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水利水电论文导读:篇一:水利水电毕业论文摘要绵江水库大坝坝址位于四川省江油市方水乡绵江村,是一座以灌溉为主,兼有防洪、养鱼等综合功能的小(2)型水库。大坝建成多年以后,出现许多的险情,主要表现为坝体坝基渗漏,溢洪道冲刷严重,放水设施老化严重。针对该问题,本篇一:水利水电毕业论文摘要绵江水库大坝坝址位于四川省江油市方水乡绵江村,是一座以灌溉为主,兼有防洪、养鱼等综合功能的小(2)型水库。大坝建成多年以后,出现许多的险情,主要表现为坝体坝基渗漏,溢洪道冲刷严重,放水设施老化严重。针对该问题,本次设计重点是对水库的除险加固,其设计的主要内容为:通过对绵江水库复核基本资料为水文设计洪水复核、洪峰流量以及溢洪道最大泄洪能力复核、大坝渗流分析、稳定分析、除险加固方案设计、溢洪道加固设计等。坝体要进行渗流分析和坝体加高方案确定,完成坝体的渗流分析和稳定分析,并完成坝体加固设计,起到保障下游城镇居民生命财产安全的作用。关键词:坝体;渗流;洪水位;溢洪道;除险加固AbstractThedaminMianjiangreservoirislocatedinJiangyouCity,SichuanProvince.Itisanirrigation,floodcontrol,smallfishandotherintegratedfunctions(2)reservoir.Ithasbeenbuiltformanyyears,sotherearemanyproblemssuchasseepagedam,spillwayerosionserious,drainagefacilitiesaging.Focusontheseissues,thisdesignmainlytoreservoirreinforcement,themaincontentsincludethedesignfloodreview,peakdischarge,recheckcomputationofspillwaymaximumdischargecapacity,theanalysisofdamseepage,
theanalysisofdamstability,thedesignofreinforcementandspillwaystrengthening,allofthisbasedontheMianjiangreservoirbasisofbasicdata.Inordertoprotectdownstreamresidents,wehavetodoanalysisofdamseepage,andcompletethedamheighteningproject.Keyword:Dam;seepage;flood;spillway;reinforcement前言...........................................................................................................................11综合说明....................................................................................................................21.1绪言.................................................................................................................................21.1.1研究的意义与目的............................................................................................................................21.1.2国内外研究成果................................................................................................................................21.1.3研究的思路与内容............................................................................................................................21.2工程概况.........................................................................................................................2
1.2.1水库存在病险情况............................................................................................................................31.3水文.................................................................................................................................31.3.1水文特征............................................................................................................................................31.4工程地质.........................................................................................................................31.4.1地形地貌............................................................................................................................................41.4.2地层岩性............................................................................................................................................41.4.3地质构造与地震................................................................................................................................42水文分析计算............................................................................................................4
2.1工程等级及洪水标准.......................................................................................................42.2设计洪水复核.................................................................................................................42.2.1设计暴雨..........................................................................................................................................52.2.2设计洪峰流量...................................................................................................................................52.2.3设计洪水总量...................................................................................................................................72.2.4设计洪水过程线...............................................................................................................................82.2.5结论.................................................................................................................................................102.3调洪演算......................................................................................................................10
