隧道工程项目英语

隧道工程项目英语TableofContents8.1.5tunnel28.1.5.1typeoftunnel28.1.5.1.1classifiedbyconstructionmethod28.1.5.1.2classifiedbyshapeofcross-section28.1.5.2constructionmethod38.1.5.2.1constructionprocedure38.1.5.2.2TBMmethod48.1.5.2.3dillandblast58.1.5.2.4cutandcover7 8.1.5.2.5ventatilation88.1.5.2.3lightingsystem98.1.5.2.4tunnelfinishes98.1.5.3glossary…….10Page1of188.1.5tunnel8.1.5.1typeoftunnel8.1.5.1.1classifiedbyconstructionmethod8.1.5.1.2classifiedbyshapeofcross-sectionPage2of188.1.5.2constructionmethod8.1.5.2.1constructionprocedurePage3of188.1.5.2.2TBMmethodWhattmbis:WhatpartsincludedinTMBModernTBMstypicallyconsistoftherotatingcuttingwheel,calledacutterhead,followedbyamainbearing,athrustsystemandtrailingsupportmechanisms・ WhatsoilconditionsappliedinInhardrock,eithershieldedoroperetypeTBMscanbeused.AlltypesofhardrockTBMsexcavaterockusingdisccuttersmountedinthecutterhead・Infracturedrock,shieldedhardrockTBMscanbeused,whicherectconcretesegmentstosupportunstabletunnelwallsbehindthemachine.Insoftground,therearethreemaintypesofTBMs:EarthPressureBalaneeMachines(EPB),SlurryShield(SS)andopen・facetype・BothtypesofclosedmachinesoperatelikeSingleShieldTBMs,usingthrustcylinderstoadvanceforwardbypushingoffagainstconcretesegments.MeritandweaknessTBMshavetheadvantagesoflimitingthedisturbaneetothesurrounclinggroundandproducingasmoothtunnelwall.Thissignificantlyreducesthecostofliningthetunnel,andmakesthemsuitabletouseinheavilyurbanizedareas・Themajordisadvantageistheupfrontcost.TBMsareexpensivetoconstruct,andcanbedifficulttotransport・TBMsismuchmoreefficientandresultsinshortenedcompletiontimes(whentheyoperatesuccessfully).Page4of18TBMprocedure8.1.5.2.1dillandblastWhatdillandblastmethodisDrillingandBlastingisthecontrolleduseofexplosivesandothermethods suchasgaspressureblastingpyrotechnics,tobreakrockforexcavation.Itispracticedmostofteninmining,quarryingandcivilengineeringsuchasdamorroadconstruction.TypeofdrillandblastTYPE1:TwinsidewalldriftfaceexcavationPage5of18TYPE2:SinglesidewalldriftfaceexcavationTYPE3:Crown,benchandinvertfaceexcavationprocedureofdrillandblastmethodPage6of188.1.5.2.1cutandcoverWhatcutandcovermethodisCut-and-coverisasimplemethodofconstructionforshallowtunnelswhereatrenchisexcavatedandroofedoverwithanoverheadsupportsystemstrongenoughtocarrytheloadofwhatistobebuiltabovethetunnel.Typeofcutandcovermethod1bottom-upmethodBottom・upmethod:Atrenchisexcavated,withgroundsupportasnecessary,andthetunnelisconstructedinit.Thetunnelmaybeofinsituconcrete,precastconcrete,precastarches,orcorrugatedsteelarches;inearlydaysbrickworkwasused・Thetrenchisthencarefullyback-filledandthesurfaceisreinstated・2top-bottommethod