建设项目环境风险评价技术导则

' 建设项目环境风险评价技术导则HJ/T169－2004国家环境保护总局2004－12－11发布　　2004－12－11实施 前言 为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》、《建设项目环境管理条例》以及《环境影响评价技术导则》，将建设项目环境风险评价纳入环境影响评价管理范畴，从而有利于项目建设全过程风险管理，并提高环境风险评价工作及审查工作的质量和效率，使其达到法制化、规范化和标准化的要求，特制定本规范。本规范是根据国家有关环境影响评价的法规和标准，以及危险化学品安全管理与安全评价有关法律法规以及标准制定的，是作为环境影响评价单位进行环境风险评价时使用的技术规范。本规范的附录A为规范性附录，附录B为资料性附录。本规范由国家环境保护总局环境影响评价管理司提出，由国家环保总局环境工程评估中心负责起草，由国家环境保护总局科技标准司归口。本规范由国家环保总局2004年12月11日批准，2004年12月11日实施。本规范由国家环境保护总局负责解释。  1范围　　本规范规定了建设项目环境风险评价的目的、基本原则、内容、程序和方法。本规范适用于涉及有毒有害和易燃易爆物质的生产、使用、贮运等的新建、改建、扩建和技术改造项目（不包括核建设项目）的环境风险评价。新建、改建、扩建和技术改造项目主要系指国家环境保护总局颁布的《建设项目环境保护管理名录》中的化学原料及化学品制造、石油和天然气开采与炼制、信息化学品制造、化学纤维制造、有色金属冶炼加工、采掘业、建材等新建、改建、扩建和技术改造项目。　　本技术导则作为建设项目环境影响报告书环境风险评价篇章的编制与审核的技术依据。 2规范性引用文件下列文件中所含的条款通过本规范的引用即构成本规范的条文，与本导则同效。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本导则。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本导则。HJ/T2.1　　环境影响评价技术导则总纲enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection HJ/T2.2　　环境影响评价技术导则大气环境HJ/T2.3　　环境影响评价技术导则地面水环境GB/T19485海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则GB3095　　环境空气质量标准GB3838　　地表水环境质量标准GB/T14848地下水质量标准GB3097　　海水水质标准GB11607　　渔业水质标准GB15618　　土壤环境质量标准GB18218　　重大危险源辨识GBZ2　　工业场所有害因素职业接触限值GB50844职业性接触毒物危害程度分级TJ36-79工业企业设计卫生标准（居住区大气中有害物质最高允许浓度）GB5083　　生产设备安全卫生设计总则GBZ1　　工业企业设计卫生标准GB12801生产过程安全卫生要求总则 3术语和定义　　下列术语和定义适用于本标准。3.1环境风险环境风险是指突发性事故对环境（或健康）的危害程度，用风险值R表征，其定义为事故发生概率P与事故造成的环境（或健康）后果C的乘积，用R表示，即：R[危害/单位时间]=P[事故/单位时间]×C[危害/事故]3.2建设项目环境风险评价　　对建设项目建设和运行期间发生的可预测突发性事件或事故（一般不包括人为破坏及自然灾害）引起有毒有害、易燃易爆等物质泄漏，或突发事件产生的新的有毒有害物质，所造成的对人身安全与环境的影响和损害，进行评估，提出防范、应急与减缓措施。3.3最大可信事故在所有预测的概率不为零的事故中，对环境（或健康）危害最严重的重大事故。3.4重大事故　　指导致有毒有害物泄漏的火灾、爆炸和有毒有害物泄漏事故，给公众带来严重危害，对环境造成严重污染。enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 3.5危险物质　　一种物质或若干物质的混合物，由于它的化学、物理或毒性，使其具有导致火灾、爆炸或中毒的危险。3.6功能单元　　至少应包括一个（套）危险物质的主要生产装置、设施（贮存容器、管道等）及环保处理设施，或同属一个工厂且边缘距离小于500m的几个（套）生产装置、设施。每一个功能单元要有边界和特定的功能，在泄漏事故中能有与其它单元分割开的地方。3.7重大危险源长期或短期生产、加工、运输、使用或贮存危险物质，且危险物质的数量等于或超过临界量的功能单元。