagementoftrafficaccidentsinruralareas.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftheeconomy,motorvehiclepopulationhasincreasedandtrafficinjuryhasbecomeoneofthebiggestpublichealthconcernsinruralareasofChina.Trafficfatalitiesinruralareasreachedmorethan60,000in2009,about73.82%oftotalfatalitiesinChina.JiaCunxianandFangLe(2005)suggestedthattrafficaccidentsarethebiggestcauseofaccidentcasualtiesandaretheheaviesteconomicburden.Motorvehicledriversareresponsibleformorethan90%trafficaccidents.TrafficSafetyConsciousness(TSC)andbehaviormayaffect ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—325Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCEtrafficaccidentsdirectlyorindirectly.StudiesonassociationbetweenTSCandtheoccurrenceoftrafficaccidentsprovidetheoreticalandtechnicalsupportfordevelopingsafetyimprovementprojectsthataimtowardsreducingcrashesattheselocations.1.OBJECTSANDMETHODOLOGYTheempiricalsettingforthisresearchtotakeplacewouldbetheregionsoffourcitiesofNanning,Guiyang,ChangshaandJiaozuo.Also3or4townsfrom12countrieswerechosenasthesurveyplaces.500vehicledriversdistributedinthefourchosenregionswereinvestigated.Questionnairesandformswereprogrammedbytechnologyresearchteamsofruralroadtrafficsafety.Thefieldinvestiagionlastedforamonth,from1staugustto31staugust,in2008.Afterexcludingandselectingacertainfew,435outofthe500sampleswerechosenforanalysis.Thedistributionwas106samplesinNanning,89samplesinGuiyang,100samplesinChangshaand140samplesinJiaozuo.Theresponseratewas87.00%.SPSS13.0waschosenastheanalysissoftware.Basedontheinvestigation,thet-testandANOVAwereappliedfortwo-simpleandmultiple-simplemeansignificanttests,whereP=0.05wastakenasthestandardtest.Table1isthecorrespondencebetweentestmethodsanditems.Table1.thecorrespondencebetweentestmethodsanditems.TestmethodologyTestitemst-testAssociationbetweendriver’sgenderandTSCAssociationbetweendriver’sage,educationallevel,drivingexperience,drivingskillacquisitionapproachandTSC.ANOVAAssociationbetweentrafficbehaviorandTSC.Associationbetweenleveloftrafficbehaviorsafetyandtrafficaccidentrate.2．RESULTS2.1VARIABLEDESCRIPTIONThesituationofdriver’strafficsafetyconsciousness,safetylevelofdriver’strafficbehaviorandtrafficaccidentratearerepresentedbycomprehensivescoreswhicharecountedaccordingtotheitemsinthequestionnaire.Thehigherthescoremeanis,thebetterthesituationis.ThefollowingshowsthedifferenttypeoffactorsthataffectTSC:demographicfactorsandfactorsrelatedtodrivingskill.Inaddition,theTSCeffectsontrafficaccidentshappeningwillalsodiscussed.2.2DEMOGRAPHICFACTORS(1)Gender.Thestatisticalresultsshowthatthecomprehensivescoremeans(CSM)ofTSCinmaleresponders(5.91)arelowerthanthefemaleresponders ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—326Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCE(6.05).However,onat-testforgenderfactor,theFhasavalueof0.538withsignificanceof0.464.Theresultsillustratethattherewasnosignificantdifferenceintheperceptionsoffemaleandmalerespondent’sviewinTSC(p>0.05),asshowintable2.Therefore,genderisnotakeyfactortoadriver’sTSC.Table2.Associationbetweengenderanddriver’sTSC.genderNMeanStd.DeviationStd.ErrorMeanMale3255.9081.7780.098TSCFemale1106.0461.7150.164t-testF=0.538P=0.464(2)Age.OnaANOVAoftheagefactortoadriver’sTSC,theFhasavalueof1.819withsignificanceof0.124.Theresultsillustratethattherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweendriversatdifferentages(P>0.05),asshowintable3.Thismeansthattheageisalsonotakeyfactortodriver’sTSC.