Top-downmethod:Sidesupportwallsandcappingbeamsareconstructedfromgroundlevelbysuchmethodsasslurrywallingorcontiguousboredpiling.Thenashallowexcavationallowsmakingthetunnelroofofprecastbeamsorinsituconcrete・Thesurfaceisthenreinstatedexceptforaccessopenings.Thisallowsearlyreinstatementofroadways,servicesandothersurfacefeatures.Excavationthentakesplaceunderthepermanenttunnelroof,andthebaseslabisconstructed.procedureofcutandcovermethodPage7of188.1.5.2.1ventatilationPage8of188.1.5.2.2lightingsystemHighwayTunnelsTherearevariouslightsourcesthatareusedintunnelstomakeupthetunnellightingsystems.Theseineludefluorescent,high-pressuresodium,low・pressuresodium,metalhalide,andpipelighting,whichisasystemthatmayuseoneoftheprecedinglightsourcetypes・Systemsarechosenbasedontheirlife-cyclecostsandtheamountoflightthatisrequiredfornighttimeanddaytimeillumination.Shortertunnelswillrequirelessdaytimelightingduetotheeffectoflightenteringtheportalsonbothends,whereasIongertunnelswillrequireextensivelightingforbothnighttimeanddaytimeconditions.Inconjunctionwiththelightingsystem,ahighlyreflectivesurfaceonthewallsand ceiling,suchastileormetalpanels,maybeused・Fluorescentlightstypicallylinetheentireroadwaytunnellengthtoprovidetheappropriateamountoflight.Attheendsoftheroadwaytunnel,low-pressuresodiumlampsorhigh-pressuresodiumlampsareoftencombinedwiththefluorescentlightstoprovidehighervisibilitywhendrivers'eyesareadjustingtothedecreaseinnaturallight・RailTransitTunnelsRailtransittunnelsaresimilartohighwaytunnelsinthattheyshouldprovidesufficientlightfortrainoperatorstoproperlyadjustfromthebrightportalorstationconditionstothedarkerconditionsofthetunnel.8.1.5.2.1tunnelfinishesTheinteriorfinishofatunnelisveryimportanttotheoveralltunnelfunction.Thefinishesmustmeetthefollowingstandardstoensuretunnelsafetyandeaseofmaintenance:BedesignedtoenhaneetunnellightingandvisibilityBefireresistantBeprecludedfromproducingtoxicfumesduringafireBeabletoattenuatenoiseBeeasytoclean.Abriefdescriptionofthetypicaltypesoftunnelfinishesthatexistinhighwaytunnelsisgivenbelow・Transittunnelsoftendonothaveaninteriorfinishbecausethepublicisnotexposedtothetunnelliningexceptasthetunnel approachesthestationsorportals.Page9of188.1.5.3glossaryPage10of18Page11of18Page12of18Page13of18Page14of18Page15of18componentsofbridgeAbridgeisastructureprovidingpassageoveranobstaclewithoutclosingthewaybeneath.Therequiredpassagemaybeforaroad,arailway,pedestrians,acanalorapipeline.Theobstacletobecrossedmaybeariver,aroad,railwayoravalley.ClassificationofBridgesofBridges(Accordingtoform(or)typeofsuperstructures)Class讦icationofbridges(Accordingtomaterialofconstructionofsuperstructure)1.TimberbridgePage16of182.3.4.5.6.7. 8.ConcretebridgeStonebridgeR.C.CbridgebridgeP.C.CCompositebridgeAluminumbridgeClassificationofbridges(Accordingtointer-spanrelationship)1.supportedbridge2.Cantileverbridge3.ContinuousbridgeClassificationofbridges(Accordingtothepositionofthebridgefloorrelativetosuperstructures)1.Deckthroughbridge2.HalfthroughorsuspensionbridgeClassificationaccordingtomethodofcormectionofdifferentpartofsuperstructures1.Pinnedconnectionbridge1.Rivetedconnectionbridge2.WeldedconnectionbridgeAccordingtolengthofbridge 1.2.3.1.Culvertbridge(lessthan6m)Minorbridge(lessthan6m・60m)Majorbridge(morethan60m)Longspanbridge(morethan120m)Accordingtofunction2.3.4.5.6.Aqueductbridge(canaloverariver)Viaduct(roadorrailwayoveravalleyorriver)PedestrianbridgebridgebridgeorpipelinebridgePage17of18TypesOfBridges