3.8临界量对于某种或某类危险物质规定的数量，若功能单元中物质数量等于或超过该数量，则该功能单元定为重大危险源。3.9池火可燃液体泄漏后流到地面形成液池，或流到水面并覆盖水面，遇到火源燃烧而形成池火。3.10喷射火加压的可燃物质泄漏时形成射流，在泄漏口处点燃，由此形成喷射火。3.11火球和气爆由于火种作用于容器，过热的容器导致低温可燃液体沸腾，使容器的内压加大，致使容器外壳强度减弱，直至爆炸，内容物释放并被点燃，形成火球。3.12突发火泄漏的可燃气体、液体蒸发的蒸汽在空气中扩散，遇到火源发生突然燃烧而没有爆炸，不造成冲击波损害，但弥散气雾的延迟燃烧造成伤害。　　3.13化学爆炸物质由于化学结构发生根本性变化，在瞬间放出大量能量并对外作功，引起的爆炸。分散的可燃性蒸气的突然或缓慢燃烧形成的气雾爆炸；在有限空间内混合可燃气体爆炸；反应失控或其他工艺反常所造成压力容器爆炸；不稳定的固体或液体爆炸，均属化学爆炸。3.14急性中毒发生在短时间毒物高浓度情况下，引起人体机体发生某种损伤。刺激：毒物影响呼吸系统、皮肤、眼睛。麻醉：毒物影响人们的神经反射系统，使人反应迟钝。窒息：因毒物使人体缺氧，身体氧化作用受损的病理状态。3.15慢性中毒　　在较长时间接触低浓度毒物，引起人体机体发生某种损伤。 4总则enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 4.1环境风险评价的目的和重点环境风险评价的目的是分析和预测建设项目存在的潜在危险、有害因素，建设项目建设和运行期间可能发生的突发性事件或事故（一般不包括人为破坏及自然灾害），引起有毒有害和易燃易爆等物质泄漏，所造成的人身安全与环境影响和损害程度，提出合理可行的防范、应急与减缓措施，以使建设项目事故率、损失和环境影响达到可接受水平。环境风险评价应把事故引起厂(场)界外人群的伤害、环境质量的恶化及对生态系统影响的预测和防护作为评价工作重点。环境风险评价在条件允许的情况下，可利用安全评价数据开展环境风险评价。环境风险评价与安全评价的主要区别是：环境风险评价关注点是事故对厂（场）界外环境的影响。4.2评价工作等级4.2.1根据评价项目的物质危险性和功能单元重大危险源判定结果，以及环境敏感程度等因素，将环境风险评价工作划分为一、二级。4.2.2经过对建设项目的初步工程分析，选择生产、加工、运输、使用或贮存中涉及的1--3个主要化学品，按附录A.1，进行物质危险性判定。4.2.2.1凡符合附录A.1有毒物质判定标准序号为1、2的物质，属于剧毒物质；符合有毒物质判定标准序号3的属于一般毒物。4.2.2.2凡符合附录A.1易燃物质和爆炸性物质标准的物质，均视为火灾、爆炸危险物质。4.2.2.3敏感区系指《建设项目管理名录》中规定的需特殊保护地区、生态敏感与脆弱区及社会关注区。具体敏感区应根据建设项目和危险物质涉及的环境确定。4.2.3根据建设项目初步工程分析，划分功能单元。凡生产、加工、运输、使用或贮存危险性物质，且危险性物质的数量等于或超过临界量的功能单元，定为重大危险源。危险物名称及临界量见附录A.1。4.2.31评价工作级别，按表1划分。  4.2.3.2一级评价应按本标准对事故影响进行定量预测，说明影响范围和程度，提出防范、减缓和应急措施。4.2.3.3二级评价可参照本标准进行风险识别、源项分析和对事故影响进行简要分析，提出防范、减缓和应急措施。enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 4.3评价工作程序见图1。 enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 图1环境风险评价流程框图 4.4评价的基本内容　　(1)风险识别　　(2)源项分析(3)后果计算　　(4)风险计算和评价　　(5)风险管理二级评价可选择风险识别、最大可信事故及源项、风险管理及减缓风险措施等项，enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 进行评价。4.5评价范围　　对危险化学品按其伤害阈和GBZ2工业场所有害因素职业接触限值及敏感区位置，确定影响评价范围。大气环境影响一级评价范围，距离源点不低于5公里；二级评价范围，距离源点不低于3公里范围。地面水和海洋评价范围按《环境影响评价技术导则地面水环境》规定执行。 5风险识别5.1风险识别的范围和类型5.1.1风险识别范围包括生产设施风险识别和生产过程所涉及的物质风险识别。5.1.1.1生产设施风险识别范围：主要生产装置、贮运系统、公用工程系统、工程环保设施及辅助生产设施等；5.1.1.2物质风险识别范围：主要原材料及辅助材料、燃料、中间产品、最终产品以及生产过程排放的“三废”污染物等。