(3)Educationallevel.Intermsofeducation,driverswithjuniorcollegediplomaorabovehaveaCSMof6.59,thegroupwithhighestscore.DriverswhohavecompletedhighschoolhaveaCSMof6.18.Driverswhocompletedmiddleschoolhaveameanof6.07.Driverswhocompletedprimaryandbelowhavethemeanof5.20.ThehighereducationbackgroundmeansthebetterTSC(seefigure1(a)).Table3.ANOVAofagefactorstodriver’sTSC.SumofsquaresdfMeansquareFSig.Betweengroups22.40145.6001.8190.124Withingroups1327.1664313.079total1349.567435OnaANOVAoftheeducationallevelfactortoadriver’sTSC,theFhasavalueof5.257withsignificanceof0.01.Theresultsillustratethattherewasasignificantdifferencebetweendifferenteducationbackgroundsdriver’swithregardtoTSC(p<0.05),asshowintable4.Table4.ANOVAofeducationallevelfactortodriver’sTSC.SumofsquaresdfMeansquareFSig.Betweengroups47.531315.8445.2570.001Withingroups1302.0354323.041total1349.5674352.3DRIVINGSKILLRELATEDFACTORS(1)Drivingexperience.Intermsofdrivingexperience,driverswithmorethan20yearsdrivingexperiencehaveaCSMof6.05.Driverswithlessthan1yearexperiencehaveaCSMof5.42,thelowestlevelofTSC.Theresultsillustratethattherewasasignificantdifferenceintheperceptionsoffemaleandmalerespondents’viewofTSC(F=0.538,p=0.044<0.05),asshowintable5.Therefore,drivingexperienceisthekeyfactortoadriver’sTSC. ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—327Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCETable5.ANOVAofdriverexperiencetodriver’sTSC.SumofsquaresdfMeansquareFSig.Betweengroups35.19957.0402.3030.044Withingroups1314.3674303.057total1349.567435(2)Drivingskillacquisitionapproach.DriversinruralareasofChinamainlyhavefourapproachestoacquiredrivingskills.Thesefourapproachesaretrainingindrivingschool,trainingintroops,trainingbyfriendsandself-learning.Thedriversthatacquiredrivingskillsfromself-learninghaveaCSMof4.70,whiledriversthatacquiretheirskillsbytrainingindrivingschoolhaveaCSMof6.90(seefigure1(b)).Therefore,thedriverstrainingindrivingschoolcanimproveTSC.TheresultsillustratethattherewasasignificantdifferencebetweendifferentdrivingskillacquisitionapproachwithregardstoTSC(p<0.05)(seetable6).Table6.ANOVAofdrivingskillacquisitionapproachtodriver’sTSC.SumofsquaresdfMeansquareFSig.Betweengroups138.567434.64212.3290.000Withingroups1211.0004312.810total1349.567435(a)(b)Fig1.AssociationbetweenEducation,ApproachandTSC.2.4THEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTSCANDTRAFFICCRASHRATEDriver’sTSCwillaffectadriver’sbehaviorwhichcausestrafficaccidentsdirectlyundersomeconditions.Therefore,theassociationbetweenTSCandtrafficaccidentratecanbeanalyzedbytwosteps.TheassociationbetweenTSCandadriver’sbehaviorwasanalyzedfirst,thentheassociationbetweenadriver’sbehaviorandtrafficaccidentratewasanalyzed.Theresultsshowthatthehighercomprehensivescoreofadriver’sTSCmeansthehigherleveloftrafficdriverbehavior(seefigure2(a)).OnaANOVAofadriver’sTSCeffecttoadriver’strafficbehavior,theFhas ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—328Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCEavalueof1.879withsignificanceof0.043.TheresultsillustratethattherewasasignificantdifferencebetweenadriveratdifferentTSClevelwithregardstotrafficbehavior(p<0.05),asshowintable7.Table7.ANOVAofdriver’sTSCtotrafficbehavior.SumofSquaresdfMeanSquareFSig.BetweenGroups16.61991.8471.879.043WithinGroups418.7094260.983Total435.328435Bythesameanalysismethod,theresultsshowthatthehigherleveloftrafficsafetybehaviormeansthelowertrafficaccidentrate(seefigure2(b)).