2.3.1水库洪水调节计算.........................................................................................................................102.3.2调洪计算及成果分析......................................................................................................................113工程地质与坝高复核...............................................................................................153.1坝区工程地质条件........................................................................................................153.1.1工程地质..........................................................................................................................................153.1.2水文地质条件..................................................................................................................................153.2天然建筑材料................................................................................................................163.2.1混凝土粗、细骨料..........................................................................................................................163.2.2灌浆用粘土料..................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3块石料..............................................................................................................................................163.3坝顶高程复核................................................................................................................163.3.1基本资料..........................................................................................................................................163.3.2坝顶超高计算..................................................................................................................................174主要建筑物分析加固设计........................................................................................204.1工程存在问题...............................................................................................................204.1.1大坝及坝基.....................................................................................................................................204.1.2溢洪道.............................................................................................................................................21
4.1.3放水设施.........................................................................................................................................214.1.4其他..................................................................................................................................................214.2设计依据......................................................................................................................214.2.1设计基础资料.................................................................................................................................214.3总体设计方案...............................................................................................................214.4挡水建筑物...................................................................................................................224.4.1设计资料.........................................................................................................................................224.4.2设计方案比较.................................................................................................................................22
4.4.3除险加固设计.................................................................................................................................224.4.4大坝渗流计算.................................................................................................................................264.4.5大坝稳定计算..................................................................................................................................284.5泄水建筑物...................................................................................................................314.5.1工程布置..........................................................................................................................................314.5.2水力计算..........................................................................................................................................334.5.3溢洪道结构与稳定计算..................................................................................................................364.6放水建筑物...................................................................................................................37
4.7水库安全监测设计........................................................................................................375结论与建议..............................................................................................................385.1该水库设计结论............................................................................................................385.2建议...............................................................................................................................385.3效益评价.......................................................................................................................385.3.1经济效益..........................................................................................................................................385.3.2生态效益..........................................................................................................................................385.3.3社会效益..........................................................................................................................................38
参考文献.....................................................................................................................39致谢...........................................................................................................................41篇二:水利水电工程毕业论文水利水电工程毕业论文大型水闸设计摘要本毕业设计的题目是大型水闸设计,本工程位于河南省某县城郊处,该河属稳定性河流,河面宽约200m,深约7~10m。拦河闸所担负的任务是:正常情况下拦河截水,抬高水位,以利灌溉,洪水时开闸泄水,以保安全。本工程建成后,可利用河道一次蓄水800万m3,调蓄水至两岸沟塘,大量补给地下水,有利于进灌和人畜用水,初步解决40万亩农田的灌溉问题并为工业生产提供足够的水源,同时对渔业、航运业的发展,以及改善环境,美化城乡都是极为有利的。本设计的内容包括水闸等级划分、闸址选择、总体布置、闸型确定、拟定闸孔尺寸及闸墩厚度、防渗排水设计、闸墩、闸底板设计、闸室的稳定计算。其中通过设计流量《闸门设计规范》与校核流量确定闸孔总净宽,再根据选定单孔净宽。根据闸基地质条件
决定出闸底板形式以及闸墩厚度。由于本闸位于平原地区,河床的抗冲刷能力较低,所以采用底流式消能。闸门局部开启情况,作为消能防冲设计的控制情况。防渗设计中采用改进阻力系数法进行渗流计算。闸室的稳定计算中考虑到了完建无水期和正常挡水期两种情况下的荷载组合进行验算。关键词:闸门、闸墩、消力池、渗流、地基承载力、稳定计算AbstractTheschooldesignonthetopicofmajorfloodgatedesign.ThisprojectislocatedinHenanProvinceacountyandcityoutskirts.TheRiverisstabilityRiver.riverwidthofabout200m,about7to10m.TheRiverGatethetasksare:Undernormalcircumstancestheriverdammingwatertoraisewaterforirrigation,flood,openthegatesluicingtoensuresafety.Thisprojectiscompleted,andyoucanuseriverawater8millionm3,towaterandthetwosidesofTong,alargesupplyundergroundwater,andconducivetoirrigationandirrigationwater,hasinitiallysolved400,000muoffarmlandirrigationandindustrialproductiontoprovidesufficientwaterforfishing,shippingindustry,andimprovetheenvironmentandbeautifyurbanandruralareasareextremelybeneficial.Thedesignofthesluicegateshierarchy,siteselection,overallarrangements,gates,establishedingateHolesizeanddesigngateTunthickness,impermeabledrainagedesign,GatesTun,Gatesplatedesign,lockthestablebasis.Theadoptionofthedesignoftheflowoftrafficnuclearschoolgatesholethetotalnetwidth,selectedinaccordancewithsingleholenetwide.InaccordancewiththebasegateconditionsonboardthegatesandgateTunthickness.Thegateislocatedintheplains,RiverPlateofresistanceagainstsoilerosioniscomparativelylow,sothebottomstreamingconsumer.Gatespartiallyopen,asaconsumercanpreventChongdesignofthesituationundercontrol.impermeabledesignoftheadoptionofimprovedresistancecoefficientofseepage.lockthestablebasis,