5.1.2风险类型：根据有毒有害物质放散起因，分为火灾、爆炸和泄漏三种类型。5.2风险识别内容5.2.1资料收集和准备5.2.1.1建设项目工程资料：可行性研究、工程设计资料、建设项目安全评价资料、安全管理体制及事故应急预案资料。5.2.1.2环境资料：利用环境影响报告书中有关厂址周边环境和区域环境资料，重点收集人口分布资料。5.2.1.3事故资料：国内外同行业事故统计分析及典型事故案例资料。5.2.2物质危险性识别按附录A.1对项目所涉及的有毒有害、易燃易爆物质进行危险性识别和综合评价，筛选环境风险评价因子。5.2.3生产过程潜在危险性识别根据建设项目的生产特征，结合物质危险性识别，对项目功能系统划分功能单元，按附录A.1确定潜在的危险单元及重大危险源。 6源项分析6.1分析内容确定最大可信事故的发生概率、危险化学品的泄漏量。6.2分析方法定性分析方法：类比法，加权法和因素图分析法（参见附录B）。定量分析法：概率法和指数法（参见附录B）。6.3最大可信事故概率确定方法事件树、事故树分析法或类比法（参见附录B）。6.4危险化学品的泄漏量6.4.1确定泄漏时间，估算泄漏速率。6.4.2泄漏量计算包括液体泄漏速率、气体泄漏速率、两相流泄漏、泄漏液体蒸发量计算，计算方法见附录A.2。 7后果计算7.1有毒有害物质在大气中的扩散enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 7.1.1有毒有害物质在大气中的扩散，采用多烟团模式或分段烟羽模式、重气体扩散模式等计算。按一年气象资料逐时滑移或按天气取样规范取样，计算各网格点和关心点浓度值，然后对浓度值由小到大排序，取其累积概率水平为95%的值，作为各网格点和关心点的浓度代表值进行评价。7.1.2多烟团模式在事故后果评价中采用下列烟团公式：　　（7.1）式中：C--下风向地面坐标处的空气中污染物浓度（mg.m-3）；--烟团中心坐标；Q--事故期间烟团的排放量；σX、、σy、σz——为X、Y、Z方向的扩散参数（m）。常取σX=σy对于瞬时或短时间事故，可采用下述变天条件下多烟团模式：（7.2）式中：--第i个烟团在时刻（即第w时段）在点(x,y,0)产生的地面浓度；--烟团排放量（mg），为释放率（mg.s-1），为时段长度（s）；、、--烟团在w时段沿x、y和z方向的等效扩散参数（m），可由下式估算：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（7.3）式中：　　　　（7.4） 和--第w时段结束时第i烟团质心的x和y坐标，由下述两式计算：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(7.5) enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(7.6) 各个烟团对某个关心点t小时的浓度贡献，按下式计算：　　　　　　　　　　　　(7.7)式中n为需要跟踪的烟团数，可由下式确定：　　　　　　　　　　(7.8)式中，f为小于1的系数，可根据计算要求确定。7.1.3分段烟羽模式当事故排放源项持续时间较长时（几小时至几天），可采用高斯烟羽公式计算，：（7.9）式中，C--位于S(0,0,Zs)的点源在接受点r(xr,yr,zr)产生的浓度。短期扩散因子（C/Q）可表示为：式中：Q--污染物释放率；--烟羽抬升高度；、--下风距离处的水平风向扩散参数和垂直方向扩散参数，扩散参数按(7.4)计算。7.1.4重气体扩散模式重气体扩散采用Cox和Carpenter稠密气体扩散模式，计算稳定连续释放和瞬时释放后不同时间时的气团扩散。气团扩散按下式计算：在重力作用下的扩散：　　　　　　　　　　　　(7.11)在空气的夹卷作用下扩散：(从烟雾的四周夹卷)　　　　　　(7.12)(从烟雾的顶部夹卷)　　　　　　（7.13）enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 式中：R--瞬间泄漏的烟云形成半径；h--圆柱体的高；--边缘夹卷系数，取0.6；a--顶部夹卷系数，取0.1；u1--风速，m/s；K--试验值，一般取1；Ri--Richardon数，由下式得出:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(7.15)α--经验常数，取0.1；U1--轴向紊流速度；l--紊流长度；7.2有毒有害物质在水中的扩散7.2.1有毒物质在河流中的扩散预测采用HJ/T2.3推荐的地表水扩散数学模式。