(a)(b)Fig2.AssociationbetweenTSC,trafficbehaviorswithtrafficaccidentrate.OnaANOVAofadriver’strafficbehaviorinfluencestrafficaccidentrate,theFhasavalueof8.062withsignificanceoflessthan0.01.Theresultsillustratethattherewasasignificantdifferencebetweendriveratdifferenttrafficsafetybehaviorlevelwithregardstotrafficaccidentrate(p<0.05),asshowintable7.Table7.ANOVAofdriver’strafficsafetybehaviortotrafficaccidentrate.SumofSquaresdfMeanSquareFSig.BetweenGroups239.430829.9298.062.000WithinGroups1585.1274273.712Totals1824.5574353.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSThecontradictionbetweenrapiddevelopmentofruralroadsandlowTSCofpeoplewholiveinruralareasisthemainreasonwhytherearetrafficsafetyproblems(GAOJiangang,2008).Therefore,itisveryimportanttoanalyzemainfactorsthatrelatetodriver’sTSC.Basedontheanalysisofdemographicfactorsanddrivingskillrelatedfactors, ICCTP2010:IntegratedTransportationSystems—329Green•Intelligent•Reliable©2010ASCEtheresultsshowthattheeducationlevel,drivingexperienceanddrivingskillacquisitionapproacharethetop3heaviestfactorsthataffectTSCofdriversinruralareas.Thedifferencebetweensimplegroupsissignificant.Thedriverswithloweducationallevel,lackofdrivingexperienceandself-taughtdrivingskillsshowlowleveloftrafficsafetybehaviorandhigherprobabilityofatrafficaccident,whichshowsthesameconclusionwithMao,2008.ItalsoindicatesaserioussituationoftrafficsafetywilllastforalongtimeinruralareasofChina.Inruralareas,morethan50%drivershaveapooreducationallevel,over20%ofthedriverslackdrivingexperienceandabout30%driversacquiredrivingskillsbyself-learningThesituationwillnotchangealotinthenextdecadefortheeconomicconditionandtrafficenvironment.Hence,othermethodsshouldbeconsideredtoimproveadriver’sTSCandbehavior.Thecausesofadriver’sTSCandbehaviorcanbedividedintointernalandexternalcauses.Demographicfactorsanddrivingskillrelatedfactorsaretheinternalcauseswhileroadtrafficenvironmentistheexternalcause.Comparingwithinternalcauses,it’smoreviabletoreinforcethepressntexternalcausesbecauseit’sratherdifficulttoimprovedriver’sTSCandbehaviorbyeducation,propaganda,punishment,reciprocation,etc.Therefore,cost-effectivetrafficequipmentmustbedevelopedforaruralroadtoreduceseriousinjuriesandfatalities.Acombinationofeducationandimprovementinroadtrafficsafetyfacilitiescanhelpguideandstandardizedrivingbehaviorforcomprehensivemanagementoftrafficaccidentsinruralareas.REFERENCESMinistryofPublicSecurityPublicSecurityTrafficManagementBureau,roadtrafficaccidentstatisticscompiledofP.R.C.[M].MinistryofPublicSecurityPublicSecurityTrafficManagementBureau.2007JIACunxian,FANGLe,etc.EpidemiologicalsurveyofruralresidentsinaccidentinJinan,ChinaPublicHealthJournal.April.2005GAOJiangangetc.Analysisofroadtrafficsafetycontradictionsinruralarea,RoadJournal[J],2008.6.No6.MaoLizeng,DuanLiren,MaoEnrong.AnalysisoftrafficaccidentandeffectfactorofvehicledriversinruralareainGuangxi.ChinaHealthStatisticJournal.2008.Vol25.N3.SHIJianjun,ZhuLili,ZhangShuanghong.EffectofTrafficBehaviorConsciousnessonBehaviorControl,ChinaSafetyScienceJournal,May,2009'