工程地质课件.ppt

1Thebasicinformationabouttheearth（地球的基本知识）2Rock（岩石）3Soilsformationandsoilsengineeringproperties（土的形成和土的工程性质）4Geologicalstructure（地质构造）5Groundwater（地下水）6Theanalysesofengineeringgeologyproblems（工程地质问题分析）7Engineeringinvestigation(工程勘察)Themaintopicsofengineeringgeology工程地质课程的主要内容 Introduction绪论 1thedefinitionofcivilengineeringgeology土木工程地质的基本概念2Thepositionofengineeringgeologyinthecivilengineeringcoursesystem(工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置)3themainsubstanceaboutengineeringgeology(工程地质学研究的具体内容)4theimportanceofGE(学习意义)5Demands(requirements)（要求）Themaintopicsinintroduction绪论中的主要内容 thedefinitionofengineeringgeology（工程地质学的基本概念）(1)Engineeringgeologyisaboutapplyingallbranchesofthegeosciences(地质学)toassurethesafety,efficiency,andeconomyofengineeringandenvironmentalprojects. （2）EngineeringGeologyisdevotedtotheinvestigation（勘察）,studyandsolutionoftheengineeringandenvironmentalproblemswhichmayariseastheresultoftheinteractionbetweengeologyandtheworksandactivitiesofmanaswellastothepredictionandthedevelopmentofmeasuresforpreventionormediationofgeologicalhazards（地质灾害） (3)Whicharemainlyconcernedwiththegeologicalproblemsencounteredincivilengineering.Itsmaintasksistoinvestigateandevaluatethegeologicalengineeringproblems,providethebasicinformationfortheplan,designandconstructionofthecivilengineering. 2Thepositionofengineeringgeologyinthecivilengineeringcoursesystem(工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置Corecourse（基础课程）→Differentialandintegral→algebra→probabilityandstatistics→engineeringmath→Physics→ChemicalTechnologicalcorecourse（专业基础课程）→Surveying→engineeringmapping→materials→surveying →engineering（工程测量）→engineeringgeology(工程地质)→soil(rock)mechanics（岩土力学）→theoreticalmechanics→materialmechanics→structuremechanics→elasticorplastic（弹塑性）→hydrolicmechanics（水力学） Specializedcourse（专业课程）→concretestructure（砌体结构→steelstructure（钢结构）→roadengineering（道路工程）→thedesignofroadsurvey（道路勘测设计） →bridgeengineering(桥梁工程)→trafficengineering(交通工程)→foundationengineering(基础工程)→constructiontechnology(building…)施工技术→engineeringmanagementandbudgetestimation→engineeringbiddingrehabilitation(building、brigde、road…)（工程招投标） 3themainsubstanceaboutengineeringgeology(工程地质学研究的具体内容)ThepurposeofstudyingGEistoprovidegoodgeologicalenvironmentforengineeringortoevaluateandforecasttheengineeringgeologicalproblemsthatmayoccurredintheperiodoftheservicetime（服务期）ofthebuilding.onthisbase,togivetheeffectiveengineeringpreventionmethods. ◆thestudyabouttopographyandlandforms（地形地貌）◆thestudyaboutthefundamentalengineeringproperties(physicalandmechanics)ofsoilsandrock(岩土工程性质）◆geologicalstructure（地质构造）GeologicalEnvironment(GeologicalCondition)地质环境和地质条件的含义 4theimportanceofGE(学习意义)◆hydrogeology(水文地质：地下水条件)◆theanalysesofengineeringgeologicalproblems（工程地质问题分析）◆theengineeringinvestigation（工程勘察） 5Demands(requirements)（要求）1tomasterthebasicconceptaboutEG2tocomprehendthemaingeologicalproblemsoccurredinengineering.knowingthathowtheproblemshappened,howcanwepreventit.3classdiscipline4finishthehomeworkontime Chapter1Thebasicinformationofearth第一章地球的基本知识 