7.2.2有毒物质在湖泊中的扩散预测采用HJ/T2.3推荐的湖泊扩散数学模式。7.2.3油在海湾、河口的扩散模式7.2.3.1油（乳化油）的浓度计算模型突发性事故泄露形成的油膜（或油块），在波浪的作用下也会破碎乳化溶于水中，可与事故排放含油污水一样，均按对流扩散方程计算，其基本方程为:　　(7.15)式中：--源强；Δ--三角形有污染面的面积；H--油膜混合的深度；7.2.3.2油膜扩展计算公式突发事故溢油的油膜计算采用P,C,Blokker公式。假设油膜在无风条件下呈圆形扩展，采用下式：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（7.16）式中：Dt—t时刻后油膜的直径，m；D0—油膜初始时刻的直径，m；、—水和石油的比重；　　　　enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection V0—计算的溢油量，m3；K—常数，对中东原油一般取15000/min；t—时间，min；7.2.4有毒有害物在海洋的扩散模式采用《海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则》推荐的模式。　　 8风险计算和评价8.1风险值风险值是风险评价表征量，包括事故的发生概率和事故的危害程度。定义为：　　(8.1)8.2风险评价原则8.2.1大气环境风险评价，首先计算浓度分布，然后按GBZ2《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》规定的短时间接触容许浓度给出该浓度分布范围及在该范围内的人口分布。8.2.2水环境风险评价，以水体中污染物浓度分布、包括面积及污染物质质点轨迹漂移等指标进行分折，浓度分布以对水生生态损害阈作比较。8.2.3对以生态系统损害为特征的事故风险评价，按损害的生态资源的价值进行比较分析，给出损害范围和损害值。8.2.4鉴于目前毒理学研究资料的局限性，风险值计算对急性死亡、非急性死亡的致伤、致残、致畸、致癌等慢性损害后果目前尚不计入。8.3风险计算8.3.1后果综述用图或表综合列出有毒有害物质泄漏后所造成的多种危害后果。8.3.2危害计算8.3.2.1任一毒物泄漏，从吸入途径造成的效应包括：感官刺激或轻度伤害、确定性效应（急性致死）、随机性效应（致癌或非致癌等效致死率）。如前述，这里只考虑急性危害。毒性影响通常采用概率函数形式计算有毒物质从污染源到一定距离能造成死亡或伤害的经验概率的剂量。　　概率Y与接触毒物浓度及接触时间的关系为：式中，At、Bt和n与毒物性质有关；　　D为接触的浓度(kgm-3)；　　te为接触时间(s)；　　Dn.te为毒性负荷。在一个已知点其毒性浓度随着雾团的通过和稀释而变化。鉴于目前许多物质的At、Bt、n参数有限，因此在危害计算中仅选择对有成熟参数的物质按上述计算式进行详细计算。在实际应用中，可用简化分析法，用LC(50)浓度来求毒性影响。若事故发生后下风向某处，化学污染物i的浓度最大值Dimax大于或等于化学污染物i的半致死浓度LCi50，则事故导致评价区内因发生污染物致死确定性效应而致死的人数Ci由下式给出：　　　　　　式中N（Xiln，Yjln）表示浓度超过污染物半致死浓度区域中的人数。enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection 8.3.2.2最大可信事故所有有毒有害物泄漏所致环境危害C，为各种危害Ci总和：8.3.2.3最大可信灾害事故对环境所造成的风险R按下式计算：式中：R--风险值；P--最大可信事故概率(事件数/单位时间)；C--最大可信事故造成的危害(损害/事件)；8.3.3风险评价需要从各功能单元的最大可信事故风险Rj中，选出危害最大的作为本项目的最大可信灾害事故，并以此作为风险可接受水平的分析基础。即：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　8.4风险评价风险可接受分析采用最大可信灾害事故风险值Rmax与同行业可接受风险水平RL比较：则认为本项目的建设，风险水平是可以接受的。则对该项目需要采取降低安全的措施，以达到可接受水平，否则项目的建设是不可接受的。 9风险管理9.1风险防范措施9.1.1选址、总图布置和建筑安全防范措施厂址及周围居民区、环境保护目标设置卫生防护距离，厂区周围工矿企业、车站、码头、交通干道等设置安全防护距离和防火间距。