takingintoaccounttheendupwithoutwaterandnormalandwaterfortwooftheloadcombinationresidue.Keywords:Gates,GatesTun,stillingbasin,transfusion,Foundationcapacity,stablebasis目录第一章总论······································································································1第一节闸位概述························································································1第二节基本资料························································································1第三节工程综合说明················································································4第二章水力计算······························································································6第一节闸址及形式选择
············································································6第二节闸孔尺寸确定················································································7第三节消能防冲设计··············································································12第三章防渗与排水设计················································································25第一节闸底地下轮廓线的布置·····························································25第二节渗流计算······················································································29第四章闸室布置····························································································37第一节底板和闸墩
··················································································37第二节闸门与启闭机··············································································40第三节上部结构······················································································43第四节闸室的分缝与止水······································································44第五章闸室稳定计算及地基应力计算·······················································46第一节设计情况及相应荷载组合·························································46第二节完建无水期荷载计算及地基应力计算·····································46第三节正常挡水期验算及地基应力计算·············································48第六章闸底板结构计算
················································································51第一节闸室计算方法和情况选择·························································51第二节设计水位的计算··········································································52第三节完建无水期的荷载计算·····························································63第四节底板配筋计算··············································································71第七章下游连接建筑物················································································74第一节上、下游连接建筑物的作用·····················································74第二节上游连接建筑物··········································································74
第三节下游连接建筑物··········································································75第四节闸室与岸坡连接建筑物·····························································76总结················································································································77致谢信··············································································································78参考文献··········································································································79第一章总论第一节闸位概述一、工程概况本工程位于河南省某县城郊处,它是某河流梯级开发中最末一级工程。该河属稳定性河流,河面宽约200m,深约7~10m。由于河床下切较深又无适当控制工程,雨季地表径流自由流走,而雨过天晴经常干旱,加之打井提水灌溉,使地下水位愈来愈低,严重影响两岸的农业灌溉和人畜用水。为解决当地40万亩农田的灌溉问题,经上级批准的规划确定,修建挡水枢纽工程。
二、拦河闸任务拦河闸所担负的任务是正常情况下拦河截水,抬高水位,以利灌溉。洪水时开闸泄水,以保安全。本工程建成后,可利用河道一次蓄水800万m3,调蓄河水两岸沟塘,大量补给地下水,有利于进灌和人蓄用水,初步解决40万亩农田的灌溉问题,并为工业生产提供足够的水源,同时渔业、航运业的发展,以及改善环境,美化城乡都是极为有利的。第二节基本资料一、地形资料闸址处系平原型河段,两岸地势平坦,地面高程约为40.00m左右。河床坡降平缓,纵坡约为1/10000,河床平均标高约为30.0m,主槽宽度约为80—100m,河滩宽平,至复式河床横断面,河流比较顺直。二、地质资料(一)根据钻孔了解闸址地层属河流冲积相,河床部分地层属第四级蟓更新世Q3与第四纪全新世Q4的层交错现象,闸址两岸地面高程均在41m左右。闸址处地层向下分布情况如下:1、重粉质壤土:分布在河床表面以下,深约3m。2、细砂:分布在重粉质壤土以下(河床部分高程约在28.8m以下。)3、中砂:分布在细砂层以下,在河床部分的厚度约为5m左右。4、重粉质壤土:分布在中砂层以下(深约22m以下)。篇三:水利水电工程对环境影响研究论文内容摘要