SECTION1-1Innerstructureofearth第一节地球的内部结构 ThisregionisthincomparedtotheotherlayersintheEarth. Itvariesinthicknessfrom10kmdeepto65kmdeep. Thecrustismadeupoflighterrocksthat"float"ontopofthemantle. Thislayerincludesthecontinentsaswellastherockundertheoceans. wehavebuiltmanydeepminesbutNONEhaveyetreachedthemantle!TheCrust(地壳) 软流圈岩石圈上地慢 有关岩石圈(lithosphere)StructureoftheEarth‘scrustandtopmostlayeroftheuppermantle（上地慢）.Thelithosphere（岩石圈）consistsoftheoceaniccrust,continentalcrust,anduppermostmantle.Beneaththelithosphereistheasthenosphere（软流圈）.Thislayer,whichisalsopartoftheuppermantle,extendstoadepthofabout200kilometers.Sedimentarydepositsarecommonlyfoundattheboundariesbetweenthecontinentalandoceaniccrust. Thisregionliesunderthecrustandisapproximately2900kmthick. Themantleismuchdenserthanthecrust(whichiswhythecrustfloatsontop)andhasatexturemuchliketar. Therockinthisregionisrichincompoundsmadefromiron,magnesium,andsiliconwhichaccountsforwhyitisdenserthanthecrust.TheMantle（地幔） Thisregionisdividedintotwoparts. TheouterpartiscalledtheOuterCore. Itisabout2100kmthickandmadeofliquidnickelandiron.TheinnerpartiscalledtheInnerCoreanditistherealcentreoftheEarth. Thispartisabout2800kmindiameterandismadeofsolidironandnickel.TheCore: SECTION1-2PlateStructureTheory第二节板块构造理论1PacificPlate(太平洋板块)2NorthAmericanPlate（北美板块）3SouthAmericanPlate（南美板块）4EurasianPlate（欧亚板块）5AfricanPlate（非洲板块）6IndoAustralianPlate（澳印板块）7AntarcticPlate（南极州板块） 1PacificPlate2NorthAmericanPlate3SouthAmericanPlate4EurasianPlate5AfricanPlate6IndoAustralianPlate7AntarcticPlate板块构造理论 板块的形成（大陆漂移）德国气象学家阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳（AlfredWegener） 海底扩张理论（TheoryofOceanFloorSpreading） 海底扩张的证据（沉积物的年龄） 海底扩张的结果（喜马拉雅山的形成） 海沟的形成 岩石循环的概念 SECTION1-3:TheconceptofGeologicalAction（function）第三节地质作用的概念1Whatisgeologicalaction（基本定义）meantheactionsthatmakealterationforthecomposition，structure,shapeoftherockcyclebecauseofthenaturaldynamics.CrustmovementSunnaturaldynamicsWindglaciergravitationwater 2TheclassificationoftheGeo.Action（地质作用分类）(1)outer-dynamicsgeologicalaction(外动力地质作用)dynamicsourceisfromthesun,gravity,attractionforcebetweensunandmoon.▶Weathering（风化作用）→theRockisdestroyedattheplacewhereitwasformedbecauseoftheouterdynamics.▶Erosion（剥蚀作用）→Rockbody岩体isseparatedfromitsmotherrock（母岩）becauseofthewater,wind,glacier. ▶Carrying(搬运作用)→theprocessthatrockiscarriedfromoneplacetoantherplace.Becauseof…▶Sedimentation（沉积作用）→theprocessinwhichthecarryingmaterialssinktothebottomofgroundwhenthepowerofgravityofthematerialsisbiggerthanthecarryingforce.▶Rock-formationaction（成岩作用）→theprocessthatthematerialssunktogroundsurfacetobecomehardorsolidrockbody. ▶Crustmovement（地壳运动）▶B:Magmatism(magmaticactivities)岩浆作用(magmaticintrusionandvolcaniceruption)▶Earthquake（地震作用）(2)Inner-dynamicsgeologicalaction(内动力地质作用)(thedynamicssourceisfromearth ▶Metamorphism（变质作用）Becauseofthehighpressureandortemperature,therockischangedtoanewkindofrock,Thisrockiscalledmetamorphicrock..Everygeologicalphenomenaistheresultofgeologicalaction.Including:Amineral,rock,Landshape(mountain,river,plain..)Tectonics