厂区总平面布置符合防范事故要求，有应急救援设施及救援通道、应急疏散及避难所。9.1.2危险化学品贮运安全防范措施对贮存危险化学品数量构成危险源的贮存地点、设施和贮存量提出要求，与环境保护目标和生态敏感目标的距离符合国家有关规定。9.1.3工艺技术设计安全防范措施自动监测、报警、紧急切断及紧急停车系统；防火、防爆、防中毒等事故处理系统；应急救援设施及救援通道；应急疏散通道及避难所。9.1.4自动控制设计安全防范措施有可燃气体、有毒气体检测报警系统和在线分析系统设计方案。9.1.5电气、电讯安全防范措施爆炸危险区域、腐蚀区域划分及防爆、防腐方案。9.1.6消防及火灾报警系统9.1.7紧急救援站或有毒气体防护站设计9.2应急预案应急预案的主要内容见表9： enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection enforcedthermalinsulationstartscheckingsystem,issuedbythethermalinsulationconstructionbeforeyoustarttonotice,transferinspectionofupperandloweroperationandtransferofrecords.Foroutdooroperation,pipelineequipmenttoeffectivelycarryouttheinsulationwaterproofmeasuresfailtoinstallprotectivepanelsinpartwiththreetarpaulincover,topreventinsulationfrommoisture.InsulationseamMichaelJackson5mm,joints,joints>100mm,insulationthicknesstolerance(+10MM~–5mm),appropriatematerialelasticbanding,spacingaccordingtothedesignrequirements,rigidinsulationsoftmaterialsforconstructionjointstight;Andlarge-diameterverticalpipeforhightemperaturepipelineinstrictaccordancewithdesigndrawingscalledfortheestablishmentofexpansionjointsandholdingbracket;Designrequirementsintoaremovabletypeofinsulation,instrictaccordancewithspecificationsdisconnectfromtheotherinsulation;Surfaceinsulationboardsinthetechnologyofplasteringconstructionofwovenclothtopreventpollutionandprotectivepanelsflushwiththesurfaceinterface,tightandclean.Sitemeasurementofinsulationboardsforelbowshapecutting,ensurethateachpieceoflappedtraffic,arctransitionofnatural,beautiful,screwsup.Stampedeoutsideconstructionpersonnelisstrictlyprohibitedandshelveobjectsdirectlyontheoutershield.Inordertopreventthepollution-proneheater,channelareaofsecondarypollutionoflarge-diameterpipesandotherequipment,weavingcloth,anderectionoftheseparationplatformforpreservation.Thermalinsulationconstruction,on-hooktackweldedtotheconsolidatedline,toensureevenlyspaced,andthehooknaileddown...Seenextpageflowchartmanagementprocess.7.2Generalrequirementsforprotectiveproductprotection'