水利水电工程建设是一个国家生存发展的首要建设项目之一,随着社会日益突飞猛进的发展,这一建设项目的重要性也在不断地凸显。然而,水利水电工程的建设与其周围的生态环境有着密切的关系,由于长期以来对大规模的水利水电工程的开发破坏了生态环境的和谐。本文从水利水电工程队环境影响问题的提出着手,分析了修建水利工程对自然与社会环境的影响,并提出了相应的解决策略。因此,如何趋利避害,充分发挥水里工程的效益,减免队环境的负面影响,是维持社会长久发展之所在。关键词水利工程科学发展生态环境影响解决策略水利工程与环境影响研究近几年由于我国经济水平的迅速提高,农业工业大力发展,对于电力需求量也相应增加。水利工程的建设投入也在不断增大,过多的水利工程建设项目难免会对自然环境,人文环境有相当的影响。我国的水利水电建设面临着艰巨的任务。在环境影响方面,与其它工程相比,水利水电工程有突出的特点:影响地域范围广阔,影响人口众多,对当地社会、经济、生态环境影响巨大,外部环境对工程也同样施以巨大的影响。目前,整个社会对环境问题越来越重视,对环境质量要求越来越高,环境问题已成为水利水电工程建设中的制约性因素。1水利水电工程建设与生态环境的关系水利水电工程建设与生态环境之间具有密切的关系。水利水电工程的建设必须在最大限度地保护生态环境的前提下进行,否则就难以确保水利水电工程事业的长久发展。一般来说,水利水电工程对生态环境的影响主要有两点:1.1自然环境方面如水利水电工程的兴建对水文情势的改变,对泥沙淤积和河道冲刷的改变,对局地气候、水库水温结构、水质、地震、土壤和地下水的影响,对上、中、下游及河口的影响。
1.2社会环境方面如水利水电工程的兴建对人口迁移、土地利用、人群健康和文物古迹保护的影响,对因防洪、发电、航运、灌溉、旅游等产生的环境效益的影响等。可见,水利水电工程建设对生态环境的关系十分密切,其对生态环境的影响具有不可逆转性,因而必须给予高度重视,如果在施工过程中不能很好地处理以上问题,就会破坏生态环境的平衡,并反过来阻碍水利水电工程建设事业的长期发展。所以,不仅要正确地认识水利水电工程的修建与保护生态环境的关系,科学地分析修建大型水利水电工程可能导致什么样的生态环境问题,还要结合实际对具体问题进行具体分析,并用可持续发展的眼光,坚持用人与自然和谐相处的理念来认识和妥善处理实际工作中遇到的问题,从而推动水利水电事业快速健康地发展。[1]2水利工程对生态环境的影响2.1水利工程对自然环境的影响(1)工程建设对水文情势的影响水利工程的建设改变了天然河流的水文特征和结构,在河流上建坝,使上游水流减速、水深增大、水体自净能力减弱;库区水体增大后,水温结构也会发生变化,对水体增大后,水温结构也会发生变化,对水体密度、溶解氧、微生物和水生物都产生影响,下游河道的径污比和鱼类繁殖条件发生变化;水库蓄水后可引起周围地区的地下水位上升,导致土壤环境变化等。(2)工程建设对泥沙淤积的影响水利工程的建设将改变库区和上下游河道泥沙的输移及沉积模式,对上下游及工程区的生态环境产生负面影响。(3)工程建设对局地气候、水库水温结构、水质的影响
大型水库的建设使库区微气候环境条件有所改变,包括气温、风速、温度、降水等。水库的水温结构对环境的影响对分层型小。水库水温的变化主要取决于水温的分层温度高低的变化,水库下部的低温水对农作物、水生生物、人类生活等产生危害,造成农作物(主要是水稻)减产,影响水生生物(主要是温水鱼类)的生长和繁殖,不利于工作、学习和娱乐。水利工程的建设对水质产生一定影响,一方面水体经过长距离的输送或一定时间的贮藏,都会使复氧过程充分,从而丰富了水体潜在的环境容量资源。另一方面在库区内水位抬高,水流缓慢,不利于污染物的扩散。(4)工程建设对土壤环境的影响水利工程的建设对土壤环境的影响也是有利有弊,一方面通过筑堤建库、疏通河道等措施,保护农田避免淹没冲刷等灾害;通过拦截天然径流、调节地表径流等措施补充了土壤的水分,改善了土壤的养分和内热状况。另一方面水利工程的兴建也使下游平原的淤泥肥源减少,土壤肥力下降。同时输水渠道两岸由于渗漏使地下水抬高,造成大面积土壤的次生盐碱化和沼泽化。[2](5)工程建设对动植物、水生物的影响修筑堤坝将使鱼类特别市回游性鱼类的正常生活习性受到影响,生活环境被打破,严重的会造出灭绝。水利工程的建设使自然河流出现了渠道化和非连续化态势,这种情况造成库区内原有的森林、草地或农田被淹没水底,陆生动物被迫迁徙。(6)工程建设对上、中、下游及河口的影响
水利工程的建设对整个流域斗将产生不同程度的影响,影响较大的主要是库区且多为不利影响,中下游地区所受影响有利有弊,影响的时间一般是长期的,影响范围有的延伸至河口。河口是咸淡水交汇的地方,环境条件复杂多变,而且往往受到上游各水利工程的叠加作用。水利工程的兴建还会对河口水质水体自净能力产生影响,对两岸沼泽湿地、河口三加州和滨海湿地产生影响,而且还会引起盐水入侵、海岸腐蚀等一系列问题。2.2水利工程对社会环境的影响2.2.1工程建设对人口迁移、土地利用的影响移民安置问题是水里工程建设忠的大课题,兴建水库,淹没土地,必将使人对矛盾更加紧张。如果移民未加妥善安置,还会造成毁林开荒,引起水土流失等问题。另外,移民问题也是水利工程建设突出的问题。从宏观的角度看,移民也是生态环境问题的一部分。移民涉及的问题较多,也很复杂,增加国家、地方政府工作难度。移民的安置和补偿市移民问题的核心,也将成为制约水里工程开发的关键问题。如三峡工程中,移民驼子站了工程总投资的40%;移民安置方式上,现在主要是外迁,尤其是前往经济发达的东部地区,由于生活水平和生产能力的差距,将引起移民的就业及发展等一系列社会问题。[3]2.2.2工程建设对人群健康的影响
水利工程在施工过程中会引起诸多环境因素变化,如施工期产生的废污水、废气、噪声、固体废弃物等,会影响施工区的环境卫生和当地居民及施工人员的健康。水利工程在运行过程中会改变某些病原体孳生环境及传媒息地,对当地居民的健康造成一定的影响。例如:在施工中乱修临建、乱堆弃渣、挤占耕地,造成土地浪费;开挖时,堆弃处理不善,上游施工废水和生活污水影响下游水质;水利工程建设时,开山辟地、爆破作业,影响到施工人员和当地居民的安全;爆破之后产生的灰尘,水泥、粉煤灰、沙石涂料地运输产生的尘灰以及机器运转排除的废气,造成大气污染,影响到施工人员和当地居民的健康等。[4]2.2.3工程建设对文物古迹和自然景观的影响水利工程的建设使部分文物古迹和自然景观被淹没。在水利工程的建设中对重要的估计要进行防护、迁移、仿制并进行录像保存。显然,水里工程的建设于河流息息相关,相辅相成,倘若不慎便破坏自然环境,对河流生态系统造成一定的影响。大坝建设把自然的、相互联系的河流系统分割为人工控制的系统,破坏了水流的自然系统、自然流态,从而对流域的生态环境系统产生或大或小的负面影响。其中,大坝导致诸多生态问题,主要表现在:①大坝阻断河流,淹没上游土地,该笔了下游河道的自然径流规律,影响了生物多样性;②水流进入库区,流速变缓,导致库中的水温分层和含氧水平下降,影响鱼类和水生生物的生长;③大坝改变了河流中的泥沙输移规律,致使库中泥沙沉积,减少了下游生物及栖息地产生不利影响,并且还阻断了鱼和其它水生生物的迁移路径,特别对洄游鱼类的繁殖产生了极大危害。[6][5]3水利水电工程对环境影响对策措施在我们大力建设水利工程的同时,我们应该认识到水利工程建设对于环境所造成的影响,因此,我们要本着和谐发展的理念,正确处理水利工程建设与环境二者之间的关系,促使二者和谐发展。3.1水利工程中环境措施及“生态水利”为了使水利工程发挥生态效益、工程效益及环境美化功能,在工程规划、建设、管理的全过程充分重视每一项水利水电工程的生态环境影响问题,才能兴利除弊,把水利工程对生态环境的不利影响降到最低程度,以水资源的可持续利用保障经济社会的可持续发展。3.1.1水利工程建设中的环境措施
首先,在水利开发时应遵循生态环境效益与社会经济效益协调发展的原则,力求全面、高效的对工程施工、生态环境和安全生产进行管理,寻求生态用水、水利旅游等生态环境的后续效益[7]。其次,应用生态工程中生物种群时空分布原则及不同时期生物对环境因子需求量不同原则,生态环境保护市工程施工顺利进行的重要保障,在施工过程中必须采取诸多项有效措施以保可采取工程临时建筑物与永久建筑物相结合使用等措施,以提高水利工程的施工进度。护和改善施工环境,解决生态环境问题,如:采用较好施工路面,封闭式、专用垃圾道,散灰罐等以防止大气污染;积极使用先进设备和工艺,妥善安排作业时间以防止水源污染;合理选择工程措施以解决水流控制和下游用水等生态环境问题。在水利工程施工的生态环境管理上应注重土地综合利用,做好施工组织设计和施工总体布置。按生态理论的共生原理,可变废为宝,如利用弃渣填沟平地,既可减少工程造价,又可以增加生态效益;按时程需求协调原则,可使土地多重利用,如根据施工计划,不断调整场地的服务功能;根据长远规划,有效地衔接临时建筑与永久性建筑同样可以减少用地和降低成本。在水利工程建设中,应当限制新的堤坝工程建设,以保障地下水供给和平原地区水资源供给,促进生态平衡。首先,统筹这个流域上的发展,不得随意在中上游建坝拦水,以实现水资源的科学配置和合理利用,确保下游地区的可持续发展。再者,积极保护天然绿洲和湖泊,严格控制地下水开采,确保地下水位逐步回升。最后,大力推广节水型农业,发展节水灌溉型高效生态农业,走可持续发展的科学的水利建设之路。3.1.2生态水利建设
一定程度上,水利工程对生态环境造成的影响,不仅破坏了生态环境,同时也对水资源造成破坏,使水质恶化,设置产生了严重的水资源问题。人们给予水资源现状与生态水利不仅涵盖了水利事业和水利产业目标,又突出了环境目标,与可持续发展的三维目标即经济、社会、环境[8]